23. For what purposes have bacteria, plants, and animals have been genetically altered?

Genetically altered organisms can have many purposes. For bacteria, since they are the most
common GMO’s and can easily be altered, genetically alternating them can have a handful of benefits.
For example, the E. coli have been modified to produce a fluorescent protein from jellyfish. Through
these GMO’s, they may also help explain why some individual bacteria become hazardously resistant to
antibiotics. That’s why they are useful in pharmaceutics since they produce medically important
proteins. Engineered microorganism also make proteins that can be used in food manufacturing, like
GMO-made enzymes improve the taste and clarity of beer and fruit juice, slow bread from staling, and
modify fats.

For plants, some benefits of genetic engineering in agriculture are increased crop yields,
reduced costs for food or drug production, reduced need for pesticides, enhanced nutrient composition
and food quality, resistance to pests and disease, greater food security, and medical benefits to the
world's growing population. Advances have also been made in developing crops that mature faster and
tolerate aluminum, boron, salt, drought, frost, and other environmental stressors, allowing plants to
grow in conditions where they might not otherwise flourish

For animals, they are useful in increasing yield and decrease the susceptibility to diseases.

24. What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is one of the three major classes of RNA that transfers amino acids to the
ribosomes. tRNA molecules, each associated with specific amino acids, bind to the ribosome in a
sequence defined by the mRNA code. It has a special structure that is made up of many nucleotides that
bend into the shape of cloverleaf that’s why it can perform its function.

28. What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and how is it carried out to produce multiple copies of a
DNA segment?

30. Explain the statement that the genetic code is universal.