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KEY NOTES ON THERMODYNAMICS

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Some Definitions –

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System – It is that part of universe which is under observations or experimental study.
Surrounding – The rest part of universe after system is called as surrounding.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS :

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1 – Open system – The system in which matter and heat both are exchanged between
system and surrounding is called as open system.
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2 – Closed system – The system in which matter can not be exchanged with the
surrounding but the heat can be exchanged with the surrounding is called as closed
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system. In closed system wall is diathermic in nature.

3 – Isolated system – The system in which neither heat nor the matter can be
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exchanged with the surrounding is called as isolated system. In isolated system the wall
is of adiabatic nature.
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Wall – Something which separates system and surrounding is called as wall.

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Walls can be of two types.

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1 – Diathermic wall – The wall which can exchange heat with the surrounding is called
as diathermic wall.
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2 – Adiabatic Wall – The wall which prevents the exchange of heat with surrounding is
called as Adiabatic wall.
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Quasi–static process – A process in which the temperature and the pressure of the
system differ only infinitesimally from those of the surroundings, is called as quasi-static
process.
Cyclic process – If a system having gone through a change, returns to its initial state
then the process is called as cyclic process.

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Conditions for a process to be cyclic are as follows –
A – The process must be quasi-static process.
B – The dissipative forces such as friction, or viscosity must be absent.
C – The work done in complete cycle must be zero.

Non-cyclic process – If a system having gone through a change does not return to its

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initial state then it is called as non-cyclic process.
Reversible process – Any process which returns to its initial state of thermodynamic variables is

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called as reversible process.
Irreversible process – The process which does not return to its initial state of thermodynamic

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variables is called as irreversible process.

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WORK DONE –
If pressure is kept constant and volume changes from Vi to Vf then the work done in process is
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given as
W = P(Vf − Vi ) = PΔV
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Work done from P – V diagram –

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For work done in P – V diagram take the area under the Pressure volume curve.
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Some examples for work done are given below.

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P P
P
P P2
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A
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P1

V1 V2 V V1 V2 V V
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Work = Area = P(V2 – V1) 𝑊 = 2 (𝑃1 + 𝑃2 )(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) W = zero

2
 P
C
P2 P P
C
P2 P2

P1 A
B
P1 A P1
B
V1 V2 V
V1 V2 V V1 V2 V
Work = Area of triangle ABC Work = Area of rectangle 𝜋
𝑊 = (𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 )
1 ABCD 4
𝑊 = × (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) × (𝑃2
2 = AB  AD
− 𝑃1 ) = (V2 – V1) (P2 – P1)

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ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS –

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When a body ‘C’ is in thermal equilibrium with another body ‘B’ and also separately in

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thermal equilibrium with a body ‘A’, then body ‘B’ and ‘A’ will also be in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

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First Law of Thermodynamics (FLOT) –
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According to it heat given to a system (Q) is equal to the sum of increase in its internal
energy (U) and the work done (W) by the system against the surroundings.
Q = U + W
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Sign convention –
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Quantity Sign Condition

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Q + When heat is supplied to a system

– When heat is drawn from the system
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W + When work done by the gas (expansion)

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– When work done on the gas (compression)

U + With temperature rise, internal energy increases
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– With temperature fall, internal energy decreases

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THERMODYNAMICAL PROCESSES –
1 – Isobaric process –
If a thermodynamic system undergoes a physical change at constant pressure, then the
process is called as isobaric process.
Bulk modulus of elasticity in isobaric process is zero. Also slope of PV curve is zero.

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Work done –
𝑊 = 𝑃Δ𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅Δ𝑇
FLOT in isobaric process –
𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑃 Δ𝑇
(i) In isobaric expansion (Heating)
Temperature ⎯⎯→
⎯ increases so U is positive
Volume ⎯⎯→
⎯ increases so W is positive

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Heat ⎯⎯→
⎯ flows into the system so Q is positive
(ii) In isobaric compression (Cooling)

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Temperature ⎯⎯→
⎯ decreases so U is negative
Volume ⎯⎯→
⎯ decreases so W is negative

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Heat ⎯⎯→
⎯ flows out from the system so Q is negative

2 – Isochoric or Isometric Process –

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When a thermodynamic process undergoes a physical change in such a way that its
volume remains constant, then the change is known as isochoric process.
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𝑑𝑃
Slope of PV curve is infinity i.e. =∞
𝑑𝑉
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Work done in isochoric process is zero.

FLOT in isobaric process
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𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶𝑉 Δ𝑇
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Some important points in isochoric process –

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(i) Isometric heating

(a) Pressure ⎯⎯→ increases
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(b) Temperature ⎯⎯→ increases

(c) Q ⎯⎯→ positive
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(d) U ⎯⎯→ positive

(ii) Isometric cooling

(a) Pressure ⎯⎯→ decreases
(b) Temperature ⎯⎯→ decreases
(c) Q ⎯⎯→ negative

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3 – Isothermal Process –
A thermodynamical process in which pressure and volume of the system change at
constant temperature, is called as isothermal process.
Specific heat in isothermal process is infinity.
Bulk modulus for isothermal process is equivalent to P.
Work done –
An ideal gas is taken from state 1 (𝑃1 , 𝑉1 , 𝑇) to state 2 (𝑃2 , 𝑉2 , 𝑇)

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𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝐼𝑛 ( ) = 2.303 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log10 ( )
𝑉1 𝑉1

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𝑃1 𝑃1
𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 ( ) = 2.303 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log10 ( )
𝑃2 𝑃2

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FLOT in isothermal process –

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𝑄=𝑊
4 – Adiabatic process –
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A process in which pressure, volume and temperature of the system changes but heat is
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not exchanged between system and surrounding is called as adiabatic process.

Specific heat in adiabatic process is zero.
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Bulk modulus for adiabatic process is 𝛾𝑃.

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Adiabatic relation between P and V –

𝑃𝑉 𝛾 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
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𝑇𝑉 𝛾−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
ha

𝑇𝛾
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑝𝛾−1
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Slope of adiabatic curve –

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𝑑𝑃 𝑃
= −𝛾
𝑑𝑉 𝑉
Work done in adiabatic process –
Δ𝑊 = −Δ𝑈 = −𝑛𝐶𝑉 Δ𝑇
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝑛𝑅(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝚫𝑾𝒂𝒅𝒊 = =
𝛾−1 𝛾−1

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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS –
(i) Kelvin – Plank statement –
It is impossible to construct an engine that can convert heat completely into work
without producing any other effect. According to the statement the efficiency of any
heat engine is always less than 100%.
(ii) Clausius statement –
For a self-acting machine, it is impossible to transfer heat from a colder body to a
hotter body without aid of external energy.

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ENTROPY –

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Degree of randomness or degree of disorder is called as entropy.

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Δ𝑄
Δ𝑆 = (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒)

gm
𝑇
For a system with variable temperature
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𝑆𝑓
𝑑𝑄
Δ𝑆 = 𝑆𝑓 − 𝑆𝑖 = ∫
𝑆𝑖 𝑇
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HEAT ENERGY –
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It is a device which is used to convert heat energy into

mechanical energy in a cyclic process.
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Parts of a heat engine:

Source: It is a heat reservoir at higher temperature 𝑇1 .
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Sink: It is a heat reservoir at a lower temperature 𝑇2 .

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Working substance: working substance is the material

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which performs mechanical work.

Efficiency of heat engine is given by
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work done by engine 𝑊 𝑄1 − 𝑄2 𝑄2 𝑇2

ƞ= = = =1− = 1−
Heat5 absorbed by engine from source 𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑄1 𝑇1

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REFRIGERATOR OR HEAT – PUMP:
Carnot cycle is reversible cycle. It can work as a heat engine and
also as a refrigerator. In a refrigerator, the working substance
absorbs an amount of heat 𝑄2 from the sink (cold reservoir) at
temperature 𝑇2 . 𝑊 is the work done by external agency and it
rejects a larger quantity or heat 𝑄1 to the source (hot reservoir).

Coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is defined as

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Heat abosorbed from sink Q2 Q2
β= = =
Work done W Q1 − Q 2
1 1− 𝜂

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𝛽= =
𝑇1 𝜂
− 1
𝑇2

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GOLDEN POINTS –

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1. The area under PV curve gives work done.
2. If system expands against some external force then 𝑉𝑓 > 𝑉𝑖  W = positive
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3. If system contracts because of external force then 𝑉𝑓 < 𝑉𝑖  W = negative
4. Ideal gas equation is given as PV = nRT.
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5. Isobaric process obeys Charles’s law i.e. Volume is directly proportional to

temperature.
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6. Whenever specific heat is discussed in isobaric process it will be CP .

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7. Specific heat for monoatomic gas in isobaric process is 𝐶𝑃 = 2 𝑅.
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8. Specific heat for diatomic gas in isobaric process is 𝐶𝑃 = 2 𝑅.
9. Isochoric process obeys Gay – Lussac’s Law i.e. pressure is directly proportional
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to temperature.
10. Whenever specific heat is discussed in isochoric process it will be CV .
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11. Specific heat for monoatomic gas in isochoric process is 𝐶𝑉 = 2 𝑅.
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12. Specific heat for diatomic gas in isochoric process is 𝐶𝑉 = 2 𝑅.
13. Isothermal process obeys Boyle’s law i.e. pressure is inversely proportional to
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volume.
14. The graph for pressure vs volume is rectangular hyperbola.
15. The wall of the container for isothermal process, must be perfectly conducting so
that free exchange of heat between the system and surroundings can take place.
16. The isothermal process must be very slow, so as to provide sufficient time for the
exchange of heat.
17. In isothermal process, change in internal energy is zero.

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 18. For adiabatic process, the process must be sudden so that the heat does not get
time to be exchanged between system and surroundings.
19. The wall of the container for adiabatic process, must be perfectly insulated so
that exchange of heat between the system and surroundings should not take
place.
20. slope of adiabatic curve = γ × slope isothermal curve
21. 𝐵𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 𝛾𝐵𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
22. No practical device converts entire heat into work.
23. Water has more entropy than ice.
24. Steam has more entropy than water.

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25. If engines of efficiencies ƞ1 , ƞ2 , … . . 𝑎re put in series, then output efficiency of
the system of engines will be ƞ = ƞ1 × ƞ2 × ….
26. If the door of the refrigerator is opened, the temperature of the room will

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increase.

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27. When a thermos flask is shaken then the temperature of the substance inside
(eg – Tea or coffee) will increase.

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28. For PV curve, during the process of expansion, isothermal process curve lies
above the adiabatic process curve.
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29. The work done in an adiabatic change in a gas depends only on temperature.
30. In adiabatic compression, internal energy of the gas increases.
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MCQ QUESTIONS SOLVE IT YOURSELF – GO THROUGH LECTURE FOR EXPLANATION

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1 A system is taken from state a to state c (c) 12 J

by two paths adc and abc as shown in (d) 36 J
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the figure. The internal energy at a is 2 An ideal gas goes from state A to state B
𝑈𝑎 = 10𝐽. Along the path adc amount of via three different processes as
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heat absorbed 𝛿𝑄1 = 50𝐽 and the work indicated in the P-V diagram If 𝑄1 , 𝑄2 , 𝑄3
done 𝛿𝑊1 = 20𝐽 whereas along the indicate the heat a absorbed by the gas
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path abc the heat absorbed 𝛿𝑄2 = 36𝐽. along the three processes and
The amount of work done along the ∆𝑈1 , ∆𝑈2 , ∆𝑈3 indicate the change in
path abc is internal energy along the three
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processes respectively, then

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(a) 6J
(b) 10 J

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 (a) 𝑄1 > 𝑄2 > 𝑄3 and ∆U1 =
∆U2 = ∆U3
(b) 𝑄3 > 𝑄2 > 𝑄1 and ∆U1 =
∆U2 = ∆U3
(c) 𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3 and ∆U1 >
∆U2 > ∆U3
(d) 𝑄3 > 𝑄2 > 𝑄1 and ∆U1 >
∆U2 > ∆U3
3 The internal energy change in a system
that has absorbed 2 kcals of heat and
done 500 J of work is
(A) 6400 J
6 A gas is compressed isothermally to half
its initial volume. The same gas is
compressed separately through an
adiabatic process until its volume is
again reduced to half. Then
(a) Compressing the gas
isothermally will require more
work to be done.
(b) Compressing the gas through
adiabatic process will require
more work to be done.
(c) Compressing the gas

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(B) 5400 J isothermally or adiabatically will
(C) 7900 J require the same amount of
(D) 8900 J work

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4 First law of thermodynamics is (d) Which of the case (whether
consequence of conservation of compression through isothermal

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(a) WORK or through adiabatic process)
(b) Energy requires more work will depend

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(c) Heat upon the atomicity of the gas.
(d) All of these 7 An ideal gas is compressed to half its
5 Thermodynamic processes are indicated initial volume by means of several
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in the following diagram, Match the processes. Which of the process results
following in the maximum work done on the gas ?
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(a) Isobaric
(b) Isochoric
(c) Isothermal
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(d) Adiabatic
8 During an adiabatic process, the
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pressure of a gas is found to be

proportional to the cube of its
𝐶𝑝
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temperature. The ratio of 𝐶 for the gas

𝑣
is
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Column-1 Column-2 (a) 2

5
(b) 3
P. Process I A. Adiabatic
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3
(c)
Q. Process II B. Isobaric 4
2
(d)
R. Process III C. Isochoric 3
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9 A thermodynamic system is taken

S. Process IV D. Isothermal through the cycle ABCD as shown in
figure. Heat rejected by the gas during
(A) 𝑃 → 𝐶, 𝑄 → 𝐴, 𝑅 → 𝐷, 𝑆→𝐵
the cyclic process is
(B) 𝑃 → 𝐶, 𝑄 → 𝐷, 𝑅 → 𝐵, 𝑆→𝐴
(C) 𝑃 → 𝐷, 𝑄 → 𝐵, 𝑅 → 𝐴, 𝑆→𝐶
(D) 𝑃 → 𝐴, 𝑄 → 𝐶, 𝑅 → 𝐷, 𝑆→𝐵

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 11 During an isothermal expansion, a
confined ideal gas does -150 J of work
against its surroundings. This implies
that
(a) 300 J heat has been removed
from the gas
(b) 300 J of heat been added to the
gas
(c) no heat is transferred because
the process is isothermal
(a) 2 PV (d) 150 J of heat has been added to
(b) 4 PV the gas

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1
(c) 𝑃𝑉 12 A mass of diatomic gas (𝛾 = 1.4) at a
2
(d) PV pressure of 2 atmospheres is
compressed adiabatically so that its

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10 One mole of an ideal gas goes from an
initial state A to final state B via two temperature rises from 27o C to 927o C.
The pressure of the gas in final state is

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processes: It first undergoes isothermal
expansion from volume V to 3V and (a) 28 atm
(b) 68.7 atm

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then its volume is reduced from 3V to V
at constant pressure. The correct P-V (c) 256 atm
diagram representing the two processes (d) 8 atm
If ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑊 represent the increase in
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is 13
internal energy and work done by the
system respectively in thermodynamical
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process, which of the following is true ?

(a) ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊, in an adiabatic
process
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(b) ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑊, in an isothermal

process
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(c) ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑊, in an adiabatic

process
(d) ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊, in an isothermal
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process
14 In thermodynamic processes which of
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the following statements is not true

(a) In an isochoric process pressure
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remains constant
(b) In an isothermal process the
temperature remains constant
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(c) In an adiabatic process 𝑃𝑉 𝛾 =

constant
(d) In an adiabatic process the
system is insulated from the
surroundings
15 If Q, E and W denote respectively the
heat added, change in internal energy
and the work done in a closed cyclic
process, then

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 (a) W = 0 In process AB, 600 J of heat is added to
(b) Q = W = 0 the system and in process BC, 200 J of
(c) E = 0 heat is added to the system. The change
(d) Q = 0 in internal energy of the system is
16 An ideal gas A and a real gas B have process AC would be
their volumes increases from V to 2V
under isothermal conditions. The
increase in internal energy
(a) will be same in both A and B
(b) will be zero in both the gases
(c) of B will be more than that of A
(d) of A will be more than that of B

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17 A thermodynamic system is taken from
state A to B along ACB and is brought (a) 560 J
back to A along BDA as shown in the PV (b) 800 J

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diagram. The network done during the (c) 600 J
complete cycle is given by the area (d) 640 J

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19 A Carnot engine having an efficiency of
1

gm
10
as heat engine, is used as a
refrigerator. If the work done on the
system is 10 J, the amount of energy
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absorbed from the reservoir at lower
temperature is :
(a) 90 J
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(b) 99 J
(c) 100 J
(a) 𝑃1 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝑃2 𝑃1
a1

(d) 1 J
(b) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
20 The coefficient of performance of a
(c) ACBDA
refrigerator is 5. If the inside
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(d) 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐵′ 𝐴′ 𝐴
temperature of freezer is −20o C, then
the temperature of the surroundings to
18 A thermodynamic process is shown in
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which it rejects heat is

the figure. The pressures and volumes
(a) 41o C
corresponding to some points in the
(b) 11o C
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figure are
(c) 21o C
𝑃𝐴 = 3 × 104 𝑃𝑎
(d) 31o C
𝑉𝐴 = 2 × 10−3 𝑚3
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𝑃𝐵 = 8 × 104 𝑃𝑎
21 An engine has a efficiency of 1/6. When
𝑉𝐷 = 5 × 10−3 𝑚3 .
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the temperature of sink is reduced by

62o C, its efficiency is doubled.
Temperature of the source is
(a) 37o C
(b) 62o C
(c) 99o C
(d) 124o C
22 An ideal gas heat engine operates in a
Carnot cycle between 227o C and

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 127o C. It absorbs 6 kcal at the higher respectively. An inventor claims its
temperature. The amount of heat (in efficiency to be 26%, then
kcal) converted into work is equal to (A) it is impossible
(a) 1.2 (B) it is possible with high
(b) 4.8 probability
(c) 3.5 (C) it is possible with low
(d) 1.6 probability
23 The temperature of source and sink of a (D) data are insufficient
heat engine are 127o C and 27o C

SOLUTIONS

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1 Ans – (a) = 7900 J

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From first law of thermodynamics
4 Ans – (b)
𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑐 = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑑𝑐 + 𝑊𝑎𝑑𝑐 The first law of thermodynamics is just a

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50 J = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑑𝑐 + 20 𝐽 conservation of energy.
5 Ans – (a)

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∆𝑈𝑎𝑑𝑐 = 30 𝐽 Process I volume is constant hence, it is
Again, 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑐 = ∆𝑈𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑐 isochoric
In process IV, pressure is constant
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𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑐 = 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑐 − ∆𝑈𝑎𝑏𝑐
hence, it is isobaric
= 𝑄𝑎𝑏𝑐 − ∆𝑈𝑎𝑑𝑐
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6 Ans – (b)
= 36 J – 30 J 𝑊𝑒𝑥𝑡 = negative of area with volume-
=6J
a1

axis W(adiabatic) > W(isothermal

2 Ans – (a)
Initial and final condition is same for all 7 Ans – (d)
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Since area under the curve is maximum

process for adiabatic process so, work done (W =
∆U1 = ∆U2 = ∆U3 PdV) on the gas will be maximum for
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adiabatic process
from first law of thermodynamics
ha

∆Q = ∆U = ∆W
Work done
ob

∆W1 > ∆W2 > ∆W3 (Area of P.V. graph)

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So ∆𝑄1 > ∆𝑄2 > ∆𝑄3

3 Ans – (c)
According to first law of thermodynamics
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 8 Ans – (c)
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 According to question 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 3

= 2 × 4.2 × 1000 − 500 But as we know for an adiabatic process

𝛾
= 8400 − 500 the pressure 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 𝛾−1 .

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 So, 𝑃1 0.4
𝛾 3 𝐶𝑝 3 ( ) = (4)1.4
= 3 ⇒ 𝛾 = or, = 𝑃2
𝛾−1 2 𝐶𝑣 2 1.4 7
( ) ( )
9 Ans – (a) 𝑃2 = 𝑃1 4 0.4 = 𝑃1 4 2
∵ Internal energy is the state function.
= 𝑃1 (27 ) = 2 × 128 = 256 atm
∴ In cyclic process; ∆𝑈 = 0 13 Ans – (a)
By first law of thermodynamics,
According to 1st law of thermodynamics
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
In adiabatic process, ∆𝑄 = 0
So heat absorbed
∴ ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊

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∆𝑄 = 𝑊 = Area under the curve
In isothermal process, ∆𝑈 = 0
= - (2V)(P) = -2PV
∴ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊

l.c
So heat rejected = 2PV
14 Ans – (a)
10 Ans – (d) In an isochoric process volume remains

ai
1st process is isothermal expansion which
constant whereas pressure remains
is only correct shown in option (d)
constant in isobaric process.

gm
2nd process is isobaric compression
15 Ans – (c)
which is correctly shown in option (d)
In a cyclic process, the initial state
11 Ans – (d) coincides with the final state. Hence, the
8@
If a process is expansion then work done
change in internal energy is zero, as it
is positive depends only on the initial and final
97

states. But Q and W are non-zero during

But in question work done by gas is given
a cycle process.
-150 J so that according to it answer will 16 Ans – (b)
a1

be (d). Under isothermal conditions, there is no

12 Ans – (c) change in internal energy.
rm

𝑇1 = 273 + 27 = 330 𝐾 17 Ans – (c)

Work done = Area under curve ACBDA
𝑇2 = 273 + 927 = 1200 𝐾
18 Ans – (a)
va

For adiabatic process, Since AB is an isochoric process, so, no

𝑃1−𝛾 𝑇 𝛾 = constant
ha

work is done. BC is isobaric process,

1−𝛾 𝛾 1−𝛾 𝛾
⇒ 𝑃1 𝑇1 = 𝑃2 𝑇2 ∴ 𝑊 = 𝑃𝐵 × (𝑉𝐷 − 𝑉𝐴 ) = 240𝐽
ob

𝑃2 1−𝛾 𝑇1 𝛾 ∆𝑄 = 600 + 200 = 800𝐽

⇒ ( ) =( )
𝑃1 𝑇2 Using ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
sh

1−𝛾 𝛾
𝑃1 𝑇2 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = 800 − 240
⇒ ( ) =( )
𝑇2 𝑇1 = 560 𝐽
19 Ans – (a)
𝑃1 1−1.4 1200 1.4 1
( ) =( ) Given, efficiency of engine, 𝜂 = 10 work
𝑃2 300
𝑃1 −0.4 done on system W = 10 J
( ) = (4)1.4
𝑃2

13
 Coefficient of performance of When the temperature of the sink is
refrigerator reduced by 62o C, its efficiency is
1 9 doubled
𝑄2 1 − 𝜂 1 − 10 10
𝛽= = = = =9 1 𝑇2 −62
𝑊 𝜂 1 1 2 (6) = 1 − …(ii)
𝑇1
10 10
Energy absorbed from reservoir Solving (i) and (ii)

𝑄2 = 𝛽𝑤 𝑇2 = 372 𝐾
𝑄2 = 9 × 10 = 90𝐽 𝑇1 = 99o C = Temperature of sources.
22 Ans – (a)

om
20 Ans – (d) 𝑇 −𝑇
Efficiency = 1 2
Coefficient of performance, 𝑇1

𝑇2 𝑇1 = 227 + 273 = 500𝐾

l.c
Cop =
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇2 = 127 + 273 = 400𝐾
273 − 20 253 500 − 400 1

ai
5= = 𝜂= =
𝑇1 − (273 − 20) 𝑇1 − 253 500 5

gm
5𝑇1 − (5 × 253) = 253 Hence, output work
5𝑇1 = 253 + (5 × 253) = 1518 1
= (𝜂) × 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = ×6
8@
1518 2
∴ 𝑇1 = = 303.6 = 1.2 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙
5
23 Ans – (a)
or,
97

300 100 1
𝑇1 = 303.6 − 273 = 30.6 ≅ 31o C 𝜂 =1− = =
400 400 4
21 Ans – (c) 1
a1

𝑇
Since efficiency of engine is 𝜂 = 1 − 2 𝜂= × 100 = 25%
𝑇1 4
rm

According to problem, Hence, it is not possible to have

1 𝑇
efficiency more than 25%.
6
= 1 − 𝑇2 … (i)
va

1
ha
ob
sh

14