Solution in

30 mins
By-Bharat Panchal
 solutions
·
Types of concentration of solutes
·

Expressing
·

solubility
solutions
·

Vapour Pressure of liquid

·
Ideal & Non-Ideal Solutions
Properties
and Determination o
·

Colligative Molar Mass

· Abnormal Molaw Mass

One shot
+ Notes

Exemplar
Pox.O +
MCO
 SOLUTIONS
It is a homogeneous mixture of two or

more pure substance

5)ule-Dissolved in sent Dissolved in
-

smaller Quantity. larger quantity.

eg sugar, salt
e.g water, Milk.

-solution exit in single phase

particle
->

size in solution is less than I am

Dilute Solution: Large amount of Solvent

concentrated Solution:Small amount of Solver

Aqueous Solution solvent is water

Solution: solvent is other

Non-Aqueous
than water
Mass Percentage (t)
in soll
osolut
=

1100
Man of solution
Volume Percentage (F):me
Solute in soll
(100
volume of Solution
Mass by volume
(w) : Mass of solute insole
100
percentage Volume of Soln
*

Parts per million Copan):of

componentx106
all component

xX
of solu

Mass Fraction (x) =

a solutepation
Mole fraction (K) =

UN:
AUB x(p
Us
=

Unitless
1, more fraction is a
xA+xb =
quantity.
Molarity (M) Number of moles of solute
per litre of solution.

ox
m
i
=

ofsolereal
M.gmoles - wiXo
mL
Unit: molt or M or Mola

Molality (m): of of
waxing
Number moles solute m =

per kg may of solvent

ofsolutean ox rig
oeroles
m =

Relation ship blw Molarity and Molality:

M- Molarity

sMiscikg),MBeMolar,
M: memolality
Man
SOLUBILITY: Maximum amount that can

be dissolved in aspecific
amount of solvent at a specific temperature
Factors Affecting SinL

Nature of Solute and Solvent - Polar

solute dissolve in polar solvents and non
polar solutes dissolve in Non-polar
solvents i.e like dissolve like

effect of temperature
Exothermic AH:-ve Endotheomic Astr

solubility decreases solubility increases

with increase in with increase in
temperature temperature
essure No significant effect

HENRY'S LAW the partial pressure

of the gas in vapour phase is proportional
in solution.
to the fraction of gas
more

p=KHCC kn Henry's Constant

·value of kn increases with increase in temp.

·
solubility decrease with increase in kH.
Effect of temperature:
As dissolution is an
exothermic solubility
process i.e of
Gases in liquid decrease with increase
in temperature.

I
 Vapour Pressure: The pressure &
exerted

by the vapour m

equilibrium with the

liquid/solution at
a particular temperature
factor. Weaker intermolecular forces greater
*
the vapour pressure.
temperature 4, NP also increases

* Molarity depends upon temperature but

molality doesn't

Application of Henups Laco

·
scuba divers suffer from bends
·
climbers suffer from anoxia.
RAOULT'S LAW:
The
partial vapour
pressure of component is equal
a
volatile
to the vapour pressure of that
Solution: solute + Solv
component in pure state multiplied
by the more fraction of that component. P
= Pr + OA
PA =
PAXCA OB =
b3XCIB
Non-volatile solute
for Volatile solute For Non-Volatile Solut

PT =
PA +PB Pp: PA
8 PAAXCIA
solution: soletesolve
F:

De =
PA
PXIA
-
Weaker interaction stronger interaction

PALPEXDA PACPANIC A
&n = the NU = -
Y

AV = t AV: -
L

Pe=PA+Dr 03
F -

ICA: 1 xA=
0

xy 0
= x5 1=
Azeotrope: These are liquid mixture

which distil over without change

i composition
the deviation are known as min.
poiling azeotropes e.g. CattsOH+HO
-
ve deviation are known as max.

boiling azeotobes e.g HNOs +HO

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Depends

Relative
upon number of

lowering of Yabour
moles

Dressure
of solute.

Relative GB
CI

lowering of labour pressure is equal to

the more
fraction of solute in the solution.

=Cz =
kBx
of X.P b colligative broberty
not a
Lowering
-

-
RLUP is a colligative Property
pi-x.p of pure solvent wa-mass of solute

0.-x.p g Solution M. -
Molar Mass of Solvent

wi-Mass & Solvent Mc-Molar Mass & solute

Elevation in Boiling Point =
B.Ot o Solution
containing a non-volatile solute is

always higher than

boiling point g
pure solvent and this difference in

boiling point is called elevation

in boiling point Atb =

ex-T'y
To=Kom
A
H m 1
=

AT = kD

kn= molt
K Kg
 A Tb =
kym

yeB.o sorro
Fen:laoMoeYOOg solvent

Kb-molal
elevation
constant
Ow
ebullioscopic
constant
me
morality
Note evalue

of Ky
depends
upon
nature of
solvent
Depression in freezing Point (ATS) rpt of

a solution

containing a non-volatile solute is always

lower than pot of pure solvent and

this difference in freezing point is

in
called depression freezing point.
kwm
A
T7 =

i] 1
=

T kj
1
=

used to calcul-
-ale Me for
normal
molecules

f+motal depression
* or
Cryoscobic
constant
constant
 AT Tj-Tf
=

solvent
71: freezing point of pure
T7 freezing point of solution

EEE
=

ATH = kfXM
#

my-fYWYrortho E
OSMOTIC PRESSURE: Soleut
used stop blowconc)
(nighconc)
External pressure to

osmosis
M =
RT ↑= EX**T
7/

MB
RXT
=
 #= Osmotic pressure T: Temperature

v volume
=
R: 900 constant

used to calculate Me for macromolecules

SOTONIC SOLUTION:
I

Two solution have same

osmotic bressure (T)

eg Saline solution (0.9%) and Blood.

TAT MB
El ↳
Soly
Hypotonic Solution
Hypertonic
have High osmotic Have low osmotic
bressure pressure

Reverse Osmosis
when a pressure more than
the osmotic pressure is applied to the
solution, solvent may pass from
the

solution, into the solvent through

the semi-permeable membrane
desalination of sea water.
e.
 ABNORMAL MOLECULAR MASS
In some cases,
observed colligative properties deviate from their normal
calculated values due to association or dissociation of
molecules.
solligative property c

Higher values observed in

in
case
MB

of association of benzene Norene Mossaresea

-

Lower values observed case

of dissociation e.g KCS
(iT
·

YAN'T HOFF FACTOR

ratio of observed value of
colligative property to the calculated value of colligative
property.

ioored
ColligativeProbeinterly
or i = normal molecular mass

observed molecular mass

or
i =
no.8 particles after association or dissociation
number of particles initially
 Colligative Property and Van't Host factor
AT =
ikom I for strong electrolyte like

AT= 1K+M kx =
1, MgSOn NaU 2, =
=
2

#= CRT KeSOn 3, A(SOuly =S

=

is
ops -

Degree of Dissociation (c) and Van't Holf factor (i)

if one molecule of a substance gets dissociated into

I particles and x is the degree of dissociation then
A up

↳
i
-

initially th
=
1 mol D

At 29, 1- 9 na

Total no.Imoles
equilibrium:
at
1-xth<
a =

t
o f
Association (x) and can't Host factor is

molecules
If a
of a substance A associate to form An
and a is the degree of association, then
HA-An i
Cdiss:
3 1c+
initially
=

1 mot O

At equilibrium 1-x
I

Cass-there
equili
1
Total moles at x
no.
I =

=
1-x+f A

i = 1 no association or dissociation

is particles undergoes dissociation

ice particles undergoes association
Thank
You...