no.

0003 EMILIO AGUINALDO 1869-1964

Emilio Aguinaldo
was proclaimed the president
of the Philippine Republic in
Malolos. He established the
Dictatorial Government in
May 1898 to show the
capacity of Filipinos for self-
government, and a month
later, the Revolutionary
Government.
no.0004 ADVISERS -------------

Consul Wildman Ambrosio

advised Aguinaldo to
Rianzares
establish a dictatorial
government in which Bautista
could lead to a Aguinaldo’s 1st
republican adviser, who also
government similar told him to form a
to that of the United dictatorial
States. government.

Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing the

May 24, Dictatorial Government which nullified the orders
1898 issued under the authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic.
no.0005 ADVISERS -------------

APOLINARIO MABINI
Adviser of Aguinaldo

“ DARK CHAMBER OF
THE PRESIDENT ”

“ BRAINS OF
THE REVOLUTION ”
Apolinario to his haters be like:
 no.0007 IMPORTANT DATES -------------

TREATMENT OF ENEMY PH INDEPENDENCE DAY

May 29, One of Aguinaldo’s 1st acts as a dictator, June 5, Aguinaldo issued a decree setting
urging the people to stop the disgraceful aside June 12 as the day for
1 8 9 8 treatment of Spanish prisoners. 1 8 9 8 proclamation of Philippine
Independence.
J ULIAN FELI PE
composer from Cavite, who
Act of Declaration of Independence
showed the draft of Composition
Prepared by Ambrosio Riamzares
entitled Marcha Filipina
Bautista, signed by 98 people,
Magdalo which was later
however was promulgated on August
changed to Marcha Nacional
1.
Filipana.
 no.0009 IMPORTANT DATES -------------

REORGANIZATION OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
June Provided for the reorganization of
18, local government in those provinces
1898 already freed from Spanish control.
ADMINISTRATION
OF JUSTICE
June Town chief was
automatically the judge of
20, the town.
1898
no.0010 IMPORTANT DATES -------------

MABINI’S PLAN
to establish a grassroots
June government was realized
later half of the month.
1898
UPON MABINI’S ADVICE
major changes were promulgated and
implemented: change of government
June from Dictatorial to Revolutionary;
23, change of the Executive title from
1898 Dictator to President
Apolinario realizing something:

WhaT If wE Go fRom DIcTatOr t0 PrEsIdeNt?

 no.0012 IMPORTANT DATES
THE TREATY OF PARIS
Dec. 10, It provided that Spain would cede
1 8 9 8 the Philippines to the United
States in return for 20,000,000
USD from United States for the
improvements made in the colony.
INAUGURATION
Jan. 23, Aguinaldo took his oath of the
1 8 9 9 officer after having been informed
that he had been proclaimed
President of the Republic.
-------------
THE PEACE COMMISSION
Discussed about the legal points but both sides
Oct. – refused to give in. The American commissioners
Dec. served an ultimatum on the Spanish
commissioners who believed that the Americans
1898
should be gracious in their hour of victory.
RATIFICATION OF THE TREATY
Feb. The unfortunate rupture of Filipino-American
4 & 6, hostilities led many opponents of ratification
to vote affirmatively.
1899 The treaty was ratified by 2/3 majority.
no.0015 PRINCIPLES -------------

TWO UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES MOTIVATED THE

ESTABLISHMENT OF A REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

To help the country Pave the way towards

achieve true the formation of a “true
independence republic”.

AS MABINI ENVISIONED IT, the Revolutionary Congress created

by the June 18 decree had several aims: to promote the interest of the
Filipinos through the passage of relevant laws and to serve as the
Executive’s advisory body.
no.0016 DIFFERENT BRANCHES -------------

THREE DISTINCT
BRANCHES
The executive, the
legislative and the
judicial. specifically
provided for safeguards
against abuses and
individual rights not only
of the Filipinos, but also
the aliens.

1899 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

no.0018 PROMULGATION OF THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION Jan. 21, 1899

Conflict between the Executive and Legislative Arm of the Government

Mabini’s side: Paterno-

Legislative Buencamino
Supremacy group:
-A threat to
Deference of the
Executive powers
promulgation
-Power should be
will lead to ruin of
concentrated on the
prestige of
executive side for
the president.
immediate actions
no.0019 PROMULGATION OF THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION Jan. 21, 1899

Congress of the Republic was the omnipotent power of the nation

“
A way to check potential
abuses of the executive and
the army

”
no.0020 PROMULGATION OF THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION ----------------

Approved with amendments proposed by Mabini

(Paterno-Buencamino group had to make compromises)

MABINI PATERNO-
was considered BUENCAMINO
an obstacle by group represented the
the Paterno- plutocrats bent on
Buencamino destroying what the
group in carrying revolution has achieved
out their personal so far. (Based on
interests. Mabini.)
Paterno & Buencamino
hearing Mabini’s side: Mabini:
no.0022 Intellectual to Economical Conflict ----------------

Congress passing the National Loan Law

a. NATIONAL LOAN LAW

i. Execute for the Treasury of the Nation an interior
loan of 20,000, 000 pesos. To be redeemed 40
years after the date of issue.
ii.Additionally, government is authorized to pledge
property of the nation as security and to give to
subscribers an interest of six percent annually
payable every six months.
no.0023 Intellectual to Economical Conflict ----------------

Congress passing the National Loan Law

b. MANAGEMENT OF ALL AFFAIRS CONCERNING THE LOAN

SHALL BE VESTED ON A BOARD OF 24 MEMBERS.
i. Some of the members include Pedro Paterno, Felipe Buencamino,
Benito Legarda, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
ii. Members were to establish a bank attending to all matters of the
national loan
iii. Also given authority to use annual personal taxes in case
government failed to pay yearly interest
 no.0024 Intellectual to Economical Conflict ----------------

Congress passing the National Loan Law

MABINI’S TAKEAWAY BY APPROVING NO PROOF THAT THE BANK

Plutocrats in congress’ to the plutocrat’s was established and that plans to
efforts towards controlling unwarranted despoil coffers was put into effect.
the government through exactions, Aguinaldo What was sure though was the
financial manipulation. (i.e. is being held as continuing of the Paterno-
without the bank, no support captive. Veering Buencamino group’s harassment
for the government) away from Mabini. towards Mabini.
no.0025 THE WAR ----------------

PEDRO PATERNO’s
ENFORCE
GROUP GOAL
supremacy
of the
shifted from
United
independence to
States
autonomy(due to
rupture of hostilities)
 no.0026 THE WAR ----------------

“
The US has no rights over the
Philippines because it never consulted
the Filipinos in matters dealing with their
own fate.

”
Towards the end of April 1899, Mabini sent a committee to Manila, to confer with General Otis –
suspension to hostilities, independence of the Philippines (all in the name of peace).
Tama ka Mabini!!! Tama Ka!!!
no.0028 CONGRESS’ RESOLUTION TOWARDS AUTONOMY ----------------

America refuses
Aguinaldo, being a captive, felt it to
independence
be less dangerous to drop Mabini
rather than antagonizing the
Conservatives composed majority.
much of the congress
Congress’s resolution towards
autonomy was passed, and the
Conservatives favors Mabini Cabinet was replaced
the American’s promise
of autonomy.
no.0030 CHIEF JUSTICE POSITION OFFERED TO MABINI ----------------

ENVIED BY PATERNO MABINI DID NOT

He could not witness the
glorification of the man
who became an obstacle in
their plans to control the
treasury of the republic.
take the offer with alacrity.
He demanded reforms on
judiciary as terms for his
agreement upon taking the
position.

AGUINALDO CONSULTED THE CABINET, now,

under Paterno. Decision: Cabinet objected. Taking it as
a cue, Aguinaldo disapproved Mabini’s election as
Chief Justice.
no.0033 HIDDEN AGENDA
ONE OF THE RESULTS
of the Spanish-America war
was that several Spanish
colonies fell into American
hands. Some of these
colonies were Cuba and the
Philippines and while the
US made it clear that it
wouldn’t keep Cuba, the
story of the Philippines was
a bit different.
----------------
THE RESULTING FILIPINO AND
Spanish-American AMERICAN
war led to a forces had mutual
fortuitous “alliance” suspicion against
between the Filipino the other. But in
leaders and the fact, Americans
American military do indeed have a
in an effort to hidden agenda.
liquidate the
remnants of the
Spanish soldiery in
the Philippines.
Americans plotting something be like:
no.0035 HIDDEN AGENDA ----------------

Tension MEANWHILE,
between Filipinos in some parts of the
and Americans Philippines like in the
became clear Visayas, Filipinos
when the continued to fight off the
Americans didn’t remnants of Spaniards.
allow Emilio Rebel leaders contacted
Aguinaldo, and Emilio Aguinaldo to
his troops to send troops for
march to Manila assistance, and so
alongside Aguinaldo did, and they
American troops. successfully won against
the Spanish remnants.
no.0037 VISAYAS ----------------

MALOLOS GOVERNMENT
suggested that a constitution MILLER SUCCEEDED
should be proclaimed in the in occupying Iloilo, causing
Visayas. the Malolos Government to
dissolve the Federal States of
Supported the Superior Visayas and had politico-
stand of Iloilo council with military governors to replace
against members as it
Americans representatives
to the congress
MILLER:

a constitution should be
proclaimed in the Visayas.

dissolve the Federal States of

Visayas and have politico-
military governors to replace it
 no.0039 IMPERIALISTS AND UNPREJUDICED AMERICANS ----------------

“
Events were akin to anarchy.

”
Dean C. Worcester

W. B. Wilcox and L. R. Sargent- surveyed conditions of northern Luzon, visited provinces under the
control of the Malolos
 no.0040 THE EFFICIENCY OF THE MALOLOS GOVERNMENT ----------------

JOHN BARRETT CONSUL WILDMAN

Malolos Government realizing the unfairness
would also compare of the common run of
to the better classes American period
of other Asiatic
nations

Views of the imperialists remained dominant, tension was not relieved by opinions of such Americans.
no.0041 TENSION BETWEEN AMERICAN AND THE PHILIPPINES ----------------

Otis toned down the

THE proclamation
TENSION
Increased when General Miller
President received a copy of the
McKinley original proclamation,
released a publishing it in Iloilo
proclamation on
Criticism of Antonio
Philippines’
Luna, editor of La
sovereignty
Independencia
no.0042 TENSION BETWEEN AMERICAN AND THE PHILIPPINES ----------------

AGUINALDO OTIS RESPONDED

Issued a counter- by alerting his troops
Jan. 5, proclamation, and strengthening
1899 ending the American posts.
theoretical
40,000 inhabitants of
Filipino-American
Manila fled within 15
friendship
days
20,000 Filipinos paraded
to show their support to
Aguinaldo

Later on, Aguinaldo called a conference to settle differences between them and the Americans
no.0043 TENSION BETWEEN AMERICAN AND THE PHILIPPINES ----------------

LATER ON, AGUINALDO

AGUINALDO
called a conference to settle
also issued a
differences between them and
January proclamation to
the Americans. Commission
9 the “Brave
of Florentino Torres, Soldiers of
Ambrosio Flores, and Manuel Manila”
Arguelles to meet with the
American commission.
 no.0012 IMPORTANT DATES -------------

San Juan Bridge Incident Malolos Apprehended

Feb. 4, At 8pm, an American sharpshooter, March The Americans captured
1 8 9 9 Private William W. Grayson of First 31,
Malolos, which was then the
Nebraska Volunteers, shot and Capital of the First Philippine
killed a Filipino soldier crossing the 1899 Republic.
San Juan Bridge.

Bombardment of Manila The Battle at San Mateo, Rizal

-The American navy bombarded the
Feb. 5, Filipino positions in Manila.
1899 -Generals Aniceto Lacson and Juan
Araneta organized the “Republic of
Negros”.
Dec. 19, General Henry C. Lawton was killed by the
1 8 9 9 Filipino troops during the Battle in San Mateo,
Rizal.
no.0007 REFUGE -------------

Cordillera
Mountains
The place where Death of
Aguinaldo and his Antonio
staff fled. Luna
ANTONIO
Palanan, June 5, LUNA killed by
Isabela 1899 Aguinaldo’s
The place of his bodyguards on
headquarters which was
unknown to the
Americans.
 no.0024 THE PLAN ----------------

As soon as they entered the

Consists of 5 The Americans
camp, they attacked the guards On April 19,
American pretended to be
and captured Aguinaldo. 1901,Aguinaldo
officers and 85 prisoners of war of
Aguinaldo was taken to took the oath of
Filipinos (who the Filipinos so that
Manila. He was greeted by Allegiance to
were on the they could enter the
General Arthur McArthur, the the United
side of the secret camp on
American military governor, at States.
Americans). March 23, 1901.
Malacanang Palace.