QUESTION 1

Assume that you add 1.2 kg of ethylene glycol (HOCH2CH2OH) as an anti-freeze to 4.0 kg of
water in the radiator of your car. Anti-freeze is a chemical additive that lowers the freezing point
of a water-based liquid. What is the molar composition of the solution?

Molecular mass for ethylene:

𝑀𝑟 = 1.008+ 15.999 + 12.011 + (2 × 1.008)+ 12.011 + (2 × 1.008) + 15.999 + 1.008
= 62.059 g/mol
=62.06 g/mol

m
Moles of ethylene: 𝑛 =
Mr
1200 g
= 62.06 g
mol
= 19.33612633 mol
=19.34mol

Molecular mass for water:

Mr = 15.999 + (2×1.008)
=18.006 g/mol
=18.0g/mol

m
Moles of water:n=
Mr
4000 g
= 18 g
mol
= 222.22mol

Total moles: 𝑛𝑇
= 19.34 + 222.22
= 241.56 moles

Mole fraction of ethylene

19.34 mol
= × 100 %
241.56 mol
= 8.006292433 %
=8.01%

Mole fraction of water

222.22 mol
= × 100 %
241.56 mol
=91.99370757%
=91.99%

QUESTION 2

Most processes for producing high-energy-content gas from coal include some type of
gasification step to make hydrogen. Pressure gasification is preferred because of its greater yield
of methane and higher rate of gasification. Given that a 50 kg test runs of gas has an average
content of 10% H2, 40% CH4, 30% CO, and 20% CO2:

a) Estimate the average molecular weight of the gas

Average molecular mass:

Molecular mass for H2 = 2×1.008 = 2.016 g/mol

Molecular mass for CH4 = 12.011+(4×1.008) = 16.043 g/mol
Molecular mass for CO = 12.011+15.999 = 28.011 g/mol
Molecular mass for CO2 = 12.011+(2×15.999) = 44.009 g/mol

Average molecular mass:

𝑀𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.1(2.016) + 0.4(16.043) + 0.3(28.011) + 0.2(44.009)
= 23.8239 g/mol
=23.82 g/mol

b) Determine the moles of the gas in the test run.

m
Moles in test run: 𝑛 =
Mr average

50000 g
= 23.82 g
mol
 2099.076406 mols
=
1000

=2.099076406 kmols

=2.10 kmols

QUESTION 3
63lbm 453.6g 35.31ft3 1kg
Ft3 1lbm 1m3 1000g

3
63lb m ( 453.6 g)(35.31 ft ) 3
Density= =1009.05 kg /m
1000 g
Pressure below the surface
P=P atm= ρgh

( ) ( 9.81m
s )
3 3
1009.05 kg 9.81 m
P= ( 10.4 m ) + 1009.05 kg ( 40 m )
m s 2
m 2

P=498898.54 Pa

P=4.92 atm

QUESTION 4
Basis: 1 minute
Overall mass balance:

Overall mass balance : Accumilation=Mass∈−Mass out + Mass Generated−Mass consume d

There is no reaction so
Mass∈¿ Mass out
Density of water; 1g/cm3=1000kg/m3

For water
100L 1m3 1000kg
1000L 1m3

100 L(1000 kg)

Mass of water = =100 kg
1000 L

Molecular mass of NaCl:

Mr =23 g /mol+35.5 g/mol=58.5 g /mol
Mass of NaCl:

m=nMr=15.4 mol ( 58.5

mol )
g
=900.9 g=0.9009 kg

Overall balance:
8 kg +0.9009 kg+100 kg=Out
Out=108.9009 kg

Density of product
108.9009kg 1m 1000L
100L 1m3

1 m3 3
100 L× =0.1 m
1000 L
108.9009 kg 3
ρ product = 3
=1089.009 kg/m
0.1 m

Specific gravity of product

 ρ product 1089.009 kg /m 3
SG= = 3
=1.089
ρwater 1000 kg /m
Specific gravity is within the required range of 1.07 to 1.097

Mass fraction of glucose:

8 kg
=0.073=7.3%w /w
108.9009 kg
Glucose is within the required range of 6 to 8% w/w

Concentration of glucose:
n 15.4 mol 0.154 mol
C= = =
V 100 L L
NaCl concentration is the required concentration.
The isotonic drink produced will meet the product quality required.

QUESTION 5
Convert the temperatures in parts (a) and (b) and temperature intervals in parts (c)
and (d) showing all your calculation steps:
a) T = 85°F to °R, °C, K
b) T = -10°C to K, °F, °R
c) ∆T = 85°C to K, °F, °R
d) ∆T = 150°R to °F, °C, K

Temperature conversion:
a) T in °R
(°𝐹) = (𝑅) − 459.67
85 = (𝑅) − 459.67
𝑇 = 544.67°R

T in °C
(°𝐹) = 1.8(°𝐶) + 32
85 = 1.8𝑇 + 32
𝑇 = 29.4 °c
T in K:
(°𝐶) = (𝐾) − 273.15
29.4 = 𝑇 − 273.15
𝑇 = 302.55 K

b) T in K
(°𝐶) = (𝐾) − 273.15
−10 = 𝑇 − 273.15
𝑇 = 263.15 K

T in °F
(°𝐹) = 1.8(°𝐶) + 32
𝑇 = 1.8(−10) + 32
𝑇 = 14°F

T in °R
(𝑜𝐹) = (𝑅) − 459.67
𝑇 = 14 + 459.67
𝑇 = 473.67°R

c) ∆T in K
𝑡(°𝐶) = 𝑇(𝐾)
∆𝑇 = 85 K

∆T in °F
(°𝐹) = 1.8(°𝐶)
∆𝑇 = 1.8(85) = 153°F

∆T in °R
𝑡(°𝐹) = 𝑇(𝑅)
∆𝑇 = 183°R

d) ∆T in °F
𝑡(°𝐹) = 𝑇(𝑅)
∆𝑇 = 150°F

∆T in °C
(°𝐹) = 1.8(°𝐶)
150 = 1.8𝑇
∆𝑇 = 83.3 °C

∆T in K
𝑡(°𝐶) = 𝑇(𝐾)
∆𝑇 = 83.3 K

QUESTION 6
It is required to prepare 1250 kg of a solution composed of 12% w/w ethanol and 88%
w/w water. Two solutions are available, the first contains 5% w/w ethanol, and the
second contains 25% w/w ethanol. How much of each solution are mixed to prepare
the desired solution?

Overall mass balance:

Accumulation = In – Out + Generation – Consumed
But there is no reaction and accumulation, so:
In = Out
The illustration;

Overall balance ….1

𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝐴) + 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐵) = 𝐸𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(𝑀)

Balance on ethanol:
0.05𝐴 + 0.25𝐵 = 0.12𝑀
0.05𝐴 + 0.25𝐵 = 0.12(1250)
𝐴 + 5𝐵 = 3000 kg

Balance on water:
0.95𝐴 + 0.75𝐵 = 0.88𝑀
0.95𝐴 + 0.75𝐵 = 0.88(1250) and 19𝐴 + 15𝐵 = 22000 kg

Solving for A;
19(3000 − 5𝐵) + 15𝐵 = 22000

Solving for B:
𝐵 =22000−57000
=−95+15
= 437.5 kg

Substituting for B in (1):

𝐴 = 3000 − 5(437.5) = 812.5 kg

QUESTION 7

a)
b) Mole flow rate of G, L and P and their compositions:
Basis: 1hr
Balance on air:
84 F 0.96 G
=
100 100
0.84 (1000 lbmole )=0.96 G
G=875lb mol

Balance on benzene:
2
Benzene∈G=
100
( 875 lb mol )=17.5 lb mole

1% Benzene is lost in G, so:

0.01 L=17.5 lb mole

17.5 lb mole
L= =1750 lb mole
0.01

99% Benzene goes to P, so:

Benzene∈ P=0.99 L=0.99 ( 1750lb mole ) =1732.5lb mole

Let x be mole fraction of Benzene in P:

xP=1732.5lb mole

Balance on Cs2
16 2
F= G+ ( 1−x ) P
100 100
0.16 ( 1000 lb mole )=0.02 ( 875 lb mole ) + P−xP

160 lb mole =17.5 lbmole + P−1732.5lb mole

P=1875 lb mole
xP=1732.5lb mole

1732.5lb mole
x=
P
1732.5lb mole
x= =92.4 mol %
1875lb mole
Mole fraction of CS2 in P:
100−92.4 mol %=7.6 mol %
1000 lb mole 1750 lb mole 2750 lb mole
In: F+ L= + =
hr hr hr
875 lb mole 1875 lbmole 2750 lb mole
Out: G+ P= + =
hr hr hr

QUESTION 8

Basis: 1 hour

The boundaries used are shown below:

Acc = Mass in – Mass out + Mass generated – Mass consumed

(there is no accumulation and no chemical reactions)

Mass in = Mass out

Consider outer boundary:

Overall balance:
100 + 30 = 40 + 30 + 𝑚3
𝑚3 =100 + 30 – 40 – 30
𝑚 3 = 60 kg

Balance on A:
0.5(100) + 0.3(30) = 0.9(40) + 0.6(30) + 𝑥3 (60)
5
x3 =
60
𝑥3 = 0.083333333
𝑥3 = 0.0833

Consider the boundary for the first unit:

Overall balance:
100 = 40 + 𝑚1
𝑚1 = 60 kg

Balance on A:

0.5(100) = 0.9(40) + 𝑥1 (60)

14
𝑥1 =
60
𝑥1 = 0.2333333
𝑥1 = 0.233

Consider boundary on mixing point:

Overall balance:
60 + 30 = 𝑚2
𝑚2 = 90 kg

Balance on A:

0.233(60) + 0.3(30) = 𝑥2 (90)

22.98
𝑥2 =
90
𝑥2 = 0.25533333
𝑥2 = 0.255

m1=60 kg 𝑚2 = 90 kg 𝑚 3 = 60 kg
Component A 0.233×60 0.255×90 0.0833 ×60
=13.98kg =22.95kg =4.998kg
Component B 0.767×60 0.745×90 0.9167×60
=40.02kg =67.05kg =55.002

QUESTION 9
Methane is burned with air in a continuous steady-state combustion reactor to yield a mixture of
carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water. The reactions taking place are:

3
𝐶𝐻4 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂 + 2𝐻2𝑂
2

𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2𝑂

The feed to the reactor contains 7.80 mol% CH4, 19.4 mol% O2 and 72.8 mol% N2. The
percentage conversion of methane is 90% and the gas leaving the reactor contains 8 mol
CO2/mol CO2.

(a) Draw a diagram to represent the situation

nCH4(mol CH4)
nCO(mol CO)
8nCO2(mol CO2)
100mol

0.0780 mol CH4/mol

REACTOR
nH20(mol H2O)
0.194 mol O2/mol
nO2(mol O2)
0.728 mol N2/mol
nN2(mol N2)

b)
Calculate the molar composition of the product stream
Molar compositions and extent of reactions:
Basis: 100 mol Feed
Acc = Mass in – Mass out + Mass generated – Mass consumed
But there is no accumulation, so:
Mass in + Mass generated = Mass out + Mass consumed
Moles in + Moles generated = Moles out + Moles consumed

CH4 balance:
This is used up but not generated, so:
Moles in = Moles out + Moles consumed
From reaction 1: 1 mol CH4 makes 1 mol CO
From reaction 2: 1 mol CH4 makes 1 mol CO2
7.80%(100) = 0.78 + 𝑛𝐶𝐻4,𝑟eaction 1 + 𝑛𝐶𝐻4, 𝑟eatio𝑛2
7.80%(100) = 0.78 + 𝑛𝐶𝑂 + 𝑛𝐶𝑂2
But:
𝑛𝐶𝑂2 = 8𝑛𝐶𝑂

So:
7.80 − 0.78 = 𝑛𝐶𝑂 + 8𝑛𝐶𝑂
And:
𝑛𝐶𝑂 = 0.78 mols

From eqn 2:

𝑛𝐶𝑂2 = 8(0.78) = 6.24 mols

H2O balance:
This is generated, so:
Moles generated = Moles out
From reaction 1: 1 mol CH4 makes 2 mols H2O
From reaction 2: 1 mol CH4 makes 2 mols H2O
𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 2(0.78) + 2(6.24) = 14 mols

O2 balance:
This is consumed, so:
Moles in = Moles out + Moles consumed
From reaction 1: 1 mol CH4 requires 1.5 mols O2
From reaction 2: 1 mol CH4 requires 2 mols O2
19.4%(100) = 𝑛𝑂2, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 1.5(0.78) + 2(6.24)
𝑛𝑂2, 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 5.75 mols

the stack gas contains:

Product stream Product stream molar composition

0.78 mols CH4 0.78% CH4
0.78 mols CO 0.78% CO
6.24 mols CO2 6.2% CO2
14 mols H2O 14% H2O
5.75 mols O2 5.75% O2
72.8 mols N2 72.8% N2