Unit 7.

ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE AND ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

7.1 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by air in the atmosphere of the
earth. Atmospheric pressure is measured using an instrument called a
barometer.
7.1.1 EXISTENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
The existence of atmospheric pressure can be proved using:
i. Crushing can (collapsing can) experiment
ii. Overturned glass full of water
iii. Magdeburg Hemisphere
a) CRUSHING CAN EXPERIMENT
When a can filled with water is heated, closed and cooled down rapidly
by pouring cold water, it crushes instantly due to huge atmospheric
pressure from the surrounding.

a) water in can is heated b) can crushes due to atmospheric pressure

N.B: it is not good to take a cold bath after eating hot food because
atmospheric pressure would act on your body.
b) OVERTURNED GLASS FULL OF WATER
When a glass full of water is covered with cardboard and quickly
overturned, the cardboard does not fall and the water remains in the
glass even though the cardboard is not supported by anything. This is
because atmospheric pressure is greater than the weight of the water.
 c) MAGDEBURG HEMISPHERE
When the air inside the hemisphere is pumped out so that it becomes a
vacuum, the hemisphere cannot be separated even by a very great force.
This is because when the air is pumped out, the pressure inside the
hemisphere becomes very low. The atmospheric pressure exerts a strong
force on the outer surface of the hemisphere, holding the hemisphere
tightly together.

d) Coin and drop of water experiment:

It becomes difficult to lift the coin off the table when a drop of water is placed
underneath the coin.

7.1.2 UNITS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The atmospheric pressure can be measured in Pascal (Pa), Newtons per meter
squared (N/m2), millimeters of mercury(mmHg), Torrs (Torr), Atmospheres(atm)
and bars(b). Where:
1Pa = 1N/m2
1mmHg = 1Torr
1Atm = 1bar
At the sea level, the atmospheric pressure is:
Patm = 1atm = 1bar = 101325Pa = 101325N/m2 = 760mmHg = 760Torr
NB: the atmospheric pressure decreases with an increase in altitude. i.e: the
higher you go, the lower the atmospheric pressure because the weight of air
above decreases.
Example:
1. On a certain day, a barometer reads 750 millimeters of mercury (750mmHg).
Calculate the pressure in Pascals.
Solution
P = 750mmHg. In Pa =?
From 760mmHg = 101325Pa,
101325
1mmHg = 760 Pa
101325
750mmHg = × 750Pa
760
750mmHg = 99991.8Pa

2. Given that the atmospheric pressure is 104000Pa. express this pressure in

mmHg.
Solution
P = 104000Pa. in mmHg =?
From 101325Pa = 760mmHg,
760
1Pa = 101325 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔
760
104000Pa = × 104000mmHg
101325
P = 780.1mmHg

3. Convert 95cmHg to atmospheres.

Solution
P = 95cmHg = 950mmHg
From 760mmHg = 1atm
1
1mmHg = atm
760
1
720mmHg = × 950 atm
760
720mmHg = 1.25atm

EXERCISE
1. change 2atm to Pa
2. convert 3atm to mmHg

7.1.3 INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

a) Mercury Barometer (Torricelli’s Barometer)
Barometer is invented by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647).
He took a tube of about 1m long filled with mercury of density 13,600kgm–3
and placed it vertically inverted in a mercury tub.
He observed that the column of 76cm of mercury above the free surface remained
filled in the tube.

In equi1ibrium, atmospheric pressure equals the pressure exerted by the

mercury column. Therefore, atmospheric pressure
Patm  hg Where  is the density of the mercury and h is the height of the
mercury column.
At sea level, h=760mm. Patm  (13600 )(0.76)(9.80)  1.013  10 Pa  1atm
5

b) FORTIN BAROMETER
A Fortin barometer also contains mercury but it has higher accuracy because
it has a Vernier scale. The mercury level can be adjusted by a screw until the
pointer touches the surface of the mercury. This eliminates the zero error
(offset error).

c) ANEROID BAROMETER
Aneroid barometer does not use any liquids. It consists of a sealed metal
chamber which expands and contracts in response to changes in
atmospheric pressure. The movement of the chamber walls is transmitted by
a mechanical lever system, which moves a pointer over a calibrated scale.
 An aneroid barometer is also used as a weatherglass to forecast the weather.
Rainy clouds form in areas of low-pressure air. This is shown by the fall in
the barometer reading, which often means that bad weather is coming.

7.1.4 APPLICATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

a. Drinking straw

When a person sucks through the straw, the pressure in the straw become low. The
atmospheric pressure outside which is higher will force the water into the straw and
consequently into the mouth.

b. Syringe
When the piston is pulled up, the atmospheric pressure inside the cylinder will decrease.
The atmospheric pressure outside pushes the liquid up into the syringe.

c. Lift Pump

d. Siphon

A rubber tube can be used to siphon a liquid from a container at a higher level to another at a
lower level.
 e. Sucker hook

When the sucker is pressed into place, the air inside is forced out. As a result, the
pressure inside the sucker becomes very low. The sucker is then held in position by the
high atmospheric pressure on the outside surface.

f. Rubber Sucker

g. Vacuum Cleaner

When the vacuum cleaner is switched on, the fan sucks out the air from the space inside
creating a partial vacuum. The atmospheric pressure outside, which is greater, then
forces air and dust particles into the filter bag. This traps the dust particles but allows the
air to flow out through an exit at the back.
7.2 Archimedes principle (principle of buoyancy)
7.2.1 Upthrust

Upthrust is the upward force acting on an object that is immersed in a liquid. It

is also called force due to buoyancy.

Buoyancy is the ability of an object to float on a liquid. Eg. Wood floating on

water.

This effect is caused by the difference in pressure between the bottom and top of
the object.
Consider a cylinder of height h whose top and bottom ends have an area A and
which is completely submerged in a fluid of density  as shown below.

p  pbottom  ptop
p  p 2  p1

p  gh2  gh1  g (h2  h1 )  gh

∆𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ
𝐹
Using 𝑃 = then F = PA
𝐴
𝐹𝐵 = ∆𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔∆ℎ𝐴
Volume of a cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝐴∆ℎ
Hence, 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉
This is a force due to buoyancy or upthrust.
Where:
V = volume of the object
𝜌 = Density of liquid
m
From FB  gV  gV  mg
V
Therefore, the upthrust = weight of the fluid displaced.
The volume of the liquid displaced is equal to the immersed volume of the solid.
FACTORS AFFECTING UPTHRUST

1. Volume of the body submerged in the fluid

2. Density of the fluid
3. gravity

7.2.2 Archimedes’ principle

The Archimedes’ principle states that: “if an object is completely or partially

submerged in a fluid, it experiences an upthrust force which is equal to the weight
of the fluid displaced by the object”.
If the weight of the block acting vertically downwards is W, then the resultant
downward force (apparent weight of the block), F , acting on the block is the
weight of block minus upthrust
That is 𝑊𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑊 − 𝜌𝑔𝑉
Example 1

A cubic decimeter, of a granite building block is submerged in water. The density

of granite is 2.70  10 3 kg / m3 .

a. What is the magnitude of the buoyant force acting on the block?

b. What is the apparent weight of the block?

Example2
A body has a mass of 8kg and density of 750kg/m3. What is the spring balance
reading if the body is:
(a) weighed in air
(b) Weighed when completely submerged in a liquid of density 500kg/m3?

Solution
(a)weight in air =mg=8×10=80N
(b)weight under liquid=weight in air-upthrust due to liquid
But upthrust =vρg=(8/750)(500)(10)=53.33N
 Apparent weight when in liquid=Wair-upthrust

=80-53.33=26.7N (1d.p).
Verification of Archimedes principle

Archimedes’ principle may be verified using a spring balance, an overflow can

(eureka can), a spring balance calibrated in Newtons and a beaker of known
weight, as shown in fig. below:

Upthrust = weight of solid in air-weight of solid in water

U  W1  W2

Also, Upthrust, U=weight of liquid displaced, i.e. liquid collected from the
overflow can in the beaker.
Hence the apparent loss of the weight of the object= weight of equal volume of
liquid displaced by the object.

Worked example

1. A body of mass 5kg weighs 30N in a liquid. Find the upthrust on the body
due to liquid.

Solution

Upthrust = Wair -Wwater

=5x10-30=20N
2. A piece of solid of mass 800kg and volume 30cm3is fully immersed in a
liquid of density 800kg/m3.Calculate the weight of the solid in the liquid.
 Solution
Weight of liquid in air, Wair =0.800x10=10N
upthrust = vρg=(30x10-6)(800)(10)=0.24N
Weight of solid in liquid F= Wair - Upthrust
F=8-0.24=7.76N
3. A metal block of density7800kg/m3 weighs 117N in air and 105N in liquid
when wholly immersed. Calculate the density of the liquid.
Solution
Weight of the solid in air =117N
Mass of the solid=117/10=11.7kg
Volume of solid=mass/density=11.7/7800=0.0015m3
Apparent loss of weight in liquid F  W  gV

=117-105=12N = upthrust
U  gV  mg
12  liq  10  0.0015V
 liq  800 kg / m3

Flotation and Sinking

Whenever a body is submerged in a liquid, there are two forces acting on the
body. The weight of the body W, acting downwards, and the upthrust U on the
body due to the displaced liquid acting upwards. Let us consider three cases
when an object is immersed in a liquid.

(a)If the weight of the object, W, is greater than the upthrust, U, i.e. the density of
the object is greater than the density of the displaced liquid, the object sinks into
the liquid.

(b)If the weight of the object, is equal to the upthrust, U, i.e. the density of the
object is equal to the density of the displaced liquid, the object remains in
equilibrium under the liquid anywhere.

(c)If the weight of the object, W, is less than the upthrust,U, i.e. the density of the
object is less than the density of the displaced liquid, the object floats partially in
the liquid.
Law of floatation

The law of flotation states that a floating object displaces its own weight of
the fluid.

Alternatively, the weight of the floating object = weight of fluid displaced.

Experiment to verify the law of floatation

-A piece of wood is weighed and it weight W1 in air is recorded.

-Then water is put in eureka can until it flows out of the spout.

-After water has stopped dripping, an empty beaker is put below the spout.
-The cork is then carefully put in eureka can and some water flows into the
beaker.

-After water stops flowing, the weight of the water in the beaker W is taken and
it is found to be equal to W1, the weight of the cork within experimental error
limits, hence verifying the law of floatation.

RELATIVE DENSITY (Specific Gravity) OF SOLIDS

The relative density is the ratio of density of a substance to the density of water.

Or: Relative density is the ratio of the weight of an object to the weight of an
equal volume of water.

Density of object
R.D= Density of water =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌 𝑤𝑎 𝑚𝑎
𝑅. 𝐷 = 𝜌 = 𝑤𝑎 −𝑤𝑤
= 𝑚𝑎 −𝑚𝑤
𝑤
RELATIVE DENSITY OF A LIQUID

When a sinker object is submerged in a liquid, and then in water, the relative
density of the liquid is given by:
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
R. D =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟−𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑤𝑎 − 𝑤𝑙 𝑚𝑎 − 𝑚𝑙
R. D = =
𝑤𝑎 − 𝑤𝑤 𝑚𝑎 − 𝑚𝑤
Relative density of liquid is measured by an instrument called a hydrometer.
1. When a crown of mass 14.7kg is submerged in water, an accurate scale
reads only 13.4kg. given that the density of water is 1000kg/m3, calculate:
a) Its relative density
b) Its density
Solution

Mass of crown in air = 14.7kg

Mass of crown in water = 13.4kg
Density of water = 1000kg/m3
𝑊𝑎 𝑚𝑎 14.7
a) R.D = =𝑚 = 14.7−13.4 = 11.307
𝑤𝑎 −𝑤𝑤 𝑎 −𝑚𝑤
𝜌
b) From R.D=
𝜌𝑤
𝜌
11.3 = 1000
𝜌 = 11.307 × 1000
𝜌 = 11307 kg/m3

2. A solid weighs 600g in air, 450g in water and 480g in a liquid.

a) Find the relative density of the solid
b) Find the relative density of the liquid

7.2. Some applications of floatation

1. A ship made of steel floats over water even though the density of steel is about
8times greater than that of water. The ship is like a closed hollow object so that
it displaces a much larger volume of water than the actual volume of steel used
in its construction. Therefore, it dips only to a level where its weight equals the
weight of water displaced.

2. Ice floats on water because the density of ice is less than that of water.

Density of ice is only 900kg/m3 that of water is 1000kg/m3.

3. A person can swim in sea water more easily than in fresh water. The density
of sea water is greater than that of pure water and exerts greater upward force
on a body immersed in it than fresh water.
4. Hydrometer
Relative density of liquid is measured by an instrument called a hydrometer.

In a hydrometer, the lower wide bulb is loaded with a lead shots or mercury to
keep the hydrometer floating upright in the liquid.
The upper thin stem of uniform cross section gives the instrument the greater
sensitivity. The hydrometer will sink further in a liquid of low relative density.
A lactometer is a hydrometer that is used to test the purity of milk.
A hydrometer can also be used to:
-determine the level of charge in batteries
- determine the level of sugar in some drinks
- determine the alcoholic content of drinks.

EXERCISES

1. A girl is floating in a freshwater lake with her head just above the water.
If she weighs 610 N, what is the volume of the submerged part of her body?
(Density of water is 1000kg/m3).
2. What is the upthrust on a body which displaces 0.5m3 of water.
3. A body of mass 3kg and volume 6×10-4m3 is hung from a spring balance
with a light string. What does the balance read when:
(a) The body is in air,
(b) The body is fully immersed in water,
(c) The body is half immersed in water,
(d) 25% of the volume of the body is immersed in paraffin oil of density
800kg/m3?
4. A steel sphere of density 8000kg/m3 and volume136cm3 floats in mercury
of density 13600kg/m3. What volume of the sphere remains above the
mercury surface?
Unit 8: Work, Energy and Power
8.1. Doing work

Work is said to be done when a body undergoes a displacement as a results of

the application of the force.

The work done by a force is defined as the product of the force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force:
W=F×s
where s is the distance moved in the direction of the force. Work is a scalar
quantity and its SI unit is the joule (J).

Example
A stone weighing 5.0 N is dropped from the top of a 50 m high cliff. What is the
work done by the force of gravity?

Solution
Since F and s are in the same direction, there is no problem:
work done = F × s = 5.0 × 50= 250 J
Note: The work done can be given by the area under the Force versus
displacement graph.

Work done equals area under the F versus S graph.

Example
The following graph shows how a force varies with distance as it acts on a mass
of 3.0kg, initially at rest.
How much work was done by the force in moving the body 5.0m?
Solution
Work done =area under the F versus S graph.
=(1/2)[(5-0)+(10-0)](2-0)+(1/2)[(10-0)+(20-0)](4-2)+(1/2)(5-4)(20-0)
=15+30+10 =55J
8.2. Power

Power if the rate at which work is done.

work
Power 
time
W
P
t
W =work done in joules
t=time in seconds
P=Power in joules/second or watts
work Force  dis tan ce
Also Power  
time time
Power  Force  velocity
P  Fv
Example
The electric motor of a model train accelerates the train from rest to 0.620 m/s
in 21.0 ms. The total mass of the train is 875 g. Find the average power delivered
to the train during the acceleration.

Solution
P  Fv
v  0.620 
F  ma  m  (0.875) 3 
 25.8 N
t  21  10 
P  25.8  0.620  16Watts .
8.3. Energy
Energy of a body is its capacity to do work.
It is the total work that a body can do. The S.I unit of energy is Joule (J), the
same as that of work.

Mechanical energy
Mechanical energy of a body is the sum of its potential energy and kinetic energy.
1. Potential energy (P.E)
Potential energy can either be gravitational potential energy or elastic potential
energy.

(a)Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its
position. It is a work done by gravity.
Gravitational potential energy
= weight × change in height
P.E  mgh
m=mass of a body
g=gravitational acceleration

(b)Elastic potential energy

Elastic potential energy (or strain energy) is the energy is due to the compressed
or stretched spring.

As the end of a spring is pulled by the force F, the spring is stretched by the
length e called the extension.
The work done in stretching the spring by an increasing force from 0 to F
(0  F ) 1
=average force ×extension  e  Fe
2 2
From Hooke ‘s law of extension, F  e
That is F  ke
k =Force constant of the spring in N/m.
 1 1
work done  (ke)e  ke 2
2 2
Work done is stored as elastic potential energy.
The elastic potential energy
1 1
EP  Fe  ke 2
2 2
Example
Calculate the elastic potential energy stored in a spring when stretched through
4cm by a force of 2N.
Solution
The elastic potential energy
1 1
EP  Fe  (2)(0.04)  0.04 J
2 2
Test yourself
Calculate how much gravitational potential energy is gained if you climb a flight
of stairs. Assume that you have a mass of 52 kg and that the height you lift
yourself is 2.5 m.
2. Kinetic energy (K.E)
Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object. We imagine a car being
accelerated from rest (u = 0) to velocity v.
To give it acceleration a, it is pushed by a force F for a distance s. Since u = 0,
we can write the equation v2 =u2 + 2as as: v2 = 2as
1 1
Multiplying both sides by m gives: mv 2  (ma) s
2 2
Now, ma is the force F accelerating the car,
1 2
mv  ( F ) s
2
The force × the distance it moves, that is, the work done by the force. So we have:
1 2
mv  W f = work done by force F.
2
This is the energy transferred to the car, and hence its kinetic energy.
Therefore, for an object of mass m travelling at a speed v, we have:
1
kinetic energy K .E  mv 2
2
What is a kilowatt-hour (kWh)?
One kilowatt-hour (kWh) is the amount of energy used by an engine operating at
a power of 1 kilowatt for 1 hour.
1kWh  3.6 10 6 J
Worked example
Calculate the increase in kinetic energy of a car of mass 800 kg when it
accelerates from 20 m s-1 to 30 ms-1.
Solution
1
K .E  mv 2
2
 1
Initial kinetic energy K .Ei  mu 2
2
1
Final kinetic energy K .E f  mv 2
2
Change of kinetic energy
1 1 1
K .E  K .E f  K .Ei  mv2  mu 2  m(v 2  u 2 )
2 2 2
1
K .E  800(30 2  20 2 )  200000 J  200 kJ
2

Unit 9: Conservation of mechanical energy in isolated system

9.1. Energy transformation
Energy may be transformed or converted from one form to another. The following
are some examples of energy transformation.

1. When a fruit falls down from a tree, the gravitational potential energy is
converted into kinetic energy just before hitting the ground.
On hitting the ground, the kinetic energy of the fruit is converted into
sound and heat energy. The same is the case of waterfalls.
2. When a ball is thrown vertically upwards, the kinetic energy at the bottom
is converted into the gravitational potential energy at the top most position.
A device which converts one form of energy to another is called a transducer.

Examples of transducers
Transducer Transformation of

Energy

Microphone Sound to electrical

Loudspeaker Electrical to sound

Battery Chemical to electrical

Light bulb Electrical to light

9.2. Law of conservation of energy

Let us consider a ball of mass m on a simple pendulum.
Figure: Simple pendulum
Mechanical energy= Potential energy +Kinetic energy
M .E  P.E  K.E
1
M .E  mgh  mv 2
2
When the ball is in the extreme positions (2), its velocity is zero, and K.E=0.
M .E  mgh  0  P.E (1)
When the ball passes through the position 1, P.E=0 but K.E is maximum.
1
M .E  0  mv2  K .E (2)
2
Eq. (1)= Eq. (2)
1 2
mv  mgh
2
This verifies that the loss in K.E is equal to the gain in P.E.
Law of mechanical energy conservation
Law of conservation of mechanical energy states that: in an isolated system
(System which does not interact with the surroundings), the total mechanical
energy remains constant.
Alternatively, the energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can only be
converted from one form to another.

9.3. Applications of the law of mechanical energy conservation

Example 1
A 150g balls falls vertically downwards from a height of 1.8m on a horizontal
plate. On hitting the plate, the ball rebounds to a height of 1.25m. Find:
(a)The velocity of the ball just before hitting the plate,
(b)The kinetic energy of the ball as it hits the plate,
(c) The kinetic energy of the ball as it leaves the plate.
(Take g=10m/s2).
Solution
(a)Initial velocity u=0
Distance s=1.8m
g=10m/s2
Final velocity, v=?
From v2= u2+2gs
v2= 02+2(10)(1.8)=6m/s.
v=6m/s.
1 1
(b K .E  mv2  (0.150)(6) 2  2.7 J
2 2
(c)Final velocity v=0
g=-10m/s2
Distance s=1.25m
Initial velocity, u=?
From v2= u2+2gs
02= u2+2(-10)(1.25)
u=5m/s.
The rebound velocity is 5m/s.
1 1
(d)K.E on rebound K .E  mu 2  (0.150 )(5) 2  1.875 J
2 2
Example 2

Find the velocity with which the ball strikes the ground when it drops from a
height of 1.8m. (Take g=10m/s2).
Solution

By law of conservation of energy

Gravitational P.Etop=K.Ebottom
1
mgh  mv2
2
v  2 gh  2(10)(1.8)
2

v 2  2 gh  2(10)(1.8)
v  6m / s
The ball strikes the ground with a velocity of 6m/s.
Test yourself
A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 15m/s.
Calculate the maximum height reached by the ball.
(Take g=10m/s2)

9.4. Definition: Work-Energy Theorem

The work-energy theorem states that the work done on an object is equal to the
change in its kinetic energy:
W  K.E  K.E f  K.Ei
Example
The driver of a 1 000 kg car traveling at a speed of 16.7 m/s applies the car’s
brakes when he sees a red robot. The car’s brakes provide a frictional force of
8000 N. Determine the stopping distance of the car.
Solution
Mass m=1000kg
Speed v=16.7m/s
Frictional force F=-8000N
The negative sign indicates that this force opposes the motion of the car.
1 1
K .E  mv2  (1000 )(16.7) 2  139445 J
2 2
Assume the stopping distance is d
W  F .d  (8000 )d
K .E  W
K .E f  K .Ei  (8000 )d
0 J  139445 J  (8000 )d
d  17.4m
Test yourself

A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal, frictionless
surface by a constant horizontal force of 12 N. Find the speed of the block after
it has moved 3.0 m.
9.5. Sources of energy
(a)Renewable sources of energy: those which can be replaced fairly fast.
Example:
-Solar energy
-Geothermal
-Biomass
-Biogas
-Tidal energy
-Wind energy
(b)Non-renewable sources of energy: those which take millions of years before
to be replaced.
Example:
Fossils energy and nuclear energy
Exercises
1. A man of mass 70 kg climbs stairs of vertical height 2.5 m. Calculate the work
done against the force of gravity. (Take g = 9.81 m s2.)
2. A stone of weight 10 N falls from the top of a 250 m high cliff.
(a) Calculate how much work is done by the force of gravity in pulling the,stone
to the foot of the cliff.
(b)How much energy is transferred to the stone?
3. Calculate how much gravitational potential energy is gained if you climb a fl
ight of stairs. Assume that you have a mass of 52 kg and that the height you lift
yourself is 2.5 m.
4. A particle is subject to a force Fx that varies with position as in Figure below.
Find the work done by the force on the particle as it moves the whole distance.

5. Cite two examples in which a force is exerted on an object without doing any
work on the object.
6. (a) If the speed of a particle is doubled, what happens to its kinetic energy?
(b) What can be said about the speed of a particle if the net work done on it is
zero?