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Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources:

Interviews

Gonzalez, Gabriel C., 11 Dec, 2018.

This is a personal interview with Gabriel Gonzalez. We used this interview to get a

perspective of a person who was there in Cuba during the crisis.

Reyes, Enme G., 11 Dec, 2018

This was a personal interview with Gabriel Enme Reyes. We used this interview to get a

perspective of someone who was there after the crisis. We also used it because he told us

what Cuba was like under Castro’s rule.

Letters

“Khrushchev Letter to President Kennedy.” ​Planning D-Day (April 2003) - Library of

Congress Information Bulletin​, Victor, ​www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/x2jfk.html​.

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This letter of Khrushchev's response to President Kennedy helped us understand how

Khrushchev felt about Kennedy's request, and how he wanted to end the Cuban Missile

Crisis once and for all.

"Robert F. Kennedy's Statement on Cuba and Neutrality Laws," National Archives, April

20, 1961

This source is a letter that describes how Robert F. Kennedy feels about Cuba and their

neutrality laws and it shows how he makes an attempt to defend the Cuban exiles that had

fought against Fidel Castro’s Cuban Militia.

"The Quarantine Proclamation," Kennedy Library, 1962

This source is a signed letter by John. F Kennedy that claims he will set a naval blockade

to stop Soviet ships from coming to Cuba.

Photographs

"American destroyer USS Vesole (DD-878) escorts the Russian freighter Polzunov

into international waters, bringing an end to the Cuban missile Crisis in October 1962,"

CNN, 1962?
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This photograph shows us an American destroyer USS Vesole (DD-878) escorting a

Russian freighter. The freighter is loaded with nuclear missiles and related equipment

bound for the Soviet Union after being removed from Cuban soil, bringing an end to the

so-called Cuban Missile Crisis

"Anatoly Dobrynin, the Soviet Ambassador to the United States during the Cuban Missile

Crisis, meets with President Kennedy in the White House Oval Office," National Archives,

1962

This photograph shows us John F. Kennedy negotiating with ​Anatoly F. Dobrynin,

Ambassador of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) to the United States

"A P2V Neptune of Patrol Squadron 18 and another U.S. plane fly past the starboard

quarter of Soviet freighter OKHOTSK," U.S. Navy, December 1962

This photograph shows us U.S planes ensuring ​that the Soviet freighter with crates

containing the fuselages of Il-28 Beagle bombers, are being returned to the Soviet Union from

Cuba.

"A US Navy Martin P5M-2 Marlin from Patrol Squadron VP-45 overflying a Soviet

Foxtrot-class submarine in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis," Business Insider, 1962
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This photograph shows us how the U.S quarantine is ensuring that no weapons or

missiles are being brought over to Cuba from the Soviet Union.

"Brigade 2506 Flag" Barbara Sumwalt Museum. Useppa Island, 1961.

http://useppahs.org/pages/permanent_exhibits.html

This photograph shows us a flag of the Brigade 2506 which was a funded force of exiled

Cubans serving as the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front.

"Brigade 2506 prisoners." History.com, April 17th, 1961

This photograph shows us the Cuban exile force (Brigade 2506) being taken as prisoners

by Fidel Castro’s Cuban militia.

"Castro's Militia” Three Lions/Getty Images, April 17th, 1961

This photograph shows us members of Castro's militia in the Escambray Mountains of

Cuba during the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion.

"Communists Seek More Slaves!," US State Department, 1951

This photograph shows a U.S propaganda poster influencing people that communism is

bad. It was used to show propaganda used during the time of the Cold War.
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"EXCOMM meeting at the White House Cabinet Room," John F. Kennedy Presidential

Library, 1962

This photograph shows us John F. Kennedy and his advisers (from EXCOMM) sitting by

the briefing table, discussing their plans for the Crisis, and looking at photos from a U-2

spy plane showing pictures of Soviet missile bases in Cuba.

“HM69 Nike Missile Base.” ​National Parks Service,​ U.S. Department of the Interior, 1962,

www.nps.gov/ever/learn/historyculture/hm69.htm.

This photograph helped by showing pictures of the missile bases in Cuba.

“Is This Tomorrow?”​ ​Catechetical Guild Educational Society,​ 1947.

This photograph is a poster made in 1947 showing American propaganda influencing

Americans to fear communism during the Cold War.

“​Map of Cuba​.” 1962. John F. Kennedy Library.

This photograph helped us by providing a map of Cuba along with several missile sites

and their location pinpointed by John F. Kennedy.

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Michael Voss. “Fidel Castro's Forces Outnumbered the Invaders by about 10 to One.” ​Bay

of Pigs: The 'Perfect Failure' of Cuba Invasion​, BBC, 14 Apr. 2011,

www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13066561.

This photograph shows the forces Castro used in the Bay of Pigs, and the caption on the

website helped by showing that Castro outnumbered the Cuban forces 10-to-1.

“MRBM Launch Site 1 San Cristobal, Cuba.” ​John F. Kennedy Presidential Library​, 23 Oct.

1962​.

This photograph shows an aerial point of view of a missile launch site in San Cristobal,

Cuba. Along with missile erectors, fuel tank trailers, and oxidizer tank trailers.

“OK Mr President, Let's Talk.​ ” Daily Mail, 29 Oct. 1962.

This source gave us a political cartoon based on the Cold War.

"PGM-19 Jupiter missile," US Army Redstone Arsenal, 1961

This photograph shows us just one of the Jupiter missiles that the United States had

placed in Turkey.

Preliminary Disarmament Talks...​ Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year 1984 , Columbus, 1983,

hti.osu.edu/opper/lesson-plans/nuclear-weapons/images/preliminary-disarmament-talks.

Okpala, Sandino, Valdes 1

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This photograph helped us depict a picture of how people viewed the Cold War.

“Skyhawks from the USS Essex Fly Sorties over Combat Areas during the Bay of Pigs.​ ”

Robert L. Lawson Photograph Collection, 1961

This photograph helped us by showing the planes they used in the Bay of Pigs.

“Surface-To-Air Missile Activity In Cuba​.” Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection

5 Sept. 1962. https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cuba.html

This photograph helped us by showing a map of Cuba and the data that the U.S had

gained of Cuba before the crisis took place.

“Soviet Poster Suggesting the U.S. Holds up World Peace.” ​Cold War Mentalities Die Hard:

Propaganda 1, People 0​, La Generalist,

lageneralista.com/cold-war-mentalities-die-hard-propaganda-1-people-0/.

This photograph showed how the Soviets viewed the US, and how they used this

propaganda to influence their civilians too.

“Soviet submarine B-59, forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near

Cuba," National Archives, 1962

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This photograph shows us the Soviet B-59 submarine that almost launched a nuclear

torpedo, surfacing after receiving signals from An American Destroyer.

"STEP ON IT DOC!," Minnesota Star, 1947

This photograph shows us a political cartoon about the Truman Doctrine.

“The Victory of Communism Is Inevitable.” ​These Soviet Propaganda Posters Once Evoked

Heroism, Pride and Anxiety​, PBS, 1969,

www.pbs.org/newshour/world/these-soviet-propaganda-posters-meant-to-evoke-heroism-pride.

This picture was useful for showing how the Soviets used propaganda to their advantage.

“US President John F. Kennedy Shaking Hands with Soviet Leader Nikita Khrushchev​.”

National Archives,​ June 3 1961.

This picture helped show us a picture of Premier Khrushchev and President Kennedy. We

thought this would make an interesting background picture for our homepage.

"U-2 photos of Cuban missile bases," The Atlantic, 1962

These photographs gave us aerial views of multiple Cuban missile bases along with the

equipment and technology found on the bases.

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"Wreckage of Maj. Anderson's U-2 plane," National Archives, 1962

This photograph shows us the U-2 plane manned by Major Anderson that was shot down

by the ​Soviet Air Defense unit.

Za Prochnyi Mir! Protiv Podzhigatelei Novoi Voiny! Library of Congress, Philadelphia,

1949, www.loc.gov/exhibits/churchill/wc-coldwar.html.

This photograph helped us by giving us propaganda used in the Cold War.

Newspapers

"TRUMAN ASKS 400 MILLION TO AID GREECE AND TURKEY.​ ” Detroit News. 1947.

This photograph is a newspaper from Detroit News that shows President Harry Truman's'

plan to fight communism. He does so by introducing the Truman Doctrine, which established

400 million dollars worth of foreign aid to countries in Western Europe to help them fight the

spread of communism.

"US QUARANTINE CUBA TO STOP MISSILE BUILD-UP," Minneapolis Tribune, 1961

This photograph shows a newspaper title about the US quarantine in Cuba.

"U.S. BLOCKADE CUBA, TELLS RUSS 'LAY OFF'," The Arizona Republic, 1962
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This newspaper shows​ ​President John F. Kennedy announcing that the Soviet Union has

placed nuclear weapons in Cuba and, in response, the United States will establish a

blockade around the island to prevent any other offensive weapons from entering

Castro’s state. Kennedy also warned the Soviets that any nuclear attack from Cuba would

be construed as an act of war, and that the United States would retaliate in return.

"KENNEDY AGREES TO UN TALKS, BUT REFUSES TO LIFT BLOCKADE," St.

Louis Globe-Democrat, 1962

This newspaper shows how president Kennedy was serious about the blockade and that

he believes it is the best thing to do.

"The Oct. 29, 1962 edition of the New York Herald Tribune following the agreement

reached by Khrushchev and JFK," The History Reader, 1962

The newspaper shows us that the Soviet Union leader reached an agreement and made

peace with President Kennedy.

Documents
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“Documents of the Cuban Missile Crisis.” ​Long Term Effects on Humans | Effects of

Nuclear Weapons,​ www.atomicarchive.com/History/cuba/documents.shtml.

This website helped by giving us key documents and information about what happened

during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

NSA and the Cuban Missile Crisis [Electronic Resource].​ [Fort George G. Meade, Md.] :

National Security Agency.

https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS23469/cuban_missile_crisis.pdf

The source contains the National Security Agency’s analysis of the Cuban missile crisis.

It includes an extensive document archive of declassified files associated with the crisis

and a full-length synopsis of events, and it highlights the role that signals intelligence

(SIGINT) played in the crisis.

Videos

historycomestolife. “JFK SPEECH FOLLOWING THE BAY OF PIGS.”​YouTube​,

YouTube, 14 Mar. 2011, www.youtube.com/watch?v=thsVoWNbmPU.

This video explained the address Kennedy made after the Bay of Pigs, and how he felt

after. We used it to help write the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs.

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Pathé, British. ​YouTube,​ YouTube, 13 Apr. 2014, www.youtube.com/watch?v=UXCS_7CIP0c.

This source was extremely useful because it shows the hotline the US and Soviet Union

used after the crisis, and it talked about how they used it as well. We used it for our

Aftermath tab.

Vault, Nuclear. “Duck and Cover” ​YouTube​, YouTube, 11 July 2009,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=IKqXu-5jw60.

This video helped us because it gave an impression of what it was like to be alive during

the Cold War.

Secondary Sources:

Books

Anatomy of the Cuban Missile Crisis Nathan, James A. ​Anatomy of the Cuban Missile

Crisis.​ Greenwood Press, 2000.

The book helped us to understand what happened in the Cuban Missile Crisis, the order

of chronological events, and biographies of important figures. It also provides us with

information on how people all around the world felt about the event.

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Dobbs, Michael. ​One Minute to Midnight:​ Arrow, 2009.

This book shows what exactly happened during the Cuban Missile Crisis, including all

the actions of the Soviet Union and the United States. It also gives pictures and maps of

the crisis, like where they placed the missiles in Cuba.

Munton, Don, and David A. Welch. ​The Cuban Missile Crisis: a Concise History​. Oxford

University Press, 2012.

This book on the Cuban Missile Crisis helped us understand what the Cuban Missile

Crisis was about, including the components like the Bay of Pigs Invasion and how one

man's decision to not fire a nuclear torpedo prevented the war. It also told us important

information on the reactions of JFK, Khrushchev, and Castro's actions during it.

Scott, Leonard V., and R. Gerald Hughes. ​The Cuban Missile Crisis: a Critical Reappraisal​.

Routledge, 2016.

This book of the Cuban Missile Crisis helped explain why and how the Cuban Missile

Crisis got started, and what happened during it. It also gave us details about what the

three superpowers did in order to avert war and to end the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Roberts, Priscilla. ​Cuban Missile Crisis The Essential Reference Guide​. ABC-CLIO, 2014.
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This book helped us learn more about important figures and their roles in the Cuban Missile

Crisis, as well as what events took place before, during, and after the crisis, and it was a

reference guide, so if I had anything I wanted to learn about the Cuban Missile Crisis, we

could just search it up.

Websites

Atomic Archive. “Cuban Missile Crisis.” ​Long Term Effects on Humans | Effects of Nuclear

Weapons​, National Science Digital Library, 1998,

www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Cuba/index.shtml

This source is a website that contains an archive of 7 historical documents concerning the

Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962. This source is primary because it shows the letters that

were sent between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the event. This source

helped us understand both of the leaders perspectives, what choices they made, and why

the event took place in the first place.

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“GCSE Bitesize: Lasting Effects of the Crisis.” ​BBC​, BBC,

www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir2/eventsofthecrisisrev4.shtml.

This website helped us write about the lasting effects of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

History.com Editors. “Cold War History.” ​History.com​, A&E Television Networks, 27 Nov.

2009, www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cold-war-history.

This website helped us understand the history of the Cold War, and how it was fought.

We used the information for our Cold War tab.

History.com Editors. “The Cuban Missile Crisis Comes to an End.” ​History.com,​ A&E

Television Networks, 13 Nov. 2009,

www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-cuban-missile-crisis-comes-to-an-end.

This website helped be showing how the Cuban Missile Crisis ended, and it showed the

short term and long term impact after the end of the crisis.

National Air and Space Museum Archives. “Wars and Conflicts, Cuban Missile Crisis.

[Digital Image].” ​Ida B. Wells and Anti-Lynching Activism | DPLA,​

dp.la/item/eb6bd21b753c85c081ee9eaa8f54f926?q=Cuban%2BMissile%2BCrisis.

The source helped us to understand our topic by giving us an idea of what the missile

sites in Cuba looked like, and what was going on in the missile sites.
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The source was used to provide information on the Nike Missile Site. For example, it

showed us why the U.S. constructed the Nike Missile Site, and how it locally influenced

the Cuban Missile Crisis.

“Photos: Remembering the Cuban Missile Crisis.” ​CNN​, Cable News Network, 15 Oct.

2012, www.cnn.com/2012/10/15/americas/gallery/cuban-missile-crisis/index.html.

This source gave us photographs of what happened during the crisis. We used some of

these photographs to show the naval blockade.

“Reasons for the Cuban Missile Crisis.” ​The History Reader​, 6 June 2015,

www.thehistoryreader.com/contemporary-history/reasons-for-the-cuban-missile-crisis/​.

The source taught us what the triumph was in our topic. By providing a picture of the

front page of a magazine, I now know when the agreement was reached, who was in the

agreement, and what the agreement did.

“The Bay of Pigs Invasion and Its Aftermath, April 1961–October 1962.” ​U.S. Department

of State,​ U.S. Department of State, history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/bay-of-pigs.

This source explained what happened during the Bay of Pigs, why it happened and it

explained the aftermath of it. We used this source for our “Bay of Pigs” tab.
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U.S. Department of State​, U.S. Department of State,

history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/cuban-missile-crisis.

This source is a website from the government that describes many events that took place

in the crisis as well as what actions the leaders took to counteract each other.

“The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962.” Edited by Jerry Goldman and Giel Stein., ​The Cuban

Missile Crisis | Wyzant Resources​, 2005, www.hpol.org/jfk/cuban/

This source is a website and it is a primary source as it gives audio as well as a visual

overview of what occurred in the audio files. This website is very useful due to its vast

amount of information on the topic. The audio files are from the John F. Kennedy

Library. The audio files show John F. Kennedy's recollection of conferences including:

consultation with his advisers, meetings with the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and members of

the president's executive committee, all pertaining to the event of the Cuban Missile

Crisis. Also, the audio files show the tone of which President Kennedy was speaking in

which helped to understand how he felt about the topic.

Shmoop Editorial Team. "Cold War: Cuban Missile Crisis to Detente Statistics." ​Shmoop.​

Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 16 Dec. 2018.

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This website helped explained the Cuban Missile Crisis briefly, and it also gave us some

quotes to use.

“The Cold War Quotes by John Lewis Gaddis.” ​Goodreads​, Goodreads,

www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/832201-the-cold-war-a-new-history.

This website helped us find quotes to use for our project.

Voss, Michael. “Bay of Pigs: The 'Perfect Failure' of Cuba Invasion.” ​BBC News,​ BBC, 14

Apr. 2011, www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-13066561.

This website helped by explaining the Bay of Pigs, and gave a breakdown of the events

during the invasion.

Videos

ExtraCreditz. “Cuban Missile Crisis - Black Saturday - Extra History - #3.” ​YouTube​,

YouTube, 1 Mar. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Ox9wIZeZYg.

This video helped show us how the Cuban Missile Crisis ended and what actions were

taken to end it, and it showed what happened at the end after the crisis was over.
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ExtraCreditz. “Cuban Missile Crisis - Eyeball to Eyeball- Extra History - #2.” ​YouTube,​

YouTube, 22 Feb. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQT4Dt82Kz0.

This source helped us be showing us what was going on during the crisis. It also

explained things such as the naval blockade and Kennedy's speech.

ExtraCreditz. “Cuban Missile Crisis - The Failed Checkmate - Extra History - #1.”

YouTube​, YouTube, 15 Feb. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqJBibhR07w.

This video helped us understand the basics of what was going on in the Cuban Missile

Crisis in the beginning, and about who played the major roles there, and about how it all

started.

TEDEducation. “The History of the Cuban Missile Crisis - Matthew A. Jordan.” ​YouTube,​

YouTube, 26 Sept. 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwWW3sbk4EU.

This video helped us find the major and minor people in the Cuban Missile Crisis, and it

helped show how the tragedy and the triumph of the topic, and it also helped show us how

the crisis was solved, and the lesson learned.