By

SREEHARI K S
 The concentration of a solution refers to the
amount of solute present in the quantity of
solution or solvent.

 The concentration can be expressed using

different methods
 Expressing
concentration
Mole Mass
fraction percentage

Molality Parts per

million

Volume
Molarity
percentage
Millimole
 It is the number of parts by mass of solute per
hundred parts by mass of solution

 For example a 5% (by mass) solution of sugar

in water means that 100 gram of solution
contains 5gram of sugar
 IfWB be the mass of the solute(B) and WA be
the mass of solvent (A),then,
mass percentage
of B = WB * 100
WA+WB
 It is the number of parts by mass of volume of
solute per million parts by mass of mass of
solution. It is abbreviated to ppm.

 Parts per million

(ppm) = mass of solute * 106
mass of solution
 It is the number of parts by volume of solute
per hundred parts by volume of solution.
 This method is used only when the solute and
solvent are both liquids
 If VA and VB be the volumes of component A
and B, then
volume percentage B = VB * 100
VA*VB
 It is the number of gram equivalents of the
solute per litre of the solution. It is
represented by N.
 The unit of normality is gram equivalent per
litre.
 normality, N = number of gram equivalent of solute
volume of solution in litres
0r
N = Mass of solute in gram
gram equivalent mass of solute * Volume of solution in litres

 Since the volume of a solution changes with

temperature, normality of a solution changes
with temperature.
 A 1N solution contains one gram equivalent
of solute per litre of solution
 It is the number of gram moles of the solute
dissolved per litre of the solution. It is
represented by M.
 The unit of molarity is moles per litre or mol
dm-1
 molarity, M = gram moles of solute
volume of solution in litres
Or
M= Mass of solute in gram
Gram molecular mass of solute * Volume of solution in litres

 Since the volume of a solution changes with

temperature, molarity of a solution changes
with temperature.
 A 1 M solution contains one gram mole of the
solute per litre of solution
 It is the number of gram moles of the solute
dissolved in 1000 g of the solvent. It is
represented by m.
 The unit of molality is moles per kilogram
 molality,
m = number of moles of solute
mass of solvent in kilogram
Or
m= Mass of solute in gram
Gram molecular mass of solute * Mass of solvent in kg

 A solution containing 1 mole of solute per kg

or 1000g of solvent has molality equal to one
and is called a molal solution.
 The molality of a solution does not change
with temperature
 It is the ratio of number of moles of one
component to the total number of moles of
all the components present in the solution

 Let nA be the number of moles of component

A and nB the number of moles of B then,
mole fraction of A,
XA = nA
nA +nB
 Mole fraction of B,
XB = nB
nA+ nB
The sum of mole fraction of all the components
is always one.
XA + XB = 1
 A mole is the amount of substance that
contains 6.022*1023 of molecules or atoms.
 A millimole is one-thousandth of a mole.

 One mole is equal to 1000 millimoles

 To convert moles to millimoles, multiply by
1000; to convert millimoles to moles, divide
by thousand
 COMPLEMENTARY CHEMISTRY FOR FIRST YEAR
STUDENTS
PUBLISHED BY BRANDMITHRA PUBLISHERS, PALA
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