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G.Salvan - Licensure Examination For Architects PDF
G.Salvan - Licensure Examination For Architects PDF
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Authorized.
AREA A:
Part I. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Part II. THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Part Ill. ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Part IV. THEORY AND PRINCIPLES OF PLANNING
AREA B:
Part I. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Part II. BUILDING MATERIALS AND METHODS 01= CONSTRUCTiON
Part Ill. UT IL IT IES
1. SANITARY AND PLUMBING SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS, HVAC HEATING. VENTILAl,NG
AIR-CONDITIONING
3. ELECTRICAL AND OTHER POWER SYSTEMS
4. ACOUSTICS AND ILLUMINATION
5. DISASTER PREVENTION AND FIRE PROTECTION
SECURITY SYSTEMS
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
7. HIGH- TECH SYSTEMS
AREA C:
Part I. PRE-DESIGN - BUILDING PHOC;H;'>-fvHv1ir·~G
GEORGES $ALVAN
Architect Fuap
AUTHOR
iii
The LICENSURE EXAMINATION for Architects shall be given twice a year in the City
of Manila and other places where conditions may warrant on the second Mondays,
Tuesdays, and Wednesdays of JANUARY and JULY provided such days do not fall
on a h9liday. In which case the working day following will be the day of examination.
The examination iscontinually evolving. Currently, the Board of Examiners for
Architects, under the PRC or Professional Regulation Commission is developing and
testing a computer-adaptive exam.
The use of computers will speed up reporting of grades, and improve reliability. One
interesting feature of a computer-based exam is that it will allow ability and knowledge
to be demonstrated progressively as the test is taken. The answer to one question
can affect the difficulty of the next so that a more competent candidate will answer
fewer difficult questions and probably finish earlier.
Although there is no substitute for a good, formal education and broad-based
experience provided by. your two (2) year Diversified Experience in various technical
aspects of the practice of architecture with a practicing architect, this view guide will
help direct your study efforts to increase your chances of passing the Board of
Examination for Architects.
1. EXAMINATION FORMAT
The Architecture Licensure Examination is designed to protect the health, safety and
welfare of the public by regulating the practice of Architecture. It does this by testing
to see if someone has the knowledge, skills and abilities to perform the services
required of an entry-level architect. To this end, the examination is divided into three
major areas with their corresponding weights as follows.
I
v
With the fh'st approach, proceed from the first question to the last, trying to answer
each one regardless of its difficulty. Divide the time alloted by the number of questions
to give yoursetf an average time per question. Of course, some will take less than the
average, some, more. If you are not able to confidently answer a question in your
alloted time or a little more, make note of it and move on to the next one. If you have
time at the end, you can go back to the most difficult questions
With the second approach, go through the test three (3) times. During the first pass,
read each question and answer the ones you are sure of and that do not take any
lengthy calcuiations or study of the information packet. Since you will be jumping
around, always make sure you are marking the correct answer soace. If a question
does not fit into the first category of "easy to answer", makb a mark by it indicating
whether yo~.; can answer it with a little thinking or easy calculation or whether it seems
impossible and may be a best-guess type or response.
During the second pass, answer the next easiest questions. These should be the
ones that you can confidently respond t0 after some deductive reasoning or with a
calculation with which you are familiar. Once again, make sure you are marking the
correct numbered spaces on the answer sheet.
During the third pass, answer the questions that remain and that require extra effort
or those for which you have to make the best guess between two of the most likely
answers. In some cases, you may be making your best guess from among all four
options.
Using the three-pass method allows you to get a feel1ng for the difficulty of the test
during the first pass and helps you budget the remaining time for the unanswered
questions. One of the tricks to making this method work is not to go back to reread or
reanswer any completed question. In most cases, your first response (or guess) is
the best response. No matter which approach you use, answer every question, even
if it is a wild guess. You are not penalized for guessing.
vi
sections, ~rtioAS of zoning ordinances, portions of building codes, contract drawings,
and similar items. You do not need to study this material. Simply make a mental or
written note about what is included. So you know it is available when a question
requires that you use it.
Next cneck the number of questions and set up a schedule for yourself as described
in the pre~$ section. If you plan on tackling the questions one by one in sequence,
you should have completed about half the questions when half of your alloted time is
up.
In your scheduling, leave some time at the end of the period to double-check some of
the answers,you are most unsure of and to see that you have not marked two
responses for any question.
C. Study Guidelines
vour methoet of studying for the board exams should be based both on the content
.1nd form of the exam and your school and work experience. Because the exam
covers such a broad range of subject matter, it cannot possibly include every detail of
practice. Rather, it tends to focus on what is considered entry-level knowledge and
that is important for the protection of the public health, safety and welfare.
Your recent work experience should also help you determine what areas to study the
most. if you have been involved with construction documents for several years, you
will probably require less work in that areathan in others with which you have not had
recent experience.
This REVIEWER was prepared to help you focus on those topics that will most likely
be included in the exam in one form or another. As you go through the manual, you
will probabiy find some subjects that are familiar or that come back to you quickly.
Others may seem like completely foreign subjects, and these are the ones to give
particular attention when using this reviewer. You may even want to study additional
sources on these subjects, take review classes, or get special help from someone
who knows the topic.
The following steps provide a useful structure for organizing your study for the Board
Examination.
step 1: Start early. You .cannot review for a test like this by starting two weeks
before the date. This is especially true if you are taking all port1ons of
the exam for the first time.
step 2. Go through the review manuals quickly to get a feeling for the scope of
the subject matter. Although this manual and the companion manual
on the structural portions of the exam have been prepared based on
the content covered, you may want to review the detailed list of tasks
and considerations given in the PRC study guides.
step 3: Based on this review and a realistic appraisal of your strong and weak
areas, set priorities for your study. Determine what topics you need to
spend more time with than others.
step 4.· Divide the subjects you will review into manageable units and organize
them into a sequence of study. Generally, yo!.. should" start with those
subjects least familiar to you. Based on the date of the examination
vii
and when you are starting to study, assign a time limit to each of the
study units you identify. Again, your knowledge of a subject should
determine the time importance you give it. For example, you mavwant
to devote an entire week to earthquake design if you are unfamiliar
with that and only one day to timber design if you know that well. In
setting up a schedule, be realistic about other commitments in your life
as well as your ability to concentrate on studying for a given amount of
time.
step 5: Begin studying and stick with your schedule. This, of course, is the
most difficult part of the process and the one that requires the most
self-discipline. The job should be easier if you have started early and
set up a realistic schedule, allowing time tor recreation and other
personal commitments.
step 6: Stop studying a day or two before the exam to relax. If you do not know
the material by this time, no amount of cramming will help.
VIii
• AREA "A" PAGE
PART I. HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE
Building and Structures A, B and C........................................ 2
Architectural Characters D, C and F....................................... 4
Definitions ... G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, 0, P, Q, R, S ................... 9
Architects/Buildings Designed................................................ 28
Famous Dictums/Philosophies/Sayings................................. 29
ix
Contracts J ... .......................... .. .................. .. .. ... ......... .... .. ....... ... 86
Bidding K ........................... ................ ... .. ... .. .. ...... .. .................... 87
Time of Construction Completion L. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. ... .. ........ .. ...... 90
Projects M. .. .. .. . .. .. ... .. ................. .. ... ........................................... 92
Contract Documents Questions N ... .. .. ... ....... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ...... 93
Bidding and Construction Documents 0 ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ....... 97
Project Manual and Specifications P ...................................... 101
Miscellaneous Questions Q..................................................... 106
• AREA "B"
PART I. STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Standard Structural Systems ............................. :................. 154
A. wood B. steel c. concrete
X
II Complex Structural Systems .... ......... ....... .. .. .. .... ......... . 158
Ill Structural System Selection Criteria............................. 161
IV Loads on Buildings ... .... ... ....... .. ... ....... ......... .... ... .. ... .. .. 163
V Structural Fundamentals . .. .. ....... .......... .. ........ .. ..... .. .. ... 165
VI Definitions, Miscellaneous Questions .. .. ...... .. ..... .. ... .. ... 168
VII Selection of Structural System . .... .. ... .. .. ........ . . ... .. ... .. . 171
VIII Loads on Buildings....................................................... 174
IX Structural Fundamentals ... .. ..... ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. .. ... .. ..... 177
X Beams and Columns ... .... . .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .... . 180
XI Trusses ... .. .. ... .. ..... .. ... ....... ..... .. ... .. .. . .. ..... .. ..... ..... .. .. ... ... 182
XII Soil and Foundation ......................... .. 185
XIII Connections ...................................... . 188
XIV Building Code Requirements
on Structural Design ......................... . 190
XV Wood Construction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... .. .. . . .................... . 193
XVI Steel Construction ............................. . 196
XVII Concrete Construction ................. . 198
XVIII Wall Construction ........................................................ . 200
XIX Lateral Forces - Wind ................................................. . 203
XX Lateral Forces - Earthquake ........................................ . 205
XXI Long Span Structure -
One Way Systems ....... ..... ... .. .. ... .. . .. .. ....... ..... .. .. ... ... .... . 208
XXII Long Span Structure
Two Way Systems ... .. ... ................ ...... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. ... .. ... 210
xi
H. Abilities, Qualities, Properties of Materials.............. 233
I. Materials and Suppliers or Manufacturers ... .. .. ... .. ... 235
J. Painting ....................................................................... 236
K. Miscellaneous Questions .......................................... 239
L. Miscellaneous Questions . .. .. ... ..... .. ......... ... ..... ..... .. .. . 243
M. Miscellaneous Questions .......................................... 246
N. Miscellaneous Questions ..... ........ ............ .. .. .. ...... .. ... 250
2. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION
A. Miscellaneous Questions .......................................... 253
xii
D. Physics of Light and Sources................................... 321
E. Miscellaneous Questions ................. .. ... .. ... .. .. ........ ... 327
5. BUILDING PROTECTION, FIRE, SECURITY
A. Building Protection ... ..... ................... .. .. ..... ... ..... ..... .. . 331
B. Building Protection Materials........... ........................ 334
C. Fire Detection and Alarms ................... ... ............ ... .... 339
D. Fire Alarm Systems, Definitions................................ 343
E. Fire Alarm Systems, Definitions................................ 346
F. Fire Prevention, Protection........................................ 349
G. Security - Burglar Proofing........................... ... . 351
H. Miscellaneous Questions ............................. . 355
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. Signal Systems ................... ...... ...... .. 358
B. Telelingo ............................................ 364
7. HIGH TECH SYSTEMS
A. Building Automation ......................... 369
B. Robotics ............................................. .... .. .... .. . 372
C. Intelligent Buildings .......................... .... ..... ........ .... ... 376
• AREA "C"
PART I. PRE-DESIGN BUILDING PROGRAMMING
1. Functional Requirements ..... .. ..... .. .... ..... .. .. ·~....... 382
A. Determining Space and Volume Needs ........ .... ........ 382
B. Determining Total Building Area .... .. 383
C. Determining Space Relationships ........ . 385
2. Design Considerations ......................... .. 386
A. Organizational concepts ......................................... .. 387
B. Circular Patterns ........................................................ . 388
C. Service Spaces ......................................................... . 391
D. Flexibility .................................................................... . 392
3. Psychological and Social Influences ............................ .. 392
A. Behavior Settings .................................................... .. 392
B. Territoriality ...................................................... :........ .. 393
C. Personalization .......................................................... . 393
xiii
0. Group Interaction .................................. .. ........ .. .. ..... .. 393
E. Status ... .. .. ... ... ....... .. .. ... .... ... .. ... .. .. ... ........................ .. ... 394
4. Budgeting and Scheduling............................................... 394
A. Cost Influences........................................................... 395
9. Methods of Budgeting................................................ 396
C. Cost Information......................................................... 398
D. Scheduling ............................................................ ...... 399
5. Codes and Regulations ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ........................... .. .... 402
6. The Programming Process ... .. .. .................................. ..... 403
A. Establishing Goals ...... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... ..... .. .. ... .. .. .. . 403
B. Collecting Facts.......................................................... 403
C. Uncovering Concepts ........................... .. ............ ....... 403
D. Determining Needs ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ........ .. ........ .. .. 404
E Stating the Problem.................................................... 404
F. Four Major Considerations
During Programming........................................... 404
7. Sample Questions............................................................. 404
E. Develop Adjacency Areas ... .. .. ... ... ..... ........... ... .. ..... .. . 412
F. Study Structural Systems ........................... ............... 413
G. Study Mechanical and Plumbing Systems............... 413
H. Begin Detailed Design................................................ 414
I. Check Complete Final Drawing ............. .................... 415
J. Graphic Presentation ................................................. 419
PART Ill. SITE PLANNING
A. Design Requirements Related to Topography ... .. .. .. 423
B, Planning for Circulation............................................. 425
C. Parking Requirements............................................... 426
xiv
D. Other Design Considerations .......... ""' ... ,..................... 427
E. Design Procedure and Sc-hedu~...... ...............•.•....... 428
ANSWER KEYS
• AREA "A"
• AREA "B''
• AREA "C''"
XV
AREA ''A''
PART I HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
AREA "A" PART I
Every country has its own distinctive Architectural Character, and this is
immediately recognizable and shown by the different building or structure found in its
mainland. In the following questions, match the right examples indicated at the right
side and place the right letters in the indicated parenthesis.
3
C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
5
8. BYZANTINE ........................... ( H. Temple pyramids are ap-
proached by a single steep flight
of steps. For all buildings of im-
portance, stone was employed,
either finely dressed or carved
or laid as roughly dressed
rubble.
PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA
9. ISLAMIC ................................. ( I. Batlered or sloping outside wall,
columns and capitals from veg-
etable origins, papyrus buds, lo-
tus flower walls are of mud-brick
and thick, up to 9 meters. Un-
broken massive walls are adorn
with HIEROGLYPHICS.
EGYPTIAN
6
5. CONTINENTAL EUROPE ..... ( E. Picturesque values, reflected in
the predilection for highly tex-
tured, colorful materials, asym-
metry and informaiity. The
palazzo style was a triumph of
national eclecticism. New func-
tions and techniques produced
new forms. Taller buildings were
designed due to reinforced con-
crete and cast-iron frames. New
materials were used due to the
effect of canals. Railroad sys-
tems. central heating and eleva-
tor or lift.
BRITAIN
6. AMERICAS ................... :........ ( F. Pointed arch, buttress, flying
buttress, gargoyles, decorated
vaulting, rose and lancet win-
dows ploughshare twist, variety
of open roofs (trussed, tie-
beam, collar)
GOTHIC
7. MODERN/
INTERNATIONAL .................. ( G. Rusticated masonry, quoins,
Balusters, dome or raised
drums, pediments one within
the other, rococo, Baroque
style, salon, mansard roofs.
RENAISSANCE
7
2. SRI LANKA ............................ ( B. Use of indigenous materials for
houses like bamboo, palm
leaves, sturdy wooden posts,
carved wooden sidings, cogon
grass roof. Spanish style high
pitch roots, Capiz shell win-
dows, barandillas, balconies,
coconut shell and wood dasign.
Much use of galvanized iron
sheet for roofing.
PHILIPPINES
3. AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL,
TIBET ..................................... ( C. Root ridges are laden with
elaborate ornamental cresting
and the up-tilted angles are
adorned with fantastic dragons
and grotesque ornament. Roofs
one on top of each other using
S-shape enamelled tiles. Roof
framing in rectangle and not tri-
angle. Use of bright colors -
columns brackets are decorated
with birds, flowers and dragons.
CHINA
4. BURMA, CAMBODIA,
THAILAND, INDONESIA ....... ( D. Hindu worship is an individual
act. Buddhist religious buildings
or shrine<> took the form of
stupas, and are designed for
congregational use. Mouldings
have bulbous character. The
Torus moulding is used. Various
Bas reliefs 1depicting scenes of
daily life and story of Buddha.
The female form in its most vo-
luptuous form is often used.
INDIA, PAKISTAN
5. CHINA .................................... ( E. Light and delicate timber con-
struction is refined by minute
carving and decoration. Domi-
nant roofs characterized by their
exquisite curvature, supported
by a succession of brackets.
Upper part of the roof is termi-
nated by a gable placed verti-
cally above the end walls.
Rooms are regulated by a
"KEN" Tatami mats. Love of na-
ture. Using stone.. lantern, bon-
sai.
JAPAN
8
6. JAPAN .................................... ( F. Rock temples, with square or
octagonal pillars. A circular relic
house (wata-dage) built in stone
and brick is an outstanding
arch'l creation. An architecture
of wood. with high pitched roofs,
with wide eaves, slightly curved,
finished with small flat shingles
and terra cotta tifes. Windows
with, lacquered wood bars,
carved timber doorways, orna-
mental metalwork door furni-
ture, painted walls.
SRI LANKA
7. PHILIPPINES ......................... ( G. Cupola roofs, spanning with
arched squinches, the square
chamber angles, lantern roof
and coffered dome, an elabo-
rate systems of hexagon each
containing statue of Buddha, the
"sikhara" and "pagoda" temples
survive. A monumental pillar
generally supporting a metal
super structure adorned with
mystic symbols, groups of di-
vinities and portraits statuary of
royalties. Windows have intri-
cate lattice screens and roof
have red curved tiles, metal gut-
ters and projecting cornice and
fancifully decorated with carv-
ing, embossing and tinkling
bells and hanging lamps. The
monastery is fortress like sited
on hil· tops pillars and beams
are painted yellow or red and
painted silks hang from the roof.
AFGHANISTAN, NEPAL, TIBET
9
3. OBELISK ................................ ( c. Inward inclination or slope of an
outer wall.
BATTER
4. PYRAMID ............................... ( D. Mythical monsters each with the
body of a lion and a head of a
man, hawk, ram or a woman
possessed.
SPHINX
5. BATTER ................................. ( E. An ancient Egyptian rectangu-
lar, flat-topped funerary mound,
with battered (sloping) sides
covering a burial chamber be-
low ground.
MASTABA
6. STONEHENGE ..................... ( F. A massive funerary structure of
stone or brick with a square
base and four sloping triangu-
lar sides meeting at the apex.
PYRAMID
7. ZIGGURAT ............................. ( G. Huge monoliths, square on plan
and tapering to an electrum-
capped pyra-midion at the sum-
mit, which was the sacred part.
The four sides are cut with hi-
eroglyphics.
OBELISK
8. HIEROGLYPHICS ................. ( H. Artificial mountains made up of
tiered, rectangular stages which
rose in number from one to
seven.
ZIGGURAT
12
12. AGORA .................................. ( L. A long colonnaded building,
served many purposes, used
around public places and as
shelter at religious shrines.
STOA
13
10. COFFER ............................ ( J. These are arches erected to
emperors and generals com-
memorating victorious cam-
paigns, with one or three open-
ings. Such arches were adorned
with appropriate bas-reliefs and
usually carried grit-bronze '3tatu-
ary on an attic storey and hav-
ing a dedicatory inscription in its
face.
TRIUMPHAL ARCH
11. BUTTRESS ............................ ( K. A roman structure where im-
mense quantities of water were
required for the great thermae
and for public fountains, and for
domestic supply tor the large
population.
AQUEDUCTS
12. VAULT .................................... ( L. Taken from a tomb chamber, or
the ornamental treatment given
to a stone coffin hewn out of one
block of marble and with sculp-
tures, figures and festoons of a
late period, surmounted by lids
like roofs terminating in scrolls.
SARCOPHAGUS
L. DEFINITIONS
M. DEFINITIONS
14. DEFINITIONS.
18
11. ORIEL WINDOW ................... ( K. The tapering termination of a
tower in Gothic churches.
SPIRE
12. REFECTORY··········:·············· ( L. The term applied to a tower
crowned by a spire.
STEEPLE
0. DEFINITIONS.
19
9. PAVILION ............................... ( I. Or rock, a term applied to a type
of Renaissance ornament in
which rock-like forms, fantastic
scrolls, and crimped shells are
worked up together in a profu-
sion and confusioR of detail of-
ten without organic coherence
but presenting a lavish display
of decoration.
ROCOCO
10. CHANCEL .............................. ( J. An ornament consisting of a
spirally wound band, either as
a running ornament or as a ter-
minal. like the volutes of the
ionic capital.
SCROLL
11. QUOINS ................................. ( K. In France, anything extrava-
gantly ornamented, so ornate as
to be in bad taste, a style of art·
and architecture in Italy in the
17th to 18th century.
BAROQUE
12. CONSOLE .........·.................... ( L. The central shaft of a circular
staircase. Also applied to the
post in which the handrail is
framed.
NEWEL
13. CRYPT ................................... ( M. A sphencal roof, placed like an
inverted cup over a circular,
square, or multangular apart-
ment.
CUPOLA
14. NEWEL .................................. ( N. (little hou¢e, for pleasure and
recreation). A prominent struc-
ture, generally distinctive in
character.
PAVILION
15. DOGE'S PALACE .................. ( 0. Or bracket, is a projecting mem-
ber to support a weight gener-
ally formed with scrolls or volute
~hen carrying the upper mem-
ber of a cornice.
CONSOLE
16. CUPOLA ................................ ( P. The entire construction of a
classical temple or the like, be-
tween the columns and the
eaves usually composed of an
architrave, frieze, a cornice.
ENTABLATURE
20
P. DEFINITIONS
21
11. MULLION ............................... ( K. An ante-room to a larger apart-
ment of a building.
VESTIBULE
12. PATIO ..................................... ( L. In Renaissance, a room used
primarily for exhibition of art
objects, or a drawing room.
SALON
13. MODILLIONS ......................... ( M. A bust on a square pedestal in-
stead of a human body, used in
classic times to mark bound-
aries on highways, and used
decoratively in Renaissance
times.
HERMES
14. TRANSOM ............................. ( N. (to walk) the cloister or covered
passage around the east end of
a church, behind the altar.
AMBULATORY
15. TABERNACLE ....................... ( 0. An ornate iron grille, or screen,
a characteristic feature of Span-
ish church interiors.
FINIAL
16. AMBULATORY ...................... ( P. A Spanish arcaded or colon-
naded courtyard.
PATIO
Q. DEFINITIONS
22
5. GALLERY .............................. ( E. One of the winged heavenly
beings that support the throne
of God or act as guardian spir-
its. or Chubby, rosy-faced child
with wings.
CHERUBS
6. STRAPWORK ........................ ( F. A coat of arms.
HERALDIC
7. · INTERCOLUMNIATION ......... ( G. The window of a protruded bay
or the windowed bay itself.
BAY WINDOW
8. CHERUBS ............................. ( H. A raised platform reserved for
the seating ol speakers or dig-
nitaries.
DAIS
9. TERRA-COTIA ...................... ( I. A roofed but open-sided struc-
ture afford inn an extensive view,
usually located at the Rooftop
of a dwelling but sometimes an
independent buildmg or an emi-
nence on a formal garden.
BELVEDERE
10. HERALDIC J. A communicatin11 passage or
wide comdor for ',:ctures and
statues. An upper f · y for seats
in a church.
GALLERY
11. PLATERESQUE .. .( K. A type of relit~ I ·>r 'ldment or
cresting resernbl'i ·J studded
leather straps arranged in geo-
metrical and sometimes inter-
laced patterns much used in the
early renaissance architecture
of England.
STRAPWORK
12. PULPIT .............................. ( L. Bulbous termination to the top
of a tower, found principally in
Central and Eastern Europe.
HELM ROOF
13. BELVEDERE .......................... ( M. The space between the two col-
umns.
INTERCOLUMNIATION
14. CHURRIGUERESQUE .......... ( N. (grating) an ornament in classic
or renaissance architecture con-
sisting of an assembly of
straight lines intersecting at right
angles, and of various patterns.
FRETWORK
15. CANDELABRA ..................... ( 0. Also called "key pattern" the
upper portion of a pinnacle.
FINIAL
23
16. FRETWORK .......................... ( P. An elevated enclosed stand in
a church in which the preacher
stands.
PULPIT
R. DEFINITIONS
l
FENESTRATION
3. TORUS·····························:···· ( c. A structural system consisting of
trusses in two directions rigidly·
connected at their intersections.
A rectangular shape is formed
where the top and bottom
chords of the trusses are directly
above and below one another.
SPACE-FRAME
4. PAGODA ................................ ( D. An art free from any historical
style characterized by forms of
nature for ornamentation in the
facade aptly called for floral de-
sign.
ART NOUVEAU
5. BUNGALOW .......................... ( E. A school founded by Gropius in
1919, developing a form of train-
ing intended to relate art and ar-
chitecture to technology and the
practical needs of modern life.
BAUHAUS
6. FAIENCE ................................ ( F. Related or conforming to tech-
nical architectural principles.
ARCHITECTONIC
7. STAMBAS or LATHS ............. ( G. One storey with low overhang-
ing roof and broad front porch.
Unpretentious style often ram-
bling spreadout floor plan, more
expensive to build.
BUNGALOW
8. GREAT WALL ....................., .. ( H. Picturesque composition built in
America since 1980. Half tim-
bering and massive medieval
TUDOR REVIVAL
24
chimney. Identified by promi-
nent gables and large, expan-
sive windows with small panes.
Roof often slate or tiles. Also
called Elizabethan or Jacobean.
DOME
9. ART NOVEAU ........................ ( I. Rock-cut temples in India.
RATHS
10. BAUHAUS .............................. ( J. A large c•nvex moulding used
principally in the bases of col-
umns .
.
TORUS
11. FENESTRATION ................... ( K. A glazed earthware originally
made in ltaiy.
FAIENCE
1i ARCHITECTONIC ................. ( L. Monumental pillars standing
free without any structural func-
tion, with circular or octagonal
shafts with inscriptions carved
in it. The capital was bell-
shaped and crowned with ani-
mal supported bearing the Bud·
dhist wheel of the Law
STAMBAS or LATHS
13. RATHS .................................. ( M. Outstanding Architectural cre-
ation in Sri Lanka which is a cir-
cular relic house built in stone
and brick.
WATA-DAGE
14. SPACE-FRAME .................... ( N. A Chinese ceremonial gateway
erected in memory of an emi-
nent person.
PAILOU
15. SALOON-FRAME ................. ( 0. Most typical Chinese building ,
usually octagonal in pi<H"~, odd
number of stories usually 9 or
13 storeys and repeated roofs,
highly coloured and with up-
turned eaves, slopes to each
storey.
PAGODA
16. PAILOU .................................. ( P. Most famous of ancient Chinese
building undertakings. It snakes,
loops, and double back on itself.
Meandering across valleys,
plains, scaling mountains,
plunging into deep gorges and
leaping raging rivers for 3,700
miles.
GREAT WALL
25
S. DEFINITIONS
26
9. IVATAN HOUSE ..................... ( I. Lowlands area house with
pitched roof, made of bamboo
poles, thatch roof with woven
split canes for walls and split
bamboo slats for flooring.
MARANAO HOUSE
10. LOGGIA ................................. ( J. A house with prowlike majestic
rr)ot, the polychrome, extrava-
gant wooden carvings derived
from the Malay Mythical bird the
"SARI MANOK" The silken Mus-
lim canopies in the interiors. The
protruding ends of floor beams
is decorated with intricate carv-
ings.
NIPA HUT
11. IRIMOYA GABLE ................... ( K. An elegant two storey, rectan-
gular town house with a mas-
sive stone first floor and a light
and airy second floor, mother-
of-pearl o~ 'capiz' windows and
picturesque wide tile roof. En-
trance is of heavy plank door
with wrought iron or brass nails,
sturdy balustrades of wood or
iron grilles below windows to let
in cool air.
ANTILLAN HOUSE
12. TORII ..................................... ( L. Made of 0. 75 m. thick stone of
lime wall with thick thatched roof
made of several layers of cogon
and held together by seasoned
sticks or reeds and rattan to
withstand fiercest typhoons in
the north.
IVATAN HOUSE
13. TROMPE L'OEIL. .................. ( M. These are Garden rooms. (a)
fanciful, pre-fabricated models
attached to houses, filled with
wrought iron or wicker furniture
exotic plants and birds. (b)
These are open spaces with
seating areas beneath wood
rafters or leaf-entwined plants.
(c) a roofed place, shaded from
the sun, to read or to entertain
and enjoy the view.
CONSERVATORIES, ARBORS
and GAZEBOS
27
14. COUNTRY HOUSE ............... ( N. 1930,s modernists style of art in:
spired by mechanical forms and
chiefly distinguished by geo-
metrical shapes, bold colour
schemes and symmetrical de-
signs, suitable for mass produc-
tion. ART DECO
15. ART DECO ............................ ( 0. Or "fool the eye" are paintings
adorning everything from cabi-
nets to cupboards, fire screen
to dishwashers. This creates an
illusion of space. A make-be-
lieve doorway for example ex-
tends a hall. A glass cabinet or
a door is painted with cows and
chicken and make believe or
create an outdoor scene.
TROMPE L'OEIL
16. CONSERVATORIES,
ARBORS and GAZEBOS ...... ( P. A house composed of natural
materials. It is an eclectic and
organic look that grows and
changes with antiques and a
clutter of different collections,
made of rough plaster, old
beams, wood framed windows
and slate or brick floors.
COUNTRY HOUSE
T. ARCHITECTS/BUILDING DESIGNED
28
7. BAUHAUS Bldg.
GERMANY ............................. ( G. PHILIP JOHNSON
AT&T BLDG.
8. EINSTEIN TOWER ................ ( H. BUCKMINSTER FULLER
GEODESIC DOME
9. CHAPEL OF
NOTRE DAME ....................... ( I. LUCIO COSTA & OSCAR
NIMEYER
PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, BRAZIL
10. CULTURAL CENTER
OF THE PHILS ...................... ( J. EIRCH MENDELSOHN
EINSTEIN TOWER
11. TAHANANG FILIPINO or •
COCONUT PALACE .............. ( K. WILLIAN VAN ALEN
CHRYSLER BUILDING, N.Y.
12. ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
BANK OF PHILS ................... ( L. FRANCISCO "BOBBY"
MANOSA
TAHANANG FILIPINO or
13. SAN MIGUEL CORP. COCONUT PALACE
BUILDING ............................. ( M. LE CORBUSIER
CHAPEL OF NOTRE DAME
14. BANK OF CHINA
(HONG KONG) ...................... ( N. C.C. de CASTRO
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK OF PHILS.
15. TWA KENNEDY
AIRPORT N.Y. USA .............. ( 0. LEANDRO LOCSIN
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE PHILS.
16. AT & T Bldg.
N.Y. USA ............................ ( P. JOAN UTZON
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE
U. FAMOUS DICTUMS/PHILOSOPHIES/SAYINGS
1. "FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION" ..... by LOUIS SULLIVAN
2 .. "FORM DOES NOT NECESSARILY FOLLOW FUNCTION"
.......................................................... by ANTONIO GAUD I
3. "ART AND ARCHITECTURE, THE NEW UNITY"
............................................................ by WALTER GROPIUS
29
AREA ''A''
PART II THEORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
AREA "A" PART II
MATCHING TYPE: Write the corresponding correct letter in the bracket provided for
at the left
A. The seven (7) basic principles of composition to space enclosing elements are
B. There are at least eight (8) categories of concern within the project that the
designer will use as a checklist to problem solving. Indicate the right choice.
31
2. SPACE ................................... ( B. First costs, Maintenance costs.
ECONOMIC
3. GEOMETRY .......................... ( c. Volume required by activities.
SPACE
4. CONTEXT .............................. ( D. Perception and Behavior.
HUMAN FACTORS
5. ENCLOSURE ........................ ( E. Activity Grouping and Zoning.
FUNCTION
6. SYSTEMS .............................. ( F. Site and climate.
CONTEXT
7. ECONOMIC ........................... ( G. Structure, Enclosing planes,
openings
ENCLOSURE
8. HUMAN FACTORS ................ ( H. Circulation, forms and images.
GEOMETRY
1. Contrast of
CHARACTER ......................... ( A. Using the same shape but of
different dimensions.
Contrast of SIZE
2. Contrast of FORM .................. ( B. Having light and dark colored
materials.
Contrast of TONE
3. Contrast of SIZE .................... ( c. Thin and thick, horizontal or ver-
tical direction of beams, col-
umns.
Contrast of LINE
4. Contrast-of TREATMENT ..... ( D. An ecclesiastical with Domestic
building
Contrast of CHARACTER
5. Contrast of TONE ................. ( E. Using different materials, glass,
marble, steel.
Contrast of TREATMENT
6. Contrast of LINE .................... ( F. A building of mixed shapes,
angles.
Contrast of FORM
D. MATCHING TYPE
1. RELATIVE
PROPORTION ....................... ( A. All parts must fit together in such
a way that the composition will
be disturbed if one element is
removed.
ORGANIC
2. ABSOLUTE PROPORTION .. ( 8. Has an informal·effect.
UNSYMMETRICAL BALANCE
32
3. ANTHROPORMOPHIC ......... ( c. The measurement of man
implemented to accommodate
him to machines.
ERGONOMICS
4. METHODOLOGY .................. ( D. Has a picturesqueness of sur-
roundings.
GRAVITATIONAL
5. GENERIC SCALE .................. ( E. A monumental effect, has a
central axis, can .be formal or
with a radial effect.
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE
6. HUMAN SCALE ..................... ( F. Deals with the relationship be-
tween an object and the whole
structure The window to the
wall.
ABSOLUTE PROPORTION
7. AXIS ....................................... ( G. A systematic method of problem
solving.
METHODOLOGY
8. ORGANIC .............................. ( H. The size of a building element
relative to other forms in its con-
text whose size is known. ex: a
door, a stair.
GENERIC SCALE
9. SYMMETRICAL
BALANCE ............................. ( I. A system based on the dimen-
sion and proportions of the hu-
man body in relation to forms,
furniture, heights.
ANTHROPOMORPHIC
10. UNSYMMETRICAL
BALANCE .............................. ( J. An elementary means of orga-
nizing forms and spaces in ar-
chitecture. It is a line established
by two points.
AXIS
11. GRAVITATIONAL ................... ( K. The size of a building element
relative to the dimensions and
proportion of the human body.
HUMAN SCALE
12. ERGONOMICS ...................... ( L. This deal between the parts of
an object and the whole object,
ex: window panes and the
whole jamb.
RELATIVE PROPORTION
33
E. MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. UNACCENTED
RHYTHM ................................ ( A. In unity, shapes, sizes of ele-
ments are shown one after the
other.
ALTERNATION
2. ACCENTED
RHYTHM ................................ ( B. Forms and spaces especially
placed to call attention to them-
selves as being the important el-
ements in composition.
STRATEGIC LOCATION
3. REPETITION ......................... ( c. Influence of traditional types
(spires, classical orders, Gothic)
ASSOCIATION
4. ACCENT ............................... ( D. This occurs if equally spaced
windows are introduced on the
unbroken wall, then regular rep- .
etition is present.
UNACCENTED RHYTHM
5. ALTERNATION ...................... ( E. To be unique, forms and spaces
are visually dominant, and dif- j:
l
ferent from that of the other el-
ements in the composition.
UNIQUE IN SHAPE
6. UNIQUE BUILDING ............... ( F. Human quality or emotional ap-
peal (dignified, dynamic, strong,
forbidding, light)
PERSONALITY
7. EXCEPTIONAL SIZE ............. { G. Deals with motifs of more than
one member, or same size and
same energy.
REPETITION
8. UNIQUE IN SHAPE ............... ( H. If the openings or details are
arranged in such a manner that
some are more important than
the others.
ACCENTED RHYTHM
9. STRATEGIC
LOCATION ............................. ( I. To give an emphasis or interest
in unity.
ACCENT
10. FUNCTION ............................ ( J. This reflects the degree of im-
portance, the functional and
symbolic roles they play in the
organized design.
UNIQUE BUILDING
11. ASSOCIATION ....................... ( K. Use of building, like for a shop,
a bank or a church.
FUNCTION
34
12. PERSONALITY .................... ( L. Significantly different in dimen-
sion than all other elements in
the composition. (The biggest,
or the smallest to be noticed)
EXCEPTIONAL SIZE
1. FUNCTIONAL
DESIGN ................................. ( A. Newly married, mixed singles,
elderly, married with kids.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE
2. NEED FOR
ADJACENCY ......................... ( B. In a parking garage for ex: toll-
in, park, toll-out.
SEQUENCE IN TIME
3. SIMILARITY IN
GENERAL RULE ................... ( C. (primary) proportion, labor, de-
livery, nursery, (secondary) wait-
ing, clean and sterile utility,
doctor's and nurses lockers,
(tertiary) house keeping,
janitor's closet.
RELATEDNESS TO CORE ACTIVITIES
4. RELATEDNESS TO
DEPARTMENTS,
GOALS, SYSTEMS ............... ( D. Delivery, unloading, storage,
preparation, craft, sales.
EXTENT OF MAN OR MACHINE INVOLVEMENT
5. SEQUENCE IN TIME ·······'···· ( E. Incoming passengers, parking
and services, outgoing passen-
gers loading and unloading,
taxi, runways.
RELATIVE PROXIMITY TO BUILDINGS
6. REQUIRED
ENVIRONMENTS .................. ( F. Single house, duplex, condo-
miniums, apartments.
VOLUME OF PEOPLE INVOLVED
7. TYPES OF EFFECT
PRObUCED .......................... ( G. In sports, tennis, golf, swimming
pods. In malls, fast foods, cloth-
ing, food.
SIMILARITY IN GENERAL RULE
8, RELATIVE PROXIMITY
TO BUILDINGS ..................... ( H. Deals with the development of
a plan arrangement to serve in
a purely mechanical way the
functions of the building (sizes
of rooms, HVAC)
FUNCTIONAL DESIGN
9. RELATEDNESS TO
CORE ACTIVITIES ................ ( I. In hospitals ex: Delivery room
to recovery room to post
partum.
RELATEDNESS TO DEPARTMENTS,
GOALS, SYSTEMS
36
10. CHARACTERISTICS
OF PEOPLE .......................... ( J. Kitchen near to Dining room,
Master's Bedroom to toilet.
NEED FOR ADJACENCY
11. VOLUME OF PEOPLE
INVOLVED ............................. ( K. Radiation, chemicals, smoke,
fumes. heat, noise from gymna-
siums, mechanical rooms, vib-
ration from machinery wet-dry
toilets, labs.
TYPES OF EFFECT PRODUCED
12. EXTENT OF MAN
OR MACHINE
INVOLVEMENT ..................... ( L. Furniture types, need for view,
ceiling height, access to roof,
need for vents exhausts, secu-
rity, acoustics.
REQUIRED ENVIRONMENTS
37
5. LINEAR FORMS .................... ( E. Consists of a number of second-
ary forms clustered about domi-
nant central parent forms, Cen-
trality, can embody sacred
places.
CENTRALIZED FORMS
6. RADIAL FORMS .................... ( F. Services to occupants (utility,
function) How high would be the
kitchen storage, reach, How big
the furnishings will be to learn
the size of the enclosed space.
USE OF SPACE
7. CLUSTERED FORMS ........... ( G. Consists of forms arranged seg-
mentally in a row of repetitive
space (wall path)
LINEAR FORMS
8. GRID FORMS ........................ ( H. Strength or permanence and
security.
COLLABORATION & USE OF
MATERIALS
1. THE BUILDING
APPROACH ........................... ( A. This prolong the sequence of
the approach.
CIRCUITOUS
2. FRONTAL .............................. ( B. Entrances maintain the continu-
ity of a wall's surface.
FLUSH ENTRANCE
3. OBLIQUE ............................... ( c. Enclosed or open on one or two
sides, corridors, balconies must
accomrnodjlte the movement of
people as they promenade,
pause, rest or take a view.
FORM OF CIRCULATION SPACE
4. CIRCUITOUS ......................... ( D. The edges, nodes and termina-
tion of the path. Pass by axially,
terminate in a space, or pass
obliquely or along the edges.
PATH-SPACE RELATIONSHIP
5. THE BUILDING
ENTRANCE ........................... ( E. Entrances also provide shelter
and receive a portion of exterior
space into the realm of the build-
in g.
RECESSED ENTRANCE
6. FLUSH ENTRANCE .............. ( F. Paths of movement are linear in
nature. Pedestrians meeting
each other should have wider
38
volume of space, wheeled ve-
hicles can have a tightly tailored
path.
CONFIGURATION OF THE PATH
7. PROJECTED
ENTRANCES ......................... ( G. Leads directly to the entrance.
FRONTAL
8. RECESSED
ENTRANCE ........................... ( H. This enhances the perspective.
OBLIQUE
9. FORM OF CIRCULATION
SPACE ................................... ( I. This may vary in duration, from
a few paces through a com-
pressed space to a lengthy and
circuitous route.
THE BUILDING APPROACH
10. CONFIGURATION
OF THE PATH ........................ ( J. Passing through an implied
plane, or a change in level,
working the passage from one
place to another for visual and
spatial continuity between two
spaces.
THE BUILDING ENTRANCE
11. PATH-SPACE-
RELATIONSHIP ..................... ( K. Entrances announces their
functions to the approach and
provide shelter overhead.
PROJECTED ENTRANCES
39
. 5. C()L.OR ................................... ( E. Deals with shape, and when the
figure is 3-dimensional, it be-
comes mass or volume we
should proceed to design from
the General (massing) to the
Particular (detailing)
FORM
6 ANALOGICAL
DESIGN ................................. ( F. Areas of materials which en-
close a building and are second-
ary importance to the masses
which they create.
SURFACE
7. CONTEXT .............................. ( G. These refers to the quality of
surface treatment, whether the
material is rough or smooth.
TEXTURE
8. INHERENT COLOR ............... ( H. So called because it employs no
sophisticated collector and no
expensive technology to har-
ness the sun's energy.
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
9. APPLIED COLOR .................. ( I. A variety in the use of gradation
from black to gray to white and
from dark to light.
TONE
10. ACTIVE SOLAR
DESIGN ................................. ( J. Natural color of materials like
stone, marble or wood.
INHERENT COLOR
11. PASSIVE SOLAR
DESIGN ................................. ( K. The drawing of similarities (usu-
ally visual) ,into the solution of
one's design problems with
buildings, with forms from na-
ture, from painting and so on (a
laboratory building from a micro-
scope, chapel roof from a
CRAB)
ANALOGICAL DESIGN
40
K. SITE CONTROL MATCHING TYPE
1. SOLAR SHADING
IN SUMMER .......................... ( A. Hot air is effectively vented out
with the use of strategically lo-
cated clerestories, or windows
located on the side of the roof
for ventilation purposes. To ab-
sorb heat, paint the wall black.
Natural daylight is used in the
northside.
NATURAL HEATING AND DAYLIGHTING
2. WHITE ROOFS AND
DESERT COOLING ............... ( B. The overall shape of a building
affects the amount of energy it
will consume. In general, a con-
figuration that resist unwanted
heat transmission for a given
enclosed volume. Aspherical or
round building has less surface
and thus less heat gain or loss.
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
3. PASSIVE SOLAR
PLANNING ............................. ( C. Placed between a building and
the outside elements, Earth
slows the heat transfer from one
to the other, reduces the tem-
perature difference between ex-
terior and interior, protects the
building from cold winds and the
direct rays of the sun.
UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES
4. NATURAL HEATING
AND DAYLIGHTING .............. ( D. Trees reduce window heat gain
not only by blocking direct sun-
light penetration but also by low-
ering the ground surface tem-
perature; using deciduous ivy
vine can also shade a building
facade in summer (hot) and
when it dies in the cold months,
it allows the sun to shine
through.
UTILIZATION OF NATURAL GROWTH
5. WINDOWLESS
BUILDiNG .............................. ( E. Thermal energy can be stored
in a ~ .00 m. hig;, waiar-filled
drums in front.to the south fac-
ing windows. Once the sun sets,
this heat radiate through the
41
house, trapped by the insula-
tion Provision of water pool or
fountain is er.ective. Use a fire-
place made of solid metal and
hollow inside
UTILIZATION OF WATER AND AIR
6. UTILIZATION OF
NATURAL GROWTH ............. ( F. Paved and planted, this option
involves the use of light-colored
ground surfaces to reflect sun-
light onto a building, dark col-
ored surfaces to absorb sunlight
and lower outside temperature.
GROUND SURFACE
7. THERMOSIPHONING ........... ( G. In reflecting heat away instead
of absorbing it, which increases
the temperature of room below,
white roofs are effective. Evapo-
rative cooling uses one electric
motor. As water is evaporated
to vapor heat is drawn from the
air reducing its temperature.
WHITE ROOFS AND DESERT COOLING
8. BUILDING
CONFIGURATION ................. ( H. This employ shading by struc-
tural elements but affects the
facades'of buildings. Powered
louvers are used to diminish
heat gain.
SOLAR SHADING IN SUMMER
9. GROUND SURFACE ............. ( I. This is achieved by orientation
by carefully considering the lo-
cation of theI building. How it will
relate to the sun and breezes.
Use windbreaks consisting of
either a fence or a row of trees
which reduce air infiltration
through windows by diminishing
the wild pressure. Orient solid
walls to the west to offset sun-
set.
PASSIVE SOLAR PLANNING
10. UNDERGROUND
STRUCTURES ...................... ( J. Large sections of buildings are
enclosed by opaque walls. Dur-
ing daylight hours they are
densely occupied and well-
lighted. The space gains of
people-load and lighting load
are usually sufficient to heat the
building by day the cold months.
WINDOWLESS BUILDING
42
11. UTILIZATION OF
WATER AND AIR ................... ( K. In some cases, it is possible to
move the fluids (liquid or air)
without mechanical aid; by natu-
ral convection. As the fluid is
heated, it tends to rise and
cooler fluid flows in to take its
place.
THERMOSIPHONING
1. DEGREE OF
ENCLOSURE ........................ ( A. Follow flow of gravity loads from
roof down columns, through
floors, to foundations and soils.
Follow flow of lateral loads.
Earthquake from ground to
foundations to columns, walls,
floors to roof. Wind from side
walls to roof and floor, through
columns, footings and earth.
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONS
2. UGHT .................................... ( B. Is the internal focus and out-
ward orientation. Fireplace have
an internal focus. Outward ori-
entation will determine the na-
ture of the view. A small window
opening tends to frame a view
and is seen as a painting. A high
window or skylight shows the
tree tops and the sky.
VIEW
3. VIEW ...................................... ( C. Follow electric supply from off
site to transformer, to breakers
or panels to each outlet or point
of connection. Follow telephone
lines off site to TMB to each
phone location.
ENERGY AND COMMUNICATIONS
4. PEOPLE
FUNCTIONS .......................... ( D. Follow wind patterns through
site to encourage or block natu-
ral ventilation through building
as required. Follow air patterns
from inlets to ou~iets. F-ollow
forced air ventilation pattern
through building to address heat
and odors.
AIR
43
5. STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONS .......................... ( E. Follow paths of natural light (di·
rect or indirect sun) to and into
the building. Encourage or block
as needed. Follow paths of cir-
culation and at spaces to pro-
vide artificial illumination where
necessary. This include site and
building.
NATURAL LIGHT
6. WATER, MOISTURE
AND DRAINAGE ................... ( F. Follow the flow of occupants
from one space to another from
stairs to elevators service equip-
ment's pathways, flow of occu-
pant to enter and exit the build-
ing as required by CODE, Flow
of trash to leave the building.
Materials to enter building.
PEOPLE FUNCTIONS
7. HEAT ...................................... ( G. The illumination of its surfaces
and forms. Entering a room
through windows in the wall
plane or through skylights in the
roof plane overhead, the sun's
light falls on surfaces within the
room enlivens their colors, and
articulates their textures.
LIGHT
8. AIR ......................................... ( H. The form of its space is deter-
mined by the configuration of its
defining elements and the pat-
tern of its openings (doors, win-
dows) whether at the edges of
an enclosing plane, which visu-
ally weakens the corner bound-
aries of space, but promotes its
visual continuity with adjacent
spaces.
DEGREE OF ENCLOSURE
9. NATURAL LIGHT ................... ( I. Follow sun paths to and into the
building to plan for access ,or
blocking. Follow excessive ex-
ternal or internal heat throl,lgh
building skin and block if nec-
essary. Follow source of inter-
nal heat loads (lights, people,
equipment) to their outfall (natu-
ral ventilation or A. C.)
HEAT
44
10. ENERGY AND
COMMUNICATIONS ............. ( J. Follow rainwater from highest
point on roof to drain, through
the piping system to outfall
(storm-sewer) of site from high-
est points off site, around build-
ing to outtalk>ff site. Follow rains
or moisture at exterior walls and
window down building sides,
follow contaminated water from
farthest point of use to end of
septic tank.
WATER, MOISTURE AND DRAINAGE
45
dark walkways and stairs, use
non-skid materials on wet sur-
faces. Provide fire-exits, fire-
sprinklers, fence on water heat-
ers, boilers.
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN
6. PERIODIC ARCHITECTURAL SYSTEMS
REFURBISHMENT ................ ( F. A cleaning of floors, walkways,
windows and walls also ceilings.
DAILY HOUSEKEEPING
7. LANDSCAPING
MAINTENANCE ..................... ( G. It is reasonable to believe that
creativity can be enhanced if
something is known of the rela-
tionship between structural and
constructive design options and
the cost of implementation. This
is actually the cost of the build-
ing structure and its mainte-
nance costs.
ECONOMIC COSTS
8. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
IN ARCHITECTURAL
SYSTEMS ..... :............. :·········· ( H. Added costs of building are pro-
fessionals fees, cost of land-
scaping. Permits and licenses,
and Interior Design.
OTHER COSTS ADDED TO BUILDING
STRUCTURE
46
ors to make people feel at ease
even if they are waiting for their
tum.
VALUES
3. OPTICAL ILLUSIONS ............ ( C. The architecture of a folk is
evolved and modified by ideas
and imitation. Architecture is
building with which people have
identified themselves given its
significance like stairs never
stopping on the 3rc1 count or oro.
plata, mata, no exit door or win-
dow direct to a main door open-
ing.
FOLK BELIEFS IN DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION
4. VALUES ................................. ( D. Is the keenness. sharpness or
acuteness of perception or vi-
sion. (imaginative foresight es-
pecially of the beautiful). The
most important feature of a
shape of an object is its general
outline or contour.
VISUAL ACUITY
5. F:OLK BELIEFS
IN OESlGN AND
CONSTRUCTION .................. ( E. This is a false interpretation by
the mind of a sense perception.
An example is when shown two
lines, you see one as shorter
and one larger, but upon mea-
suring it. they are the same.
Another are two perfect parallel
lines, but when combined with
diagonal lines, it will appear ei-
ther to be wider or thinner at the
middle.
OPTICAL ILLUSIONS
6. FENG SHU I ........................... ( F. Is the process by which we or-
ganize and interpret the pat-
terns of stimuli in our environ-
ment. The immediate intuitive
recognition as of an aesthetic
quality.
PERCEPTION
47
0. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO MATCHING TYPE
48
10. IDIOSYNCRACIES ................ ( J. (site) parking, public transit ac-
cess, walk-in customer, expo-
sure, landscape, illumination,
security and emergency access.
AMENITIES
DIRECTION: Read the items below, match it with the answers on the right side.
Place the correct letters in the indicated parenthesis thereon.
52
5. UHLP United Home
Lending Program ................... ( E. This agency takes care of insur-
ing the subdivisions and is also
a lending entity.·
HIGC - HOME INSURANCE GUARANTY
6. HDMF Home Development CORP.
Mutual Fund ........................... ( F. The insurance system for the
Public sector or the government
employees ..
GSIS
7. NHMFC National Home
Mortgage Finance
Corporation ............................ ( G. The insurance system tor the
private sector, where coverage
is compulsory upon all employ-
ees not over sixty years of age.
SSS
8. NHA National Housing
Authority .....'............................ ( H. An office mandated to coordi-
nate and supervise the
government's housing agen-
cies. It is also tasked in moni-
toring the performance of the
housing sector, and involved in
policy formations.
HUDCC
9. HIGC Home Insurance
G!Jarantee Corporation .......... ( I. A provident savings fund hous-
ing open to most private agen-
cies.
PAG-IBIG FUND
10. HLRB Housing and Land
Use Regulatory Board ........... ( J. This office administers the PAG-
IBIG Fund, it entitles Pag-ibig
members who are public and
private employees as well as
the self-employed to housing
loans.
HDMF - HOME DEV'T MUTUAL FUND
54
IIII!J j jl'
1. CERTIFICATE OF
OCCUPANCY ........................ ( A. Courts, yards, setbacks, light
wells, uncovered driveways,
access roads and parking
spaces.
55
9. THROUGH lOT ...................... ( 1. A lot located in the interior of a
block made accessible from a
public street or alley by means
of a private access road.
56
6. STRUCTURE ......................... ( F. That portion of a building abut-
ting the sidewalk open to public
view protected by grilles,
screens or transparent materi-
als tor the display of goods.
9. BATAS PAMBANSA
BLG. 344 ................................ ( I. Any portion of a building above
the first floor projecting over the
sidewalk beyond the first storey
wall used as protection for pe-
destrians.
1. AUTOMATIC FIRE
SUPPRESSION SYSTEM ..... ( A. P. D. 1185 prohibits the obstruc-
tion of fire exits. fi-e h, ·"!~ants
overcrowding beyond autho-
rized capacities, locking fire ex-
its, use of jumpers.
57
2. COMBINATION
STAND-PIPE .......................... ( B. The time duration that a mate-
rial or construction can with-
stand the effects of standard fire
test. (1, 2 or 3 hrs.)
5. FIRE RESISTANCE
RATING .................................. ( E. Use sprinkler systems, hose
boxes, stand pipe systems, fire
alarm systems, fire walls, fire re-
sistive enclosures, fire exits to
safe grounds. Stairways sealed
from smoke and heat, exit plan,
fire resistive doors, fire damp-
ers in centralized aircon ducts,
roof vents for fire fighters.
7. FLAME SPREAD
RATING .................................. ( G. An air compartment or chamber
to which one or more ducts are
connected and which form part
of an air distribution system.
8. FIRE (FLAME)
RETARDANT ......................... ( H. Pipeline system filled with wa-
ter and connected to a constant
water supply for the use of the
service and the occupants of the
building solely for fire suppres-
sion purposes.
58
9. FUMIGANT ............................ ( I. A fire alarm system activated by
the presence of a fire, where the
signal is transmitted to desig-
nated locations instead of
~6un&rra aaurrur2t KtKrrrr. Ia
')rder to prevent panic.
59
F. "OFFICE PRACTICE" MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. DIRECT SELECTION
OF AN ARCHITECT ............... ( A. A method frequently used
where there is a continuing re-
lationship on q series of
projects. It establishes a fixed
sum over and above reimburse-
ment for tl1e Architect's techni-
cal time and overhead.
2. COMPARATIVE SELECTION
OF AN ARCHITECT ............... ( B. The Architect renders full-time
supervision ensuring the qual-
ity of control of work, evaluat-
ing the work of the contractor,
keeps tiles and records and
manages the construction.
3. DESIGN
COMPETITIONS ................... ( C. The Architect's regular services,
which include the preliminary
design, schemes, design devel-
opment phase, the contract
documents phase (working
drawing) and supervision.
4. COMPENSATION BY
MEANS OF PERCENTAGE
OF CONSTRUCTION
COST ..................................... ( D. The settling of a dispute by an
impartial member of a party,
whose decision both parties to
a dispute agree to accept.
5. COMPENSATION BY
MEANS OF MULTIPLE
OF DIRECT PERSONNEL
EXPENSES ........................... ( E. This is done for a complex build-
ing projects where the Architect
acts as an agent of the client in
procuring and coordinating all
the necessary services required
by the project, from pre-design
to post-construction services.
60
11. DESIGN SERVICES .............. ( K. This method is applicable only
to non-creative work such as ac-
counting, secretarial, research,
supervision, preparation of re-
ports and the like.
13. CONSTRUCTION
SERVICES ............................. ( M. In this method, the client selects
his Architect on the basis of
Reputation, personal acquain-
tance, recommendation of a
friend, or of a former client, or
of another Architect.
15. COMPREHENSIVE
SERVICES ............................. ( 0. This include Architectural pro-
gramming, feasibility study, site
study, cost effectiveness study
and promotional services.
62
G. ARCHITECTS CODE OF ETHICS/RESPONSIBILITIES
63
d. The Archilect shaU explain the conditional character of estimates other
than estimates submitted in the form of actual proposals by contractors
and in no case shall he guarantee any estimates or cost of the work.
Neither shall he mislead his Client as to probable cost of the work in
order to secure a commission.
e. The Architect shall consider the needs and stipulation of his Client and
the effects of his work upon the life and well-being of the public and the
community as a whole, and to endeavor to meet the aesthetic and func-
tional requirements of the project commensurate with the Client's appro-
priation.
f. The Architect shall charge his Client for services rendered, a profes-
sional fee commensurate with the work involved and with his profes-
sional standing and experience based upon the Basic Minimum Fee pre-
.scribed under the "Standards of Professional Practice" of the "Architect's
National Code".
g. The Architect shall not undertake, under a fixed contract sum agreement,
the construction of any project based on plans prepared by him. He may
in certain cases, undertake the construction of a project even when the
plans prepared by him provided it is undertaken in conformity with the
conditions set forth under sections covering "Construction Services" "Com-
prehensive Services" or "Design-Build Services" of the document on
"STANDAR_DS OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE."
h. The Architect shall be compensated for his services solely through his
professional fee charged directly to the Client. He shall not accept nor
ask for any other returns in whatever form from any interested source
other than the Client.
i. The Architect shall be free in his investments and business relations out-
side of his profession from any financial or personal interests which tend
to weaken and discredit his standing as an unprejudiced and honest
adviser, free to act in his Client's best interests. If the Architect has any
business interest which will relate to, or affect the interest of his Client,
he should inform his Client of such condition or situation.
j. The Architect shall include in his agreement with the Client a clause pro-
viding for arbitration as a method for settlement of disputes.
64
are not in conformity with the Contract Documents in order not to cause
unnecessary delay and additional expense to the Contractor.
d. The Architect shall not, at any time or circumstance, accept free engi-
neering services, or receive any substantial aid, gifts, commissions, or
favors from any Contractor or sub-contractor which will tend to place him
under any kind of mnral obligation.
e. The Architect shall upon request by the Contractor promptly inspect each
phase of the work completed and if found according.to the terms of the
Contract Documents issue the corresponding Certificates of Payment
and the Final Certificate of Completion, respectively, to the Contractor.
65
e. The Architect shall not undertake a commission for which he knows an-
other Architect has been previously employed until he has notified such
other Architect of the fact in writing and has conclusively determined
{hat the original employment has been terminated and has been duly
compensated for.
f. The Architect shall not undertake a commission for additions, rehabilita-
tion or remodeling of any erected structure undertaken previously by
another Architect without duly notifying him of the contemplated project
even when the Owner is no longer the same. When the greater mass.
area or design of the original structure is substantially maintained the
new Architect should limit his advertisement or claim only to the extent of
the work done to the structure. Architects are enjoined to preserve or
restore as much as possible especially the few and remaining historic
examples of our architectural heritage affecting this phase of practice.
~- The Architect shall not knowingly injure falsely or maliciously, the profes-
sional reputation. prospects or practice of another Architect.
h. The Architect shall retrain from associating himself with or allowing the
use of his name by any enterprise of doubtful character or integrity.
i. The Architect shall affix his signature and seal to any plans or profes-
sional documents prepared by other persons or entities not done under
his direct personal supervision.
j. The Architect shall inspi_re the loyalty of his employees and subordinates
by providing them with suitable working conditions, requiring them to
render competent and efficient services and paying them adequate and
just compensation therefore. He shall tutor and mentor the young aspir-
ants towards the ideals, functions, duties and responsibilities of the pro-
fession.
k. The Architect shall unselfishly give his share in the interchange of techni-
cal information and experience among his colleagues and young aspir-
ants and do his part in fostering unity in the fellowship of the profession.
I. He shall unselfishly give his time and effort to the advancement of the
profession thru his active and personal commitment and involvement
with the accredited profession organization for Architects.
H. PROJECT CLASSIF.CATJON
66
SCHEDULE OF MINIMUM BASIC FEE
Group -1
Structures of simplest, utilization character which are without complication of
design or detail and require a minimum of finish, structural, mechanical and
electrical design.
Armories Parking structures
Bakeries Printing plants
Farm structures Public Markets
Freight facilities Service garages
Hangars Simple loft-type structures
Industrial building Warehouses
Manufacturing/Industrial plants Other similar utilization types of
Packaging and processing plants buildings
Group- 2
Structures of moderate complexity of design requiring a moderate amount of
structural, mechanical and electrical design and research.
Art galleries Nursing Homes
Banks, Exchange and Park, playground and open-air
other financial institutions recreational facilities
Bowling Alleys Police Stations
Churches and Religious Post Offices
facilities Private Clubs
City Halls Private Publishing Plants
College buildings Race tracks
Convents, Monasteries and Seminaries Restaurants
Correctional and Detention Institutions Retail Stores
Court Houses Schools
Dormitories Shopping centers
Exhibition Halls and Display structures Speciality shops
Fire Stations Supermarkets
Laundries Welfare Buildings
Motels and Apartels
Multi-storey apartments
And other structures of similar nature or use
Group-3
Structures of exceptional character and complexity of design or.requiring com-
paratively large amounts of structural, mechanical and electrical design and
research.
67
Aquariums Laboratories
Atomic facilities Marinas
Auditoriums Medical Office facilities & Clinics
Airports Mental Institutions
Breweries Mortuaries
Cold storage facilities Observatories
Communications buildings Public Health Centers
Convention Halls Research facilities
Gymnasiums Stadiums
Hospitals and Medical buildings Theaters and similar facilities
Hotels Veterinary Hospitals
And other structures of similar nature or use
Group- 4
Residencies (Single Detached or Duplex), small apartment houses and town
houses.
Minimum Basic Fee ......... .. 10 percent of Project Construction Cost
Group- 5
Monumental buildings and other facilities requiring consummate design skill
and much precise detailing.
68
First Unrt .... ..... ... ... .... ...... ......... ......... ...... 10 Percent of the Construction
Cost of one unit as Basic Fee
From two to ten units.......... .. ...... ..... ..... . Fee of :..ne unit plus 60% of aa~.ic
Fee for each additional unit
Eleven units and above .. .. .. .. .... .... . .. .. .... Fee for 10 units plus 30% of Basic
Fee for each adjitional unit
Group-8
Projects involving extensive detail such as furniture design, build-in equipment,
special fittings, screens, counters, interior~ and other detailed parts or appurte-
nances of buildings or ~tructures and landscaping designs.
Minimum Basic Fee ...... ... .. .. ...... .. . 15 Percent of Project Construction Cost
Group-9
For alterations and additions of existing structures belonging to Group 1 tc o
enumerated above, compensdtion for services should be increased by 50 per-
cent or a total of 150 percent of the Basic Fee.
The Spectrum of the Architect's services extends over the entire range of activi-
ties that proceed from the time the idea is conceived, perfected, transformed
into sets of space/des;gn requirements, translated into structure through de-
sign, built, used and become a permanent feature of the man-made environ-
ment.
The Architect's services con!3ist of the necessary conferences, deliberations,
discussions, evaluations, invest.gations, consultations, advise on matters af-
fecting the scientific, aesthetic and orderly coordination of all the process of
safeguarding life, health and property which enter into the production of differ-
ent levels and sophistications of man-made structures and environment.
The entire range of the Architect's services arP. divideC: into seven (7) major
services as follows:
69
1. PRE-DESIGN SERVICES.............................................. UAP rJoc. 201
This include Architectural Programming, Feasibility,
study, site study, cost effectiveness study and others.
2. DESIGN SERVICES . .............. ................................. UAP Doc. 202
The Architect's Regular Services
3. SPECIALIZED ALLIED SERVICES ............... .... .... UAP Doc. 203
This include Planning, Interior, landscaping, Acoustics,
communications and Electronics Engineering.
4. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES ..... ................... ..... .. . .. .. ... UAP Doc. 204
Full-time supervision, construction Management.
5. POST CONSTRUCTION SERVICES ................. ... . UAP Doc. 205
Buildings and Grounds Administration
6. COMPREHENSIVE SERVICES .......................... .. . .. .. . UAP Doc. 206
Project Management Service
7. DESIGN-BUILD SERVICES ............. :..................... ..... .. UAP Doc. 207
Administering the Construct~on.
The several activities that fall under the pre-design services are as follows:
1. Economic Feasibility Studies. A study to determine the viability of a project
such as its cost of development versus its potential return to the Owner. A
detailed cost-benefit analysis can guide the client and the architect in se-
lecting a more viable alternative plan.
2. PROJECT FINANCING
Architects assist in the determination of requirements of lending agencies,
income-expense relationship and relative demand for different building types
in actual financing negotiations.
3. ARCHITECTURAL PROGRAMMING
Investigating, identifying and documenting the needs of the. client for use in
the design of the project.
70
4. SITE SELECTION AND ANALYSIS
Assisting the client in locating sites for the proposed project and evaluating
their adequacy with regards to topography, subsurface conditions, utilities,
development costs, climate, population, legal considerations and other fac-
tors.
5. SITE UTILIZATION AND LAND-USE STUDIES
A detailed analysis of the site to develop its potential through the proper
utilization of land.
6. SPACE/MANAGEMENT STUDIES
Analysis of the space requirements of the proJect based on organizational
structure and functional set-up. One method is to use human behavior and
transaction analysis to pinpoint Linkages and interactions of spaces. The
services cover space use and space character analysis, work station and
space module and a space program to serve as basis for architectural de-
sign.
7. PROMOTIONAL SERVICES
In some cases, the project would require promotional activities in order to
generate financial support and acceptance from governing agencies or from
the general public. The Architect with his own staff, can accomplish many of
these activities including preparation of promotional designs, drawings, bro-
chures and the like. As the agent of the Owner, the Architect can produce
and coordinate the additional activities necessary to complete the services.
METHOD OF COMPENSATION
The Architect's services for the Pre-Design Phase were creative designing is
not included are often compensated for on the basis of multiple of direct per-
sonnel expenses. This cost based method of compensation is directly related to
the Architect's and his consultant's effort where they are compensated for every
technical hour expended on the project with a multiplier to cover overhead and
a reasonable profit. This method is suitable for projects in wh!Ch the scope of
work is indefinite, particularly for large complex projects.
Progress Payment for Services shall be made based on the accomplishments
of the work of the Architect.
A. REGULAR SERVICES
The architect, In regular practice normally acts as his client's or the Owner's
adviser. He translates the Owner's needs and requirements to spaces and
forms in the forms in the best manner of professionals services, he can
render.
The Architect's work starts at the very inception of the project when the
Owner outlines his requirements to him. It ranges through his study and
analysis of the various aspects of the project, goes through the preparation
of the necessary instruments of service and through the multitude of con-
struction problems and does not terminate until the project is completed.
71
In effeC:, the Architect renders services whose sequence come in four phases
as follows:
a. Schemetic Design Phase
b. Design Development Phase
c. Contract Documents Phase and
d. Construction Phase
Phase 4 CONSTRUCTION
a. Prepares forms for contract letting, documents for construction, forms
for invitation and instruction to bidders, and forms for bidders' proposals.
72
b. Assist the Owner in obtaining proposals from Contractors, in preparing
abstract of bids and in awarding and preparing construction contracts.
c. When required in the contract, makes decisions on all claims of the Owner
and Contractor and on all other matters relating to the execution and
progress of work or the interpretation of the Contract Documents. Checks
and approves samples, schedules, shop drawings and other requirements
subject to and in accordance with the descriptive information and provi-
sions of the Contract Documents, prepares change orders, gathers and
turns over to the Owner written guarantees required of the Contractor or
sub-contractors.
d. Makes periodic visits to the project site to familiarize himself with the
general progress and quality of the work and to determine whether the
work is proceeding in accordance with the Contract Documents. He shall
not be required to make exhaustive or continuous 8-hour on-site super-
vision to check on the quality of the work involved and he shall not be
held responsible for the Contractor's failure to carry 0111 the construction
work in accordance with the Contract Documents Dunng such prOJect
site visits and on the basis of his observations he shall report to th~>
Owner defects and deficiencies noted in the work of Contractors, and
shall condemn work found falling to conform to the Contract Documents.
~ Based on \lts qb~ervalions and the Contractors Applications for Pay
tne.n! rte shall ~etermm~ the amount owing and due to the Contractor
¥JU ::.tlall1ssue corresponding Certificates for Payment for such amounts
These Cer11f1cates will constitute a certification to the Owner that the
work t1as progressed to the state indicated and that to his best knowl-
edge the quality of work performed by the Contractor is in accordance
with the Contract Documents He shall conduct the necessary inspection
to determine the date of substantial and final Certificate for Payrner:t to
the Contractor
Should more extensive or full-time (8-hour) construction superv1s1on be
required by the Owner, a separate full-time supervisor shall be hired and
agreed upon by the Owner and the Architect subject to the conditions
provided in the UAP Document on Full- Time Supervision. When the Ar-
chitect is requested by the Owner to do the full time supervision his ser-
vices and fees shall conform to the same UAP Docur.1ent
B. PAYMENT SCHEDULE
1. Payments on account of the Architect"s basic serv1ces shall be as fol-
lows:
a. Upon the signing of the Agreement a minimum payment equivalent to
five percent (5%) of the compensation for basic services.
b. Upon the completion of the Schematic Design Services but not more
than 15 days after submission of the Schematic Design to the Owner.
a sum equal to fifteen percent ( 15%) of the Basic Fee, computed upon
a reasonable estimated construction cost of the structure.
c. Upon the completion of the Design Development Services.but not more
than 15 days after submission of the Design Development to the owner,
73
a sum sufficient to increase the total payments on the fee to thirty-five
percent (35%) of the basic fee computed upon the same estimated
construction cost of the structure as in (b).
d. Upon the completion of the Contract Documents Services but not more
than 15 days after submission of the Contract Documents to the Owner,
a sum sufficient to increase the total payments on the fee to Eighty-
five percent ·(85%) of the Basic Fee ·computed upon a reasonable es-
timated construction cost of the structure as in (b).
e. Within 15 days after the awards of Bids, the payment to the Architect
shall be adjusted so that it will amount to a sum equivalent to eighty-
five percent (85%) of the Basic Fee, computed upon the winning Bid
price.
f. Upon the completion of the construction work, the balance of the
Architect's fee, computed on the Final Project Construction Cost of
the structure shall be paid.
2. The Owner shall make partial payments during each of the various stages
of the Architect's work, up9n request of the Architect, provided that such
payments are within the framework of the manner of payments outlined
above,
C. OWNER'S RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Provide full information .as to his requirements for the project.
2. Designate when necessary, representative authorized to act in his be-
half. Examine documents submitted by the Architect and render deci-
sions pertaining thereto promptly, to avoid unreasonable delay in the
progress of the Architect's work. Observe the procedure of issuing or-
ders to contractors only through the Architect.
3. Furnish or direct the Architect to obtain at the Owner's expense, a certi-
fied survey of the site, giving as may be required, topographical surveys,
grades and lines of streets, alleys, easements, encroachments, zoning,
and deed restrictions, boundaries, with dimensions and complete data
pertaining to existing buildings, and other improvements and full infor-
mation as to available utility service lines both public and private; and
test borings and pits necessary for determining subsoil conditions.
4. Pay for structural, acoustical, chemical, mechanical, soil mechanics or
other tests and reports as may be required for the project.
5. Pay for design and consultancy services on acoustic, communication,
electronic and other specialty systems which may be required for the
project.
6. Arrange and pay for such legal, auditing, and insurance counseling ser-
vices as may be required for the project.
7. Pay for all reimbursible expenses incurred in the project as called for in
Section 6 "Other Conditions on Services" and all taxes (not including
income tax) that the government may impose on the Architect as a result
of the services rendered by the Architect on the proje.ct whether the ser-
vice$ were performed as an individual practitioner, as a partnership or as
a corporation.
74
8. If the Owner observes or otherwise becomes aware of anything that may
impair the successful implementation of the project, he shall give prompt
written notice thereof to the Architect.
75
approval of the Design Development Documents, he shall be paid for
such expenses and services involved. The amount of compensation and
the extension of time for the completion of the documents shall be upon
mutual agreement of both parties.
7. Work Suspended or Abandoned
If the work of the Architect is abandoned or suspended, in whole or in
part, the Architect is to be paid by the Owner for the services rendered
corresponding to the fees due at the stage of suspension or abandon-
ment of the work.
The primary service of the Architect is the preparation of plans, specifi-
cations and other building construction documents whic_h are actually
sets of detailed instructions that shall serve as the basis for the Contrac-
tor to build the Project. Once the Architect has prepared all these docu-
ments, he has completed the Contract Documents Phase of his services
which is equivalent t') EIGHTY FIVE PERCENT (85%) of his work. The
remaining FIFTEEN PERCENT (15%) of his work is broken down as
follows:
TEN PERCENT (1 0%) for the Architect's liability under the Civil Code-
and - FIVE PERCENT (5%) for the construction phase serv:ce which
includes preparation of contract documents forms and periodic visits
during the construction.
When the OWNER therefore fails to implement the plans and document
for construction as prepared by the Architect, the Architect is entitled to
receive as compensation the sum corresponding tc. EIGHTY FIVE (85%)
PERCENT of his fee.
8. Different Periods of Construction
If portions of the buildings are erected at different periods of time, thus
increasing the Architect's construction phase period and burden of ser-
vices, the charges pertaining to services rendered during the construc-
tion phase shall be doubled. A suspension of constwction for a period
not exceeding six (6) months shall not be covered by this provi~ion.
9. Services of consultants
It .the Owner desires to engage special consultants, such consultants
shall be with the consent of the Architect and the cost of their services
shall be paid tor separately by the Owner and shall no! be deducted from
the fees due the Architect.
10. Separate Services
Should the Owner require the Architect to design or plar:1 movable or
fixed pieces of furniture, cabinets, covered walks, grottos, pools, land-
scaping and other items of similar nature, the Owner shall pay the Archi-
tect in addition to the Minimum Basic Fee, a compensation in the amount
of Fifteen percent (15%) otthe Construction Cost of the above work.
11. Full-Time Supervision
Upon recommendation of the Architect and with the approval of the uwner,
full-time construction inspectors as will be deemed necessary shall be
76
engaged and paid for by the Owner. The full-time construction inspec-
tors shall be under the technical control and supervision of the Architect
and shall make periodic reports to the Owner and to the Architect as to
the progress and quality of the work done.
12. Estimates
Any Statements of Probable Construction Cost, or any Semi-Detailed or
Detailed Cost Estimates submitted by the Architect is accurate only up to
a certain degree. This is so because the Architect has no control over the
cost of labor and materials, or the many factors that go into competitive
bidding.
13. Government Taxes on Services
The Architect's Fees as stipulated in Section 3 "Minimum Basic Fee" is
net to the Architect. Any tax that the government may impose on the
Architect as a consequence of the services performed for the Project
(exclusive of income tax) shall be paid by the Owner.
14. Ownership of Documents
All designs, drawings, models specifications and copies thereof, prepared
and furnished by the Architect in connection with any project are instru-
ments of professional service. As instruments of service they are the
property of the Architect whether work for which they were made may be
executed or not, and are not to be reproduced or used on the other work
except with a written agreement with the Architect.
This is in pursuance with the pertinent provisions of Republic Act 545
promulgated on June 17, 1950 and of Presidential Decree No. 49 on the
"Protection of Intellectual Property" issued on November 14, 1972.
15. Cost Records
During the progress of work the Owner shall furnish the Architect two (2)
copies of records of expenses being incurred on the construction, upon
completion of the project, the Owner shall furnish the Architect two (2)
copies of the summary of all cost of labor, services, materials, equip-
ment, fixtures and all items used at and for the completion of the con-
struction.
16. Design and Placement of Signs
All signboards of contractors, sub-contractors, jobbers and dealers that
shall be placed at the project site during the progress of construction
shall be approved by the Architect as to size, design and contents. After
the completion of the project, the Owner or his building lessee shall con-
sult the Architect for the design and size of all signboards, letterings,
directories and display boards that will be placed on the exterior or public
areas attached to the building, in order to safeguard the Owner's interest
that nothing will be installed inside or outside of the building that would
man tne safety and aesthetics of the structure.
17. Project Construction Cost
Project Construction Cost as herein referred to, means the cost of the
completed structure to the owner including plumbing and electrical fix-
77
tures. mechanical equipment, elevators, escalatC;rs, air-conditioning sys-
tem, automatic fire sprinkler system, alarm and rtock S~'stem, communi-
cations and electronic system, elements attacheJ to the building and all
items indicated in the drawings designed by or specified by the Architect
and his consultant. Other items if designed and planned by tr"le Architect,
such as movable or fixed pieces of furniture, cabinets, covered walks,
grottos, pools, landscaping and other items of similar nature are to be
paid for separately by the Owner to the Architect as stipulated in Section
6.1 0 (Separate Services).
The Project Construction Cost does not include any Architect's fee or
Engineer's fee or the salaries of the construction inspectors. When labor
or materials are furnished by the Owner below its market cost, the cost
of the work shall be computed upon such current market-cost.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
1. The Architect, upon designing a structure, houses specific activities by
78
controlling the spaces where these activities are to take place. The vari-
ous spaces are designed to make the space fit the specific mood and the
required activity.
Due to the discovery of new products and equipment. interior design has
become a field of specialization. As such it offers the following services.
a. Prescribes furniture and interior design finishes appropriate for differ-
ent activities and spaces and prepares furniture and furnishing layout.
b. Prepares the design and schedule of furniture giving their dimensions,
specifications and locations.
c. Assists the client in. conducting bids or negotiations with furniture fab-
ricators and other suppliers.
d. Checks and approves ·samples of materials and shop drawings of fur-
niture, furnishings, fixtures and decor items.
e. Conducts final inspection and approval of furniture and other items.
PAYMENT
1. For projects including extensive detailing such as furniture design built-
in equipment and special fittings, the Architect is paid 15% of the cost of
the work. The fee may however vary from 12% to 20% depending on the
complexity of the work to be undertaken.
2. The fee of the Architect as stipulated above includes the fee of the Con-
sultant working with the Architect.
3. Should the Client hire separately the services of the Consultant, the fee
of said Consultant shall be on the account of the Client and paid directly
by the Client. In such a case, the fee for the Architect for coordinating the
work and relating the work of the Consultant to the design concept of the
Architect will be 5% of the cost of the work.
4. "Cost of the Work" means the total cost of the items which were either
designed specified or procured by the Architect and his Consultant for
the Client, that were used or installed in the interiors of the building.
5. The Architect shall be paid on the following schedule:
a. Upon submission of the preliminary design-- 30% of the tee.
b. Upon submission of the final design- 50% of the fee.
c. Upon completion of the project- 20% of the fee.
79
As acoustic, communication and electronic engineering are fields of special-
ization, the allied professionals who wiH perform these services will serve as
consultants to the Architect and the Client.
The Architect shall coordinate their works and make certain that their inputs
will comply to the requirements of the project and shall Je compatible with
the architectural design concept of the Architect.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
The Architect and the Consultant offer the following services:
a. Prepare the drawings and specifications foF acoustic designs, acoustic treat-
ment, sound control, sound reinforcement, sound insulation and communi-
cation system.
b. Prepare specifications of electronic equipment.
c. Assist the client.in the bidding or negotiation of the work.
d. Check and approve samples of materials and equipment.
e. Conduct final inspection of work and equ1pment.
f. Assist the Client to evaluate the amount due the Contractor.
PAYMENTS
1. The fee for acoustic, communication and electronic engineering services
shall be from 10% to 15% of the cost of the work depending on the magni-
tude and complexity of the work required by the project.
2. The fee of the Architect as stipulated above includes the fee of the consult-
ants working with the Architect.
3. Should the Client hire separately the services of the consultants, the fee of
said consul.tants shall be on the account of the Client paid directly by the
Client. In such a case, the fee of the Architect for coordinating the works of
Consultants and relating their works with the design concept of the Architect
will the 5% of the "Cost of the Work".
4. "Cost of the Work" means the total cost of all equipment, utilities and other
items which were either designed, specified or produced by the Architect
and his Consultants for the Owner, that were used or installed in the project.
5. The Architect shall be paid on the following Schedule:
a. Upon submission of the preliminary design - 30% of the fee
b. Upon submission of the final design - 50% of the fee
c. Upon completion of the project- 20% of the fee.
80
Normally, landscaping of small projects can be done by the Architect and his
staff.
If the project, however, is big in scale, the Architect may hire other profes-
sionals Consultants.
SCOPE OF SERVICES
In order to come up with a well-balanced design of the enwonment, the Archi-
tect offers the following services:
a. Prepares the general ground modelling plan and planting layout.
b. Prepares drawings and specifications of needed utility lines.
c. Prepares schedule of shrubs, trees and other plants.
d. Prepare details of landscaping elements.
e. Assists the Client to evaluate the amount due the Contrar.tor.
PAYMENTS
1. The fee for landscape design services shall be from 10% to 15% of the cost
of the work depending on the magnitude and complexity of the work re-
quired by the project.
2. The fee of the Architect as stipulated above includes the fee of the Consult-
ants working with the Architect.
3. Should the Client hire separately the services of the consultant, the fee of
said Consultant shall be on the account of the Client and paid directly by the
Client. In such a case, the fee of the Architect for coordinating the works of
the Consultant and relating his work with the design concept of the Architect
will be 5% of the "Cost of the Work".
4. "Cost of the Work" means the total cost of all landscape work including the
cost of utilities, landscaping materials and development of the site.
5. The Architect shall be paid in the following schedule:
a. Upon submission of the preliminary design - 30% of the fee
b. Upon submission of the final design - 50% of the fee
c. Upon completion of the project - 20% of the fee
81
DEFINITION OF PHYSICAL PLANNING
Physical Planning is the art and science of ordering the use of land siting of
btlilding and communication routes to secure the maximum practicable degree
of economy, social amenities, convenience and aesthetics.
It is approached through a mechanism which integrates in time and space the
following components:
a. Physical, pertaining to the world of material things, the tangible and aes-
thetics.
b. Social, concerned with the condition of people.
c. Economic and administrative - including the science of management
and resources.
These components are used in reference to a smaller sca~e the siting of build-
ings and its influence c,n the neighboring areas to be affected.
82
e. Prepares budgetary estimate of cost of physical deveiopment.
f. Undertake modifications, revisions and changes as may be required.
g. Prepares Final Plans, Report and Specifications neeoed tor approval by the
proper government agencies concerned.
PHYSICAL PLANNING
SCHEDULE OF FEES
Type 1
Physical Planning for building sites such as Industrial Estates, Commercial
Centers, Sports complexes, Resorts, Tourist Centers, Amusement Parks, Edu-
cational Campuses, Institutional and Government Centers and Site Planning of
any complex consisting of several structures within a contiguous site.
• Basic rate for P 5,000 per hectare
the first 50
hectares or less
• Over 50 - P 250,000 plus
hectares up to P 4,500 per
100 hectares · per hectare in excess
of 50 hectares
Over 100 P 475,000 plus
hectares up to P 4,000 per
200 hectares hectare in excess
• Over 200 hectares P 875,000 plus
P 3,000 per
per hectare in excess
of 200 hectares
• All References to fixed amoun~ are based on the 1979 purchasing value
of the Peso. Adjustment of the fee shall be made at the time of the
contract due to inflation and other factors.
Type2
Subdivision Planning for housjng on properties within Metro-Manila, cities re-
gional centers and provincial capitals.
• Basic rate for - P 3,000 per
the first 100 hectares hectare
or less
• Over 100 hectare up - P 300,000 plus
to 200 hectares P 2,300 per
hectare in excess of
100 hectares
• Over 200 hectares - P 550,000 plus
P 2,000 per
hectare in excess of
200 hectares
83
Type3
Subdivision Planning for housing on properties located on other localities be-
side those under Type 2.
• Basic Rate for the - P 2,000 per
first 100 hectares or hectare
less
• Over 100 hectares up - P 200,000 plus
to 200 hectares P 1,500 per
hectare in excess
of 1 00 hectares
• Over 200 hectares - P 350,000 plus
P 1,000 per
hectare in excess
of 200 hectares
The rate stipulated under Article 5 above is based on the assumption that the
land to be developed is moderately flat. If the land is rugged with steep terrain
the fee shall increase by thirty percent (30%).
.
EXPERTISE
Planning calls for the detailed study of physical, social, economic and adminis-
trative components and as such requires the expertise and knowledge of other
specialists.
84
Comprehensive Planning Services is the range of all services offered by the
environrnental-pJanner from data base gathering to environmental impact state-
ments up to the formulation of the Master Development Plan.
In the formulation of the Master Development Plan, the following components
are to be consk.fered:
a. Physical COmponent
Concerned with land use and the changes which occur within the physical
environment (within the space where these activities take place).
b. Economic Component
Concerned with the nation's assets and 1ts management.
c. Socio-Cultural Component
Concerned with the people, their living conditions and the seeking of ways
to ameliorate it.
d. Transport Component
Concerned with the movement of people and goods from one place to
another.
e. Legal and Administrative Component
Concerned with the relationship of policies to the ex•sting laws
85
COMPENSATION FEES
As a specialized service, the Architect shall be compensatec' fer by the follow-
ing methods:
a. Professional Fee plus Expenses
The fee of the Architect- Planner for the Physical planning cor:1po ne nt is based
on the schedule prescribed under UAP Doc. 203-d "Physical Flanning Ser-
vices" while the fee for consuhants, researches and other out of pocket ex-
penses are·reimbursable to the Architect.
b. Multiple of Direct Personnel Expense
Refer to UAP Doc. 208-b "Methods of Compensation" for details.
1. LUMP SUM
CONiRACTS ........................ ( A. The person/s managing the
construction in behalf of the
owner. In here, the contract may
have been awarded to a Gen-
eral Contractor and the contrac-
tor is directly managed by the
management group.
2. UNIT PRICE
CONTRACT ........................... ( B. A pledge, a promise or assur-
ance with confidence that the
amount to be used in a con-
c;truction will not exceed the
specified cost whatever savings
made will be shared by the con-
tractor and' the owner.
86
the owner is responsible for
paying the bills, payroll, rent of
equipments.
5. ADMINISTRATION
CONTRACT ........................... ( E. With the price for goods or ser-
vices set at the cost of materi-
als, labor, etc. plus a specified
amount of profit.
6. MANAGEMENT
CONTRACT ........................... ( F. When the contractor is capable
and willing to finance the whole
project without any financial
help from the owner. The con-
tractor takes care of the design,
the construction including
changes, revisions, and just
turnover the finished building to
be paid.
7. GUARANTEED MAXIMUM
PLUS PARTICIPATION
ON SAVINGS ......................... ( G. After knowing the cost from add-
ing all receipts, payrolls, labor,
materials, etc., a specified per-
centage (%) is added.
87
price in the form of cash, certi-
fied check. manager's check, or
bank guarantee confirmed by a
local oanK. payable to the owner
as guarantee that the success-
ful bidd·Jr shall within 30 calen-
dar days from receipt of the
NOA or notice of award, enter
into contract with the owner and
furnish the performance bond.
5. SPECIAL
PROVISIONS ........................ ( E. This is a written notice to the
contractor if there is a decrease
in work due to deletion of work
items in the project, or where
there is a reclassification of any
existing item like earth excava-
tion to solid rock excavation, not
known at the time o; bidding, or
damage to structure due to
force majeure.
88
reputable Insurance Agency
equivalent to 10% of the con-
tract price, conditioned for the
Faithful compliance of the con-
tract and the satisfaction of ob-
ligations for materials used and
labor employed on the work,
and effective within a period of
one year.
~ APPROVEDAGENCY
ESTIMATE (AAE) .................. ( G. This include site development
plans, plans and profile sheet,
typical sections and details,
drainage details. structural
plans.
8. BID/TENDER
DOCUMENTS ....'.................... ( H. To determine the optimum
safety of structure and to mini-
mize possible earthquakes
dJmage.
89
13. BIDDER'S BOND ................... ( M. Each Office/Agency/Corp. shall
have in each head office or its
implementing offices a Prequa-
lification, bidding, evaluation of
bids and recommending award
of contracts. Each committee
shall be composed of chairman
and members.
14. PERFORMANCE
BOND .................................... ( N. When prices of materials,
wages, as per agreement or
contract goes up abnormally
(too high or great difference in
cost) or decreases. This is
based on fluctuation in the cost
of living, production, costs, etc.
15. LIQUIDATED
DAMAGES ............................. ( 0. A binding leg .... l agreement or a
moral responsibility, something
which a person is bound to do
or not to do as a result of such
an agreement or responsibility.
16. ESCALATION
CLAUSE ................................. ( P. This is made before prosecut-
ing any project, it shall be pre-
pared and submitted for ap-
proval. In no case shall con-
struction funds be ·emitted to
field office. or a project be
started before this is approved.
It includes e'Stimate of the work
items, quantities and costs and
PERT/CPM network of the
project activities.
90
2. PLANNING ............................. ( B. Planning the size of buildings in
regard to the ratio of net area to
gross area.
6. CRITICAL PATH
METHOD ............................... ( F. The function of coordinating in
a logical order all the activities,
persons, machines and materi-
als necessary to complete the
project.
91
for sufficient information to
clarify, to understand, to state
the problem solving. This is
problem seeking.
1. PROJECT FEASIBILITY
2. EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY ............................. ( B. Something involving a risk,
which is owned or done in com-
mon agreement with one or
more persons, groups, or gov-
ernment.
4. GENERAL
CONDITIONS ........................ ( D. Only, unshared or exclusive, a
person who has legal rights of
possession of land an object, or
a process of manufacture or dis-
tribution.
92
6. JOINT-VENTURE .................. ( F. Concerned with or relating to,
the feasibility or project study in
a digested form, or a compre-
hensive brief abstract (concise,
direct and prompt) usually con-
taining only 30 pages.
7. SOLE
PROPRIETORSHIP ............... { G. A list of materials supplied and
work done by a builder, engi-
neer or required for a project to
be carried out (a detailed de-
scription of an architect's list of
materials) and the procedure of
execution.
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle ~(•) of the correct answer to each question.
N. CONTRACTOR DOCUMENTS
93
2. If, during bidding, your client asked you to provide a A B C D
full-time staff member on the job site during construc-
tion you would be entitled to extra compensation
0000
under what provision would this be?
A. CONTRACT SUM
B. MULTIPLE OF D. UNITCOST
DIRECT BASED ON
PERSONNEL SQUARE
EXPENSE METER
94
and asks the Architecf what to do. What should be
done if the work is being performed under the terms
and conditions of the BUILDING CONTRACT?
95
D. The architect works for the owner in certain des-
ignated area with the authority to act on the
owner's behalf.
B. FAST-TRACK D. DESIGN-AWARD-
BUILD
II I. special supplementary
conditions
96
11. Which of the following would be used to formally in- A B C D
corporate a substitution into the work prior to the 0000
award of the contract?
B. ADDENDUM D. CONSTRUCTION
CHANGE DIRECTIVE
V. PERFORMANCE
BOND
comes rushing into the room three minutes late with his 00 (.) 0
bid. You have not begun to open the bids What should
you do?
97
B. Bidding is nearly always necessary for public works
or government project.
D. subcontractor bids
98
6. In what order should the following activities take place A B C D
during project closeout? 0000
1. preparation of the final certificate for payment
99
D. Notify the contractor that the equipment may be un-
dersized and have the contractor check on it. Ask
the mechanical engineer to verify the size of the unit
against the specifications and report to the architect.
Ill. scaffolding
100
12. If a contractor makes a claim for additional money due A B C D
to extra work cause by unforseen circumstances, the 0000
architect must respond within:
A. 5 days C. 10 days
1. The PROJECT MANUAL is a bound book containing all the contract and
non-contract documents for a construction project except the drawings The
project manual contains the technical SPECIFICATIONS, but it also includes
several other types of documents.
A. Organization of the Project Manual
The project manual is divided into four (4) major parts.
1. BIDDING REQUIREMENTS;
A more detailed list of contents of the project might include some o; Z1ll c_,!
the following:
• Bidaing requirements
• invitation to bid
• prequalification forms
• instruction to bidders
• information available to bidders
• bid forms
• Technical Specifications
2. SPECIFICATIONS
102
sections and other parts of the project manual. They are available in
written form and on computer disk.
A. Types of Specifications
There are two (2) broad categories of specifications.
1. Prescriptive - sometimes called closed
2. Performance- known as open
Performances specifications tell what results you want the final construc-
tion assembly to achieve, but they give the contractor some choice in how
they will be achieved.
The type you will select will depend on several factors Public projects al-
most require open specifications in order to encourage competitive bidding
In other cases, you may want to use a closed specification to ensure that
only one particular product is used. Whether the job 1s bid or a negotiated
contract may also affect your choice with bidding, you want to allow the
contractor as much choice as possible so he or she can find the lowest
price within the context of the specification requirements,
103
This means that th~ntractor may submit a proposed substitution but
it is subject to review and approval by the architect before it can be
incorporated into the bid. Although this gives the contractor some free-
dom in looking for lower priced alternates, it also puts the burden for
finding them on the contractor. However, the responsibility for fairly and
accurately evaluating the proposed alternates is placed on the archi-
tect or owner.
For example, in specifying gypsum wallboard you can state that all gypsum
wallboard products must meet the requirements of ASTM C36. This par-
ticular document describes in great detail the requirements for gypsum wall-
board so you do not have to repeat it and can inste;:~d refer to generally
recognized industry standard.
Reference standard specifications are fairly easy to write and are generally
short. Chances for errors are redL.lced and your liability minimized because
you are using industry standards ahd generally recognized methods of build-
Ings
104
ness, tolerances, size required and all the other required properties. It would
then be up to the contractor and manufacturer to design and develop a
system to meet the criteria.
Performance specifications are difficult to write because the specifier must
know all the criteria, state the methods for testing compliance, and be
prepared for the cost consequences.
105
Q. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
2. A performance specification: A B C 0
106
Ceiling suspension main runners: 112 inches steel
channels, cold rolled.
107
II. For the contractor, drawings are more binding than
the specifications if there is a conflict.
108
. AREA ''A''
PARTIV THEORYAND
PRINCIPLES OF
PLANNING
AREA "A" PART IV
DIRECTION: Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. Shade
the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
WHfF:L PATTERN
110
3. This pattern has no central focus or apparent overall A B C D
organization scheme. Development takes place in 0000
an amorphous network of highways and natural
features.
B. CONNECTION D. CIRCUMFERENTIAL
PATTERN PAITERN
B. MEGALOPOLIS D. PHILOPOLIS
A. OREAMABILITY C. IMAGEABILITY
B. PERMEABILITY D. LINKABILITY
111
lmageability is the quality of a physical enviiOnment that
gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in
the mind of a given observer. For example, the hills of
Baguio City are part of the image of that city that in the
minds of most people who visit it or live there. Five basic
elements of the urban image are the following: these
are created by components of the city.
A. ROAD C. LINE
B. STRAIT D. PATH
A. EDGES B. FENCES
B. RIMS C. WALLS
A. BARANGAYS C. PARKS
B. DIVISIONS D. DISTRICTS
A. CLUSTERS C. NODES
B. CAMPS D. CENTROIDS
112
11. are similar to nodes in that they are A B C D
point references, but people cannot enter them they
are viewed from the exterior. A tower, monument,
0000
building, or natural feature can be this.
A. SPECIAL C. BENCHMARK
STRUCTURES
113
14. . This refers to the number of people A B C D
per unit of area. For example, a city might be referred
to as having a group of 500 people per hectare. This
0000
refers only to a ratio, not the total number of people
or how they are distributed. The 5,000 people could
be evenly distributed over the hectare or they could
all be housed in a few high:rise buildings in one part
of the land parcel.
A. CAPACITY C. MASSING
B. VOLUME D. DENSITY
A. TERRITORIALITY C. STAKING
B. OWNERSHIP D. TITLING
114
8.1. COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON DESIGN
B. CATCHMENTS D. DISTRIBUTION
AREAS AREAS
A. MOBILIZATION C. TRANSPORTATION
B. TRAVELING D. EGRESS
A. NEIGHBORHOOD C. COMMUNE
B. BARANGAY
\
D. ORGANIZATION
115
4. include such places as schools, shops, A B C D
fire stations, churches, post offices, and recreational
centers. Their availability, locatior and relative
0000
importance in a neighborhood can affect how a site
is developed.
A. ENVIRONMENT C. TOPOGRAPHY
B. CONTOUR D. SLOPES
116
7. The slope of the land at a certain point is represented A B C D
in percent. Each percent being (1'-0") 0.30 M. of
vertical rise for every 33M. (100 feet) of horizontal
0000
distance. The slope is found by using the formula
A. 15.20% C. 14.00%
B. 20.25% D. 18.75%
A. EXISTING C. GEOLOGICAL
FEATURES FEATURES
B. NATURAL D. MAN-MADE
FEATURES FEATURES
A. NATURAL C. SIPHONAGE
DRAINAGE
117
C. TRANSPORTATION AND UTILITY INFLUENCES
A. AGGREGATE C. ORGANIZER
B. TWO-WAY D. COLLECTOR
A. WEB C. CIRCUMFERENTIAL
B. ARTERIAL D. BATTERY
A. HIGHWAY C. EXPRESSWAY
118
5. The availability and location of lines A B C D
can influence site design of site analysis should 0000
include a determination of the types of public access
available, whether bus, subway, rail line, or taxi stop,
and the location relative to the site. Building
entrances and major site features should be located
conveniently to these lines.
A. TRAIN C. JEEPNEY
A. UTILITIES C. SERVICES
B. FACILITIES D. COMPANIES
A. CITY C. MUNICIPAL
ADMINISTRATION FACILITIES
119
D. CLIMATIC, ECOLOGICAL, LEGAL AND ECONOMIC
INFLUENCES
B. WEATHER D. MACROCLIMATE
FORECAST
A. MINICLIMATIC C. MICROCLIMATIC
120
buildings. The effect of a building on blocking sunlight
from adjacent buildings should be studied. Similarly,
the development should avoid any possible annoying
reflection or glare on neighboring buildings.
A. BIOLOGY C. ECOLOGY
B. ZOOLOGY D. GEOGRAPHY
A. ZONING C. TITLING
B. PARTITIONING D. SEPARATING
A. EMBANKMENT C. EASEMENT
B. LEVEE D. ESTADLISHMENT
122
10. A is the legal right of one party or the A B C D
public to traverse land belonging to another. In its
most common form, this refers to the public land used
0000
for streets and sidewalks. The boundary of this legal
right usually corresponds to the property line of
adjacent property owners.
A. DEED C. UNLAWFUL
RESTRICTIONS CONSTRUCTION
123
.,..1·---- 90.0 M - - - - r • j
I :----------_______ - - - - - -
I
1
- t - 9.00 M rear setback
~
g J._
I
A. 2STORIES C. 4STORIES
B. 3STORIES D. 5 STORIES
~~----~_.~~~~----~ I I I
126 0 1.50 3.00
A. 27 PERCENT C. 67 PERCENT
127
A-A convex slope B-B valley
129
~'
--,----,~~'-
l rproperty line
f--------
I
1
--- -----
--~--
-- ?:-!,
------
----
-----
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94
existing contour _j -- - - --- - ---- _,
1.
------------~~:·
----------- _/=tour 1 9?
I
98
-+-------
fill to avoid the expense and problems with removing or hauling in soil.
Generally, it is better to orient the length of a building parallel to the direction
of the contours rather than perpendicular to them in order to minimize
excavation costs.
Both existing contour lines and new contour lines are shown on the same
plan: The existing lines are shown dashed and the new ones solid. At the
property lines, the contour lines must match up with the existing contours at
adjacent properties or retaining walls must be built.
2. CLIMATE
130
cold months receives about three times the solar energy as the east and
west sides, while in the summerthe east and west facades of a building
receive about twice the energy as the north and south combined.
For most northern hemisphere locations, the best orientation for a building
is to have its principal facade facing sot:h or slightly east or west of !'outh.
An orientation about 25 degrees east cf t.outh is considered ideal to balance
the desired heat gains in the cold months and to minimize the excessive
heat gains on the east and west facades during the summer .
•
I
' /
- ·~- !ummer sun
/'-',
I
SUMMER MONTHS
wtnter sun
COLD MONTHS
SOUTH WALL SUN CONTORL
Overhangs can be used to control the sun in the summer but let it strike the
building and glass areas in the cold months for passive solar heating.
Deciduous trees can also be used to shield low buildings from the sun in
the summer while allowing sunlight through in the cold months.
On east and west facades, however, vertical sun baffles are more effective
than overhangs because the sun is at a lower angle during the morning and
afternoon hours in the summer. Louvers can also be used to shield a builai'ng
and its interior from the sun. Either exterior or interior louvers and shades
are effective, but exterior louvers are more efficient since they block the
sunlight before it enters the space.
In addition to building position, solar orientation can also influence outdoor
activities. In hot humid climates, it is better to locate such activities as patios
outdoor restaurants, and the like where they receive shade from the bltilding
or trees. In cold climates building entries are best placed on the south where
direct sun hit the pathway. (in winter, to melt ice and snow).
The orientation of a building, and locations of windows, plazas and other
elements can either take advantage of cooling breezes in hot, hu;nid climates
during summer or shield the building and occupants fr')m cold winds in the
cold months.
Shielding a building as much as possible from cold month's winds can reduce
the heat loss through the walls, while providing for natural ventilation can
help cool the building during the summer. Wind breaks can be formed with
vegetation, buildings, or other man-made site elements suc.h as screens
and fences.
131
3. DRAINAGE
Any development of site interrupts the existing drainage pattern and creates
additional water flow by replacing naturally porous ground with root area
and paving. The architect must provide for any existing drainage pattern
through the site and account tor additional storm water that does not seep
into the ground, which is called "RUNOFF". The site design must also create
positive drainage away from the building, parking areas, and walks to avoid
flooding, erosion, and standing water.
The two (2) basic types of drainage are "ABOVEGROUND" and
"UNDERGROUND".
ABOVEGROUND drainage involves sheet flow gutters built into roadways
and parking areas, ground swales as part of the landscaping, and channels.
UNDERGROUND drainage utilizes perforated drains and enclosed storm
-'sewers that carry the runoff from the site to a municipal storm sewer system
or to a natural drainage outlet, such as a river.
"SHEET FLOW" is simply the drainage of water across a sloping surface,
whether it is paved, grass, or landscaped. In most case, sheet flow is directed
to gutters or channels, which are them emptied into a natural water course
or storm sewer.
Gutters are often. used because they can be built along ~tith the roadway or
parking area and naturally follow the same slope as the paved surface.
They can easily be drained into sewers which also typically follow the path
of roads.
Areas for surface drainage require minimum slopes to provide for positive
drainage.
Stoges in Percent
min. preferred max.
ground areas for drainage 2.0 4.0
grass areas for recreation 2.0 3.0
paved parking areas 1.5 2.5 5.0
roads 0.5 8.0
sanitary sewers (depends on size) 0.5-1.5
approach walks to buildings 1.0 4.0
Landscaped slopes 2.0 50.0
Underground systems use piping with a minimum slope of 0.3 percent. The
storm drains collect water from roof downspouts, drains inlets, catch basins,
and drain tiles surrounding the building foundation. A drain inlet simply allows
storm water to run directly into the storm sewer.
132
A catch basin has a sump built into it so that debris will settle instead of
flowing down the sewer. Periodically, the sump must be cleaned out. Large
storm sewer systems require manholes for service access and are located
wherever the sewer changes direction, or a maximum of 166 meters apart.
Storm sewers are comp•etely separate from sanitary sewers.
The capacity of a drainage system is based on the size of the area to be
drained, the runoff coefficient (that fraction of water not absorbed), and the
amount of water to be drained during the most severe storm being used in
the design. Frequently, the system is planned for 25-yeci.r storms; other
times a 10-year storm is used. These periods are simply the average
frequency at which storms of a particular magnitude are likely to occur.
If the site development creates a runoff in excess of the capacity of the existing
municipal storm sewer or natural drainage course. a holding pond may be
needed on the site. This collects the site runoff and releases it into the sewer
system at a controlled rate without letting the excess water flood other areas.
4. UTILITIES
Determine the location of existing utilities prior to beginning design. These
may include, but are not limited to, sanitary sewer lines, storm sewers, water
lines, gas, electricity, steam, telephone, and cable television. It possible,
the building should be located to minimize the length of utility lines between
the structure and the main line.
Sanitary sewers and storm sewers usually take precedence in planning
because they depend on gravity flow. The "INVERT" or lowest, elevations
of the existing public sewer line should be established, since the effluent
must flow from the lowest point where the sewer line leaves the building to
the main sewer. This portion of the horizontal piping of the sanitary sewer
system outside the building is known as the "BUILDING SEWER". The actual
connection of the building sewer to the main line must occur above the
invert of the main line at any given point in order not to interfere with the
free flow.
The minimum slope of the building sewer is 0.5 to 2.0 percent depending
on the size of the pipe; a greater slope is required for smaller pipes. In
some cases, the run of the building sewer will have to be longer than the
shortest distance between the building and the main line simply to intercept
the main line at a point low enough to allow for proper slope.
133
-:-----
~
G.
#'~
~
PJ<:f'"/;/
j
/
I
:
'-
t
"""-- nouse sewer
invert 92.0'
I
I
~-- -~ // __ ;.0099per~:~~_j
"' ,/// ~~ main line slope lY.!%
~----- /__ -- -- -- --- -o
30.00M '\
Invert theoretical shortest
Actual rpquired house 27.45 M distance from building
sewer;needs to intercept to sewer I i ne
main sewer down line
where it has dropped
sufficiently to allow house
sewer to drain into it. Shortest line dropping at
..!
8 "/ It . for 80' length ( 10")
At ..! "/ ft. for .0099/m for 24.04 length
8
(0.24 m) would intercept
approximately 130 feet,
main line at 27.40 m -
(.0099/m). the house
too low to drain into line.
sewer invert where it
intersects the main line is
about 27.20 m (90.7 ft.)
5. CIRCULATION
There are three major types of "SITE CIRCULATION"·
a. AUTOMOBILE
b. PEDESTRIAN
c. SERVICE
A. Automobile Circulation
Planning for automobile circulation includes locating the entry drives to
the site and providing on-site roads to reach the parking areas and the
building drop-off point. The entire automobile circulation system should
provide direct, easy access to the parking areas and building without
excessive drives, turnarounds, dead ends, or con11icts with service ar-
eas and pedestrian circulation.
The size of the site, its relationship to existing public roads, and the
expected traffic will help determine whether vou should use a one-way
loop system with two entry drives or a two-way system with one entry
134
drive. In either case, you should lay out the roads so a driver can go
directly to the parking area, drop-off point, or loading area. Forcing traf-
fic through the parking area to get to the loading or the drop-off area
should be avoided.
Entry drives to the site should be as far away as possible.trom street
intersections and other intersecting roads. This is to avoid conflicts with
vehicles waiting to turn and to avoid confusion about where to turn. Roads
should be of sufficient width to make driving easy and to allow two ve-
hicles to pass. Curves should be gradual, following the natural topogra-
phy and there shou!d be no blind curves.
'
~
I II
t
l n I
' ' I
one- rwo-way
way
12'
3.60-4.00 7 20-8.00 min. SO M
from public
•ntersectJon
Dnveway entries cul-de-sac :urnarcunc
Unless the slope is very gentle, roads shouid not ce laid out perpendicu-
larto ~he slope but across it slightly to minimize the grade. Limit roads to
a maximum slope of 15 percent for short distances, although 10 percent
or less is preferable. If a road does slope more than 10 percent there
should be transition slopes of one-half of the maximum slope between
the road and level areas. Ramps crossing sidewalks must have a level
area between the ramp and the sidewalk.
Roads should have a gradual slope, a minimum of f ~nch per foot (.0198
per meter), for drainage from the center of 'he roadway. called the
"CROWN" to the sides. If the road has a gutter. it should be 15 em. high.
) \\
level area before )
cross•ng Sidewalk
\
< 10%
preferred
15% max. ~
-::-+-- j_ t--'"""
~ \/~
L,\ crown
down \ \
\ I ,
96 94 92 90 88
(a) automobile ramps (bl representation of road wit~ gutters on contour map
135
B. Pedestrian Circulation
Like roadways, pedestrian circulation should provide convenient, direct
access from the various points on the site to the building entrances. If
connections with adjacent buildings, public sidewalks, public transpor-
tations, stops, and other off-site points are required, the circulation sys-
tem must take these into account as well.
SIDEWALKS should provide for the most direct paths from one point to
another since people will generally take the shortest route possible.
Pedestrian circulation paths should not cross roads, parking lots, or other
areas of potential conflict. There should be collector walks next to park-
ing areas so people can travel from their cars directly to a separate
walk.
When these walks are next to parking where cars can overhang the
walk, it should be a minimum of 6 feet (1.80 M) wide. Required ameni-
ties such as seating, trash containers, and lighting should be provided.
/ slope 6.352 mm
per 0.31 M
19.056 mm tor
rainage across walk
< >--.
~40M main walk
minimum slopes·
6% preferred elsewhere
8% absolute maximum (1 :12)
136
Changes in elevation are accomplished with ramps and stairs. There
must be provisions for making the site accessible to the physically dis-
abled. When a ramp and adjacent stairway serve the same areas, the
bottom and top of the ramp and stairway should be adjacent to each
other if possible. As with walks, stairways and ramps should be illumi-
nated.
C. Service Circulation
Service and automobile circulation should be kept separate. Service
access is typically related to some space in the building program. Ser-
vice trucks may use the same entry and drives as automobiles (unless
specifically stated), but the loading area should be separate.
1 c:
max. slope
(a) ramps
6. PARKING
Plan parking so it is efficient, convenient to the building, and separate from
pedestrian circulation. The size of the site, topography, location of entry
drives to the property, and relationship to the service drive and building
drop-off area will determine the location of the parking area. The number of
cars to be parked is determined by requirements of the zoning ordinance or
by the building program.
The basic planning unit for parking is the size of a car. The standard size is
2.70 m wide and 5.70 m long for standard-size cars and 2.25 m wide and
4.50 m long for compact cars.
Layouts for two types of parking are shown below. Ninety degree parking is
the most efficient in terms of land use, but angled parking is easier to use,
forces a one-way circulation pattern, and requires less tot;;;: .vidttl, tor either
a single-or-double-loaded layout. Dead-end parking areas require a back-
up space and are only appropriate for parking a few cars. The most efficient
layouts are those that use double-loaded configurations or that utilize a
drive as the back-up space.
137
provide handrail
over 4 riws
30" to 34"
or where icy
conditions exist
minimum 3 risers
-lg·j-
~J
meximum 10 risers between landings
-:---n
' - loaded
I loading doc
~ IIIIQ
1
I
35' tO SO'!
I
I
lal go• parking
'
45' radius for I
straight bodY :ruck 35' to 50' I 19.81
·I 32.8' -
52.6'
13' ._.. one-y doUble
toedllf.
I
I
-'- ---~
-,-
12':o 14'
one-.Ney
138
Unless otherwise required by the program, you must include at least one
parking space for the physically disabled. This space should be located
close to the building entrance and be identified with the international symbol
for accessibility.
__ j _______ 3_________________ _
36" min. accessible route
curb·
~ ~
tv
ramp
1:12
marking
(or sign I
a· s·
---'----,--- j
Establish drainage in parking areas as part of the site design. The minimum
slope should be 1X percent with a maximum slope of 5 percent. but for
convenience in calculating, use 2 or 3 percent when figuring parking slopes.
Water should drain toward the edges of the parking area where it can run
off into the landscaping be collected and diverted to storm sewers or other
natural water courses.
One useful rule of thumb is that the change in elevation from one side of a
double-loaded parking area to the other ( 19.00 m) for a minimum 1X percent
slope is one foot (0.31). With an absolute maximum of a 5 percent slope,
the maximum change in elevation for (19.00m) is about (0.91) or 3 feet.
This is a useful way to quickly check you new contour lines when designing
a parking area.
139
92----------------------------
91
-------------------
:~~~~~~~~}~=~~~-~~~~F
break in curb _ /
required for
drainage
(a) drainage perpendicular to length of lot
92 91 90 89 88 87
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center
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140
7. LANDSCAPING
Landscaping is a vital part of site development. In addition to its purely
aesthetic qualities, landscaping can improve energy conservation, moderate
noise, frame desirable views, block undesirable views, create privacy, fashion
outdoor spaces, provide shade, retard erosion. and visually connect a
building to its site. It is also required in some communities.
Deciduous trees block sunlight in summer while allowing it to enter a building
in the cold months, when leaves fall. Trees can also moderate the wind and
thereby reduce heat loss from wall surfaces. If trees are employed as a
windbreak, evergreens should be used so they are still effective in the cold
months.
Grass, shrubs and ground cover lower the ALBEDO of the site. Albedo is
that portion of the radiant energy that is reflected as it falls on a surface.
Combined with the low conductivity of plant materials, a well-landscaped
site can reduce the daytime temperature around the building significantly
and in some cases raises the night time temperature slightly.
Plants are like any other design material in that they have form, size, color.
texture, and other qualities that can serve the purposes of the designer and
create the k·ind of image desired. Unlike other materials, however, plant
grow.
The mature size and height of the tree or shrub must be known so adequate
spacing between plants and buildings can be provided. Generally, planting
strips with trees in parking areas and between other paved areas should be
at least 2.10 m wide while landscaping strips for grass or ground covers
between paved areas should be at least 1.20 M wide.
Because most trees and shrubs take so long to grow, save existing healthy
landscaping whenever possible, especially large trees. The contours of the
land cannot be changed around existing trees. so careful planning is
necessar}-. Trees and other •landscaping also need protection during
construction.
8. PROPERTY DESCRIPTIONS
A method of describing the boundaries of a site is called the METES and
BOUNDS description. The title of the land describes the boundaries and
the corresponding length of line, as well as the direction of line bearings
referred to by the number of degrees, minutes, and seconds the line is
located either east or west of a north-south line. This also gives the area of
the lot in square meters.
Another system starts with a set of east-west lines called the "PARALLELS"
that follow the lines of latitude of the earth and with a set of north-south
lines called "MERIDIANS".
Example, a parcel of land Lot 18 containing an area of 912.60 sq. meters
located in BAGUIO bounded on the NW by Lot 19, on the NE by Lot 25, on
the SE by Lot 17 and on the SW by a street beginning at a point 1 . from B.L.
141
S-25°, 32' 03"E .1.700 from lrisan Line Quarry; N-65° 08' 42" w35.00 m to
pt.21 thence S 54° 35' 04" W 25.80 m tc pt.4; thence S 35°-29' 01"E 27.00
m to pt. 4 thence N 54°-48' 08"E 41.80 m to pt. of beginning 1.
~N
N
I
---r-=7 w,] L~17
w--+--- --+--·-=." E
s
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
N I
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LOT18
912.60 SQ.M.
•EL39.50M.
' '
' '
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142
"VIEws· are also an important consideration. Pleasant, desirable views
can be used to ·advantage, either as seen from important spaces within the
building or from outdoor spaces. Undesirable views can be avoided by
planning the building so service spaces or less important spaces face them.
Off-site sources of noise can be similarly avoided by minimizing fenestration
near the noise source.
Quite frequently, buildings are located in order to fall on an important axis
with surrounding structures or to complete the enclosure of a major outdoor
space. The site-planning process should not overlook these· kinds of symbolic
criteria.
''·' North
10
t
8
6
4
4
2 0 2
143
A. C.
B. D.
144
IV. limiting parking area traffic to a single entrance away
from pedestrian walks
9.
t A
0000
B C D
145
10. If land is limited, which of the following is the best way to A B C D
plan parking lots?
0000
A. two-way circulation with 90-degree parking on both
sides of a drive
B. INVERT D. CROWN
A. DEFINITIONS
146
3. CONDOMINIUM PROJECT - shall mean the entire parcel of real
property divided or to be divided primarily for residential purposes into
condominium units, including all structures thereon.
147
11. REGISTRATION - all contracts to sell, deeds of sale and other similar
instruments relative to the sale or conveyance of the subdivision lots
and condominium units, whether or not the purchase price is paid in
full, shall be registered by the seller in the office of the REGISTER OF
DEEDS of the province or city where the property is situated.
13. HLRB (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board)- has the power
to approve subdivision plans.
PARAMETERS PD957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
1. PROJECT LOCATION WITHIN SUITABLE SITES FOR HOUSING
AND OUTSIDE POTENTIAL HAZARD
PRONE AND PROTECTION AREAS
2. LAND ALLOCATION
(Percentage of Gross Area,
One hectare and Above)
a. Saleable area a. 70% (maximum)
b. Non-saleable area b. 30% (minimum)
Mandatory allocation for parks and play
grounds per tabulation below:
b.1 Area allocated for Density % of Gross Area
parks and playgrounds (No. of Lots/ Allocated for Parks
(one hectare and above) Dwelling Units and Playgrounds
per Hectare)
20 & below 3.5%
21-25 4.0%
26-35 5.0%
26-50 6.0%
148
51-65 7.0 o/o
Above 65 9.0 %
Note: In no case shall the area be less
than 100 sqm.
b.2 Area Allocated for
Community Facilities VARIABLE
b.3 Circulation System Observe hierarchy of roads
3. MINIMUM AREAS
a. Single Detached 100 square meters
b. Duplex/Single Attached/
Semi-Detached 75 sq.m./unit
c. Rowhouse 50 sqm.
4. MINIMUM LOT FRONTAGE
a. Single-Detached
a.1 corner lot 12m.
a.2 regular lot 10m.
a.3 irregular lot 6m.
PARAMETERS PD957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
b. Duplex/Single Attached/ 7.5m.
Semi-Detached
c. Rowhouse 3.5m.
5. LENGTH OF BLOCK a. maximum length is 400 m. (for subdivi-
sion projects with lot component only)
b. blocks exceeding 250 m. shall be pro-
vided with alley
NOTE: FOR ROWHOUSES, THERE SHALL BE A MAXIMUM OF 20 UNITS
BUT IN NO CASE BE MORE THAN 100 METERS IN LENGTH.
6. ROADS RIGHT-OF-WAY (ROW)* ROW CARRIAGEWAY
a. Major 12.0 m. 8.0
b. Minor 10.0m. 6.0m.
c. Motorcourt (Cul-de-sac, 6.0m.
branch, loop, "Tee")
d. Alley 4.0m.
e. ROW of access to interior lot 3.0m.
149
*Right-<>f-Way (ROW) of major roads shall be increased as project size increases.
ROW shall not be lower than ROW of public road.
NOTE: 1. INTERIOR SUBDIVISION PROJECT MUST SECURE RIGHT-OF-
WAY TO THE NEAREST PUBLIC ROAD.
2. SUBDIVISION PROJECTS WITH DIRECT ACCESS TO A MAIN
PUBLIC ROAD MUST PROVIDE SUFFICIENT SETBACK TO
ACCOMMODATE LOADING AND UNLOADING OF
PASSENGERS.
3. SUBDIVISION PROJECT s:;ALL PROVIDE PROVISION FOR
FUTURE EXPANSION (SEE TEXT)
7. MAXIMUM SIZES OF PROJECT
PER HIERARCHY OF ROADS
Project Size Range:
2.5 has. & below major road, minor road, MOTOR
COURT, alley
Above 2.5 - 5 has. major road, minor road, MOTOR
COURT, alley
Above 5 - 10 has. major road, minor r::>ad, MOl OR
COURT, alley
Above 15 - 30 has. major road, minor road, MOTOR
COURT, alley
Above 30 has. major road, minor road, MOTOR
COURT, alley
PARAMETERS PO 957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
8. ROAD SPECIFICATIONS:
a. Planting Strip/Sidewalks Planting Strip Sidewalk
a.1 Major Road (each side) 1.0 m. 1.0 m.
a.2 Minor Road (each side) 1.0 m. 1.0 1.1.
NOTE: REFER TO SUPPLEMENTARY RULES AND REGULATIONS TO
IMPLEMENT PD 953[HLRBA.O. NO. 02, SERIES OF 1994 (12APRIL)]
b. Road Payment
b.1 Major concrete/asphalt
b.2 Minor concrete/asphalt
b.3 Motor Court concrete/asphalt
b.4 Sidewalks concrete/asphalt
b.5 Alley concrete/asphalt
150
9. WATER SUPPLY Mandatory connbction to appropriate pub-
lic water supply system, or community sys-
tem if available; or Centralized water sup-
ply systdm.
NOTE: Each subdivision must have.at least
one operational deepwell which shall pro-
vide sufficient capacity equal to the Maxi-
mum Daily Demand
a. Minimum Water 150 liters per capita per day for household
Supply Requirement connection
b. Fire Protection Demand Provision for fire protection shall comply
with the requirements of the National Fire
Protection Code.
10. Drainage System underground
• The drainage system must conform with
the natural drainage pattern of the
subdivision site, and shall drain into
appropriate water bodies, public
drainage system or natural outfalls.
11. Sewage Disposal System
a. Septic Tank Individual septic tank conforming to
standard design of the Sanitation Code.
b. Connection to Community Whenever applicable, connections shall be
Sewer System made to an approved public or community
sewer system subject to the requirements
and provisions of the Sanitation Code and
other applicable rules and regulations with
regards to materials and installation
practices.
PARAMETERS PD 957
OPEN MARKET HOUSING
12. POWER SUPPLY Mandatory individual household connection
to primary and alternate sources of power
if service is available in the locality.
Installation practices, materials and fixtures
used shall be in accordance with the pro-
vision of the electrical code and the local
utility company.
13. GARBAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM Provide sanitary and efficient refuse col-
lection and disposal system whether inde-
pendently or in conjunction with the local
government garbage collection and dis-
posal services.
151
14. SHELTER COMPONENT
a. Minimum Floor Area
a.1 Single/Detached Shall conform with the National Building
Code a'ld Local Zoning Ordinance
a.2 Duplex!.
Semi-Detached/
Single Attached
a.3 Rowhouse
b. Minimum Level
of Completion
b.1 Single Detached Complete house
t).2 Duplex/ Complete house
Semi-Detached/
Single Attached
b.3 Rowhouse Complete house
15. SETBACKS/EASEMENTS
a. Front 3m.
b. Side 2m.
c. Rear 2m.
d. Abutments May be allowed per requirements of
National Building Code
152
AREA ''B''
PART I STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
~~~-------
DIRECTION: Read the items below and place the letter of the correct matched letter
in the parenthesis indicated herein.
1 . WOOD JOIST
SYSTEM ........................... ( A. Another manufactured product
is a wood member manufac-
tured with individual layers of
thin veneer glued together. It
is used primarily for headers
over large opening, and singly
or built-up for beams.
3. MANUFACTURED
JOISTS ............................. ( C. When the span of the flat slab
is large, or the live loads are
heavier, flat plates require drop
panels (increased slab thick-
ness around the columns) to
~rovide Qreater resistance
against punching shear fail-
ures. Column capitals (trun-
cated pyramids or cones) are
sometimes also used to
handle punching shear as well
as large bending moments in
154
the slab in the vicinity of the
columns_
4. MANUFACTURED
FRAMING MEMBER ······-· ( D. This is the most common use
of solid wood beams, in which
members of 100 mm. (4") or
150 mm (6") nominal width
span between girders or bear-
ing walls at s·pacings of 1.20,
1.80 and 2.40 M. wood deck-
ing, either solid or laminated is
used to span between the
beams with the underside of
the decking being the finished
ceiling_ The normal maximum
span for the beams is 3.00 to
6.00 M
5. TRUSSED.
WOOD JOISTS ................ ( E. The space between joists is
usually spanned with plywood
subflooring on which
underlayment is placed in
preparation for finish flooring
because joists are slender,
they must be laterally sup-
ported to avoid twisting. Maxi-
mum intervals of no more than
2.4 meters are recommended.
6. PLYWOOD
BOXED BEAM .................. ( F. This functions in a manner
similar to a steel system in
which the slab is supported by
intermediate beams which are
carried by large girders. Typi-
cal spans are in the range of
4.5 M. to 9 M. This allows pen-
etrations and openings to be
made in the slab.
7. STRESSED
SKIN PANEL. .................... ( G. Here, the slab is designed and
reinforced to span in both di-
rections directly into the col-
umns. Because loaJs increase
near the columns and there is
no provision to· increase the
thickness of the concrete or
155
the reinforcing at the columns,
this system is limited to light
loads and short spans up to
7.5 M with slabs ranging from
150 to 300 mm.
8. STEEL BEAM
AND GIRDER
SYSTEM ........................... ( H. Any structural system consist-
ing of two or more materials
designed to act together to re-
sist loads. This system of con-
struction is employed to utilize
the best characteristics of the
individual materials. Rein-
forced concrete construction is
the most typical of this system
of construction, but others in-
clude steel deck and concrete,
concrete slab and steel beam
systems, and open-web steel
joists with wood chord.
9. OPEN-WEB STEEL
JOIST SYSTEM ............... ( I. This system is composed or
formed of pre-fabricated, reus-
able metal or fiberglass forms
which allow construction to
proceed faster than with cus-
tom wood forms. This pre-fab
slabs are often left unexposed
with lighting integrated into the
cotters. This system can pro-
vide support for heavier loads
at slightly longer spans up to
12M.
156
are from 0.3 M. to 0.90 M. a
common spacing is 0.60 M.
12. CONCRETE
FLAT PLATE ..................... ( L. This k1nd of steel joist span be-
tween beams or bearing wall.
Standard joists can span up to
18 M. with long span joists
spanning up to 28 M., and
deep long span joists capable
of spanning up to 43 M.
Depths range from 200 mm. to
750 mm. in 50 mm. incre-
ments. Mechanical and elec-
trical service pipes and ducts
can easily be run between the
members.
13. CONCRETE
FLAT SLAB ....................... ( M. In this system, large members
span between vertical sup-
ports and smaller beams are
framed into them. The girders
span the shorter distance
while the beams span the
longer distances. Typical
spans for this system are from
7.5 M. to 12M. with the beams
being spaced about 2.4 M. to
3.0 M. on center. The steel
framing is usually covered with
steel decking and concrete is
poured.
14. CONCRETE
WAFFLE SLAB ................. ( N. Sometimes this is called glue-
laminated construction. These
structural members are made
up of individual pieces of lum-
ber 18 mm. or 38 mm. thick
glued together in the factory.
It can be manufactured in ta-
pered beams, curved beams
and other styles wood joists
can be manufactured like a
steel wide flange by gluing a
top and bottom chord sepa-
rated by a plywood web.
157
15. MASONRY ....................... ( 0. This is composed of concrete
members usually spaced 650
mm. or900 mm. apart running
in one direction, which frame
into larger bearns. Most spans
range from 6 to 9 M. with joist
depths ranging from 300 to
600 mm.
16. COMPOS~TE
CONSTRUCTION ............ ( P. Another type of built-up wood
product but they are con-
structed of plywood glued and
nailed to solid 50 mm. nomi-
nal thickness lumber and are
used for floor or roof structure.
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle ce)
of the correct answer to each question.
158
3. This system is constructed so that the vertical and A B C D
horizontal members work as a single structural unit, in
contrast to a simple post-and-beam system. This makes
0000
for a more efficient structure because aH three members
resist vertical and lateral loads together rather than singly.
The beam portion is partially restrained by the columns
and becomes more rigid to vertical bending forces, and
both the columns can resist lateral forces because they
are tied together by the beam.
B. SUSPENSION D. ARCHES
STRUCTURES
A. SUSPENSION C. INFLATABLE
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
159
cornplexed shape of the saddle-shaped hyperbolic
paiaboloid that spans from 9 M. to 48 meters.
160
A. FOLDED PLATES C. ARCHES
B. INFLATABLE D. TRUSSES
STRUCTURES
A. RESISTANCE C. RESISTANCE TO
TO LOADS BOND
B. RESISTANCE D. RESISTANCE TO
TO STRESS BEND
161
working while still allowing solid attachment of ceilings,
walls, and exterior cladding.
A. COMBINATION C. MODULAR
SYSTEMS SYSTEMS
B. INTEGRATION D. INTEGRAL
WITH OTHER ·sYSTEMS
BUILDING SYSTEMS
162
A. CONSTRUCTION C. CONSTRUCTION
PROHIBITION LIMITATIONS
B. CONSTRUCTION 0. CONSTRUCTION
SCHEDULE CODE
A. FAD C. FORM
B. CHARACTER D. STYLE
A. GEOLOGICAL C. HISTORICAL
DIRECTION: Choose what form of loads is referred to by the statements below and
shade the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
163
landing on the roof a building. A unique type of dynamic
load is a resonant load. This is a rhythmic application of
a force to a structure with the same fundamental period
as the structure itseH. The fundamental period is the time
it takes the structure to complete one full oscillation, such
as a complete swing from side to side in a tall bu1lding in
the wind or one up-and-down bounce of a floor.
164
7. "fEMPERATURE-INDUCED LOADS. All materials A 8 C D
expand when they are heated and contract when they
are cooled. The amount of the· change is dependent on
0000
the material and is expressed as the coefficient of
expansion measured in mm per degree centigrade. Some
materials, like wood, have a low coefficient of expansion
while others, like plastic have a high value. If a material
is restrained so it cannot move and then subjected to a
temperature change, a load is introduced on the material
in addition to any other applied loads.
DIRECTION: Read the definitions below and answer the questions that follow. Shade
the circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
~ STRUCTURALFUNDAMENTALS
B. CENTROID D. CENTERING
A. COLLECTIVE C. RESULTANT
FORCE FO~E
B. CENTRAU7r!) D. AXIAL FORCE
FORCE
165
3. is the branch of mechanics that deals with A B C D
bodies in a state of equilibrium. Equilibrium is said to
exist when the resultant of any number of forces acting
0000
on a body is zero.
A. STATICS C. LIMITATIONS
B. STABILITIES D. MECHANICS
B. ACTION D. VELOCITY
166
8. is the internal resistance to an external force. A B C D
There are three basic types of this resistance. Tension. 0000
compression and shear.
A. FATIGUE C. CRACKING
B. LOSS OF WEIGHT D. STRESS
167
B. MOMENTOF D. MOMENTOF
ENERGY INERTIA
VI. DEFINITIONS
168
3. is to bend, warp, bulge or collapse, or to A B C D
give way suddenly, as with heat or pressure.
0000
A. STRAPPING C. ROLLING
B. TWISTING D. BUCKLING
A. DUCTILITY C. MALLEABILITY
169
9. A slab that has its reinforcement running in one direction A B C D
perpendicular to the beams supporting the slab.
0000
A. SINGLE LINE SLAB C. STRAIGHT SLAB
10. A slab that have rebars in both directions and are more A B C D
efficient because the applied loads are distributed in all
directions, usually column bays supporting them are
0000
almost square.
170
13. a test used when a portion of the structure is A B C D
in place and cured, but needs to be tested. (Usually used
when regular cylinder test do hot come up to the specified
0000
design strength) A cylinder is drilled on the concrete and
then tested in the laboratory to determine its compressive
strength.
B. CAMBER D. SLOPE
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS:
171
II. Moment connections must be designed at the inter-
section of beam and column.
Ill. Loads are transferred vertically to the foundations.
IV. Rigid frames are more efficient than simple post-and-
beam systems.
V. Sloping the horizontal members can reduce the
amount.of steel required.
172
5. Select the system that allows extra reinforcement at the A B C D
columns.
0000
A. FLAT PLATE C. FLAT SLAB
B. CAVITY D. CAMBER
173
V. Topping is often omitted on single tee construcf10n if
floor-to-floor heights are limited.
A. I and IV C. II and IV
B. I, Ill, and IV D. IV and V
174
5. What is necessary to design for at a basement wall with A 8 C D
undrained soil under an automobile drive-through? 0000
A. LATERAL LOAD C. DEADLOAD
(4.27 M)
I· ·I
(4.88 M)
-.-
(4.88 M) : -beam
I
175
8. Which of the following is not correct concerning live load A B c 0
calculations?
0000
A. Live loads can be reduced when a structural mem-
ber supports more than 15 square meter the occu-
pancy is not public assembly and if the live load is
less than 80 pst.
10. What is the total earth pressure acting on the left side of A B c D
the retaining wall shown fn the following diagram?
Assume an equivalent fluid pressure of 30 pounds per
0000
square foot per foot of height.
4.50M
1.50 M
176
IX. STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS
F = 120 KN
B. MOMENT OF INERTIA
C. STATICAL MOMENT
D. CONCURRENTFORCE
177
4. What are compression and bending examples of? A 8 C D
A. FORCE C. STRESS 0000
B. STRAIN D. EQUILIBRIUM
178
8. The bridge railing shown must support a maximum load A B C 0
of 600 Newtons laterally. What is the compression force
in the diagonal member?
ooco
(1.05 M)
~
13.34 KN
~ 2.92KNIM
2.40M
3.66M 1.22 M
B. R1 =1.04KN;R2 =24.75KN
179
IV. the unit strain
V. the modulus of elasticity
180
II. Moment is maximum where vertical shear is zero.
Ill. The shear stress remains. constant for one-haH the
beam's length.
IV. The higher the value of the beam's modulus of elas-
ticity, the more it will deflect.
V. Horizontal shear is at its greatest at the neutral sur-
face.
t t
14M 4M
181
IV. Most beams are designed for maximum moment.
V. Moment at any point on a beam can be found by cal-
rulating the area under the shear diagram up to the
same point.
A. 5.0 C. 17.5
B. 16.0 D. 60.4
XI. TRUSSES
182
A. There is eccentric loading.
1 1 1 1 1.-----.--
~11.80M
AJ...~.B
I~-~~~ I
' ~. 6 Pli'NELS 0 3M= 18M
"
183
A. 17.38 KN coi'J1)ression C. 14.56 KN coi'J1)ression
18KN
~
! ! ! ! !
~+I·.=2.5::..::M::.. .+I...,___......:5::....::M::....__---J.,I-··-~5-=M--·11 2.5 M I
184
XII. SOIL AND FOUNDATIONS
A. compaction C. densification
I
B. surcharging D. fill
185
1.80M
0.90M
1.00 M
0.30M
..._...
. ..
~
b .• : v.
.~ ~:· ~ ~ :··. ·:.=-~ '.
" " . '<) • • • ., 6 & .'
A. 0.30 M C. 0.505 M
B. 0.75 M Q. 0.90 M
186
C. not part of the contract documents, but test locations
and boring logs are often shown for information only.
I. building codes
0000
II. the amount of water present in the soil
Ill. unified soil classificatio(l system
IV. field tests
V. extent and amount of compaction
B. SANDS D. ORGANICS
B. REPOSE D. STANDARD
PENETRATION TEST
187
XIII. CONNECTIONS
B. VEE D. FILLET
188
6. Two 6 mm x 150 mmA36 steel bars are welded, as shown A B C D
in the figure, with E70 electrodes. What is the maximum 0000
allowable tensile load that this joint can resist?
7( til!!_ 7-
A. 185,000 KN c. 125,200 KN
B. 137,800 KN D. 133,920 KN
~·~ c.-r\
.B·v\ D.~
189
100 X 200 mm
0
0
p
A. 4.50 kilos C. 1073 kilos
190
B. In zones of high earthquake probability, the forces
produced by seismic lo~s always take precedence
over wind loads.
191
C. REBAR BENDING REQUIREMENTS
D. CONCRETE COVER
e: SLENDERNESS FACTOR
C. DEFLECTION CRITERIA
D. COMBINATION LOADING
C. ULTIMATE STRENGTH
D. WORKING STRESS
192
10. Which of the following are true statements? A B C D
I. 249 Kilos per square meter of dead load must be 0000
factored into normal dead loading when designing
speculative office buildings.
II. Live loads can be reduced on structural components
supporting more than 15 square meter in all occu-
pancies except educational.
Ill. Structural continuity affects load calculations.
193
2516.25 N/M
beam loading
----------3.-0-M---------IO.SOMI
3692
shear di&gram
-473.18 N-M
A. 2x6(50x150mm) C. 2x10(50x250mm)
C. VISUAL GRADING
194
6. What is as important as wood species in selecting A B C D
allowable stresses? 0000
A. MOISTURE CONTENT C. EXTREME FIBER IN
BENDING
A. 78345.22 N C. 87473.45 N
B. 79482.48 N D. 88425.22 N
I
195
C. Horizontal shear is almost always more critical than
deflection or bending in short, heavily loaded beams.
B. DUCTILITY D. FLEXURE
A. W 8 X 24 C. W12x16
B. w 8 X 28 D. w 12 X 22
A. 18K4 C. 20K4
B. 18K5 D. 20K6
196
6. A W12 x 79 beam of A36 steel spans 22 feet. What A B C D
maximum load per foot can the beam support and what
is the maximum allowable unsupported length?
0000
A. 3.53 kips per foot; 12.8 feet
B. 3.53 kips per foot; 10.1 feet
197
IV. Shear is not usually a problem in steel beam design.
V. It is necessary to know the actual depth of a beam
rather than the nominal depth when calculating the
unit shearing stress.
A. 1
B. .... 1 D. .... 1
3. The concrete beam shown is proposed to have rebars A B C D
placed schematically as shown. The strength of the
concrete is 27.5 MPa, or 4000 psi. and the steel is grade
0000
60. The percentage of steel to achieve a balanced design
has been calculated to be 0.0285. What are the minimum
and maximum steel areas allowed?
- ,. ' ~
2 2
A. minimum= 1.06 in ; maximum= 9.19 in
564mm c- •
B. minimum= 1.19 in2 ; maximum= 9.19 in2
..... .
' .• p , ..
~ .
• .' ' 0
2 2
C. minimum= 1.06 in ; maximum= 6.90 in .• I> 0 •
-
641.. • • • '.
D. minimum= 1.19 in 2 ; maximum= 7.70 in 2
·I 300mm 1
198
4. Which of the following are not true about the water- A B C D
cement ratio: 0000
I. For typical concrete mixes, the minimum water-ce-
ment is about 0.50 to 0.65.
II. The water-cement ratio is critical to the concrete
strength.
Ill. Water is only needed for workability and to start ttw
drying process.
IV. Excess water form small bubbles in the cement paste.
V. The water-cement ratio is sometimes referred to by
gallons of water per sack of cement.
A. I~ inches
0000
B. 1 Ys inches
c. Ys inches
D. The exact diameter depends on the producing mill.
199
7. What should be carefully controlled during placement of A B C D
co~~ 0000
A. FACTORED LOAD C. MOISTURE
B. COMPACTION D. TEMPERATURE
B. HYDRATION D. CURING
200
3. The lintels of masonry walls with small openings do not A B C D
carry as much load as might be expected due to what? 0000
A. ECCENTRICITY C. FLEXIBLE BUSHINGS
A. concealed steel
201
C. precast concrete sized to fit the masonry module
A. masonry cavity
B. steel studs
202
10. Which of the following affect the bearing capacity of a A B C D
masonry wall? 0000
I. workmanship
11. thickness
Ill. number of wythes
1y. mortar type
V. unsupported height
VI. joint reinforcement
C. SHEAR WALL
0000
A. RESONANT LOAD
B. BENT D. DRIFT
203
D. Wind tunnel testing or special calculations are fre-
quently required for buildings over 400 feet high.
A. 4 inches C. 8 inches
B. 6inches D. 10 inches
204
9. The effect of intermittent wind gusts is taken into account A B C D
in the UBCwith the: 0000
A. C., factor C. q8 factor
B. Cq factor D. I factor
205
3. What describes a building whose lateral force-resisting A B C D
system consists stressed in flexure?
0000
A. MOMENT-RESISTING C. FRAMED TUBE
SPACE FRAME
A. 1,989.15 KN C. 3,975.54 KN
B. 2,652.20 KN D. 6,563.75 KN
A B C D
5. A dynamic analysis method would be required if which
of the following conditions existed?
0000
A. a five-story, square hotel building with a skylight-
topped atrium in the middle which comprises 55 per-
cent of the building's area
206
7. Which of the following are true?
A B c D
I. The epicenter is the location of fault slippage.
0000
II. Vertical ground movement is usually critical when cal-
culating its effect on a building.
A. 0.75 c. 2.0
B. 1.5 D. 4.0
207
XXI. LONG SPAN STRUCTURES
-ONE WAY SYSTEMS
A. FURNICULAR C. PARABOLIC
B. WARREN D. GOTHIC
208
6. A sports complex is being planned for a large university. A B C D
One portion will include a 50-meter pool with competition
diving boards and areas for sJ)ectators. The size of the
0000
pool area has been tentatively set at 110 feet wide by
220 feet long by 50 feet high with the spectator area on
one side of the long dimension. Glazing is planned along
both short dimensions, and the primary exterior finish
material is brick.
'"'
v. Glued laminated beams can span farther than sawn
timber because the allowable extreme fiber in bend-
ing stress is greater.
209
9. Careful construction observation of long span structures A B C D
is critical for which of the following reasons?
0000
I. to look for overstressing caused by temporary con-
struction loads placed on the structure
210
Ill. geodesic domes
V. space frames
1. 30 to 160 feet
2. 50 to 100 feet
3. 80 to 220 feet
4. 50 to 400 feet
5. 50 to 450 feet
A. 1-1, 11-2, 111-5, IV-3, V-4 C. 1-2, 11-1, 111-4, IV-5, V-3
B. 1-2, 11-3, 111-4, IV-5, V-1 D. 1-3, 11-1, 111-4, IV-4, V-2
A HOOPS C. NODE
B. MERIDIAN D. REDUNDANCY
211
7. Which of the structures listed above is the least stable A B ·c 0
under wind loads?
0000
A. Geodesic dome C. Preu matic
B. Space frame D. Barrel vault
II: Both flat plates and barrel vaults need to have a length
greater than transverse span width to be efficient.
212
AREA ''B''
PART II BUILDING
MATERIALS AND
METHODS OF
CONSTRUCTION
AREA "B" PART II
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle (e) of the correct answer to each question.
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
A. CONCRETE
B. ABRA~IVE: D. PLASTIC
MATERIAL IN
THE TOPPING
A. STONE C. DAMP-PROOFER
214
has to be hauled in long distance to ensure that it
reaches its destination in a plastic and placeable
condition.
A. STOPPER C. RETARDER
B. CONTROLLER D. DELAYER
215
9. Made from materials which must contain the proper A B C D
proportions of lime, silica, alumina and iron
components. Four parts of limestone to one part clay
0000
are the basic ingredients. These are mixed, burned
then pulverized.
B. HI-GRADE D. CEMENTITIOUS
CEMENT MATERIALS
A. LIMESTONE C. FLAGSTONE
B. RANDOM D. TRIM
216
shape after foaming; and ctay particles must fuse
together wheri subjected to sufficiently high
temperature. This material is molded solid.
A. CHB C. SLATE
B. ADOBE b. BRICK
B. WOOD, BOARDS
1. "DEC IDUO US" tress are trees that have broad leaves A 8 C D
which are normally shed in the winter time. These 0000
are classed as _ _ __
217
2. "CONIFERS" are trees that have needles. rather than A B C D
leaves and that bear their seeds in cones. These
are called _ _ __
0000
A. SOFT WOODS C. LIGHT WOODS
A. SUN-DRIED C. WIND-DRIED
METHOD METHOD
B. AIR-DRYING D. BLOW-DRIED
METHOD
B. HUNG-DRYING D. FIRE-DRYING
METHOD
a
5. A term used to describe wooden member built-up A B C D
of several layers of wood whose grain directions are 0000
all substantially parallel, and held together with glue
as fastening, commonly used for beams. gardens,
posts, columns. arches. bowstring truss chords
usually softwoods are used.
A. STRESSED-SKIN C. COMBINED
MATERIAL
B. BOX-TYPE D. GLU-LAMINATED
TIMBER
218
6. When lumber is subjected to pressure and injected A B C D
with chemicals or salts to insure it from rots. This is 0000
termed as _ _ __
B. INJECTED D. PRESSURIZED
LUMBER LUMBER
A. FRAMING C. VENEER
B. SHOW-IN D. FACING
B. BUILDING D. ARCHITECTURAL
BOARDS BOARDS
219
A. RIGID BOARD C. WATERPROOF
BOARD
B. FLEXI-BOARD D. TEMPERED
HARDBOARD
220
15. Roofing paper which are used in maktngabuilt~up A B C D
roof and are usuaHy "produced in 91 em. wide rolls,
in various weight from 1.3 kilos to 9.08 kilos per
0000
square.
C. METALS
<...! ',_
-.,
221
4. This metal is produced when pig iron is melted in A B C D
such a way as to remove nearly all of the carbon
and other impurities. It is easily worked and is tough
0000
and ductile. It's main use are for roofing sheets, wire
and metal ornamentals.
A. HAMMERED C TWISTED IRON
METALS
B. STRUCTURAL D. WROUGHT-IRON
STEEL
222
9. Whenaluminumisanodizedtoabrownorblackcolor A B C D
this is called 0 0 0 0
A. DECORATIVE C. ANALOK
SHADE
B. ALCAN-PLANAR D. METALLIC-DYE
A. ANODIZING C. MOULDING
FROCESS PROCESS
223
D. GLASS, PLASTICS, SEALANTS
A. GLASS C. CELLULOID
B. PLASTIC D. VINYL
A. IMAGE-GLASS C. ARCHITECTURAL
GLASS
B. INSULATED D. HEAT-ABSORBING
GLASS GLASS
224
5. Widely used in the automotive industry and A B C D
transportation, but now finding some uses in the 0000
building industry, like glass that can withstand firearm
attack and explosions. This is made of two
thicknesses of plate or sheet glass bonded by a thin,
tough layer of polyvinyl butyral resin, a transparent
plastic.
A. PLASTICS C. RUBBERS
B. VINYLS D. MAGNESITES
225
9. These materials are so called because they consists A B C D
of three or more layers of material bonded together
with plastic adhesive under high pressure. The base
0000
is made up of multiple layers of strong kraft paper,
impregnated with phenolic, amino or epoxy liquid
resin. This is covered with a printed patterns sheet
saturated with melamine resin. A picture top sheet is
also saturated with melamine resin, and in some
cases a sheet of aluminum foils is inserted between
the base and decorative center layer to dissipate heat
and prevent marring the surface with burns.
B. VINYLS D. POLYURETHANE
B. JOINT D. TAPES
A. PASTE C. FUSES
B. SEALERS D. CLOSERS
A. LAMINATING C. CAULKING
226
E. INSULATION
B. ROLLED-UP D. BLANKET
INSULATION INSULATION
227
5. Made from such materials as aluminum or copper A B C D
foil or sheet metal with bright surfaces that does not 0000
absorb heat.
A. IMAGING C. ANTI-GLARE
INSULATION IN.SULATION
B. DIFFUSER 0. REFLECTIVE
INSULATION INSULATION
228
DIRECTION: Matching type. Match the material shown at the le\t side to those that
are shown on the right side. Write the correct letter at the parenthesis
provided.
F. DOORS, HARDWARES
6. SLIDING POCKET
DOOR ................................... ( F. A door having glass panels
from the top and to the bottom
nail.
7. DOUBLE ACTING
DOOR .................................... ( G. A rigid overhead door which
opens as an entire unit by us-
ing a special spring attached
to the sides, with an overhead
horizontal track.
229
8. ACCORDION DOOR ............. ( H. These are devices that auto-
matically return a door to its
closed position after it is
opened. They also control the
distance a door can be
opened. These can be sur1ace
mounted on the door and/or
the frame
230
15. ESCUTHCHEON .................. ( 0. A movable joint used to attach
support and turn a door about
a pivot. consists of two plates
joined together by a pin which
support the door and connect
it to its frame, enabling it to
swing open or close.
G. WINDOWS, HARDWARES
231
which has a magnetic black
stripe underneath it. Used like
an ATM card, when inserted,
a green light flushes then pull
it at once and turn the knob to
open the door.
6. ORIELor
BAY WINDOW ....................... ( F. This is used in a cabinet to
take hold of door when closed.
It is either a friction magnetic
or bullet type.
232
cantilevered or corbeled out
from a wall.
12. CONCEALED OR
HIDDEN HINGES .................. ( L. Any of various upright mem-
bers framing panels or the like,
as in a system of paneling, a
paneled door, window sash,
chest of drawers.
233
ter deformation as in plastic vi-
nyl tiles.
234
13. BONDING .............................. ( M. To form an object by pouring
metal, plaster, etc. is a fluid
state into a mold and letting it
harden.
3. CORK SHt:ETS
C. Hi Eles Industrial Corp.
G. AVO Nlarketing
1. PLYWOOD
235
13. FLOOR & WALL
CERAMIC TILES ................... ( M. Asia Pacific Insulation
Gondek, Int.
14. "ARMSTRONG"
ACOUSTICAL
CEILING ................................. ( N. Apo Quartz
20. ESCALATORS,
ELEVATORS ......................... ( T. Pag-asa Steel Works, Inc.
J. PAINTING
236
4. SHELLAC ............................... ( D. The purpose of this material is
to close the surface of the
wood and prevent the absorp-
tion of succeeding finish coats.
It may be applied to bare wood
that has been sanded smooth
or applied over the stain or
filler.
237
9. NEUTRALIZER ...................... ( I. This is the only liquid protec-
tive coating containing a resin
of animal origin. The resin is
crushed and dissolved in de-
natured alcohol to produce or-
ange color. By bleaching the
resin pure white liquid is pro-
duced. Used as a seal coat
over stains and fillers. or as a
finish in itself.
'238
it with latex for concrete or
enamel for wood.
K. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
239
3. In the sketch shown, where should the v::\P()r barrier be A B C D
located? 0000
240
5. The parts identified as 1 and 2 respectively are: A B c D
Ill. carriage
A. Ill and I c. Ill and II
B. V and I D. IV and V
A. entry doors
0000
B. sidelights with sills below 18 inches
B. annealed D. laminated
241
10. Which mortar type has the highest compressive strength? A B C D
A.M c. 0 0000
B. N D. S
B. FBX D. SW
242
15. Concrete expansion joints should be located at a A B C D
maximum spacing of: 0000
A. 1.50 M C. 6.00 M
B. 3.00 M D. 7.50 M
A B C D
16. Which of the following are characteristics of stainless?
0000
I. It cannot be welded.
L. MISCELANNEOUS QUESTIONS
B. board D. yard
243
4. Select the incorrect statementfrom among the following: A B C D
B. r D. C
B. 12 inches D. 24 inches
244
10. Which of the sketches depicts a half-surface hinge? A B C D
0000
A. B.
c. D.
C. 10 feet (3.00 M)
245
·14. Which of the following would probably not be reasons A B C D
for using a copper roof?
0000
I. worKability
Ill. cost
D. inadequate mortar
M. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
B. pigment D. vehicle
246
2. 'In the partial plan of a concrete basement shown, what A B C D
would be the best way to improve the economy of the 0000
concrete form work?
.·.
0
I
.' I
B ----
:'..,.. ----------- . ---
...
·a~~-
I
I
247
6. What is the building code requirement for pairs of exit A 8 C D
doors with astragals?
0000
A. BOOKMATCHING C. STRONG BACK
248
IV. size of piping and other built-in items
13. Joining two metals with heat and a filler metal with a A B C D
melting point above 800 2 F (409QC) is called wl1at? 0000
A. annealing C. brazing
B. soldering D. welding
249
D. It can be supported on masonry, concrete, steel, or
wood framing.
1-...,.
t/// ''
'' l// ''
'
'
/
/
/
/
''
'
'
A. mullion C. stile
B. muntin D. rail
N. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
IV. firestops
V. headers
250
2. Which type of lock would be most appropriate for an entry A B C D
door into an office suite?
0000
A. cylindrical lock C. mortise lock
V. style of grid
251
A. I and IV C. II and IV
D. to minimize weight
II
II
II
II
II
//
~
/
/
,,
' ,, I I
I I
I I
I I I
I I
1·1
I I
I I I I
I I 1__1
I I
A. B. c. D.
252
v. The standard thickness is 13/8 inches.
A. I and V C. II and IV
B. 4 to 9 percent D. 8 to 13 percent
253
electrical wires and water pipes are non-exposed by
systematic embedment during casting. Crawler and
mobile cranes utilize special lifting devices. This enables
the quick and efficient erection and assembly of a housing
unit.
A. COMPOSITE C. TILT-UP
CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION
254
include steel deck and concrete, concrete slab and steel
beam systems, and open-web steel joists with wood
chords.
A. PRE-STRESSED C. LIFT-SLAB
B. COMPOSITE D. POST-TENSIONED
CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM
B. PRE-STRESSED D. POST-TENSIONED
CONCRETE TECHNIQUE
B. SPANSTRESS D. PRE-TENSIONED
TECHNIQUE FOR
PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE
B. POST-TENSIONED D. COMPOSITE
TECHNIQUE FOR CONSTRUCTION
PRESTRESSED SYSTEM
CONSTRUCTION
B. PRE-CAST D. PRE-STRESSED
CONCRETE CONCRETE or (Inte-
grated Bldg. System)
A. PRE-TENSIONING C~ SPANSTRESS
TECHNIQUE
DIRECTION: Read the passages below and answer the questions that follow. Shad&
the circle (•) below the letter of the correct answer to each question.
A. WATER SUPPLY
A. SEDIMENTATATION C. SEPARATION
B. SETTLEMENT D. COLLECTION
A. SILTATION C. ABSORPTION
B. SIEVING D. FILTRATION
258
4. Raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves A B C D
and exposed to air of fine mist to purify it. This is
called the method.
0000
A. SPRAYING C. AERATION
B. DRYING D. SPLASHING
A. SUCTIONPUMP C. UFTPUMP
259
9. A reservoir, tank or vessel for storing or holding water A B C 0
or other liquids.
0000
A. CESSPOOL C. CISTERN
B. SWIMMING POOL D. SEPTIC TANK
260
14. By gravity, water is distributed from overhead water A B C D
tanks and are supported either by structural frames 0000
or on the roof decks. Fixtures are below the gravity
tank. These elevated tanks are installed when normal
water supply from main public service pipes is not
frequent and when normal pressure from city main
is npt enough to force the water to the highest
fixtures.
A. FEEDER C. SUPPLIER
B. RISER D. FLIER
B. WATER SUPPLY
A. S-CURVE C. EXTENSION
B. BALANCER. D. GOOSENECK
261
3. A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its A B C D
connection with a water main. 0 0 0 0
A. CORPORATtON C. COMPANY LOCK
COCK
B. COUPLING D. BUILD-UP
B. UNION. D. DOUBLE
B. PLASTIC D. SEALER
262
9. What does uPVC mean? A B C D
B. UNPREPARED D. UNPRESSED
POLYETHYLENE POLYURETHANE
COATED PIPE CHLORINE PIPE
B. ENCLOSING D. PROTECTIVE
A B C D
13. This is the vertical distance from the higher source 0000
of water or overhead tank to the outlet (faucets,
shower head) and is distributed by gravity.
263
14. Subsurface conditions of ground wat-. and rook must A B C 0
be known. Siles with high (about 1.80 M. to 2.40 M
below grade) ca.n cause problems with excavations,
0000
foundations, utility placement and landscaping. This
is described as the level underground in which the
soil is situated with water.
264
2. Automatic systems consist of a horizontal A B C 0
pattern of pipes placed near the ceilings of industrial
buildings, warehouses, stores, theaters and other
0000
structures where the fire hazard requires their use.
These pipes are provided with outlets and heads so
constructed that temperatures of (55° to 70"C)
Celsius will cause them to open automatically and
will cause them to open automatically and emit a
series of time water sprays.
A. SPLASHERS C. DROPLETS
B. RAIN WATER D. SPRINKLERS
265
7. That portion of the plumbing system which conveys A B C D
rain water to a suitable terminal. This is usually
discharged into a street gutter conveyed by a public
0000
_ _ _ _ system and carried to some drainage
terminal such as lakes or rivers.
266
4. A pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation A B C D
of air in a plumbing system and for reducing the
pressure exerted on trap seals.
0000
A. VENT C. FLUE
B. AIR D. DUCT
B. CLOSER D. CLOGGER
B. VOID D. SHAFT
267
10. A sheet metal placed when concrete is pOUred to A B C D
accommodate~ pluning pipes (through the hole
made).
0000
A. SLEEVE C. GUIDE
B. OPENING D. HOLE
14. This is the vertical distance between the dip and the A B C D
crown weir (an embankment or levee) built to hold 0000
water in its course or to divert it to a new course of a
p-trap. Also it is the water in the trap between the dip
and the crown weir to prevent unpleasant and
odorous gases to enter the room through the fixtures.
A. ANTI-ODOR TRAP C. WATER PLUG
B. TRAP SEAL D. P-TRAP
268
,,
J
15. The resun of a minus pressure in the drainage A B C D
system. (Pressure is a force required to move gas
or liquid) When .a large amount of water of the trap
0000
(seal) is absolutely discharged. When the seal is lost,
back flow of gases from the sewer line will pass into
the trap, finds its way to the fixture drain outlet and
spread into the room.
A. DRIPPING C. SEEPAGE
B. BACKFLOW D. SIPHONAGE
269
4. A common way of disposing of solids is by _ __ A B C D
This is a controled burning of combustible waste.
This can be an effective waste reduction method for
0000
70 percent of all solid municipal wastes. If this is
operated property, it can reduce bulk by 90 to 95
percent. Ash left over is generally disposed off in a
landfill.-
A. FIREPLACE C. INCINERATION
B. BURNER D. HEATING
270
8. After the ground preparation a should A B C D
be laid out on the area enclosed for sanitary landfill. 0000
The main purpose is to prevent the seepage of
leachate (dirty water, to cause liquid to percolate)
deep down to the ground water strata. This consist
of soil or composite material such as synthetic plastic
or asphaH sheets.
A. LINER C. BLANKET
B. WATERPROOFER D. COATING
271
12. A fixture that aPP&ars •• a water closet, since a A B C D
person sits down on it. But it is designed as a 0000
combination lavatory which can plug the drain and
collect hot and cold water, with an inverted water
sprayer to clear the most delicate and well-guarded
parts of the body.
A. LAVATORY C. BIDET
CLOSET
F. MISCELLANEOUS QUESnONS
272
5. The pressure in a city water main is (0.39273 MPa). A B C D
Hthe pressure lOss through piping, fittings, and the 0000
water meter has been calculated as 23 psi (0.15847
MPa) and the highest fixture requires 12 psi (0.08268
MPa) to operate, what is the maximum height the
fixture can be above the water main?
273
IV. The house drain cannot also be called the build-
ing sewer.
V. Clea•.outs are always a necessary part of a drain-
age system.
274
AREA ''B''
PARTIII UTILITIES
2. MECHANICAL
SYSTEMS
AREA "I" UTILITIES PART Ill
---
. . ~
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
276
3. H it is very very cold outSide during December in A B C D
Baguio, where would you put the heater?
0000
A. ABOVE THE WINDOW INSIDE
A. DAMPPROOFING C. TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLERS
A. CONDUCTION C. CONDUCTIVITY
B. CONDUCTANCE D. CONVECTION
A. EVAPORATION C. DEWPOINT
B. ENTHALPY D. COEFACIENT OF
HEAT TRANSFER
277
7. Another way is by . This is the transfer A B C D
of heat through electromagnetic waves from one
surface to a colder surface. The body can lose heat
0000
to a cooler atmosphere or to a cooler surface.
A. PSYCHROMETRIC C. TEMPERATURE
CHART CHART
279
B. HEATING, VENTJLAlWG, SOLAR ENERGY
A. FEEDER C. FORWARDER
B. CONDUCTION D. LEAD-ON
A. REFLECTION C. RADIATION
B. EMISSION D. EJECTION
A. CONVEYANCE C~ CONVERSION
B. TRANSPORTATION D. CONVECTION
280
4. To prevent heat from the inside to escape to the cold A B C D
climate outside or to prevent the transfer of hot
outside temperature in summer to the living spac~
0000
within the building, we should specify and use
_ _ _ _ _ .Materials such as blankets, batts.
slabs, loose fill.
A. THERMAL C. HEATERS
INSULATION
B. BLOCKADE D. TEMPERATURE
GAUGE
A. BUDGETED C. PASSIVE
SOLAR DESIGN SOLAR DESIGN
281
7. A is an integration of a house, a A B C D
greenhouse, a solar heater, and a solar still. The
space between the solar collector and the heat
0000
storage wall is large enough to be used for growing
food:
A. BIOSPHERE C. ENVIRONMENTAL
ARENA
B. ECO-SPHERE D. SOLAR HOUSE
8. In Thermodynamics, an , is a quantity A B C D
expressed as the Internal Energy of a system plus
the product of the pressure and volume of the system,
0000
having the property that during an isobaric process,
the change in the quantity is equal to the heat
transferred during the process.
A. ENTASIS C. ELEMENT
B. ANALYTIC D. ENTHALPY
282
12. SUpply (sometimes called diffusers) A B C D
should be equipped with dampers and should have
their vanes arranged to disperse the air and to reduce
0000
its velocity as soon as possible after entering the
room. A common method is to provide vanes that
divert the air half to the right and half to the left.
Provide wall slotted type return grilles.
A. REGISTERS C. EXHAUSTS
B. GRILLES D. CONTROLLERS
283
1'8. A , (OZVENT is one product name) A B C D
II an aU aluminum ventilator which uses no electricity, 0000
it is deSigned to allow natural breeze to provkte all
the turning requirements for maximum ventilation.
Once installed, there is no further running cost for
resk:tential and Industrial use, attached to the roof.
c. AIR-CONDITIONING
A. DUAL-TYPE C. SPLIT-TYPE
B. WALL-MOUNTED D. WINDOW-MOUNTED
TYPE TYPE
284
4. In larger buildings and those wlh varied and diverse A B C D
occupancy, it is usually preferred to _ _ __
the refrigeration plant. The condenser is cooled by
0000
water circulated to an outdoor cooling tower and the
evaporator produces chilled water. The latter is then
pumped to whenever it is needed in the building or
to the A.H.U. (Air Handling Unit), each serving many
rooms.
A. CENTRALIZED C. ONE STATION TYPE
AIR CONDITIONING
285
7. Wtich of the following would be most important in A B C D
the selection of an HVAC system for this project? 0000
I. Flexibility II. Cimatic Zone
Ill. Economics IV. The Tenant's Prefe-
rence
V. Building Scale
A RECTANGULAR, C. RECTANGULAR,
with the long with the long
dimension horizontal dimension vertical
B. SQUARE D. ROUND
286
11. A standard gas furnace has aft the follOWing concept: A B C D
B. DAMPER D. FILTERS
A. 9 tons C. 36tons
B. 12 tons D. 54 tons
287
D. CONVEYORS, VERTICAL TRANSPORTATioN, BUILDING MECHANI-
CAL EQUIPMENT
A. COMPUTERIZED C. HYDRAULIC
ELEVATORS ELEVATORS
B. OIL-FILLED D. MECHANIZED
ELEVATORS ELEVATORS
A. GENERATOR C. COMPUTER-AIDED
OPERATED ELEVATORS
ELEVATORS
B. AUTOMATED D. ELECTRIC
ELEVATORS ELEVATORS
288
4. There are two types of Electric Elevators. One is the A B C D
_ _ _ which uses a direct current (de) motor directly
connected to the sheave. The break is also mounted
0000
on the same shaft. These are dependable and easy to
maintain and used on high-speed elevators.
A. IDLER-TYPE C. NOISELESS TYPE
MACHINES
B. GEARLESS D. TRANSMISSION
TRACTION TYPE MACHINES
MACHINES
A. BINDING C. ROLLING
B. ROPING D. WRAPPING
289
8. By placing the traction lifting mechanism behind the A B C D
car, attaching the car at the back, and using a glass-
enclosed, car, a spectacular unit car. be constructed
0000
that becomes an attraction in itseH. If the back screen
is treated properly the car gives the impression of
movement without any apparent motive force or
machinery.
A. OBSERVATION C. OPEN VIEW
CAR ELEVATORS
B. VIEW DECK D. EXPOSED ELEVATOR
290
12. are very efficient devices for A B C D
transporting large numbers of people from one level
to another. They are also useful for directing the flow
0000
of traffic where it is desired. This device (also called
the Electric Stairway) is power driven and are rated
by speed and width. The two available speeds are 9
meters per minute and 12 MpM. The two available
widths are O.BOM and 1.20M. These are housed in a
trussed assembly set at a 30-degree angle.
A. ESCALATORS C. RAISERS
A. MATERIAL C. AUTOMATED
ELEVATORS DUMBWAITERS
291
15. ESCALATORS have as their primary function the A B C D
movement of large numbers of people vertically.
However serves a dual function, that
0000
is, Horizontal and Vertical transportation. This is the
combined function. It differs from Escalators in
application, function, construction, and capacity.
B. MOVING D. CIRCULATING
SIDEWALKS FLOORS
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
292
C. a direct expansion system with passive solar
design of the building
Ill. economics
293
6. A main trunk duct is to be placed above a suspended A B c D
ceiling and below the structural framing. If ceiling
space for the duct is not a problem, which of the
0000
following shapes of ducts would be best to use
assuming equal capacities?
B. square D. round
B. damger D. filters
B. 12 tons D. 54 tons
9. An economizer cycle: A B c D
A. only cools as much chilled water as required by 0000
the demand load
294
AREA ''8''
PARTIII UTILITIES
3. ELECTRICAL AND
OTHER POWER
SYSTEMS
AREA "8" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
B. VOLTAGE D. CIRCUITRY
A. DISTRIBUTION C. DEMAND-CURRENT
CIRCUIT
B. ALTERNATING D. DIRECT-CURRENT
(a-c) (d-e)
B. WATT D. IMPEDANCE
296
4. The UNIT OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL is the A B C D
_ _ _ _ _".The electron movement and its
concomittant energy, which constitutes electricity, is
0000
caused by creating a higher positive electric charge
at one point on a conductor that exists at another
point on that same conductor. In a storage battery
there is a force attraction between the negative and
positive charges.This is EMF (electromotive force)
produced by a battery or generator which causes·
current to flow when the terminals between which
this potential exists are connected by a conductor.
B. VOLT or V D. OHM
B. VOLT D. REACTANCE
A. LEADERS C. WIRINGS
B. CONDUCTORS D. CONDENSER
A. ALANKETS C. INSULATORS
B. ISOLATORS D. ABSORBERS
297
8. The current I that will flow in a d-e circuit is directly A B C D
proportional to the voltage V and inversely
proportional to the resistance R of the circuit.
0000
Expressed as an equation, we hav9 the basic OHM's
B. 11 ohms D. 15 ohms
A. SINGLE C. SERIES
B. ALIGNED D. GROUP
298
11. When two or more branches or loads in a circuit are A B C D
connected between the same two points, they are
said to be connected in " " circuits or
0000
MULTIPLE. This connection is the standard
arrangement in all building wiring. Such that
groupings can be done like convenience outlets, one
group, the other group are ceiling lights.
A. DOUBLE C. DUAL
B. COUPLED D. PARALLEL
299
3. are used to change alternating current A B C D
voltages, either up or down. In most cases, power is
supplied to a building at a high voltage because the
0000
lines can be smaller and there is less voltage drop.
These are rated on their kilovolt-amperes capacity (kva)
and described by their type, phase, voltages, method
of cooling, insulation type, and noise level. For cooling,
they are either dry, oil filled, or silicone filled.
A. DIFFERENTIATOR C. CHANGER
B. ALTERNATOR D. TRANSFORMER
300
7. Known by its trade name as" ",this is A B C D
a non-metallic sheathed cable, similar to BX. However,
not having the physical protection of metallic armor,
0000
use is restricted to small buildings up to three floors.
Easier to handle, this cable type comprises an
assembly of two or more plastic-insulated conductors
and a ground wire, all covered with a flame retardant,
moisture-resistant plastic jacket.
A. DUMEX C. ROMEX
B. FLAT WIRE D. ESSEX
8. A is a factory-assembled channel A B C D
with conductors for one to four circuits permanently 0000
installed in the track. Power is taken from the track
by special tap-off devices that contact the track's
electrified conductors and carry the power to the
attached lighting fixture. The tracks are generally
rated 20 amperes, and are restricted to 120V. The
· electrified conductors are permanently installed in
the aluminum track, which is grounded for safety.
A. SLIDING LIGHT C. TRACK CIRCUIT
B. HANGER D. LIGHTING TRACK
301
11. In order to provide access to the conduits for installing A B C D
the necessary wires and for making connections to
them, the continuos conduit runs are interrupted at
0000
frequent intervals by sheet-metal or cast-metal
boxes. These boxes are usually of a rectangular,
octagon, or round form having punched holes to fit
the conduits which terminate in them. The threaded
ends of the conduit are held rigid in the holes by
means of a BUSHING on the inside and a LOCKNUT
on the outside of the box.
A. JUNCTION BOXES C. PULL BOXES AND
CONNECTION
BOXES
B. UNION BOXES D. SAFE BOXES
302
2. Another electric service is by or direct A B C D
burial techniques. The advantages of this is 0000
attractiveness (lack of overhead visual clutter)
service reliability and long life. Disadvantages are
high cost.
A. BASEMENT C. UNDERGROUND
SERVICE SERVICE
A. CHANGERS C. ALTERNATORS
B. REFORMERS D. TRANSFORMERS
B. RAISE-UP D. REAR-UP
B. STEP-DOWN D. CHANGE-DOWN
A. METERING C. ADDING
B. READING D. COMPUTING
303
7. Find the daily energy consumption of the appliances A B C D
listed below if they are used daily for the amount of
time shown.
0000
1
Toaster (1340 W) or 1.34 kw 15 min. or 4 hour
Percolator (500 W) or 0.50 kw 2 hours
1
Fryer (1560 W) or 1.56 2 hour
1
Iron ( 1400 W) or 1.40 15 min. or 4 hour
A. 2.65 Kwh C. 3.650 Kwh
B. 3.15Kwh D. 2.815 Kwh
304
11. When there is one ceiling light intended for the A B C D
stairway, and can be opened, or switched either from
the ground floor of 2nd floor and vice versa, that is
0000
you can switch it closed either at the ground or
second floor, you have to use a single pole double
throw switch.
A. THREE-WAY C. DOUBLE-ACTION
B. FOUR-WAY D. ALTERNATE
A. AUTOMATIC C. AUTOMATIC
GENERATOR CHANGER
B. AUTOMATIC D. AUTOMATOR
TRANSFER
D. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
A. FUSE C. UNION
B. WELD D. MIXER
305
2. Another CIRCUIT PR<:JfECTIVE DEVICE is the A B C D
_ _ _ _ _ .This is an electromechanical device
that performs the same protective function as a fuse
0000
and, in addition, act as a switch. Thus it can be used
in lieu of a switch-and-fuse combination to both
protect and disconnect a circuit. Most of this
protective device are equipped with both thermal and
magnetic trips. The THERMAL TRIP, which acts as
on overload, is similar in action to a THERMOSTAT
(an instrument which responds to the changes in
temperature). Heat generated by excessive current
causes an element to move and trip the latching
mechanic of the breaker, Thus opening the breaker
contacts and thereby the circuit. The MAGNETIC
TRIP comprises a coil with a movable core. On short
circuits, magnetic forces actuate the core which trips
protective device latch.
306
5. What precautions should be taken if aluminum A c D
B
conductors are used in a building? 0000
I leads should be clearned prior to making connec-
tions
II special conduct should be specified
Ill licensed electricians should be required to make
the installation
IV all joints should be soldered
v larger sizes should be used
307
AREA ''B''
PARTIII UTILITIES
4. ACOUSTICS AND
ILLUMINATION
AREA "B" UTILITIES' PART Ill
DIRECTION: Read the passages and answer the questions that follow. Shade the
circle (•) of the correct answer to each question.
A. SOUND C. MUSIC
B. TONE D. NOISE
A. TRANSMISSION C. REVERBERATION
B. DECIBEL D. FREQUENCIES
B. COEFFICIENT D. ECHO
OF ABSORPTION
309
4. When a "free' sound wave strikes a uniform surface A B C D
that is large compared to the wavelength of the
sounq, the of the wave is similar to
0000
that of a mirror. The angle the sound makes with a
surface, equals the angle of incidence. This is the
return of sound waves from a surface.
B. REFLECTION D. VELOCITY
A B C D
at sufficient intensity reaches a listener approximately 0000
70 msec ormore after he hears the direct sound. This
occurs whenever the reflected sound path is more
than 70ft (21M) longer than the direct path. Typical
Surfaces producing this sound in an auditorium are
the back wall and the ceiling above the proscenium
A .. NOISE C. SOUND
B. ECHOES D. VOLUME
A. GUTTER C. SPLATTER
B. SHUTIER D. FLUTTER
310
8. Concave domes, barrel vaulted hallways, and circular A B C D
rooms will reflected sound into certain areas 0000
of rooms. This has several disadvantages. For example,
it will deprive some listeners of useful sound reflection
and cause hot spots at other audience positions.
A. FOCUS C. DIFFUSE
B. AIM D. TARGET
B. DIFFUSION D. SECLUSION
A. DECIBEL C. HERTZ
311
B. ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
A DIFFUSION C. REDUCTION
B. ABSORPTION D. FLOODING
a. Is it combustible or fire-resistant?
312
penetrating intercommunicating pores. The sound
waves can readily propagate themselves into these
INTERSTICES (an intervening space, a small or narrow
space or interval between things or parts). where a
portion of the sound energy is converted into heat by
frictional and viscous resistance within the pores and
by vibration of the small fibers of the material.
A. POROSITY C. DENSITY
B. VISCOSITY D. THICKNESS
313
6. are made up chiefly of mineral or A B C D
wood. wool, glass fibers, kapok batts, and hair felt.
0000
A. ACOUSTICAL C. ACOUSTICAL
BOARDS CUSHIONS
B. ACOUSTICAL D. ACOUSTICAL
ROLLS BLANKETS
A B C D
3. The construction assembly shown would be the best
for controlling which of the following kinds of acoustic 0000
situations?
~"gypsum board
double laver~ ..
gypsum board
1" sound
sound attenuation absorbing
insulation panel
room A room B
I. impact noise
11. excessive reverberation in room B
Ill. transmission from A to room B
IV. transmission from room B to room A
V. mechanical vibration
314
9. In an office, a copy machine is found to produce 65 A B C D
dB. If a computer printer is added to the room and it 0000
produces a sound intensity of 69 dB, what will be
the resulting sound level?
A. 70 dB C. 72 dB
B. 71 dB D. 73 dB
B. SOLJND D. TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION LOSS
CLASS
A B C D
11. What method is used to specify the maximum
allowable intensity of background sounds? 0000
A. NOISE CRITERIA C. NOISE REDUCTION
315
14. A room 4.50 M wide by 6.00 M long by 2.55 M high A B C D
is finished with the following materials of listed
absorptions. There is a window on one wall1.05 M
0000
high by 2.40 M long. What is the total absorption of
the room?
316
cl.uroom B
corridor
317
C. SOLID STRUCTURE AND AIR-BORNE NOISE REDUCTION
A. ORIENTING C. SITING
B. LAYOUTING D. GROUPING
318
3. The location of a building on its site, the arrangement A B C D
of rooms, corridors and vestibules, and the location 0000
of doors and windows, all have a bearing on the
control of noise. This is called the _ _ _ __
For example, the noise level at the end of a room
adjacent to a busy street maybe at least 5 db higher
than it is at the opposite end. In such a situation it is
advantageous to place the speaker's platform at the
end of the room. The side of a building facing streets,
playgrounds, or other sources of noise should house
those activities that can tolerate the greatest amount
of noise, and the sides of the building that face the
quieter environment should be reserved for those
rooms that require the quietest conditions windows
should not open on noisy street or yards.
B. PLANNING D. FUNCTIONAL
DIAGRAM
4. Compound-wall constructions or is A B C D
one way of reducing air-borne noise. provide two 0000
adjoining walls with an open space in between
without any materials like wood connectors, or
chunks of plaster thrown in between that touches
both walls. Another technique is to fill in the void with
porous sound absorbent material.
319
6. Just as sound win pass through the acoustically A B C D
weakest part of a composite wall, so it will also find 0000
paralel or paths. That is, an acoustic
short circuit. Proper design of window locations to
avoid this path should be the following: In a corner
design where corr.er windows are closely spaced
such that noise from open window apt. A goes to
open window apt B, solution, put hinge of window
such that it buffers the sound when opened and put
planting in between. Put a wide separation of straight
wall windows. In a noisy walkway outside put
windows away from this path. Also put sound barrier
between the second floor and ceiling of the first floor.
A. ALIGNING C. SINGLE
B. FLANKING D. FILING
A. CARPETED C. HOLLOWED
320
8. Machines cause noise by vibration. This noise is A B C D
imparted directly to the surrounding air and by 0000
vibrational contact to the surrounding structure.
Therefore there are three ways to reduce this noise:
A. I, II and IV C. I, IV and V
A. LUMINOUS C. RESISTANCE
TRANSMITTANCE
321
3. is a term used to describe all the A B c D
factors in a lighting installation not dire~tly concerned
with quantity of illumination. Certainly it is obvious
0000
that if a given room is alternatively lighted with a bare
bulb and with a luminous ceiling, both giving the same
average quantitative illumination, there is a vast,
difference in the two lighting systems. This is also a
term which describes the luminance ratios, diffusion
uniformity and chromaticity of the lighting. This is also
a description of the visual comfort and visual
adequacy of the system.
A. CHARACTER C. QUALITY
OF LIGHTING OF LIGHTING
B. GLARE D. BUBBLE
322
respect to fixtures since electric lighting ifl non- A 8 C D
residential buildings consumes 25 to 60% of the
electric energy utilized, any attempt to reduce this
0000
must necessarily include integration of the cheapest
(in sofar as energy is concerned). Most abundant
and , in many ways, most desirable form of lighting
available, the _ _ _ __
323
9. Another type of incandescent lamp is the _ _ __ A B C D
Light is produced by the incandescence of the
filament, but there is a small amount of a halogen,
0000
such as iodine or bromine, in the bulb with the inert
gas. Through a recurring cycle, part of the tungsten
filament is burned ott as the lamp operates, but it
mixes with the halogen and is redeposited on the
filament. instead of on the wall of the bulb as in
standard incandescent lamps. This results in longer
bulb life, low lumen depreciation over the life of the
bulb, and more uniform light color. Because the
filament burns under higher pressure and
temperature, the bulb is made from quartz and is
much smaller than standard incandescent lamps.
B. ULTRAVIOLET D. FLUORESCENT
DIRECT
II SEMI-DIRECT
Ill DIRECT-INDIRECT
IV SEMI-DIRECT
V INDIRECT
324
11. This type provides approximately equal distribution A B C D
of light upward and downward, resulting in a bright 0000
ceiling and upper wall background for the luminaire.
For this reason, brightness ratios in the upper-vision
zone are usually not a problem. Since the ceiling is
a major, though secondary source of room
illumination, diffuseness will be good, with resultant
satisfactory vertical-plane illumination.
One example of this type is a GENERAL DIFFUSE
or an Opal Diffusing Globe fixture hanging from the
ceiling which give light in all directions. The other type
is an open top luminous side and bottom luminaire,
which have little horizontal component. Stems from
the ceiling should not be less than 0.30 M.
A. Ill C. IV
B. II D.
A. II c. Ill
B. V D.
A. IV C. II
B. D. V
325
14. Sixty to ninety percent of the light is directed upward A B C D
to the ceiling and upperwalls. This is somewhat
efficient and allows higher levels of illumination
0000
without undesirable brightness contrast between
fixture and surroundings along with lower ceiling
brightness. A typical fixture employs a translucent
diffusing element through which the downward
component shines.
A. II C. IV
B. V D. Ill
A. Ill C. V
B. D, II
326
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
A. IMPEDANCE C. VOLTAGE
B. LUMEN D. CIRCUIT
A. LUMINANCE C. GLARE
B. RESISTANCE D. BRIGHTNESS
327
4. What steps could an architect take to increase the A B C D
anticipated lighting level of a room of a selected
fluorescent luminaire could not be replaced with
0000
another with a higher CU?
II VisuaiComfort Probability
II Veiling Reflection
IV Reflected Glare
8. Candelas D. Candlepower
328
8. What combination of lighting would an architect A B C D
probably recommend for a moderate - sized
women's clothing store?
0000
A. Color- improved mercury lamps with metal ha-
lide accent lighting
329
AREA ''B''
PARTIII UTILITIES
5. • BUILDING
PROTECTION
• FIRE PROTECTION
• INTRUSION
PREVENTION
(SECURITY)
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. BUILDING PROTECTION
Choose one answer and encircle (e) with black under A,B, C, D.
B. LIGHTNING D. WATERPROOFING
PROTECTION
331
4. A chemical liquid painted and applied to lumber to A B c D
preserve it for years. It protects wood against powder
post beetles (bukbok), powder post termites (unos),
0000
Decay causing fungi, such as sap stain and dry rot.
B. LIGHTNING D. FIREPROOFING
PROTECTION
332
8. A method of protecting rooms against the intrusion A B C D
of rats and other small destructive animals from 0000
gnawing the wooden parts of the house, habitating
on ceilings and floors of houses and buildings.
A. WOOD PRESERVA- C. SECURITY-
TIVE INTRUSSION
PROOFING
333
B. BUILDING PROTECTION MATERIALS
334
I
thick loose gravel placed between the soil and the
concrete wall. Water goes down by gravity through
the loose stones.
335
continuous surfaces of asphalt or wax coated papers,
aluminum or other metal foil sheets or polyethylene
film, and maybe attached to the insulation as a part
of the manufactured product of installed separately
in or on the warm side of the wall, floor or ceiling.
336
ordinary garden can. Application is made after
excavation and after placing of footings, after grading
and levelling, after construction and after earth filling.
A. THOROCLEAR C. THOROSEAL
SPECIAL
SILICONE
337
14. ON!::-way of discouraging rodents from gnawing the A B C D
wood is to put a galvanized sheet on the corners of 0000
a room. Science had proven that Rats almost always
start to chew or gnaw only at the corners of a room
and not on the middle. The G.l. sheet is placed 0.30
M high from the floor and 0.30 M wide from the wall
before the finish walling or plywood and the T and G
floor is placed.
338
C. FIRE DETECTION AND ALARMS
A. RHEOSTAT C. CLIMATE
CONTROLLER
B. GENERAL D. GENTRALIZED
COMPTROLLER SWITCH
339
4. are rated by temperature and A B C D
coverage; for example 57°C and 20 sq. M. and are
normally located on the ceiling in all rooms and
0000
stairwalls, including the attic and the basement.
Because of high ambiant temperatures, the units
installed in the kitchen, attic and basement near the
heating unit are normally rated at 88c£ to 93«C,
whereas the units in the other rooms are usually set
at 57(£. These are normally placed adjacent to the
house heating unit in the bedroom area, in the
kitchen, and occasionally in the garage and in
unoccupied areas such as the attic.
A. SMOKE C. MISTFOG
DETECTORS DETECTORS
A. NON-CODED C. UNLISTED
MANUAL STATIONS MANUAL STATIONS
B. UNTITLED D. UNCODED
MANUAL STATIONS HANDHELD
MANUALS
340
7. When the system design is such that immediately A B C D
aural identification of the operated station is 0000
necessary, a is used. The code sent
out by the station is received at the control panel,
processed and then transmitted audibly on the
system gongs. Not less than 3 rounds of code, and
normally 4 rounds are transmitted. The code usually
comprises 3 or 4 digits, for example 2-3-2 with a
pause between the ringing groups and a longer
pause between the rounds. The FIRST number may
identify the building floor, the SECOND digit the wing,
and the THIRD digit the individual station.
Establishment of codes is left to the user.
A. SIGNAL MANUAL C. TITLED MANUAL
STATIONS STATIONS
B. LISTED MANUAL D. CODED MANUAL
STATIONS STATIONS
341
10. These detectors respond to smoke which obscures A B C D
a light beam in the device. These are useful in spaces
where occupants may be asleep, where potential
0000
fires may produce a great deal of smoke poisoning
(asphyxiation) may occur.
B. ATOMATION D. MINIMALIZATION
DETECTORS DETECTORS
342
D. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS; DEFINITIONS
B. 86 D. A4
A. A2 c. B2
B. B1 D. B3
343
4. Alarm devices, such as fire detectors, smoke A B C 0
detectors, and water flow switches, are devices that
automatically transmit an alarm signal when a
0000
condition indicative of a fire to which they respond
occur
A. AO C. B1
B. A2 D. B2
A. B4 C. A6
B. B5 D. A4
A. A3 C: B1
a AS D. BS
B. B1 D. A4
B. B4 D. AS
344
10. A fire atai1Tl station, that, once actuated, wtH transmit A B C D
not le.ss than 4 rounds of coded alarm signals and 0000
cannot be interferred with by any subsequent
activation of that station until it has transmitted its
complete signals
A. AJ c. A6
B. 85 [,). 80
A. 82 c. B3
B. AS D. A3
B. A2 D. B6
A. A6 C. A2
e. BO D. A3
345
E. FIRE ALARM SYSTEMS, DEFINITIONS
346
4. A system in which the btritding has been divided into A B C D
zones. Alarm initiating devices in each zone activate 0000
a zone code that indicates only the location of the
affected zone.
A. B2 c. BS
B. A4 D. AS
A. B2 c. B4
B. BO D. AO
A. A1 C. A4
B. A2 D. A3
A. 82 C. A4
B. B3 D. AS
A. A3 C. A1
B. B4 D. B1
347
9. A system of electrically supervised devices A B C D
employing a dlrect-circ:ul connection between alarm
initiating devices or a control unit is protected
0000
premises and signal-indicating equipment in a
station, such as fire or police headquarters.
A. A2 c. 80
B. 82 D. A4
A.B4 C. AO
R. A3 D. BO
A. B3 c. B1
B. A3 D. AO
A AS C. B4
B. 85 D. A1
348
f~ FIRE PREVENTIONIPROTECTION
349
5. This consist of a horiZontal pattem of pipes placed A B C D
near the ceilings of industrial buildings, warehouse,
stores, theatres and other structures where the fire
0000
hazard requires their use. These pipes are provided
with outlets· and heads so constructed that
temperatures of 135° to 160°F (55° to 70°C) will
cause them to open automatically and emit a series
of fine water sprays.
A. I C. VII
B. V D. Ill
A. VII C. VIII
B. V D. II
A. IV C. VII
B. V D. VIII
A. VI c.
B. VIII D. Ill
350
G. SECURITY-BURGLAR PROOFING
351
More ·sophisticated devtcea. Such· as motton detectors are al$o used
occask>rialty.A manual switCh at the.end of a long cord is also often provitted
so t~t the resident may at wiR set off tl"!e aJarm in the event an intruder is
heard. The system may e"1)1oy the sal'ne audible signals as the fire system
or tts own components. Although done Infrequently, INTRUSION ALARM
SYSTEMS can be continuously supervised by connection with Central
Stations of companies whose business such supervision is, and who will
either respond directly to area alarm call or notify local police authorities of
any ilegal entry.
Condoplex
One new system that is useful to condominiums and other highrise
developments is the Condoplex. Developed in Canada and soon to be
tJistributed by APRO Asian Protection, the Condoplex is a complete
microprocessor-based apartment monitoring system capable of monitoring
up to 1,000 apartments unit~.
The relatively user-friendly system is especially an audio-video intercom
system which incorporates several security features. It consists of a three-
way communication system- from the central computer at the guard house
to the apartment block and then to the individual unit. All communications
are continuously recordeq.
The system provides round the clock security and also comes with an option
of remote monitorirg by an external security company. So if the guard is
sleeping on the job, your home is still being monitored externally.
The systems address panel lists the names of the residents instead of
addresses thus allowing the security tb verify names of residents. In other
systems, visitors would have to key in eithe.r the address or make a search
through what miQht be a long alley of buttons before he could get to the
right tenant.
The apartment suite panel, which is located in the individual units, can warn
against burglary, fire, tampering and other emergencies. This is done with a
wireless link to ten security detectors placed around the apartment. Each
time there is a problem, the apartment can be called from the computer
through the intercom. The system also comes with an Audio option.
Top security
For larger establishments there is a whole range of choices. The old
dependable jagah might be difficult to find one day what with the turnover
rate for security guards remaining high. Furthermore it will become more
difficult and costly to provide for a manpower-based security.
Highly advanced tethnologic~l developments in cameras, lenses, video
recorders and the various peripherals such as pan and tilt control has
progressed to a level where the right perspective can be achieved.
352
The ClOsed Circuit Television (CCTV) t1as been established tor the past 25
years as one of the most effective tools in the fight against crime. It can
provide remote eyes and an accurate record of what is happening in sensitive
areas.
The rate of development associated with CCTV and the intelligence of the
peripher.al equipment can only be compared with today·s development of
the computing world.
One of the most important developments in the industry has been the
introduction of video multiplexer. These systems can record multiple camera
pictures onto a single video recorder, and then replay those camera pictures
in split screen displays on a single monitor.
Another important development is the new 3-Dimensionallntelligent Space
(3D IS) System which is a three-dimensional video motion detection system.
Developed in Australia, this monitoring system uses the overlapping fields
of standard CCTV cameras to create invisible, three-dimensional detection
zone that protect valuable assets or secure designated areas.
Thus, no one can hide from the system.
Information for this article was provided by Cisco, Dedicated Micros (Asia)
anci APRO Asian Protection Pte. Ltd.
353
The user can thus control the system via a handphone or a telephone even
If he is away from the premises. Likewise, the system can contact the user
via the pager, a handphone or a telephone during an emergency.
Small or medium-sized businesses who do not have staff running round the
clock to take care of contingencies would no doubt benefit froin such a
system as it that provides security surveilance and at the same time monitors
the status of the equipment and machinery of the plant.
354
H. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
The answers to questions 1 through 8 can be found on the following key
LIST. Select only one answer for each question.
C. V
0000
A. Ill
B. IV D. VI
A. VIII c.
B. VII D. IV
C. II
0000
A. IV
B. VI D. VII
B. I D. VII
A. IV C. VIII
B. II D. Ill
355
6. This contain a coded magnetic strip that allows·entry A B C D
when a valid card is passed over the rel!der. 0000
A. II C. VIII
B. IV D. VI
A. I c. Ill
B. VII D. V
A. V C. II 0000
B. l D. VII
356
AREA ''B''
PART Ill UT I L IT I ES
6. COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. SIGNAL SYSTEMS
Under this title is subsumed all SIGNAL, COMMUNICATION, and CONTROL
EQUIPMENT, the function of which is to assist in effecting proper building
operation.
Included are surveillance equipment such as fire and interior alarm; audio
CJ,nd visual communication equipment such as telephone, intercom, and
1elevision, both public and closed circuit; time equipment such as clock
program.
Closed circuit TV (CCTV) for surveillance systems. The hundreds of signals
generated throughout a large facility are logged, channeled, and applied by ·
means of specially programmed computers.
Most recently, COMPUTER SYSTEMS, as well as local area networks
(LANS) that .connect computers within one building or in a complex of
buildings.
Telephone Systems are the most prevalent type of communication system.
In most buildings, main telephone lines enter the structure in a main cable
and connect to the terminal room where they are split into riser cabres.
These risers are generally located near the core and connect telephone
equipment rooms on each floor. From these equipment rooms the lines
branch out to serve individual spaces.
With the proliferation of separate telephone companies in recent years, each
tenant space in a large building usually needs its own eQuipment
I .
room.
.
The
size of the room is dependent on the type of equipment used and the number
of telephone lines connected.
Other types of communication systems are typically prewired as the building
is constructed. Cabling terminates at electrical boxes in the wall or floor
with a jack into which individual equipment can be connected.
Most signal cabling is run· in metal conduit like electrical cable unless the
local building code allows it to be exposed. Conduit protects the cable and
prevents it from burning in a fire and giving off dangerous gases.
358
1. The fire detection, smoke detection, and :ntrusion A B C D
alarm device all operate from a ; the 0000
alarm bell is common.
B. LOCATOR D. ANNUNCIATOR
A. ELEVATED C. AMPLIFIED
B. INCREASER D. LOUDNESS
CONTROLL
359
5. The publiO demand tor step-saving conveniences has A B C D
resulted in the wide acceptance of the home
-~---·The basic system comprises one or
0000
more masters and several remote stations, one of
which monitors the front door allowing it to be
answered from various points within the home.
In general, MASTER STATIONS allow selective
calling, whereas REMOTE STATIONS operating
through the master are non-selective.
Systems are also available that impose the signals
onto the house power wiring. This has the advantage
of eliminating separate wiring and making remote
stations portable. They are connected simply by
plugging into a power outlet. Many manufacturers
have incorporated a TUNER (AM, FM, or both} into
this system so that music can be "PIPED" to each of
the stations within the home.
A. INTERCOM C. INTERFACE
B. INTERSTATION D. INTERCHANGE
B. ANTE-ENERGIZER D. ENERGIZING
360
7. The usual differentiation between intercom and A B C D
private telephone is interlace w~h phone company
equipment, which is found on private telephones and
0000
NOT found on the intercoms. MASTERS and
REMOTE stations are (requently called
_ _ _ _ _ , respectively, and their functions are
the same. Instruments may look like telephones in
addition to a number of other functions.
A. OFFICER & C. MAINAND
WORKER SUBORDINATE
B. ADMINISTRATIVE D. LEADER AND
AND STAFF FOLLOWER
361
TYPICAL of this type of equipment shows the operational
features of this system that include:
A. EXTENDER C. SENDER
362
10. Automatic callback and . A telephone A B C D
permits you wait on a busy phone and hang up. 0000
System then rings both phones when they are free.
A. STAND-BY C. DELVE-ON
B. SLEEP-ON D. CAMP-ON
A. CALLTRANSFER C. CALLCHANGER
A. STRONG C. CONFERENCE
ocoo
B. AGREEMENT D. CONSULTATION
C. AGREEMENT
0000
A. CONFERENCE
B. CONVENTION D. MEETING
B. SPLIT D. ON-LINE
363
B. TELELINGO
A. CALLING C. ANNOUNCING
B. PAGING D. CONVEYING
364
4. A is launched so as to move at the A B C D
same speed as earth's rotation. Hence 0000
("GEOSTATIONAR"). This bounces and boosts
communication signals from transmitters on one part
of the globe to receiving antennas on another part.
B. ROVING D. ROCKET
SATELLITE TRANSMITTER
B. JNTEGRATED D. INTERNATIONAL
SOLAR DIGITAL SOLAR DIALING
NETWORK NETWORK
365
"I. This is a Device for converting analog signals sent A B C D
through telephone lines into digitalized information
that can be accepted by a recipient computer. Linked
0000
with the originating computer, this _ _ _ __
translates the computer's digital information into
analog which, when received by its counterpart at
the other end is again translated into digital for the
recipient computer.
A. MODEM, C. MODULAR
MODULATOR
DEMODULATOR
B. TUNER D. LEVELER
A. PRIVATE C. PABX-Private
INTERCHANGE Automatic Branch
Exchange
366
10. VALUE-ADDED NETWORK: the provider of VAN A B C D
Services adds value by purchasing lines from a 0000
telephone company and adding transmission and
switching functions, such as . Here,
a User enters his password and is able to send a
message to one or several destinations. Recipient
can read the message on the computer screen or
print it out. If the office being sent is closed, it makes
no difference since the message is stored and
forwarded.
A. TELECOPIER C. XEROX
B. TELEX D. TELEGRAPH
361
AREA ''B''
PARTIII UTILITIES
7. HIGH-TECH
SYSTEMS
AREA ''8" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. BUILDINGS
FUTUREHOME
by Elizabeth Pennisi
For Portia Isaacson a computer scientist, futurehome is a fantasy come true. The
white, two storey, stucco, subarban Dallas home, will be an electronic showcase, but
with spiral staircase, hot tub, art gallery and style. A quick call to-or from-a computer
ensures that her hot tub will be warm when she arrives or informs her when her
teenaged children have gotten home from school. If a business meeting keeps her
from getting home in time for her husband's birthday, a computer controlled scenano.
complete with loving messages, romantic lighting, favorite music and appropriate
videos, will let him know he hasn't been forgotten.
Answering the door is obsolete. A camera shows who it is by sending a close-up view
of newcomers to wherever Isaacson is in the house. Then she can open the door
remotely. Can't find the keys or the husband? Via video cameras she can scan
shelftops and table surfaces. Motion censors track each person's room-to-room
movements.
It will take 13 computers, 14 telephones, 26 tv monitors, 8 miles ( 13 km) of wiring,
several video casette recorders for this future home. Isaacson has robots for pets, a
sculpture of stereo and video components that seem to float in space, futuristic plant
stands that are really computer terminals, and a media "command center", that includes
tour (4) 25-inch (60 em.) tv's a 40-inch (1 00 em.) tv projection screen, 2 VCFS, and
compact and laser disc players.
At futurehome, a master computer is in charge. It receives data from the rest of the
house and sends out commands, dimming lights, changing thermostat setting, and
switching tv channels and volumes. Using a text-to-speech converter, the computer
can answer and make telephone calls. When someone - a housekeeper or tardy
teenager, for instance punches in their individualized codes to get into the front door.
the computer can be cued to let Isaacson know, either where she is in the home or at
work.
It can tell the condition of the house, not only can lights or favorite music be turned on
as a person enters a room, a synthesized voice can welcome guests, remind a son to
keep his feet off furniture or wake a husband in time for dinner.
Heating and airconditioning are regulated electronically, and tile computer tracks
temperatures in each room so that the new occupants can assess airflow throughout
1he house. Once computerized, the entire house can be run from any one of 10
personal computers by pointing with a light pen to a particular room pictured on the
369
screen, and designating a task to be completed: Lights on or off, specific music to be
played, tv show to be recorded.
Or "script• can be written that coordinate activities for emergencies, normal household
maintenance, even family tends to take care of intruders, a security script: If a security
sensor detects a break-in, the computer could be programmed to flash all the lights,
blast the stereos, wake up and tell the residents where the stranger is lurking, perhaps
even inform the burglars that they are being filmed.
The Interior looks like the tv series Star Trek. Instead of a wall-sized painting, an
electronic sculpture welcome visitors. The black components of an audio and video
systems are set into a glossy, black metal wall on shelves not visible to viewers.
Recessed lighting along the wall edges adds to the effect.
NEW DELHI- Early morning, a melodious voice wakes you up: "Good morning. it's
six a.m. big day ahead."
If you do not respond, the voice becomes more insistent nagging you till you are
awake. Meanwhile, the curtains of your bedroom windows would part automatically;
the shower in the bathroom starts as soon as you are ready and the coffee begins to
brew.
This may sound like a fantasy. But well, it is a moderate estimate of the "house of the
future" which will respond to your orders and no one else·s, because security sensors
recognize your voice. Already there are several hundred such "smart houses" all
over the world, designed around central computers that control utility and security
systems, appliances and even music and fountains.
While you are out, your house continues to perform programmed tasks: starting the
dishwasher and watering the garden, opening the gate to certain people and activating
recordings of household noises to deter burglars. The commands can be changed on
telephone. If you are ahead of schedule, call home to adjust temperature and humidity
levels, turn on the sauna and feed the cat. Video consoles provide security because
an in-built computer can distinguish you from other persons.
The "smart houses" in Japan and the US have security and decorative lights
automatically switching on in sequence after dark. If motion detectors in any room
sense on human presence after 30, minutes, the lights switch off. Temperature and
humidity are adjusted for night-time comfort. Should late night snackers head towards
the kitchens, lights will come on, one at a time, to show the way.
Of late, a Japanese firm has launched a number of home appliances operable by
means of telephone instructions. Washer-driers, rice cookers, electric irons, cleaning
robots, refrigerators ... all fully automated and test manufactured, are being
commercialized shortly.
The fully-automated rice cooker sucks up a programmed amount of rice from a storage
chest and bran is whisked away during cooking by an electronic brush. Cooking
instructions may be set in advance by telephone so that the boiled rice is ready when
the owner arrives home. The electric iron has no cord, but heats through induction.
370
After being placed on an ironing boards, built-in electro-magnetic coils heat the iron,
which can be used for many hours.
The cleaning robot moves around the room, avoiding obstacles using an ultrasonic
wave sensor. Whenever it encounters dust accumulation the robot's sucking force
automatically increases. The refrigerator has a liquid crystal door, which turns
transparent at the flick of a switch. enabling one to see what is inside.
If you are. driving back from the city and are caught in a traffic snarl, you dial home on
your earphone to report the delay. The house computer then delays the normal
sequence of operations, but activates the video recorder to catch the tete-serial you
might want to see had you been at home. It also adjusts cooking and heating settings
to coincide with your delayed arrival.
Tomorrow's cars will be unlocked and started with plastic cards while drivers would
have to check their routes on computer. Standard equipment will include dashboard
navigation systems a kin to that on aircraft cockpits, speaker-telephones, ergonomic
seats and voice alerts to rouse drowsy drivers. Sensors detecting oncoming objects
will trigger the brakes, ac.celerator or the steering wheel to avert danger. On
electronically gridded super highways, drivers can put their vehicles on automatic
drive and snooze while zooming towards their destinations.
The technology to manufacture these gadgets already exists today. But the danger of
incompatible systems also exists. It is no good having a remote control video recorder
or a burglar alarm if your neighbor's dishwasher is activated simultaneously.
In 1986, the European Commission had awarded a handsome sum of money to
seven companies to design communication standards for electric devices in homes
which could work on mains wiring, infrared, radio waves and various types of and
ultimately optical fibres. Products so designed will be registered by a special logo.
In future homes, robots will provide much-needed relief to housekeepers. Today,
furniture is unnecessary heavy, because thick pieces of wood, metal and plastic are
needed to withstand the stresses imposed by people and objects. Technologists are
now developing new materials that are far ~tronger than anything we are used to and
yet, extremely lightweight.
A future housekeeper will be able to literally lift a sofa with a finger. And it may not
even need to be lifted, if it has a motorand is voice commandable. The robots that
clean the floors and rugs may be able to order the sofa to move out the way while it
does the cleaning (PNA/PTI).
SMART HOUSE
This allows occupants to dictate how the home will be run in their absence. Before
leaving for work, a homeowner can instruct the master computer to video tape a
television program at 3:00p.m .. begin warming dinner at 4:30, and turn on the heating
or air conditioning at 5:00. These directions may also be delivered by phone. A smart
hOuse offers cost savings as well as convenience. Linked to the local power company,
a home's central computer can run energy-gobbling appliances when electricity rates
are lowest. The computer can also choreograph the operation of all appliances that
JSe hot water, such as the washing maching and dishwasher, to make the most
economical use of the water heater.
Although the comfort and economy of a smart house offset its cost over the long run,
sue~ homes remain far more expensive than conventional abodes.
371
A DATA NETWORK
A HOUSEHOLD NETWORK
A second network links household appliances (master terminal) -washer, dryer, store,
dishwasher, microwave, oven, freezer, shower, not tub. This household network can
be modified to accommodate telephone hook-ups to outside computers, allowing the
occupuant to bank, shop, travel agency, and make travel arrangements from home.
REFURfJfSH- to renovate, polish up again, brighten.
RETROFIT- to modify equipment that is already in service using parts developed or
made available after the time of origin.al manufacture. To retrofit is to replace (example
is to replace an old window with a new thermal window).
B. ROBOTICS
c '>habnam Gupta
ne term "robot" is derived from the Czeck word "Robota", meaning "forced labour",
A mechanical copy of a living being is called an "Automation" an example is a model
of a child that dips his pen in an ink pot, shakes off the excess ink and then writes in
the best handwriting. In Disneyland, President Abe Lincoln stands up from his chair,
walks a few steps towards the audience. stops and begins to declaim with his hands
moving.
A "ROBOT" is an automically operated machine. It is a computer 'Brain'· which can
be taught or programmed to perform human tasks autom1cally. The development of
true robots was made possible only by the invention of the silicon chip in the computers,
which provides robots with brains.
Robots, generally speaking, are mechanical arms controlled by computers to
accomplish those handling activities of men which are repetitive or hazardous by
nature. Robot workers never get tired or bored. or make a careless mistake.
Robots are specially useful in industry, to produce a wide range of goods with precision.
In the automobile industry, robots are being used to lift, weld and spray paint.
The movements of the "Mechanical arms" are recorded in the computers r:~erc~· ·y
so that they can be repeated precisely. There are some robots whirr: e•Je! ha1· a
sensor device to help them correct their own movemer1ts. if they .w::: :··.. t ~~c: •g
according to the programmed instructions.
They are usually driven by electric motors, but may also be pneumatic 1air e: "IE::r) or
hydraulic (water driven), and can lift weights of about one kilogram or rTJore. All thq! is
needed to run a small robot at home is a micro computer.
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Areas where robots are highly useful are dangerous areas. A bomb-detecting robot
can help protect humans from danger. They can be usdd in environments which are
harsh or dangerous such as radiation zones, space coal mines, under-sea areas and
now on active volcano craters. Recently, a robot was invented that can climb stairs,
more so, a ladder.
Robots that work under water are unmanned submarine vehicles, linked by cable or
sonar links to human operators. They perform tasks such as inspection of pipelines
or locati~n of ship wrecks. They are also used for undersea drilling and mining
practises.
Another application is a robot as a bartender. There is a lightweight microphone through
which the waiter communicates with the robot-controlled bar, and places orders. The
order can be placed directly from the customer's table. The drinks are then poured
and mixed automically, and are then served by the waiters. Meanwhile, the computer
does stocktaking and cash control, thereby leaving very little chance of inaccuracy
Robots can help disabled people feed themselves. or use a typewriter and can act as
guides to the blind. In dentistry schools, a robot is used to teach students. It gives a
ioud electronic "ouch" if they drill too far into its tooth.
Movies and fiction have made robots popular as brainy iror·,-men with intelligence
enough to even overtake men. Based on this, the engineers are working on the design
of a micro-robot and a whole range of "ROBOTIC" games for children. Another
rnteresting development in the field of robotics is sport. Here the combat is between
man and robot. This is already done with the game of chess.
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"ROBOTICS" is the use of computer-controlled robots to perform manipulative tasks
especially an assembly lives. (Robot+ ics) (coined by Isaac Asimor)
How do all these robots work?
If you wanted to ieach a robot how to open a window, there are four ways:
1. Show it by holding its 'harid' and moving it through all the steps - reaching
out, taking hold of the handles, turning the handles, and finally opening the
window. The robot records every movement and then, at a signal, plays
back the movements like a tape-recorder. This is especially useful for
teaching skills like paint spraying and welding.
4. Robots can learn by working a problem out for themselves. In the 1960's a
rpbot called shakey was built at Stanford University. It could find its way
around a room, avoiding obstacles which it could "see" with a TV camera. It
could even find an electric socket and recharge itself.
The industrial robots are generally made of three (3) basic units: ( 1) Power supply,
the (2) Manipulator arm with joints and gripper, and (3) the computerized control
system.
1. POWER SUPPLY: It is the power supply that produce$ a set of forces which
move the parts of the robot at its different jomts. Three (3) types of power
supply are commonly used: electric, hydraulic and pneumatic.
a. ELECTRIC Systems use AC (Alternate Current) or DC (Direct Current)
motors, with each joint of the robot being controiiP.d bv an individual
motor.
b. Hydraulic Systems use force provided by liquids, such as oil, which is
forced along the tubes. under high pressure.
c. Pneumatic Systems are powered by compressed air. It is difficult to
accurately control air complicated procedures.
2. The "ARM": The visible part of the robot is the manipulator arm, with its
gripper or "end effector" and joints. The joints are like those of human beings
and are capable of five (5) basic types of Movements.
a. Rectangle Coordinate- This moves along 3 basic axes, x, y, and z, or
left-right, backward-forward and up-down.
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b. Cylindrical Coordinate- This type can rotate around the vertical axis.
The "END EFFECTOR" - takes the place of the hand in the robot "arm".
End Effectors are for specific operations. Some commonly used ones are
grippers, suction pads, shovels and hooks. Robots in a factory can change
their "end effectors" to suit the particular job they are doing.
3. The CONTROL SYSTEM- this third component not only directs the motion
but is also responsible for the sensory processing of the robot mechanisms.
The computer is used as the controller system that contains sets of
instructions which direct the motor in the robot to brinq about a certain specific
motion or function.
For the control system to function properly, the robot sensory system gathers
specific information needed for adequate control of the robot. In the more
advanced systems, the sensory system of the robot maintains an internal
model of the environment to enable prediction and decision making. But it
is not enough for robots to simply perceive and understand the world around
them; it is just as important for them to be able to understand how their
actions influence or change the particular task at hand. This means that a
robot has to have "FEEDBACK".
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commonly used is a photoelectric diode which produces off-on signals
such as "gripper closed" or "part missing". An example of this is the
{APOMS) Automated Propeller Optical Measurement System developed
for the U.S. Navy.
e. Multi-function Sensors are sensors that carry out more than one function.
This means that incoming information is processed from different sensory
modalities. One example of this is the research by P. Dario and
colleagues at the University of Pisa in which a multilayer "skin" is being
developed for "end effectors" which has sensibility for touch as well as
temperature.
C. INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
ings. Since every additional em. of slab-to-slab height and every square
meter of utility closet space increases construction costs or reduces occu-
pant space, the speculative builder will be interested only if. an immediate
return is likely:
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The rental builder will consider it in the light of his or her immediate rental
prospects: and the informed owner-user builder will analyze the rate of re-
turn for initial investment and decide accordingly.
These comments apply all the more when referring to additional costs for
unseen items such as spare ducts and conduits and ''fuels" such as fix-
tures, finishes and furnishings.
(b) Building Systems- This is the area of high-tech equipment such as BAS
(Building Automation System), plus all the individual subsidiary systems.
One difficultly lies in the highly proprietary nature of all of this equipment,
making integration between systems and future alterations difficult if not
problematic.
The trend in modern construction, except for small or simple structures, is clearly to
use integrated system design plus centralized monitoring and control of building
systems. The subsystems almost always include in a building automation system
(BAS) are HVAC, energy management, and lighting control. Inclusion of security, life
safety (fire alarm, fire control and suppression, plus emergency aspects of ve.iical
transportation), material handling, and some aspects of communications depends on
the specific needs of the building.
This trend toward building automation which previously had been economically
justifiable only in large owner-user facilities, is today not only economically feasible
but very nearly an economic necessity because of high labor costs and the relati_vely
low cost of computer and microprocessor controls.
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MULTIBUILDfNG FACILITIES
The advantages in the use of a single building wide BAS are redoubled when applied
to a multibuilding facility as compared to precomputer technology. A graphic
representation of such a multibuilding system is hereby shown below.
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The intelligent building BAS controls its building systems and interconnects via
telephone cables (and microwave link) to other buildings 1n the network and to the
central office. It matters little whether the various buildmgs in the network are
geographically concentrated in campus fashion as would br~ the case in an industrial
park, a university campus, or a multibuilding industrial facility or spread out: the control,
monitoring, and alarm functions remain the same.
Readers
Local Cont•ollers
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AREA ''C''
------
PARTI PRE-DESIGN
BUILDING
PROGRAMMING
AREA "C" PART I
1. fUNCTlONAL REQUIREMENTS
Of all programming information. the amount of space and the relationships between
spaces are two of the PRIMARY FACTORS in determining building size and
configuration.
In addition to the primary function of a building in housing a specific use. there are
always support spaces required that add to the overall size. These include such
areas as mechanical rooms, toil.et rooms, storage. and circulation space.
382
Occasionally, space needs can be based on something other than the number of
people but which is directly related to the occupancy. For instance, preliminary planning
of a hospital may be based on an area per bed, or library space can be estimated
based on the number of books.
Some Common Space Planning Guidelines
Offices .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. ... .. 30-70 net sq M.
per person
restaurant dining ....................................................... 1.35-1.65 net sq.M
per seat
restaurant kitchens................................... ........ ...... o 30-0.45 net sq.M.
per room
hotel (1.5 persons/room) ........................................ .. 50-54 gross
library reading room .................................................. 1.80-3.15 net sq.M
per person
book stacks ............................................................... .0075 net sq.M
per bound volume
theaters with fixed seats ................... ............ ............ 0.66 net sq. M
per person
assembly areas;'movable seats................................ 1.35 net sq.M
per person
the~ter lobbies ....... . 30% of seating area
classrooms 1.35-1.70 net sq.M
per student
stores .................................................................... . 2.70-4.86 net sq.M
per person
1. Whichever way it is done, the number of people that must be accomodated
is determined and multiplied by the square meter per person. However this
only includEls the space needed for the specific activity, not the space required
to connect several rooms or spaces or for support areas such as mechanical
rooms. These must be added to the basic area requirements.
2. The second way space needs are determined is by the size of an object or
piece of equipment. The size of a printing oress. for example, partially
determines the area of a press room. Automobile sizes determine the space
needs for parking garages.
3. The third way space needs are defined is through a built-in set of rules or
customs related to the activity itself. Sports facilities are examples of this
method. A basketball cou·rt must be a certain size regardless of the number
of spectators present, although the seating capacity would add to the total
space required. A courtroom is an example of an activity where the
procedures and customs of a process (the trial) dictate an arrangement of
human activity and spacing of individual areas in the courtroom that only
partially depend on the number of people.
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mechanical rooms, stairways, elevator and mechanical shafts, elect'ical and telephone
equipment rooms, wall and structural thicknesses, and other spaces not directly
musing the primary activities of the building.
Sometimes the NET AREA is referred to as the net ASSIGNABLE area and the
secondary spaces are referred to as the UNASSIGNED areas.
The sum of the net area and these ancillary areas gives the GROSS building area.
The ratio of the two figures is called the "net-to-gross"ratio and is often referred to as
the "efficiency" of the building. EFFICIENCY depends on the type of occupancy and
how well it is planned. A hospital that contains many small rooms and a great number
of large corridors will have a much lower efficiency ratio than a factory where the
majority of space is devoted to production areas and very little to corridors and other
secondary spaces.
Generally, net-to-gross ratios range from 60 to 80 percent, with the same uses more
or less efficient than these numbers. A list of some common efficiency ratios is shown
in Table 1.1. In some cases, the client may dictate the net-to-gross ratio that must be
met by the architect's design. This is usually the case where the efficiency is related
to the amount of floor space that can be leased, such as in a retail mall or a speculative
office building. Increasing the efficiency of a building is usually done by careful layout
of the building's circulation plan. A corridor that serves rooms on both sides of it, for
example, is much more efficient than one that only serves rooms on one side.
Table1.1
Some Common Efficiency Ratios
offices 0.75-0.80
retail stores 0.75
restaurants 0.65-0.70
public libraries 0.75-0.80
m~seums 0.83
theaters. 0.60-0.75
hospitals 0.50-0.65
Once the net square Meter is determined and th8 appropriate efficiency ratio
established (or estimated), the gross area of the building is calculated by dividing the
net square Meter by the net-to-gross (efficiency) ratio.
Example 1.1
The net assignable area of small office building has been programmed as 6,500
square Meter. If the efficiency ratio is estimated to be 73%, what gross area
should be planned for? ·
65,000 6,500
gross area = 0.73
or
0.73
89,000 square feet = 8,900 square Meter
The design portion of the Board Exatns. often requires that you provide various
unassignable spaces within the context of the problem without giving you the square
meters. You are expected to make a reasonable allowance for mechanical rooms,
toilet rooms, elevators, and the like if they are not specifically listed in the program.
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Table 1.21ists some typical space requirements with which you should be familiar {,,.r
projects of the size and type normally found in the design portion of the exam.
Table 1.2
Space Requirements for Estimating Non-assignable Areas
385
entrY
living room
dining room
kitchen
study
bedrc.om
becJroom
bath
2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
During programming, general concepts are developed as a response to the
goals and needs of the client. These programmatic concepts are statements about
functional solutions to the client's performance requirements. They differ from later
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design concepts because no attempt at actual physical solutions is made during
programming; programmatic concepts guide the later development of design concepts.
For example, a programmatic concept might be that a facility should be easily
expandable by 20 percent every three years. Exactly how that would happen with a
building would be developed as a design concept. It might take the form of a linear
building that could be extended by a simple addition to one wing. Some ot the more
common design considerations that must be addressed during programming are
outlined in the following sections.
A. Organization Concepts
The functional needs of a particular type of building most often influence how
the physical environment is organized. At other times, the client's goal, the site, the
desired symbolism, or additional factors suggest the organization pattern. There are
six fundamental organization concepts: linear, axial, grid, central, radial, and clustered.
These are shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.2.
Linear organizations consist of a series of spaces or buildings that are placed in
a single line. The spaces can be identical or different sizes and shapes, but they
always relate to a unifying line, usually a path of circulation. A linear organization is
very adaptable; it cari be straight, bent, or curved to meet the requirements of the
client, the site, solar orientation, or construction. It is easily expandable and can be
built in a modular configuration if desired.
(a) linear
(b) axial
(d) central
(c) grid
387
(e) radial (f) clustered
Axial plans are variations of the linear system with two or more major linear segments
about which spaces or buildings are placed. There may be additional, secondary
paths growing out of the primary axes and the major linear segments may be at right
angles to each other or at some other angle.
Grid systems consist of two sets .of regularly spaced parallel lines, which create a
very strong pattern and one that is quite flexible. Within a grid, portions can be
subtracted, added or modified. The size of the grid can be changed to create different
sizes of spaces or to define special areas. However, it can become very monotonous
and confusing if not used properly. Since a grid system is usually defined by circulation
paths, it is more appropriate for very large buildings and building complexes where a
great deal of circulation is required.
Central organizations are based on one space or point about which secondary
elements are placed. It is usually a very formal method of omanizing spaces or
buildings and inherently places the primary emphasis on the central space. Central
organizations are often used in conjunction with axial or linear plans.
When more than one linear organization extends from a centralized point, it becomes
a radial organization. Radial plans have a central focus but also have the ability to
extend outward to connect with other spaces, or for expansion. These types of
organizing plans can be circular or assume other shapes as well.
Clustered organizations are loose compositions of spaces or buildings related around
a path, axis, or central space, or simply grouped together. The general image is one
of informality. Clusters are very adaptable to requirements for different sizes of spaces
and they are easy to add onto without disrupting the overall composition.
B. Circulation Patterns
Circulation patterns are primary ways of organizing spaces, buildings, and groups of
buildings. They are vital to the efficient organization of a structure and provide people
with their strongest orientation within an environment. Paths of circulation provide
the means to move people, cars, products, and services. ·
388
Circulation is directly related to the organizational pattern of a building, but it does not
necessarily have to mimic it. For example, a major circulation path can cut diagonally
across a grid pattern. Normally, there is a hierarchy of paths. Major r..:>utes connect
major spaces or become spaces themselves and have secondary paths branching
from them. Different sizes and types of circulation are important for accommodating
varying capacities and for providing an orientation device for people using them.
All circulation paths are linear by their very nature, but there some common variations,
many of which are similar to the organizational patterns described in the previous
section. Since circulation is such an important aspect of successful completion of the
design portion of the examination, you should have a good mental picture of the
various circulation concepts and the advantages and disadvantages of each F1ve
basic patterns are shown in Figure 1.3, along with a hypothetical structural grid on
top of them to illustrate how some patterns are better suited than others to integration
of structure, adjacencies, and circulation system. Also remember that mechanical
services can easily follow a logical circulation system.
The linear, dumbbell layout is the simplest and one of the most flexible. Spaces are
laid out along a straight path that connects two major elements at the ends These
are usually the entrance to the building at one end and an exit at the other, although
the primary entrance can occur anywhere along the path. Spaces are laid out along
the spine as required. Various sizes of spaces can be easily accommodated by simply
extending their length perpendicular to the path, and if outdoor spaces are required
they are simply located as needed. The double-loaded corridor makes the building
very efficient.
Site constraints may restrict the length of the spine, but the concept can still be used
by bending the path at a right angle. With this layout it is very easy to establish a
regular, one-way structural grid perpendicular to the direction of the path. Simply
extending the length of a bay can accommodate larger spaces as the program requires.
389
I I .I 1 I
entry
D'o1
I D
.D!D!O!D!Di
I I
1 1
!
exit
!DID!
! ! 1
l!!
I I 1
1
I structural grid 1
entry
entrv
L_ ___,
(b) donut
390
Conversely, eliminating a line or two of structure gives you the location for a very
large space and a long-span structural system. A two-way structural grid can also be
used with this layout.
Making a complete loop results in a doughnut configuration. Th1s is also very efficient
because it provides a double-loaded corridor and automatically makes a continuous
exit way. Building entries, exits, and stairways can be placed wherever needed. Spaces
that do not need exterior exposure can be placed in the middle. Various sizes of
spaces are easily accommodated on the perimeter because they can be expanded
outward just as wHh the dumbbell layout. A simple structural grid-can be coordinated
with the space layout as required. A doughnut pattern is good for square or nearly
square sites and for buildings that must be compact.
A grid system is often used tor very large buildings where access must be provided to
many internal spaces. For the small buildings that are usually found on the Board
Exam., a grid system is seldom appropriate because it results in a very inefficient
layout, with single spaces being surrounded by corridors.
A radial layout is oriented on one major space with paths extending from this central
area. The radial configuration generally requires a large site and is more appropriate
for large buildings or huilding complexes. Establishing a simple structural system is
more difficult with this pattern unless the circulation paths extend from the central
space at 90 degree angles. Each corridor must also have an exit at the end if it is
longer than 20 feet.
Finally, a field pattern consists of a network of paths with no strong direction. There
are major paths with secondary routes extending from or connecting the primary
routes. Orientation within a field pattern is difficult, as is integrating a logical structural
system.
c. Service Spaces
In additon to the primary programmed spaces (the net assignable), secondary spaces
such as toilet and mechanical rooms must ~llso be planned from the start. They should
not be tacked on after the majority of the design work is done.
Depending on the type of mechanical system, mechanical rooms should be centrally
located to minimize lengths of duct runs and piping. This is especially true with all air
systems. Mechanical rooms usually need easy access to the outside for servicing as
well as provisions for fresh air intakes.
Toilet rooms should be located to satisfy adjacency requirements as stated in the
program or in an area that has easy access to the entire floor. Men's and women's
toilet rooms should be back to back to share a common plumbing wall and to be near
other plumbing in the building, if possible.
Service access must also be given careful consideration. This includes service drives
for trucks, the service entrance to the buidling, and access to mechanical rooms,
storage rooms, and other functional areas as required by the program. The Board
Exam. design problem usually has a requirement for some type of service access
that must be kept separate from the primary entrance and circulation paths.
391
D. Flexibility
Flexibility is a design consideration that involves a variety of concepts. Expansibility
is the capacity for a building to be enlarged or added onto easily as needs change or
growth oocurs. Convertibility allows an existing building or space to be changed to a
new use. For example, a school gymnasium may be converted into classroom space
in a second phase of construction. VersaUiity means the ability to use the same space
for a variety of uses in order to make maximum use of limited space.
If a program calls for flexibility, the designer must know or determine what type is
required Expansibility may suggest one type of organizational and structural system
while convertibility may require a completely different approach.
A. Behavior Settings
A behavior setting is a useful concept for studying the effects of the environment on
human activity. A behavior setting can be thought of as a particular place. with definable
boundaries and objects within the place, in which a standing pattern of behavior
occurs at a particular time.
For example, a weekly board of directors meeting in a conference room can be
considered a behavior setting. The activity of the meeting follows certain procedures
(call to order, reading of minutes, discussions, and so forth). it occurs in the same
place (the conference room), and the room is arranged to assist the activity (chairs
are arranged around a table, audio-visual facilities are present, lighting is adequate).
The idea of a behavior setting is a useful concept for the architect becc.use it connects
the strictly behavioral aspects of human activity of interest to the psychologist with
the effects of the physical environment on people. Although a behavior setting is a
complex system of activities, human goals. administrative requirements, physical
objects, and cultural needs, it provides the architect with a definable unit of design.
By knowing the people involved and the activities taking place, programmatic concepts
can be developed that support the setting. ·
392
'
B. Territoriality
As mentioned earlier, territoriality is a fundamental aspect of human behavior. It refers
to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own. Although
partially based on the biological imperative for protection, territoriality in humans is
more related to the needs for self-identity and freedom of choice. In addition to marking
out objects and larger spaces in the environment, people also protect their own
personal space, that imaginary bubble of distance that varies with different
circumstances.
Territoriality applies to groups as well as to individuals. A study club, school class, or
street gang can claim a physical territory as their own, which helps give both the
group and the individuals in the group an identity. Environments should allow people
to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage
in.
c. Personalization
One of the ways territoriality manifests itself is with the personalization of space.
Whether it happens in one's home, at the office desk, or in a waiting lounge, people
need to arrange the environment to reflect their presence and uniqueness. The most
successful designs allow this to take place without major adverse affects to other
people or to the environment as a whole. At home, people decorate their spaces the
way they want. At the office, people bring in personal objects, family photographs,
and pictures to make the space their own. In an airport lounge, people place coats
and suitcases around them, not only to stake out a temporary territory but also to
make the waiting time more personal and a little more comfortable.
Another way people personalize space is to modify the environment. If a given space
is not conducive to meeting the needs of the people using it, they can either modify
their behavior to adapt to the environment, change their relationship to the environment
(leave), or try to change the environment. The simple act of moving a chair to make
viewing a screen ea~ier is an example of modifying and personalizing a space. If the
chair is attached, the design is not as adaptable to the varying needs of the people
using the design.
D. Group Interaction
To a certain extent, the environment can either facilitate or hinder human interaction.
In most behavior settings, groups are predisposed to act in a particular way. If the
setting is not conducive to the activities, the people will try to modify the environment
or modify their behavior to make the activity work. In extreme cases, if the setting is
totally at odds with the activity, stress, anger, and other adverse reactions can occur.
Seating arrangement is one of the most common ways of facilitating group interaction.
Studies have shown that people will seat themselves at a table according to the
nature of their relationship with others around them. For intimate conversation, two
people will sit across the corner of a table or next to each other on a sofa. For more
formal situations or when people are competing, they will sit ace ross from one another.
Where social contact is not desired, two people will take chairs at opposite corners of
a table. ·
393
Round tables tend to foster more cooperation and equality among those seated around
them. Rectangular tables tend to make cooperation more difficult and establish the
P'JrSOn sitting at the end in a more superior position. Strangers do not like to share
the same sofa or park bench. Knowing the people and activities expected to be in a
place can assist the architect in making decisions. For example, individual study
carrels in a library will be more efficient .than large tables because the tables will
seldom be fully occupied by strangers.
In places where informal group interaction takes place, studies have shown that over
97 percent of groups comprise two to four people. Designing to accommodate these
sizes of groups makes more sense than anticipating groups of more people, although
a plan that allows for the possibility of very large groups while preferring small groups
would be the best combination. In most cases, providing a variety of spaces for
interaction is the best approach.
E. Status
The physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism that indicates status for
some human beings. Some people like colonial houses because such designs
symbolize to the occupants the idea of "home." Others prefer banks of classical design
with large lobbies, because that is what they think a bank should look like.
The environment can thus communicate status. In the United States, for example,
someone with a corner office has more status than someone with only one exterior
wall. Office size is also equated with. the status in many cultures. A house in a better
neighborhood provides a higher status than one in other neighborhoods. Status can
also operate at the scale of an entire building or complex. The client may want the
building to symbolize some quality of the organization and give him or her a physical
and psychological status in the community.
An architectural program should investigate the requirements or implications of status.
Sometimes clients may clearly state what status-related goals they want to achieve.
Other times, the programmer must raise the issue, explore it with the client, and
document the response as a programmatic concept.
394
project must be designed and built for the fixed amount. Unfortunately, when public
officials estimate the cost to build a project, they sometimes neglect to include all
aspects of development, such as professional fees, furnishings. and other line items.
Budgets may also be set by the architect at the request or H1e owner anc:l.based on
the proposed project. This is the most realistic and accurate way to establish a
preliminary budget because it is based on a particular building type of a particular
size on a particular site (or sites if several are being reviewed for selection).
There are four basic variables in developing any construction budget: quantity, quality,
the budget itseH, and time. There is always a balance among these four elements
and changing one or more affects the others. For instance, if an owner needs a
certain amount of square meter built (quantity), needs the project built at a certain
time, and has a fixed budget amount, then the quality of construction will have to be
adjusted to meet the other constraints. In some cases, value engineering can be
performed during which individual system and materials are reviewed to see if the
same function can be accomplished in a less expensive way If time, quality. and the
budget are fixed, then the amount of space constructed (quantity) must be adjusted.
A. Cost Influences
There are many· variables that affect project cost. The first thing to remember is
that construction cost is only one part of the total project development budget. Other
factors include such things as site acquisition, site development, and financing. Figure
1.4 lists most of the items commonly found in a project budget and a typical range of
percentage values based on construction cost. Of course, not all of these are a part
of every development, but they illustrate the things that must be considered.
Building cost is the money required to construct the building, including structure,
exterior cladding, finishes, and electrical and mechanical systems. Site development
costs are usualiy a separate item. They include such things as parking, drives, fences,
landscaping, exterior lighting, and sprinkler systems. If the development is a large
395
one that affects the surrounding area, a developer may required to upgrade roads,
extend utility lines, and do other major off-site work as a condition of getting approval
from public agencies.
Movable equipment and furnishings include furniture, accessories, window coverings,
and major equipment necessary to put the facility into operation. These are often
listed as separate line items because the funding for them may come out of a separate
budget and because they may be supplied under separate contracts.
Professional services are architectural and engineering fees as well as costs for such
things as topographic surveys, soils tests, special consultants, appraisals and legal
fees, and the like. Inspection and testing involve money required for special on-site,
full-time inspection (if required), and testing of such things as concrete, steel, window
walls, and roofing.
Since construction takes a great deal of time, a factor for inflation should be included.
Generally, the present budget estimate is escalated to a time in the future at the
expected tnidpoint of construction. Although it is always difficult to predict the future,
using past cost indexes and inflation rates and applying an estimate to the expected
condition of the construction, the architect can usually make an educated guess.
A contingency should also be added to account for unforeseen changes by the client
and other conditions that add to the cost. For an early project budget, the percentage
of the contingency should be higher than contingencies applied to later budgets,
because there are more unknowns. Normally, from 5 to 10 percent should be included.
Financing includes not only the long-term interest paid on permanent financing but
also the immediate costs of loan origination fees, construction loan interest, and other
administrative costs. On long-term loans, the cost of financing can easily exceed all
of the original building and development costs. In many cases, long term interest,
called debt service, is not included in the project budget because it is an ongoing cost
to the owner, just as maintenance costs are.
Finally, many clients include moving costs in the development bud~et. For large
companies and other types of clients, the money required to physically relocate,
including changing stationery, installing telephones, and the like, can be a substantial
amount.
B. Methods of Budgeting
The costs described in the previous section and shown in Figure 1.4 represent a type
of budget done during programming or even prior to programming to test the feasibility
of a project. The numbers are very preliminary, often based on very sketchy information.
For example, the building cost may simply be an estimated cost per square meter
multiplied by the required number of gross square meter needed. The square footage
cost may be derived from similar buildings in the area, from the past experience, or
from commercially available cost books.
Budgeting, however, is an ongoing activity for the architect. At each stage of the
design process, there should be a revised budget, reflecting the decisions made to
that time. As shown in the example, pre-design budgets are usually based only on
396
area basis, but other units can also be used. For example, many companies have
rules of thumb for estimating based on items such as cost per hospitals bed, cost per
student, cost per hotel room, and similar functional units.
After the pre-programming budget, the architect usually begins to concentrate on the
building and site development costs. At this stage an average cost per square meter
may still be used, or the building may be divided into several functional parts and
different square meter prices assigned to each. A school, for example, may be classified
into classroom space, laboratory space, shop space, office space, and gymnasium
space, each having a different cost per square meter. This type of division can be
developed concurrently with the programming of the space requirements.
During schematic design, when more is known about the space requirements and
general configuration of the building and site, budgeting is based on major subsystems.
Historical cost information on each type of subsystem can be applied to the design.
At this point it is easier to see where the money is being used in the building. Design
decisions can then be based on studies of alternative systems. A typical subsystem
budget is shown in Figure 1.5.
Values for low-average and high quality construction for different building types can
be obtained from cost databases and published estimating manuals and applied to
the structure being budgeted. The peso amounts included in system cost budgets
usually include markup for contractor's overhead and profit and other construction
administrative costs.
During the later stages of schematic design and early stages of construction
documents, more detailed estimates are made. The procedure most often used is
the parameter method, which involves an expanded itemization of construction
quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities. For example, instead of
using one number for floor finishes, they are broken down into carpeting, vinyl tile,
wood strip flooring, unfinished concrete, and so forth. Using an estimated cost per
square meter, the cost of each type of flooring can be estimated based on the area.
Office 9uildings
average cost
subsystem :til/sq. Mts. %of total
foundations 3.96 5.2
floors on grade 3.08 4.0
superstructure 16.51 21.7
397
HVAC 9.21 12.1
plumbing 3.61 4.6
electrical 4.68 6.1
~76.21 100.0
With this type of budgeting, it is possible to evaluate the cost implications of each
building component and to make decisions concerning both quantity and quality in
order to meet the original budget estimate. If floor finishes are over budget, the architect
and the client can review the parameter estimate and decide, for example, that some
wood flooring must be replaced with less expensive carpeting. Similar decisions can
be made concerning any of the parameters in the budget.
Paramete.tline items are based on commonly used units that relate to the construction
element under study. For instance, a gypsum board partition would have an o.ssigned
cost per square foot of complete partition of a particular construction type rather than
separate costs for metal studs, gypsum board, screws, and finishing. There would be
different costs for single-layer gypsum board partitions, one-hour rated walls, two-
hour rated walls, and other partition types.
Two additional components of construction cost include the contractor's overhead
and profit. Overhead can be further divided into general overhead and project
overhead. General overhead is the cost to run a contracting business that involves
such business that involves such things as office rent, secretarial help, heat and
other recurring costs. Project overhead is the money it takes to complete a job that
does not include labor, materials, or equipment. Temporary offices, project telephones,
sanitary facilities, trash removal, insurance, permits, and temporary utilities are
examples of project overhead. The total overhead costs, including both general and
project expenses, can range from about 10 percent to 20 percent of the total costs for
labor, materials and equipment.
Profit is the last item a contractor adds onto an estimate and is listed as a percentage
of the total of labor, materials, equipment, and overhead. This is one of the most
highly variable parts of a budget. Profit depends on the type of project, its size, the
amount of risk involved, how much money the contractor wants to make, the general
market conditions, and, of course, whether or not the job is being bid.
During extremely difficult economic conditions, a contractor may cut the profit margin
to almost nothing simply to get the job and keep his or her work force employed. If the
contract is being negotiated with on'ly one contractor, the profit percentage will be
much higher. In most cases, however, profit will range from 5 to 20 percent of the
total cost of the job. Overall, overhead and profit can total about 15 to 40 percent of
construction cost.
C. Cost Information
One of the most difficult aspects of developing project budgets is obtaining
current, reliable prices for the kinds of construction units you are using. There is no
shortage of commercially produced cost books that are published yearly. These books
list costs in different ways; some are very detailed, giving the cost for labor and
398
materials for individual construction items, while others list parameter costs and
subsystem costs. The detailed price listings are of little use to architects because
they are too specific and make comparison of alternate systems difficult.
There are also computerized cost estimating services that only require you to provide
general information about the project, location, size, major materials, and so forth.
The computer service then applies its current price database to the information and
returns a cost budget to you. Many architects also work closely with general contractors
to develop a realistic budget.
You should remember, however, that commercially available cost information is the
average of many past construction projects from around the country. Local variations
and particular conditions may affect the value of their use on your project.
Two conditions that must be accounte.d for in developing any project budget are
geographical location and inflation. These variables can be adjusted by using cost
indexes that are published in a variety of sources, including the major architectural
and construction trade magazines. Using a base year as index 1000, for example, for
selected cities around the country, new indexes are developed each year that reflect
the increase in costs (both material and labor) that year.
The indexes can be used to apply costs from one part of the country to another and
to escalate past costs to the expected midpoint of construction of the project being
budgeted.
Example 1.2
The cost index in your city is 1257 and the cost index for another city in which
you are designing a building is 1308. If the expected construction cost is 1.250,000
based on prices for your city, what will be the expected cost in the other region?
Divide th~ higher index by the lower index:
~
1257 = 1.041
Multiply this by the base cost:
1,250,000x 1.041 =1"1,300,716
D. Scheduling
There are two major parts of a project schedule: design time and construction time
The architect, of course, has control over the scheduling of design and production of
contract documents but has practically no control over construction. However, the
design professional must be able to estimate the entire project schedule so the best
course of action can be taken in order to meet the client's goals. For example, if the
client must move by a certain date and normal design and construction sequences
make this impossible, the architect may recommend a fast-track schedule or some
other approach to meet the deadline.
The design process normally consists of several clearly defined phases, each of
which must be Substantially finished and approved by the client before the next one
can begin. These are generally accepted in the profession and are referred to in the
United Architects' Phils. owner- architect agreement as well as oth.er documents.
399
Following programming, the first phase is schematic design. During this phase, the
general layout of the project is developed along with preliminary alternate studies for
materials and building systems. Once the direction of the project documented in
schematic design drawings is reviewed and approved by the client, the design
development phase starts. Here, the decisions made during the previous phase are
refined and developed in more detail. Preliminary or outline specifications are written
and a more detailed cost budget is made.
Construction documents are produced next, which include the final working drawings
as well as the full project manual and any bidding and contract documents required.
These are used for the bidding or negotiation phase, which includes obtaining bids
from several contractors and analyzing them or negotiating a contract with one
contractor.
The time required tor these phases is highly variable and depends on the following
factors:
• the size and complexity of the project. Obviously, a 50,000-square-meter
hospital will take much longer to design than a 3,000-square-meter office
building.
• the number of people working on the project. While adding more people to
the job can shorten the schedule, there is a point of diminishing returns.
Having too many people simply creates a management and coordination
problem, and tor some phases, only a few people are required, even for
very large jobs:
the abilities and design methodology of the project team. Younger, less ex-
I
perienced designers will usually require a little longer to do the same amount j
of work as a more senior staff.
• the type of client and the decision-making and approval processes of the
client. Large corporations or public agencies are likely to have a multi-layer
decision-making and approval process. The time required for getting the
necessary information or approval on one phase may take weeks or even
months, where a small, single-authority client might make the same deci-
sion in a matter of days.
The contruction schedule may be established by the contractor or construction
manager, but it must often be estimated by the architect during the programming
phase so the client has some idea of the total time required from project conception
to move-in. When the architect does this, it should be made very clear to the client
that it is only an estimate and the architect can in no way guarantee an early (or any)
estimate of the construction schedule.
Many variables can affect construction time, but most can be controlled in one way or
another. Others, like weather, are independent of anyone's control. Beyond the obvious
variables of size and complexity the following is a partial list of some of the more
common ones.
• the management ability of the contractor to organize his or her own forces
as well as those of the subcontractors
• material delivery times
400
• the quality and completeness of the architect's drawings and specification
• the weather
• labor availability and labor disputes
• new constructions or remodeling. For equal areas, remodeling generally
takes more time and coordination than new building.
• site conditions. Constricted sites or those with subsurface problems usually
take more time to build on.
• the architect. Some professionals ar more diligent than others in perform-
ing their duties during construction.
• lender approvals
• agency and governmental approvals
There are several methods that are used to schedule both design and construction.
The most common and easiest is the barchart. The various activities of the schedule
are listed along the vertical axis and a time line is extended along the horizontal axis.
Each activity is given a starting and finishing date, and overlaps are indicated by
having the bars for each activity overlap. Bar charts are simple to make and understand
and are suitable for small to midsize projects. However, they cannot show all the
sequences and dependencies of one activity on another.
Another scheduling tool often used is the critical path method (CPM) and the CPM
chart. TheCPM chart graphically depicts all of the tasks required to complete a project,
the sequence in which they must occur, their duration, the earliest or latest possible
starting time, and the earliest or latest possible finishing time. It also defines the
sequence of tasks that are critical or that must be started and finished exactly on time
if the total schedule is to be met. A CPM chart for a simple design project is shown in
Figure 1.6.
Each arrow in the yhart represents an activity with a beginning and end point
(represented by the numbered circles). Ne> activity can begin until all activities leading
into the circle have been completed. The dashed lines indicate dependency
relationships but not activities themselves, and thus they have no duration. They are
called dummies and are used to give each activity a unique beginning and ending
number and to allow establishment of dependency relationships without tying in non-
dependent activities.
The heavier line in the illustration shows the critical path, or the sequence of events
that must happen as scheduled if the deadline is to be met. The numbers under the
activities give the duration of the activity in days. Delaying the starting time of any of
these activities or increasing their duration will delay the wt1ole project. The non-
critical activities can begin or finish earlier or later (within limits) without affecting the
final completion date. This variable time is called the float of each activity.
Scheduling isvitally important to any project because it can have a great influence on
cost. Generally, the longer the project takes the more it costs. This is due to the effect
of inflation on materials and labor as well as the additional construction interest and
the lost revenue a client can- suffer if the job is not completed in a timely manner. For
example, delayed completion of a retail store or office building delay.s the beginning
of rental income. In other cases, quick completion of a project is required to avoid
401
building during bad winter weather, when it costs more to build, -or to meet some
other fixed date set by the client's needs.
Besides efficient scheduling, construction time can be compressed with fast-track
scheduling. This method overlaps the design and construction phases of a project.
Ordering of long lead materials and equipment can occur and work on the site and
foundations can begin before all the details of the building are completely worked
out. With fast-track scheduling, separate contracts are established so each major
system can be bid and awarded by itself to avoid delaying other construction.
AHhough the fast-track method requires close coordination between the architect,
contractor, subcontractors, owner, and others, it is possible to construct a high-quality
building in 10 to 30 percent less time than with a conventional construction contract.
with 1client
5
r\.8
study energy I
conservation ,
i lications I
I
refine
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/continue
develop building ,' work~
:; finalize
\ complete make
I
,' analyze develop site planning configuration ' configuration ,. design , presentation presentation
site (:;\ alternatives alternatives{.;\ alternatiVes ~Qdlawifl!E (.;;\.______._{.";;\
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complete prefiminary
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critical path time: 30 days (Numbers in circles are beginning and ending points.
Numbers between circles indicate days.)
402
and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLRB) and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Additional regulations may include local health and hospital department requirements
that spell out needs for restaurants and hospitals. Local and state energy conservation
regulations may also be in force.
Programming is an attempt to define the problem and establish all the guidelines and
needs on which the design process can be based. It is a time of a·nalysis of all aspects
of the problem and a distillation of the problem's complexity into a few clear problem
statements.
One popular programming method uses a five-step process in relationship to four
major considerations. It is described in Problem Seeking by William Pefia (AlA Press,
1987). The process involves establishing goals, collecting and analyzing facts.
uncovering and testing concepts, determining needs, and stating the problem. All of
these steps include the considerations of form, function, economy, and time.
A. Establishing Goals
Goals indicate what the client wants to achieve and why. They are important to identify
because they establish the direction of programmatic concepts that ultimately suggest
the physical means of achieving the goals. It is not enough to simply list the types of
spaces and required square footages the client needs; the client is trying to reach
some objective with those spaces and square footages. For example, a goal for a
school administration might be to increase the daily informal interaction between
students and teachers.
B. Collecting Facts
Facts describe the ex,isting conditions and requirements of the problem. Facts include
such things as the number of people to be• accommodated, the site conditions, space
adjacency needs, user characteristics, equipment to be housed, expected growth
rate, money available for construction, building code requirements, and climate facts.
There is always a large number of facts; part of the programmer's task is not only to
collect facts but to organize them as well so they are usefuL
C. Uncovering Concepts
The programming process should develop abstract ideas that are functional solutions
to the client's problems without defining the physical means that should be used to
achieve them. These are programmatic concepts and discussed earlier in this chapter.
They are the basis for later design concepts. To use the previous example described
under goals, a programmatic concept concerning increasing the daily interaction
between students and teachers might be to provide common spaces for mixed flow
in circulation patterns. One possible design concept in response to this could be to
provide a central court through which all circulation paths pass.
403
D. Determining Needs
This step of the programming process balances the desires of the client against the
available budget or establishes a budget based on the defined goals and needs. It is
during this step that wants have to be separated from needs. Most clients want more
than they can afford, so clear statements of true needs at this early stage of the
process can help avoid problems later. At this stage, one or more of the four elements
of cost (quantity, quality, budget, and time) may have to be adjusted to balance needs
against available resources.
7. SAMPLE QUESTIONS
405
8. A clienl discovers shortly· after hiring the architect for pro- A B C D
grarnrt*lg and design services that they must move out of 0000
their existing faclily sooner than expected. If the new sched-
ule requ.-es that construction and move-in be completed in
18 rilonlhs instead of the original 21 months, what recom-
mendation from the architect is the most feasible?
A. Consider fast-track construction.
B. Use CPU scheduling and use a negotiated contract
rather than bidding.
C. Assign more staff to programming and design and work
overtime to get construction started earlier.
D. Suggest that the client streamline its decision-making
process and hire a construction manager.
9. Whictt element of project cost does the architect typically A B C D
have' least control over?
0000
A. the budget for escalation
B. percentage of site work relative to building costs
C. professional fees and consultant services
D. financing costs
10. A school district is planning a new elementary school to re- A B C D
place an outdated·facility. A preliminary budget made during
programming has shown that" the available funds set ~side
0000
for the school have been exceeded by 8 percent. What should
the architect do?
I. Suggest that additional funds from other school build-
ing projects be used.
II. Review the design from a value engineering stand-
point for approval by the client to see if costs can be
reduced without sacrificing quality.
Ill. Discuss with the client the possibility of reducing the
required area.
IV. Modify the statement of need concerning the desired
level of finish and construction quality on non-critical
portions of the facility after consultation with the cli-
ent.
V. Propose that building be postponed for a school term
until more money can be allocated.
406
AREA ''C''
PART II ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN
AREA "C" PART II
First task should be to quickly read the problem statement and set up your
own timetable. Do NOT read the program in detail the first time through;
simply get a feeling for the problem, where major difficulties might be, and
how much time you should· allow for the final drafting of the solution.
As a startmg point, the following TIMETABLE might prove useful.
Step 1: Make a quick overview of the ..... , ........ 15 minutes (8:00- 8:15)
problem statement and a ·
determination of your own timetable
Step 2: Read the examination information..... 45 minutes (8:15- 9·00)
booklet and translate the written
data into a programming base sheet
408
Step 3: Translate the programmed spaces ........ 30 minutes (9:00- 9:30)
into graphic or and calculate the
maximum allowable gross area
Step 4: Check areas and functions .................... 15 minutes (9:30- 9:45)
for each floor
Step 5: Begin adjacency/ ................................. 90 minutes (9:45- 11 :15)
circulation diagrams
Step 6: Study the structural system ............... 30 minutes ( 11 :15 - 11 :45)
Step 7: Study the mechanical/ ....................... 15 minutes (11 :45- 12:00)
plumbing systems
Step 8: Design the development including .... 120 rninutes (12:00- 2:00)
plan, section and elevations
Note: If the total time required is only ten (1 0) hours. then readjust the
allotted minutes.
Tip #1: a) If the project is a multi-storey building, make your final footprint
or the first floor plan, then just trace it for the upper floors.
b) to make the elevations or sections, use your triangle and just
slide it and make vertical lines through the walls, windows so
as to save time instead of using again your scale.
c) Remember you should proceed from "within" to "without"
meaning from the circulation or plan to the exterior looks.
d) Then proceed from "General" to "Particular" meaning, when
making a perspective, first form the general outline before you
even make any detail.
e) If the perspective comes out alright, from there, you can now
translate it to the elevations, the windows, doors. balconies,
porte-cochere, entrance, roofing shape, and others.
f) You may want to put in as a good design some details you have
researched previously to enhance your design.
409
B. Read Information Booklet and Create a Programming Base Sheet
(8:15- 9:00)
• views
• service access
• location of utiliti€\s. drainage. or any other servtce that rnay d1Ua1e tne
location ot building elements
Tip #2 The candidate must know how to plot the shape of the lot given
from the title or from the technical descnptiops g1ven as to the
start from pt. 1 to pt. 2 say (N-54 o 48'08'"E) 1~ 80 M. thence (N-
650-08'42"W) 10.38M and so on.
As you read the program you should also make quick bubble diagrams of
critical adjacency relationships. Place these on the same sheet of tracing
paper as your pfan diagram of other program requirements. but off to the
side so they do not interfere with your later schematic planning. Later, you
can work on smaller-scale relationships such as the adjacency of two office
within a \larger office suite or the position of a steam room near a shower
room.
410
C. DEVELOP GRAPHIC NOTES OF PROGRAMMED SPACES
(9:00- 9:30)
411
E. DEVELOP ADJACENCY DIAGRAMS (9:45- 11 :15)
Adjacency diagrams should include the entire buildinq, not just the individual
bubble diagrams you sketched as visual as you read through the program.
Instead of using amorphous, unsealed diagrams, use the square or
rectangular blocks of space you have developed as your bubbles.
Begin adjacency diagrams using the larger, functional groupings developed
earlier. Sketch the adjacency diagrams on a separate sheet of tracing paper,
over the programming base sheet diagram you developed while you were
reading the program. Both of these sheets of tracing paper should be placed
over the exam pad provided to you. The diagram serves as a constant
reminder of critical program requirements while you do your sketching.
As you study and layout possible adjacencies. make an overall
CIRCULATION SCHEME one of your primary concerns, an integral part of
y6ur early planning, because it has so much learning on critical portions of
the test. The circulation scheme:
• gives overall organization to the building, the spaces and the required
agencies
412
F. STUDY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS (11 :15- 11 :45)
At some point in the early stages of conceptual design, you should begin to
consider a structural system. Trying to apply structure late in the test, after
you have locked yourself into a plan, will only cause problems and t;>e obvious
to the examiners. In the best case it will be and look awkward; in the worst
case, it will result in columns in the middle of spaces. unreasonable spans.
and grading marks against you.
Keep your structure si111>le. The graders will not be looking for innovative
structural concepts, just for your understanding of how to integrate structure
into your building.
Unless the program states differently, use a post-and-beam system in steel
with exterior bearing watts. If the steel needs to be fire proofs, that is easy to
show on the section drawing.
As you layout the programmed spaces, you should begin to see patterns of
dimensions that can have implications for a structural bay or rigid size while
still accommodating different-sized rooms. You will probably have to adjust
your preliminary room layout somewhat to work with a structural bay size
that makes sense. Once again, remain mentally flexible. A structural bay
size does not have to be uniform throughout- just reasonable and arranged
so you do not have any impossible spans or columns in the middle rooms
I
_There are may ways to logically organize a combination of small spans and
large spans so that the solution works structurally, functionally, and
aesthetically. Large spaces with long-span structure and higher ceiling
heights may be sized to work within two smaller bay sizes or be separated
from the small-span structural system with circulation system or in a separate
building wiring.
Before the test you may want to decide on two or three ppssible structural
grids, incltJding needed dept~s of structural members and thickness of
bearing walls. Once you read the problem statements, you may be able to
select one of these grids and draw it right away as a framework for any
subsequent planning.
After you consider possible structural systems and grid sizes with your
preliminary block adjacency diagrams, quickly review how the mechanical
system will layout. This simply means locating the mechanical room and
horizontal and vertical spaces for ductwork\Depending on the system stated
in the program or selected by you, there may be additional constraints such
as outside air or social exhaust needs. If no mechanical system is specifically
stated in the progr~m. a variable air volume system usually works.
413
In most cases. providing space for ductwork is not a great problem because
of the sizes is not a great problem because of the size of the building in the
test problem. Suspended ceilings usually provide enough flexibility for
mechanical services as long as you allow enough room bek>w the bottom of
the struclure and show trims in the sections drawing.
At this~. also quickly review provisions for plumbing. At least be placing
toilet rooms back to back, stacking them on each floor, and k>cating other
plunDng services nearby. AlsO check that other special plumbing conditions
- such as unreasonably long supply or drainage lines that may have to
pass through rooms above - do not present obvious problems.
Once you have selected a workable schematic design from your alternatives
and know you have a struetural grid that works, you can begin more
DETAILED DESIGN. Before proceeding, be sure that you have satisfied
program requirements that affect the overall siting and planning of the
building. You should be sure all major life/safety considerations are satisfied.
These include such things as the number of exits. avoiding dead-end
conidors, andrequired distances to exits often, the same requirements is
stated in the program more than once: first in the general project statements
and again in the detailed program requirements. It is wise to give these
highest priority. The next priority should go to requirements specifically stated
in the program at least once. Finally, here are priorities that may simply be
ifl1>1ied by the program or considered good design practice. For example, if
you had to decide between an arrangements to improve energy efficiency
or one to satiSfy your concern for appearance, you would be wise to choose
energy efficiency.
At this point, take a short break so you can come back to be test refreshed
and able to concentrate on more detailed design.
As you begin detailed development of your schematic plan you will have a
very good idea of major elements, organization of the building, siting, major
circulation paths, exiting, structure, and provisions tor the mechanical system.
It should be fairly easy to make minor adjustments to fine tune adjacencies.
modify dimensions of spaces to fit within the structural grid, layout toilet
rooms. property orient exits and stairways, located doorways, and satisfy
the more detailed program requirements.
At this time, you should also be k>oking at the shapes and proportion of
individual rooms to make sure they make sense and allow tor reasonable
furniture arrangements and circulation within the room. ( Exa111>le one sketch
may show a square 40 sq. M room that can accommodate only one secretary
and a ~I space for waiting area, while the same 40 sq. M but rectangular
in shape may accommodate two secretaries and a bigger space for waiting
area.)
414
Before you proceed too far into detailed development of the FL()(lR PLAN
begin a BUILDING SECTION. You may not know at this time exactly what
the best location for the section cut wiH be, but make you best estimate.
Beginning a section drawing at this time will help get out of the two-
dimensional floor plan mentality and force your attention on the THIRD
DIMENSION. You should also do this with elevations. You may discover
things by working on the elevations and section that wil influence how you
develop your floor plans. It is better to find this out early than to wait. Until
the last minute to complete the elevations when it. is too late to make
corrections.
Once you have finished development of the floor plans and worked on the
elevations and sections enough to know everything works.
When you come back, go through a final checklist following the same criteria
the juror use: Check the program requirements, look at design logic, verify
that building codes and exiting have been satisfied. and review technical
issues of life/safety, structure, mechanical systems, energy conservation,
and use of materials. Also check for conflicts such as ducts going through
rooms, exit door 1.20 M above grades level, and the like.
If everything is satisfactory, you are ready to begin your FINAL DRAWINGS.
You should have decided on a graphic technique before coming to the test
and solved the majority of problems during your design development, so
this part should go smoothly. Any changes you make at this point will be
minor, such as moving a door way slightly or switching two adjacent spaces
of similar size.
Try to leave yourseH 30 minutes to one hour of time at the end for a FINAL
CHECK. Of course, it will be too late at this time to make any major revisions,
but you can check for minor omissions and incomplete graphics. If you find
you have left out any indication of a required sprinkler system. for example,
you can at least show a portion of it on the section and make a note on the
drawing. This extra time at the end of the test also allows for making additional
explanatory notes to clarify your design.
415
CHECKLIST FOR YOUR DESIGN SOLUTION
(Part of lunch break)
One of your primary checklist should be the problem statement itself. When
you read through the program and problem statement. underline individual
words, phrases. or sentences that you can identify as having a single design
consequence. Later, as you work through your solution; use these underlined
items as checklist and make sure you have responded to every one.
Omission ofany one will count against you, and omission of particularly
important requirements will be enough to fail you.
1. PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS
Q correct shapes and proportions of spaces for the intended function; rea-
sonable allowances made for furniture
2. DESIGN LOGIC
416
0 building entrance or exit avoided through stair vestibules
3. CODE COMPUANCE
0 two exits from each floor remotely located from each other; monumental
stairs may not count as required exit
0 stairs located within minimum and maximum distances from each other
u all required exit doors swinging in the direction of travel and not de-
creasing required corridor width when open
,:.J maximum 28 em. riser height; 28.50 em. minimum tread width
417
4. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
0 framing clearly shown and noted: beams, bearing walls. columns, floor
and roof deck
0 footings and roundations shown under all walls, columns. and elevator
shafts both in section and elevations
..1 materials use consistent. cost effective, appropriate for function. and
compatible with adjacent buildings as required by program
:... natural features such as trees, rock outcropping, and water used to en-
hance design
418
5. GENERAL TIPS
0 Make building spaces and exterior compatible with the human scale.
A perfect solution may fail if the required drawings are NOT complete. You
may have a finished perspective but no elevations and sections, or you
may have a complete plan and elevations but incomplete, unsatisfactory
perspective with no sections.
You have then to complete a 1) combination site plan and first-floor plan,
second-floor plan, 2) two elevations, and 3) a building section, and 4) a
Rresentable perspective compatible with the elevations.
Your drawings must be easy to read. Since the required number of drawings
with the stated in the problem, they should all be rendered to approximately
the same level of detail. Do npt spend all your time on three and leave
yourself only 30 minutes for the last one. You will not finish and not pass.
It is better to do good line drawings of all the required sketches along with
the necessary notes sb you are sure the problem is solved, and then go
back and darken walls and add material indications, shadows, entourage,
and other graphic elements that make your drawings read better. If you run
short of time, at least you will have the absolute minimum required
submission.
Review the following suggestions for the three types of drawings required.
A. FLOOR PLANS
Use double lines for walls and single lines for windows, and poche the
walls in with solid black. (This is done near the end of the exam period
when you know changes are not going to be made.)
• Show door swings with a one-quarter circle arc and _indicate the
door itself with a single line.
419
• Draw overhangs with dashed lines.
• Label all rooms and spaces with the names exactly as given in the
program.
• Indicate the location of your section cut with a line through the build-
ing and an arrow pointing in the direction of the cut.
• Indicate drainage away from the building with arrows and a note.
B. ELEVATIONS
420
C. SECTION
• Take the section cut through your buUding where most three-dimen-
sional information will be shown. This includes two-storey spaces,
changes in topography or levels of the building, areas for mechani-
cal equipment, structure, and typical wall sections.
• PoeM the cut sections of walis and foundations with solid black.
• Indicate ceiling heights and finish elevations of both first and sec-
ond floors.
• Show the existing grade with a dashed line and the new grade at
perimeter walls.
Before you take the test you should decide on the type of drafting
techniques you will use. You can complete the sketches with either free-
hand or hard-line methods; use the one you feel most comfortable with
and the one that is fastest for you. Use simple block lettering on all the
drawings and do not overdraft.
Provide just enough to clearly present all the required information. In
the half hour so you should leave at the end of the test for final checking
make sure you have included everything specifically required by the
problem statement. If you discover something is missing for your
drawings and you do not have time to make changes, at least a note on
the drawing to show the examiners you did not forget it.
AREA ''C''
PART Ill SITE
PLANNING
AREA "C" PART Ill
---
--- ---
78
' '
''
423
--------------
.......... ------------- o-----
----------
2 .---
4 -
area of cut
o Minimize the amount of conrour changes, since earth moving costs money
and can create other problems such as steep grades; increased excavation
costs. and a need for retaining walls.
o Make sure you have positive drainage away from buildings on all sides.
This can be particularly troublesome when the building is located parallel to
the contours and therefore perpendicular to the natural drainage pattern.
There should be a minimum of a 2 percent slope in landscaped areas away
from the building, although 4 percent is preferred.
These slopes correspond to 6.3 mm to 31 em. (1/4inch per foot) and .0126 M to
0.31 M (1/2" per foot) respectively. A comparison of percent slopes, slopes in
inches per foot (mm to em) and the visual qualities of various slopes is given in
the table below.
424
-
----------}-i--*-- --------10
-~------------------------8
------- ---------- -------6
------- ---------- -------4
------- ---------- -------2
--------------------------0
(a) drainage directly into building (b) drainage diverted around building
425
• Driveways into sites facing each other with a street in between should line
up exactly or be separated by at least 6.00 M.
• If a driveway and a pedestrian path both need to enter a site from a street,
they should either be side by side or separated by at least 18.00 M.
H landing
handrails both
sides
return handrail
C. PARKING REQUIREMENTS
o If a specific number of parking spaces is called for, make sure you provide
at least that number. Unless stated otherwise, make each stall 2. 70 M wide
by 5.70 M long. Spaces for backing out of a 90 degree parking stall should
be at least 7.20 M wide.
426
• There should be at least one parking space for the physically disabled,
more if the program specifically calls for it. Design guidelines for parking
spaces are shown here.
pedestrian auto
GO' minimum
(18 Meters) ·
Arrange the parking spaces and access sidewalks so that people do not have
to go behind cars or across the parking drive. Handicapped parking should be
as close to. the entry as possible, but never more than 37.50 M away.
• Parking layout is more efficient if parking stalls are grouped rather than
spread out. Ninety-degree parking is the most efficient angle. If the site
design problem requires a detailed plan for more than about a dozen cars,
try to use a double-loaded 90 degree parking scheme.
• Entries to buildings and major outdoor areas are best located on the south
side of buildings where they will receive sunlight.
• Make every attempt to save existing trees and major vegetation. If it is not
possible to keep every tree, at least protect the larger ones. Other major
site features, such as rock formations and creeks, should not be altered but
used to a design and advantage.
• Respect desirable views and incorporate them into the site planning. If views
are important, the program usually mentions such a requirement specifically.
• Make sure that no structure or site development occurs outside the limits of
zoning setback lines or within easements.
427
E. DESIGN PROCEDURE AND SCHEDULING
Like the building design section of the exan•. the graphic site design section
requires that you synthesize a great deal of information and complete a
satisfactory drawing in a very short time. You may find the following suggested
procedure a useful way to proceed.
Step 1 : Read .the problem thoroughly, twice
Step 1: Read the problem thoroughly, twice. Satisfy every statement or
requirement, especially those related to topography, drainage, safety,
circulation, parking, accessibility for the physically disabled, and
relationships with surrounding physical features.
Lay a sheet of tracing paper over the site plan included with the test
package and as you read, mark the requirements in some graphic
format. You should try as much as possible to quickly translate the
written word into a graphic form that will make sense to you as you
design.
These site influences m·ay include such things as adjacent buildings,
pedestrian paths, wind directions, utility locations, traffic volume and
direction, views, and similar constraints and design considerations. At
this point, some design criteria may simply be a range of locations,
such as the most probable areas for vehicle entry onto the site.
Step 2: Be careful not to read mor~ into the problem than is there. The test
writers are usually very specific about what they want; there is no
need to add to the problem requirement and to your work. If a
requirement is stated and a particular type of solution is strongly
suggested, follow the lead.
Step 3: Mark the corners of the site wih elevation points. This gives you a
quick reference point for checking how your new grading matches up
with adjacent property. You may want to mark the midpoints along
property lines as well.
If the problem requires the use of storm sewers, find the lowest place
where the existing storm sewer can be tapped and work backward
from there to determine the invert of any required drain inlets. Unless
stated otherwise, use a minimum storm sewer slope of 0.5 percent
(1.588 mm per 30 em.) (1/16 inch per foot)
Step 4: Draw schematic sections through ~he significant slopes. It is usually
only necessary to do, this in one direction perpendicular to the slope.
Draw a section in both directions if the existing contours are
complicated. Draw these sections on the same sheet as your markings
of site constraints. They can be placed at the tops or off to one side as
a graphic reminder of the existing slope conditions. Draw the section
at the same scale as the site plan.
Step 5: Using another sheet of tracing paper over the one you have marked
with site constraints, begin laying out roads, walks, parking lots, plazas,
or whatever major site features the problem requires.
428
You will find that the site constraints you can read through the tracing
paper will resolve many planning questior.s for you. Others may not
be so obvious and will require some study.
Step 6: When you have a scheme that works for the major site features. overlay
another sheet of tracing paper begin to study the contour modifications
that are needed.
S(ep 7: Work back and forth between the contour sheet and the plan of the
site features. If the problem seems to be based more on topography
than road and walk design; begin with that sheet. Otherwise, start
with the layout of site features. If you have difficulty solving a particular
problem with the contours, you may find that you need to change the
location or orientation of a plan feature. Or, the required placement of
a stairway, sidewalk, or other feature may imply a change in grading.
Step 8: When you have solved both major components of the site plan. overlay
another sheet of tracing paper and transfer both layout of site features
and the new grading plan onto one sheet. As you do this, add other
required features, such as landscaping, site furniture, lighting and so
forth.
Step 9: Locate spot elevations at building corners, top and bottom landings of
stairs and ramps, and other critical locations. Double check that all
ramps work with the proper slope and that contour lines are resolved.
It abrupt changes in elevation are required, check to see that you have
provided a retaining wall or culverts if natural drainage patterns are
covered with roads. Double check all requirements as stated in the
program.
Step 10: Place your final tracing paper sketch under the paper given to you as
part of the test package and trace your solution. Incorporate suitable
graphic techniques to clearly communicate your solullOn. As you do
this, you can make minor modifications or corrections to problems
that you found in the pre11ious step. Make sure every item is labeled
so the graders know you have included what was required (allow 45
minutes to do the final drawings)
3. GRAPHIC TECHNIQUES
Good graphic techniques help you in two ways
First, they help you complete the test on time with the required drawings at
the correct level of detail. Second, well-done graphics help communicate
your solution to the graders in the short time they have to look at each
solution.
Part of the trick of finishing on schedule is to budget your time so you have
enough left to adequately finish the drawings. However, many candidates
fail to finish because they use graphic techniques that take an excessive
amount of time for their abilities. This is especially true of the building design
portion because there·is so much drawing to do.
429
The goal is to use graphic techniques that are easy to complete yet boldly
and clearly show your solution. Before you take the test, you should have a
good idea of the tools arid techniques your are going to use. Practice making
lines, textures, material indications, paving, trees, entourage, and other
graphic elements that will be required to draw your solution. ·
The graphic site design section of the exam is~ little easier than the building
design portion because there is not so much drawing to do, but similar
requirements apply. You need to first get the required lines that show your
solution down on paper, and then add rendering techniques that improve
the appearance and communication of your work. Keep the following
guidelines in mind as you work.
• You can use either hard-line or free-hand techniques or mix them, which-
ever is faster and easier for you
• Complete all drawings or portions of one drawing to the same level of
detail and appearance. To do this, complete a good line drawing with
appropriate line weights. Then go back and add textures, material indica-
tions, shadows and other markings. Since the site design test requires
only one drawing. This is easier to do than with the multiple sketches
required in the b' jing design portion.
• Use guidelines for lettering
• Use different line weights to show hierarchy of drawn elements. The out-
line of an object should be da.rker and heavier than the lines within the
object. Use contrast to show important elements such as walkways.
• Show existing contour lines with dashed lines (usually these are already
marked on the base sheet handed out with the test) and new contours
with solid lines.
• Do not waste your time or make the drawing hard to read by over-
rendering. Show what the problem requires you to show. If you are to
provide screening for the delivery area, for example,, there must be an
indication of landscaping or some constructed object to accomplish this.
• Shades and shadows help provide contrast and interest to the drawing,
but do these only if you have sufficient time and adding them does not
obscure important information within the shadows.
• Use markers that make it easy to lay down a variety of line and texture
types. Soft pencils are preferred·because they can be erased, while mark-
ers may bleed before grading and cannot be erased. Use ink to provide
very dark contrast only at the very end of the test session if you have time
and if you are sure nothing will change.
430
(a) parking at large scale (a) double line
\
)
~~~~~ll~lll~llllll~llllll~lllllli
I
I
\
\
PARKING LOTS
---------------
(a) single line with center line
ROADWAYS
431
ANSWER KEYS
AREA "A" PART I
A. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. D 4. H 7. c
2. F 5. I 8. G
3. A 6. B 9. E
B. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. G 3. A 5. C 7. D
2. E 4. F 6. B
C. EXAMPLE OF BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES
1. F 3. G 5. A 7. c
2. D 4. B 6. E
G. DEFINITIONS
1. D 3. G 5. c 7. H
2. E 4. F 6. A 8. B
434
r H. DEFINITIONS
1. H 4. G 7. L 10. F
2. J 5. K 8. E 11. D
3. I 6. c 9. A 12. B
I. DEFINITIONS
1. L 4. H 7. F 10·. A
2. J 5. c 8. B 11. E
3. I 6. K 9. D 12. G
J. DEFINITIONS
1. J 4. K 7. L 10. E
2. G 5. F 8. I 11. A
3. H 6. D 9. B 12. c
K. DEFINITIONS
1. F 4. L 7. I 10. G
2. J 5. H 8. c 11. E
3. K 6. D 9. A 12. B
L. DEFINITIONS
1. H 5. K 9. p 13. 0
2. F 6. 10. M 14. A
3. J 7. N 11. B 15. L
4. G 8. E 12. D -16. c
M. DEFINITIONS
1. I 4. H 7. D 10. A
2. J 5. G 8. B 11. F
3. K 6. L 9. E 12. c
N. DEFINITIONS
1. J 4. L 7. D 10. F
2. H 5. I 8. G 11. c
3. K 6. A 9. B 12. E
435
0. DEFINITIONS
1. J 5. K 9. N 13. c
2. F 6. B 10. D 14. L
3. H 7. p 11. G 15. A
4. I 8. E 12. 0 16. M
P. DEFINITIONS
1. K 5. G 9. D 13. A
2. J 6. H 10. M 14. F
3. I 7. 0 11. E 15. c
4. l 8. B 12. p 16. N
a. DEFINITIONS
1. 0 5. J 9. D 13. I
2. H 6. K 10. F 14. B
3. G 7. M 11. A 15. c
4. L 8. E 12. p 16. N
R. DEFINITIONS
1. M 5. G 9. D 13. I
2. H 6. K 10. E 14. c
3. J 7. L 11. B 15. A
4. 0 8. p 12. F 16. N
S. DEFINITIONS
1. F 5. B 9. L 13. 0
2. K 6. H 10. D 14. p
3. E 7. J 11. A 15. N
4. G 8. I 12. c 16. M
T. ARCHITECTS/BUILDING DESIGNED
1. E 5. A 9. M 17. B
2. K 6. I 10. 0 14. F
3. H 7. c 11. L 15. D
6. p 8. J 12. N 16. G
436
AREA "A" PART II
B. CATEGORIES
1. E 3. H 5. G 7. B
' 2. c 4. F 6. A 8. D
C. CONTRASTS
1. D 3. A 5. B
2. F 4. E 6. c
D. PROPORTION, SCALE, BALANCE
1. L 4. G 7. J 10. B
2. F 5. H 8. A 11. D
3. I 6. K 9. E 12. c
E. RHYTHM, UNITY, CHARACTER
1. D 4. I 7. L 10. K
2. H 5. A 8. E 11. c
3. G 6. J 9. B 12. F
F. COLORS
1. D 3. F 5. G 7. B
2. E 4. H 6. c 8. A
G. FUNCTIONS
1. H 4. I 7. K 10. A
2. J 5. B 8. E 11. F
3. G 6. L 9. c 12. D
H; SPACE
1. F 3. A 5. G 7. ·C
2 H 4. E 6. 0 8. B
437
I. CIRCULATION
1. I 4. A 7. K 10. F
2. G 5. J 8. E 11. D
3. H 6. B 9. c
J. MASSING
1. E 4. 7. A 10. c
2. F 5. B 8. J 11. H
3. G 6. K 9. D
K. SITE CONTROL
1. H 4. A 7. K 10. c
2. G 5. J 8. B 11. E
3. I 6. D 9. F
M. ECONOMICS
1. G 3. H 3. c 7. A
2. D 4. F 6. B 8. E
0. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
1. K 5. A 9. E 13. p
2. L 6. M 10. c 14. F
3. 7. 0 11. H 15. D
4. J 8. N 12. B 16. G
P. ARCHITECTURAL LINGO
1. F 4. J 7. K 10. D
2. I 5. H 8. E 11. G
3. L 6. A 9. B '12. c
438
AREA "A" PART Ill
c. BUILDING CODE
1. K 4. J 7. E 10. G
2. D 4. A 6. L 11. c
3. H 6. I 9. B 12. F
D. BUILDING CODE
1. J 4. B 7. L 10. c
2. H 5. I 8. A 11. G
3. F 6. K 9. E -12. D
E. FIRE CODE
1. c 5. B 9. p 13. K
2. H 6. J 10. 0 14. F
3. M 7. D 11. N 15. A
4. I 8. L 12. G 16. E
F. OFFICE PRACTICE
1. M 5. K 9. D 13. B
2. F 6.. A 10. 0 14. G
3. J 7. L 11. c 15 .. E
4. N 8. p 12. I 16. H
439
G. ARCHITECTS CODE OF ETHICS/RESPONSIBILITIES
H. PROJECT CLASSIFICATION
J. CONTRACTS
1. H 3. E 5. D 7. 8
2. c 4. G 6. A 8. F
K. BIDDING
1. H 5. A 9. p 13. 8
2. ~ 6. J 10. M 14. F
3. G 7. D 11. 0 15. c
4. I 8. K 12. E 16. N
M. PROJECTS
1. H 3. E 5. G 7. D
2. F 4. A 6. 8 8. c
N. CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
1. D 4. A 7. D 10. A
2. c 5. 8 8. 8 11. 8
3. 8 6. D 9. 8 12. D
440
AREA "A" PART IV
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. 8 4. D 7. D
2. c 5. 8 8. c
3. A 6. c 9. 8
441
AREA "B" PART I
v. STRUCTURAL FUNDAMENTALS
1. B 5. c 9. A 13. B
2. c 6. A 10. c 14. D
3. A 7. B 11. B 15. c
4. D 8. D 12. D 16. A
VI. DEFINITIONS
1. c 5. c 9. B 13. D
2. B 6. D 10. c 14. B
3. D 7. A 11. D 15. c
4. A 8. B 12. A 16: A
442
MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
fromtable 2.2, the live load for an office building Is 2.393 KPa. The total load is
therefore 3.846 KPa. For one linear Meter on the beam1 before any reductions are
made, the total load is:
4.88 x 3.843 KPa = 18.75 KN/M
on Question 8:
Load reduction is allowed if the live load is less than 47.86 Newtons per square Meter
on Question 10:
6 M x 4.71 KN/M 3 = 28.26 KN per linear meter the total load is ~bh, or 0.5 x 28.26
x 6 = 84.78 KN/M
443
on Question 1:
The horizontal component is found with Fx = Fcos 61) = 60 KN. The vertical component
is found with Fy = Fcos 30 = 103.9 KN. The vertical component can also be found by
Fy = Fsin 60.
on Question 7:
To solve this problem, draw a force triangle. Since the forces are in equilibrium, the
triangle must close as shown in the illustration.
13.34 B
sin 130 sin 30
a z 13.34 KN
130°
B 8.70 KN
On side of the triangle and all three angles are known, so the other two sides can be
found by the law of sines.
13.34 A
sin 130 sin 15
A 4.51 KN
on Question no. 8
Draw the diagonal member as a free-body diagram with the forces acting on it as
shown.
Draw a force as shown and calculate the angle e from the dimensions given in the
problem:
1
tan e =3.5-
e = 15.945 degrees
444
Now,
600
sin 15.945 =F
F = 2184 Newtons
You can also solve the problem by similar triangles. First, find the length of the diagonal
by the Pythagorean theorem, which gives 3.64 feet. Then,
600 F
-----
1 . 3.64
F = 2184
on Question no. 9
By the laws of equilibrium, the summation of moments about any point must equal
zero. Take moments about R 7, keeping in mind that rotation in a clockwise direction is
positive and in a counterclockwise direction it is negative.
about R,
13.34 (2.4) + 3.56 (4.27) + 8.89 (4.88)- R2 (3.66)
R2 = 24.75 KN
R, = 25.79-24.75 = 1.04 KN
X. BEAMSANDCOLUMNS
1. c 4. 8 7. B 10. c
2. D 5. A 8. D
3. A 6. C 9. A
on Question no. 7
First, find the reactions. The weight of the uniform load is assumed to act at its midpoint.
Taking moments about R,,
2.3(14)(7)- R2 (18) = 0
R2 = 12.52 KN
445
The maximum moment occurs where the shear is zero. Draw the shear diagram.
Calculate the distance x, where shear is zero. Since you know the sloped lined
drops 2.3 KN per Meter, it will drop proportionally 19.68 KN in x Meter, or:
2.3 19.68
X
X= 8.56 M.
You can find the moment either by calculating the area of the triangle or by calculating
the moment of a free-body diagram from reaction R1 to the point 8.56 Meter from R1 .
Area of triangle method:
A= bh
2
19.68(8.56)
2
= 84.2 KN-M
A
2.3 KN/M
19.68 t....--..:c:8.=56::...:M~- i
...
M = 19.68(8.56)- 2.3(8.56)(8.56/2)
= 168.46 - 84.26
= 84.2 KN-M
446
on Question no. 8 Dis correct
S=-M
f
(413.86}(1 000)
= 10.335 MPa
= 40044.51 mm3
XI. TRUSSES
1. B 4. D 7. c 10. A
2. A 5. c 8. D
3. c 6. A 9. B
EXPLANATIONS:
7. C is correct.
The simplest approach to find the answer is to use the principle that the summation
of vertical forces at any point must equal zero. Draw a free-body diagram through
member A.
15k 15k
t t
~
/l?12_{__ B 0
R
Since the forces in the top and bottom chords have no vertical components, it is clear
that only the vertical component of the force in member/\ is available to balance the
two 15 KN loads and the reaction.
R = 1/2(15 X 5
= 37.5 KN
Assuming for the moment that the member is in tension (with the arrow pointing away
from the joint), the vertical component, Fy, of force A must be:
37.5 - 15 - 15 + Fy = 0
Fy = -7.5 KN
The number is negative, so the assumption that the member is in tens_ion was wrong.
It is in compression. Draw a free-body diagram of member A.
447
3
tan 8=-
3m 1.8
8 = 59 degrees
1.80m Fy = FAcos 8
7.5
cos 59
FA = 14.56 KN (compression)
This problem can also be solved using the method of sections, but it is more involved
because you first have to find the force in the lower chord using the summation of
moments being zero and then find the force in member A. In addition, extra
trigonometry is involved to find the length of moment arms.
on Question no. 10
Draw a free-body of the reaction point RA.
The vertical component of FA 8 must balance the reaction and the 5 KN load. It must
be acting downward toward the joint. so it is comp.ession.
20-5- Fy = 0
5KN
Fy =15M.
~/AB Fy = FABCOS 8
-~ = _1_5_
t
20 KN
F
AB COS
= 21.5 KN
45
P= h Wfi
= (0.5)(4. 71 )(0.9)
= 2.1195 KN
448
This pressure acts througn the centroid of the pressure triangle or one third from the
base, which in this case coincides with the level of the lower grade.
on Question no. 4
The width of the footing is found by dividing the total load by the soil bearing pressure
considering a one meter length of foundation. The load allows:
3000 36.2824
width=-- W=---
1500 71 79
= 2 feet = 0.505 M
Since a 1 meter width was assumed, the weight of the footing will be less so 0.505 M
is more than adequate.
XIII. CONNECTIONS
1. B 4. D 7. c 10 D
2. A 5. c 8. c
3. B 6. 0 9. A
The maximum size of a fillet weld for 6 mm. thick material is 4.5 mm. From Table 7.6,
the allowable load per inch for this size weld made with E70 electrodes is 490.35 N.
The weld is on both sides, so the total capacity 1s:
However, the allowable tensile load on the single bar must be checked. From Formula
7.5, the allowable stress is:
0.60 x 248 MPa = 148.8 MPa
449
The total allowable load is:
1. A 4. D 7. A 10. c
2. c 5. c 8. D
3. B 6. B 9. A
For snow loading, allowable stresses for wood may be increased by 15 percent.
S = 623 X 1000
11.5
= 54174 mm 3
on Question no. 2
For snow loading, the allowable stresses may be increased 15 percent. Using the
maximum moment, the re::Juired section modulus is:
$ =·2693.08 X 1000
7.23(1.15)
= 323901.61 mm3
= 323.90 em~
Looking in Table 9.1, a 2 x 10 joist has a section modulus of 350.53 cm 3 so this will
work for bending.
450
Next, check for horizontal shear. Take the worst case of vertical shear which is the
4003.38 pounds found on the shear diagram. You can neglect the loads within a
distance from the distance from the support equal to the depth of the member, so the
vertical shear to be used in the calculation is:
235
V = 4003.38- ( - - X 2516.25]
1000
= 3412.06
3V
Fv=-
2bd
3 3412.06
=-x----
2 2(38)(235)
= 0.286 MPa
The allowable horizontal shear of 0.516 MPa psi can also be increased by 15 percent
for snow loading, so the allowalbe stress is:
Since this is more than the actual, a 50 x 250 joist will work.
on Question no. 8
The top chord member acts just as a column. Its lid is:
900
1/d = - = 10.23
88
Therefore, it is a short column and the allowable F~is the same as Fe.
on Question no. 9
Different values of Fb must be use<;! to find the section modulus depending on whether
you use a 100 mm wide beam or a 6-inch wide beam. For a 150 mm wide beam, find
451
- ------- --------------
the Fv value from Table 9.2 under beams and stringers, and find the seGtion modulus
required.
S = 11 085.97 X 1000
10.68
= 1038012.17 mm 3
= 1038 cm 3
S = 11085.97 X 1000
12.402
= 893885.66 mm 3
= 8938.85 cm 3
From Table 9.1. a 4 x 12 has a section modulus of 1209.82 cm3 with an area of 254
cm 2 square inches. Because there ·is less area in the 4 x 12 beam, it would be more
economical.
on Question no. 4
First. find the bending moment t-hat must be resisted by-the beam. From Table 4.12,
the equation is:
PL
M=--
4
53.38 X 4.87
4
= 64.99 KN-M
452
Next, find the required section modulus:
M
S=-
Fb
= 64.99 X 10002
165.5 MPa
= 392688.82 mm 3
= 392.68 cm 3
From Table 10.4, the most economical section is a 300 x 550 with a section modulus
of 416.23 cm 3 . This does not include the weight of the beam, which would be negligible
since it would only add another 0.7 kip-feet of moment.
on Question no. 3
The minimum percentage of steel is found with the formula
p = ~ = ~ = 0.0033
.fy 413
The maximum percentage by code is 0. 75 of the steel required for a balanced design,
or 0.75(0.0285) = o.'o214.
To find the area of the steel, the percentages must be multiplied by the width of the
beam by the effective depth of the beam, or 300 x 564 = 169200 mm 2
4. C is correct.
The typical water-cement ratio is from 0.35 to 0.40 for concrete mixes without
plasticizers or other admixtures.
453
XVIII. CONSTRUCTION
1. A 4. c 7. c 10. B
2. B 5. A 8. A
3. D 6. D 9. B
XX. LATERALFORCES·EARTHQUAKE
1. c 4. c 7. D 10. c
2. B 5. D 8. A
3. A 6. B 9. B
Seattle is in zone 3, so Z = 0.30. The importance factor is 1.0. From Table 14.1 the Rw
factor is 6. The S factor is 1.2 because the soil profile is 52 . Knowing the period is
0.19, the Cfactor can be calculated from
c =.L2...S
J213
'"' 1.25(1.2)
(0.19) 213
= 4.54
ZICW
V= R
w
454
XXI. LONG SPAN STRUCTURES
-ONE WAY SYSTEMS
.1. D 4. B 7. c 10. B
2. c 5. A 8. A
3. A 6. c 9. D
455
AREA "B" PART II
I. BUILDING MATERIALS
A. CONCRETE
1. B 5. A 9. c 13. D
2. D 6. c 10. D 14. A
3. B 7. D 11. B 15. B
4. c 8. A 12. c 16. D
B. WOOD, BOARDS
1. D 5. D 9. B 13. A
2. A 6. A 10. D 14. B
3. B 7. c 11. A 15. c
4. c 8. B 12. c 16. D
c. METALS
1. B 4. D 7 B 10. B
2. c 5. D 8. A 11. c
3. A 6. c 9. c 12. A
F. DOORS, HARDWARES
1. E 5. A 9. p 13. 0
2. N 6. K 10. G 14. H
3. F 7. c 11. D f5. B
4. L 8. M 12. J 16.
456
G. WINDOWS, HARDWARES
1. I 5. M 9. 0 13. 0
2. L 6. K 10. c 14. F
3. J 7. B 11. H 15. p
4. A 8. N 12. G 16. E
H. BUILDING PROTECTION
1. G 4. K 7. L 10. F
2. J 5. A 8. B 11 c
3. H 6. I 9. D 12. E
L. MISCELLANEOUS, SPECIFICATIONS
1. A 5. c 9. 8 13. c
2. B 6. A 10. A 14. c
3. c 7 D 11. 8 15. A
4. c 8. B 12. D 16. c
457
M. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. c 5. B 9. A 13. c
2. D 6. D 10. c 14. B
3. c 7. A 11. c 15. D
4. A 8. D 12. A 16. A
N. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. B 4. B 7. A 10. D
2. c 5. A 8. 8 11. 8
3. D 6. D 9. A 12. A
458
AREA UB" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. WATER SUPPLY
1. A 5. 8 9. c 13. D
2. 8 6. c 10. D 14. A
3. D 7. A 11. 8 15. c
4. c 8. D 12. A 16. 8
B. WATER SUPPLY
1. 8 5. 8 9. c 13. A
2. D 6. c 10. D 14. 8
3. A 7. D 11. 8 15. c
4. c 8. A 12. A 16. D
459
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
2. MECHANICAL SYSTEMS
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. c 4. D 7. B 10. c
2. A 5. c 8. A
7. c 6. D 9. D
460
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
A. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICITY
1. A 4. 8 7. c 10. c
2. D 5. A 8. D 11. D
3. c 6. 8 9. 8 12. A
D. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1. A 3. C 5. 8 7. A
2. B 4. D 6. C 8. B
461
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
2. D 6. B 10. D 14. c
3. c 7. D 11. A 15. D
4. B 8. A 12. B 16. A
E. MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS
1 A 4. D 7. c
2. 8 5. B 8. 8
3 A 6. c 9. D
462
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
5. DISASTER PREVENTION/FIRE/SECURITY
A. BUILDING PROTECTION
1. A 4. c 7. B 10. D
2. B 5. A 8 D 11. A
3. D 6. c 9 B 12. c
B. BUILDING PROTECTION MATERIALS
1. D 5. c 9. B 13. c
2. A 6. B 10. D 14. B
3. c 7. A 11. c 15. D
4. B 8. D 12. A 16. A
F. FIRE PREVENTION
1. A 3. c 5. D 7. B
2. D 4. B 6. A 8. c
G. SECURITY-BURGLAR PROOFING (INTRUSION DETECTION DEVICES)
1. A 3. C 5. C 7. B
2. D 4. B 6. D 8. A
463
AREA "B" UTILITIES PART Ill
6. COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
A. SIGNAL SYSTEMS
1. A 5. A 9. 8 13. D
2. D 6. c 10. D 14. c
3. 8 7. B 11. c 15. A
4. c B. 0 12. A 16. 8
B. TELELINGO
1. 8 4. A 7. A 10. D
2. c 5. c 8. D 11. A
3. D 6. 8 9. c 12. 8
1. D 4. D 7. c 10. 8
2. A 5. 8 8. A
3. c 6. D 9. D
1517 = 1.053
1440
Multiply this factor by the cost in City A, P1 ,500,000, to get 1 ,580,208. Then,
increase this by the 5 percent inflation factor:
1,580,208 X 1.05 = 1,659,218
or 1 ,659,000 rounded figure
464