3.

Molality of a solution
It is the number of moles of the solute dissolved
per 1000g (or 1 kg) of the solvent. It is denoted by
m.
2. Molarity of a solution
It is the number of moles of the solute dissolved Mathematically,
per litre of the solution. It is represented as 'M. Thus, Moles of solute
Molality (m)
a solution which contains one gram mole of the solute Weight of solvent in kg
dissolved per litre" of the solution, is regarded as one
molar solution. For example, 1M Na,CO, (molar Moles of solute x1000
or
mass 106) solution has 106 g of the solute present Mass of solvent ingram
per litre of the solution. Thus, the units of molality are moles per
Mass of solute kilogram i.e., mol kg". It is represented by the
Molarity= symbol mn.
Volume of solution in litres
If n, moles of solute are dissolved in W grams of
It is convenient to express volume in cm°3 or mL solvent, then
so that
Molality = x1000
Moles of solute W
Molarity x1000
Volume of solution (in mLor cm°) KEY POINT
( 1 litre = 1000 mL) From the discussion of molarity and molality, it is
Thus, the units of molarity are moles per evident that in molarity we consider the volume of
litre (mol L') or moles per cubic decimetre the solution while in molality we take the mass of
(mol dm"). The symbol Mis used for mol Lor mol the solvent. Therefore, the two are never equal.
dm and it represents molarity. Molality is considered better for expressing
If n moles of solute are present in V mL of solu- the concentration as compared to molarity
tion, then because the molarity changes with
temperature because or
ofexpansion
Molarity = x1000 contraction of the liquid with temperature.
However, molality does not change with
of solute can be calculated
temperature because mass of the solvent does
as
Moles
Mass of solute not change with change in temperature.
Moles of solute =

Molar mass of solute

is of the common measures of ex-
Molarity one

pressing concentration which is frequently used in the

it has one disadvantage. It
laboratory. However,
changes with temperature because ofexpansion or
con-

traction of the liquid with temperature.

 Gram equiv. of solute
Normality (N) = x 1000
Vol. of solution (in mL)
Mol. mass
Normality =
Molarity x
Eq. mass
Mole fraction of
Moles of solute
solute (ap) :

Moles of + Moles of
solute solvent

Mole fraction of solute + Mole fraction of solvent =1

or Mole fraction of solvent =1 -

Mole fraction of solute

 5. Normality
It is the number ofgram equivalents of the solute
dissolved per litre of the solution. It is denoted by N.
Number of gram equivalents of solute
Normality (N) =
Volume of solution in litres
or Normality
Number of gram equivalents of solute
x 1000
Volume of solution in mLL
Thus, the units of normality are gm
equivalent per litre i.e. g equiv L".
Gram equivalents of solute can be calculated as
Mass of solute
Gram equivalents of solute =
pauivalent mass
Like molarity, normality of a solution also
changes with temperature.