.

Normality(N) : The number of gram equivalents of the solute dissolved per

litre of a solution at a particular temperature
Number of gram equivalents of solute
Normality = Volume of soution∈litres

mass of solute∈grams w
Number of gram equivalent of solute = Equivalent massof the solute = E

v
Volume of solution in litres (V) = 1000

w/ E w X 1000
N = v /1000 = EXv

N XE Xv
Weight of the solute (w) = 1000

Relationship between molarity and normality

Molarity X Molecular mass of solute = Normality X Equivalent Mass of solute

Equivalent Mass of solute
Molarity = Normality X Molecular mass of solute

Molecular mass of solute

Normality = Molarity X Equivalent Mass of solute

7. Mole fraction ( χ ): It is the ratio of the number of moles of that component
in a solution is the number of moles of that component to the total number of
moles of all the components present in the solution.
Number of moles of the given component
Mole fraction (χ ) = Total number of moles ∈the solution
Normality relation :
NXV
Number of gram equivalents = 1000

One gram equivalent of a substance always reacts with one gram equivalent of
some other substance,

Gram equivalents of substance no 1 = Gram equivalents of substance no 2

N 1/V 1 N 2 /V 2
= or N1V1 = N2V2
1000 1000

Practice the following numericals in the class work

1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 0.63 g of oxalic acid in 100 cm 3 of

water . Find the normality of the solution .

126
Equivalent mass of oxalic acid = 2 = 63
v= 100cm3
w= 0.63g
N=?
w X 1000 0.63 X 1000
N= EXv
= 63 X 100
= 0.1 N
2. Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol and water in a solution in
which 46 g of ethyl alcohol ad 180 g of water are mixed together.
46
No of moles of ethyl alcohol(n1) = 46 = 1
180
No of moles of water (n2) = 18 = 10

Number of moles of the given component n1 1

Mole fraction (χ ) = Total number of moles ∈the solution
=
n1+n
=
10+1
= 0.0909
2