SOLUTION

-BY THE APRON BOY

-Normality (N) =No. of Gram Equivalents of solute

Volume of solution (L)
-Molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute
Volume of solution (L)

-Relation b/w M&N

N=M× Valency factor

Strength of solution (S) = Mass of solute (g)

Volume of solution(L)

PPM (by mass) = Mass of solute(g) × 106

Mass of solution(g)

PPM (by volume) = Volume of solute × 106

Volume of solution

PPM (by w/V) = Mass of solute (g) × 10 6

Volume of solution (Ml)

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY
Van't Hoff Factor (i)= Observed colligative property
Calculated colligative property
Calculated Molar Mass
Observed Molar Mass

For i=1 : Neither Association nor Dissociation

Eg. : Sugar, Glucose, Urea etc.

Dissociation (i>1)
i =1 + (n-1) a
n=total no. of ions
a =Degree of dissociation

Association (i>1)
i =1-a+a/n
n=No. of solute particles asso.
a= Degree of Association

Relative lowering of vapour pressure(RLVP)

For dilute solution (nB < nA)
P0A-Ps = i x nB
P0A nA
-RLVP depend upon relative number of solute particles .

Elevation in Boiling Point ( ∆T b)

0
∆T b=(∆T b)sol.- ∆T b= i×mxK
k = molal elevation constant or ebullioscopic constant
Depression in Freezing Point(∆Tf)

Osmosis : Net flow of solvent molecules from dilute solution to concentrated solution through semi-
permeable membrane.
p= hdg
For dilute solution : p= i × CRT

Azeotropic Mixture : Binary mixtures having same composition in liquid & vapour phase & boil at a
constant temperature. These mixtures are formed only by Non-ideal solutions. They are of two
types .
a) Minimum boiling azeotrope : Show large positive deviation from Raoult's law.
b) Maximum boiling azeotrope : Show large negative deviation from Raoult's law.
Henrys Law : According to Henrys Law law at constant temperature.

-Best method to determines molecular weight of macromolecules like protein is osmotic pressure
because osmotic pressure can be easily measured at room temperature.

Reverse Osmosis : When (External Pressure) > Osmotic Pressure then solvent molecules move from
solution to solvent.

-Cryoscopic constant is maximum for camphor & it is the best solvent for determination of molar
mass of solute by depression in freezing point.

-Ethylene Glycol is usually added to water in the radiator to lower its freezing point. It is called
anti-freeze. NaCl & CaCl2 does the same work to clear shown from the roads.

-Gases which can react with solvent do not follow Henry's law.

-Konowaloff's Rule : The vapour phase is richer in more volatile component than the less volatile
component.