Problem 1.

​ ​Determine the atmospheric pressure at a location where the barometric

reading is 750 mmHg (a pressure unit). Take the density of mercury to be 13,600 kg/m​3​.

● What is the pressure in Pa?

P atm = ⍴gh

1N 1 kP a
P atm = (13, 600 kg/m3 )(9.81 m/s2 )(0.750 m)( 1 kg·m/s2 )( 1000 N /m2 )

P atm = 100.1 kP a or 100, 100 P a

● What is the pressure in pounds-force per square inch?

1 P a = 0.0001450377 psi

100, 100P a = (0.0001450377) · (100, 100)

100, 100 P a = 14.518277547 psi

● What is the pressure in Torr?

1 P a = 0.0075006168 T orr

100, 100 P a = (0.0075006168) · (100, 100)

100, 100 P a = 750.81174439 T orr

● Prove 1 lbf= 4.45 N

1 lbf = 1 lb * 32.174 f t/s2

= (0.4535 kg/lb)(1 lb) * (0.3048 m/f t)(32.174 f t/s2 )

= 4.45 kg * m/s2

= 4.45 N

● How to define 1 cal?

1 calorie is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
water 1 degree celsius.
 ● How to define 1 BTU?

1 BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of
water by 1 degree fahrenheit.

Problem 2.​ ​Imagine you have a tank filled with water. The total height of the tank is 40
m. The water in the tank has a temperature of 20 °C and density of 998 kg/m​3 ​. What is
the gauge pressure and absolute pressure of the water at the depth of 20m? Assume
that the atmospheric pressure is 101kPa.

P gauge = ⍴gh
= (998 kg/m3 ) * (9.8 m/s2 ) * (20 m)
= 195608 P a

P Abs = P atm + P gauge

= 101, 000 P a + 195, 608 P a
= 296, 608 P a

Problem 3.​ ​The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is measured by a
multifluid manometer, as shown below. The tank is located on a mountain at an altitude
of 1400 m where the atmospheric pressure is 85.6 kPa. Determine the air pressure in
the tank if h1=0.5 m, h2= 0.5 m, and h3 = 0.7 m. Take the densities of water, oil, and
mercury to be 1000 kg/m​3​, 650 kg/m​3​, and 13,600 kg/m​3​, respectively.

h1 = 0.5 m h2 = 0.5 m h3 = 0.7 m

P 1 = P atm − ⍴water gh1 − ⍴oil gh2 + ⍴mercury gh3
= P atm + g (⍴water h1 − ⍴oil h2 + ⍴mercury h3 )
= 85600 + 9.81(13600 × 0.7 − 1000 × 0.5 − 650 × 0.5)
= 170, 897.95 P a

P 1 = 170, 897.95 + 170, 897.95 = 341, 795.9 P a h3 =?

P 1 + ⍴water gh1 + ⍴oil gh2 − ⍴mercury gh3 = P atm
341, 795.9 + (1000 × 9.81 × 0.5) + (650 × 9.81 × 0.5) − (13600 × 9.81 × h3 ) = 85600
h3 = 1.98 m
Problem 4.

● Someone claims that the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density

doubles when the depth is doubled. Do you agree? Explain.
○ No; the absolute pressure in a liquid of constant density does not double
when the depth is doubled. The gage pressure doubles when the depth is
doubled.
● A can of soft drink at room temperature is put into the refrigerator so that it will
cool. Would you model the can of soft drink as a closed system or as an open
system? Explain.
○ A can of soft drink that was put into a refrigerator to cool is a closed
system; no mass is coming in or going out.
● When analyzing the acceleration of gases as they flow through a nozzle, what
would you choose as your system? Describe the system boundaries. What type
of system is this?
○ I would choose the volume within the nozzle, bounded by the entire inner
surface of the nozzle and the inlet and outlet cross-sections. This is an
open system since mass crosses the boundary.

Problem 5.​ ​The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 750 [mBars] at the beginning of a
hiking trip and 650 [mBars] at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local
gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance change. Is he climbing up or
walking down? Assume an average air density of 1.20 kg/m​3​.

5
P 1 = 750 mbar = (750 × 10−3 bar) × ( 10 Pa
1 bar ) = 75 kP a
5
P 2 = 650 mbar = (650 × 10−3 bar) × ( 10 Pa
1 bar ) = 65 kP a
⍴air = 1.20 kg/m3

ΔP = P 2 − P 1
ΔP = ||P 2 − P 1 || = |65000 − 75000| = 10000 P a
ΔP = Δh⍴g
10000 = Δh × 1.20 × 9.81
10000
Δh = 1.20×9.81 = 850 m