physics

L.o.8
Innovation skyline
CONCEPTS
Fluids
Pressure
Manometer
Pressure gauge
Units of pressure
Effect of atmospheric pressure on boiling point of water
Change in atmospheric pressure with altitude
Pressure difference and force
Archimedes Principle
• Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases,
plasm (a hot ionized gas) and, to some extent, plastic solids.
• Difference between liquids and gases:
• Gases has inability of forming free surface and can be
compressed, but liquids are incompressible…
Properties of fluids
• Density
• Pressure
• Viscosity
• Specific weight (unit weight)
• Specific gravity (relative density) •
Specific volume
Density ‘𝝆’
• It is the ratio between mass (m) and volume (V).
• It’s unit is kg/m3
• If a fluid has more atoms/molecules and particles are placed close to
each other, it is going to have a higher density.
• The density of water 𝝆w= 1 g/cm3= 1000 Kg/m3
• The density of air 𝝆air= 1.21 Kg/m3
• In general, density of a fluid decreases with increase in temperature. It
increases with increase in pressure.
Specific Gravity (Relative Density)

It’s the ratio between the density of any

object relative to water

But the relative density is the ratio

between the densities of any two
objects.

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 5

Pressure
• A) Pressure at a point:
• When object is submerged in a fluid, fluid exerts a force on the object.
• The force is perpendicular to the surface of the object at each point of
the surface.

• The magnitude of the perpendicular force on a surface

per unit area is called the pressure of the fluid:

P=F\A

P is the pressure of the fluid,

F is the force exerted by the fluid on the object,
A is the area of the object.
 The SI unit of pressure is Pascal
(Pa) =1 N/m2 . The Pascal is a small unit of pressure. (pa)=
• If the force acts at an angle, the force component along the direction
perpendicular to the surface must be used to calculate pressure.

f f

P= F sin(theta) ÷ Area p= F cos(theta) ÷ Area

Pressure is the normal force ÷ Area

 Factors affecting the pressure at a
point
p p

F 𝟏
P= 𝑨
 Atmospheric (air) Pressure

• The weight of air column over unit area of earth surface at sea level.
• 1 atm ≈1.01325×105 Pa.
• It exerted. due to collisions between the mixture of gases found in the air
Units of pressure
Atm Bar Pa mmHg torr

1 atm

= 1 Bar

= (1.01325×10^5) Pa

= 760 mmHg

= 760 torr
 Gauge Pressure
• A pressure measured using a pressure measuring instrument .
• Is the difference between the absolute pressure and the current atmospheric
pressure.
• It can be either positive or negative depending on whether the pressure is
above or bellow the atmospheric pressure.
Absolute pressure
A pressure measured relative to a perfect vacuum.
Explain the relationship among absolute pressure, gauge pressure, and
atmospheric pressure
Pabs = Patm Pgage
Where, Pabs : Absolute pressure
Patm : Atmospheric pressure
Pgage : Gage pressure = ρ g h
Static Fluid pressure:
• Atmospheric pressure is a good example of static pressure as
its ultimate source is gravity.
• The pressure exerted by a static fluid depends only upon
• 1) The depth of the fluid (h)
• 2) The density of the fluid (ρ)
• 3) The gravitational field strength (g
•= ρ g h
 Effect of atmospheric pressure on the boiling point
of water
• As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure and boiling
point decrease because air is less dense at higher
altitudes.
• • If the atmospheric pressure is exactly 1 atm, the boiling
point of water is 100.0 degrees Celsius. This is because
the vapor pressure of water is 1 atm at this temperature.
• The boiling point decreases to 80.0 degrees at higher
altitudes. A B

Pressure is equal at point A, B and is smaller than that at

point C
c
Archimedes
principle
Archimedes was a Greek mathematician, physicist,
engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He is regarded as one of the leading scientists in
classical antiquity
Born: Syracuse, Italy
What’s buoyancy
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a
force with magnitude equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object”

The displace water is the amount of increased

water after putting an object in it.

003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273

 The net force is downward, The net force is upward,
so the stone accelerates so the wood accelerates
downward. upward
(1) the magnitude of Fb is equal to the magnitude mf g : Fb = mf g. (Subscript f refers
to fluid.) # the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the water in the
sack.

(2) replace the sack of water with a stone that exactly fills the hole. The stone is said to
displace
the water, meaning that the stone occupies space that would otherwise be occupied
by water
003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273
 Floating
When a body floats in a fluid, the magnitude Fb of the buoyant force on the
body is equal to the magnitude Fg of the gravitational force on the body.

F F (floating).
b= g

003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273

Apparent Weight in a Fluid
If we place a stone on a scale that is calibrated to measure weight, the reading on the scale
is the stone’s weight. However, if we do this underwater, the upward buoyant force on the
stone from the water decreases the reading. That reading is then an apparent weight. In
general, an apparent weight is related
to the actual weight of a body and the buoyant force on the body by

003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273

003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273
Let’s take a question
A ball with a volume of 5000 Cm^3 is pushed under
water. what is the magnitude of buoyant force pushing
aboard upwards?

Buoyant force = weight of water displaced

5000 Cm^3 = 5000 g = 5.0 kg
According to newton’s second law F = m × a =
(5.0 kg × (9.8 m\s^2) = 49 N
003-1040559 1250 003-77156.8 1760 0009-14563.7 73273
 If the specific gravity is 0.2
Density of water is 1000 kg/m^3
Find the density if the object

Specific gravity = density of object ÷ density of water

0.2 = density of object ÷ 1000 kg/m^3

Density of object = 0.2 × 1000 = 200 kg/m^3

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 24

How to change between units
How many pascals in 780 torr ?
1.01325×10^5 pascal = 760 torr
X pascal = 780 torr
X = (780 × 1.01325×10^5 ( ÷760
= 103657 pa

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 25

Thanks you
Innovation Skyline

03/09/2022 Innovation Skyline 26