Direct To TOEFL iBT Answer Key PDF

INTRODUCTION Practice 4 (pg.
23)
1. railroad, tracks, fly, speed, quiet, sound, invent,
Skimming and Scanning (pg. 16) modern, engineer
Sample Answers 2. building, heating and cooling, insects, damp,
design problems, architecture
Practice 1 (pg. 20)
3. influences, painting style, subjects
1. biology, mimic, plants, animals, copy, technology,
science 4. work style, influences, art movements, famous
artists, Europe
2. French, influence, painting, biography
5. description and history of Hawaiian Creole,
3. different kinds of languages, dialects, countries
vocabulary, grammar, who speaks it, where it is
spoken, current
Practice 2 (pg. 20) 6. different groups of people in Papua New Guinea,
1. seed, sticks to clothes, hooks, attach, inspiration influence from other places, geography, when,
from nature fighting
2. artist, painting, paint, art, canvas, easel, palette,
brushes Adding Details (pg. 24)
Sample Answers
Practice 3 (pg. 21) Practice 1 (pg. 25)
1. leaves, seeds, trees, changes, variety, making par. 1 Evolution – array of designs in nature
things, new ideas
A. animals, plants, insects – developed ways to
2. shoes, clothes, ideas, invention, seeds perform a variety of feats
3. nests, flying, study, figure out, design B. designers and engineers copy nature’s
4. shapes, raincoat, waterproof, rubber, plastic, designs – “biomimicry”
protection, water-resistant
5. insects, mounds, building, person par. 2 Velcro fasteners – inspired by burrs
6. heating and cooling, building design, insects, A. George de Mestral saw hooks on burrs
save, conserve
B. copied design to make a fastener
7. cars, safety, speed, rubber
C. burr efficient for seed dispersal
8. painting style, different from Impressionists
9. subjects he painted, descriptions of his
par. 3 Eiji Nakatsu – bird watching solved
paintings, scenes, nature, objects
engineering problem.
10. work style, alone, self-motivated, not valued,
A. complaints about sonic boom from fast train
dedicated
B. kingfishers – birds that move from air to
11. Cezanne’s influence on artists and art
water easily
movements, experts, followers, professors
C. based train design on kingfishers head and
12. kind of language, different groups of people,
beak - train was more efficient and quieter
need to communicate, definition of pidgin
language
13. reasons for communication, what pidgins and par. 4 Lotus leaves repel water.
creoles are, how they develop A. leaves have tiny cracks that cause drops to
14. explanation of how Hawaiian Creole developed form
from a pidgin language B. design copied to make fabrics and paints
15. explanation of the development of the Gullah water and stain resistant
language, origin
16. explanation of the development of Haitian par. 5 Architect inspired by termite mounds.
Creole, where spoken, from French A. termites maintain constant temperature in
17. explanation of the development of Tok Pisin, mounds
where spoken, where it came from B. tunnels go through mound
This page has been downloaded from Direct to TOEFL iBT™: www.directtotoeflibt.com. Written by Lin Lougheed.
1 © Copyright Macmillan Publishers Ltd, 2011
I ntroduc tion D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
par. 6 Pearce copied termite mounds system to par. 2 Pidgins and creoles – contact languages,
control building temperature. trade languages
A. fans move cool air through vents A. “pidgin” - from language used by British
B. uses less energy than conventional system traders in China
B. developed from contact through slavery or
colonization
par. 7 Tire design inspired by nature.
A. tree frogs toes – can climb smooth surfaces
par. 3 Hawaiian Creole – example of pidgin
B. design copied for tires
developed into creole
A. based on English, U.S. missionaries,
Practice 2 (pg. 27) businessmen - contact with Hawaiians
par. 1 Paul Cézanne - French painter - father of B. influenced by workers from other countries
modern art
C. became primary language
A. comfortable life in Aix-en-Provence
B. not part of Paris art world
par. 4 Gullah – descendents of slaves
A. used in slave trade
par. 2 Not part of Impressionist movement
B. used for communication among slaves
A. knew Impressionist painters, but didn’t agree
C. based on English, influenced by African
with focus
languages
B. Impressionist focus - impermanence, light,
individual people
par. 5 Haiti – French-based creole
C. Cézanne’s focus - permanence, color, planes,
forms, composition A. communication among slaves, masters
B. now national language of Haiti
par. 3 Painted from nature
A. landscapes without people or animals par. 6 Tok Pisin – a national language of Papua
New Guinea but originated elsewhere
B. still-lifes of fruit
A. New Guinean workers in Australia, Pacific
C. paintings of people – composition, not
islands
personality
B. 800 different languages in New Guinea, Tok
Pisin used for communication between
par. 4 Painted every day, little encouragement language groups
A. experimented with new approach
B. work not recognized until his fifties
par. 5 Why father of modern art?

A. inspiration to Picasso in cubist phase
B. influence on Matisse
Practice 3 (pg. 29)

par. 1 Pidgin- communication between language
groups
A. develops from superstrate (dominant)
language and substrate languages
B. creole- more complex pidgin becomes
primary language
R e ading D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
Establishing Context (pg. 31) 10. due, two weeks, three weeks, next month, end
Sample Answers of semester
Practice 1 (pg. 33) 11. copy of journal article, list of topics, project
outline, journal subscription
1. Speaker(s): professor
Setting: classroom
Adding Details
Purpose: lecture
Sample Answers
Practice 1 (pg. 38)
2. Speaker(s): librarian, student
idea 1 Overview of Melville’s work
Setting: library
A. Moby Dick – not first novel
Purpose: library information
B. best known now but not in his life
C. based on experiences at sea
3. Speaker(s): professor
Setting: classroom
idea 2 Early life
Purpose: lecture
A. father died, he left school
B. worked on ships
4. Speaker(s): professor, student
C. spent time in Polynesia, first novels based on
Setting: office
this
Purpose: meeting

idea 3 Return from sea
Practice 2 (pg. 35)
A. Moby Dick written on farm, not a big success
1. novel - Moby Dick, author - Herman Melville
B. continued writing through 1850s
2. library card, check out, student ID
C. got job in New York, wrote poetry
3. history – New York, Brooklyn Bridge –
D. last novel published after death
construction
4. research project - can’t decide what to write
about Practice 2 (pg. 38)
idea 1 Check out library books
Practice 3 (pg. 35) A. library card – not required
1. author, novel, whaling ship, sea captain B. show student ID
2. Melville, novels, whaler, farm, cabin boy,
Polynesia idea 2 Restricted books
3. librarian, borrow some books, library card, A. check-out – one week
subscribe, magazine, locate, restricted books B. recommend reading list
4. restricted books, first floor, second, third, fourth C. on third floor
5. class, read, magazine, check out, magazines,
get, library card
idea 3 Magazines
6. history, New York City, building, Brooklyn
A. current issues – no check-out, on second
Bridge, Roebling family, bridge construction
floor
7. skyscrapers, describe, New York City, explain,
B. back issues – can check out, on fourth floor
Brooklyn Bridge, compare, building
construction, bridge construction, example,
landmarks Practice 3 (pg. 39)
8. John Roebling, injured foot, the bends, ability to idea 1 Construction of Brooklyn Bridge
talk, died of tetanus A. completed – 1883
9. choosing, research topic, complete, assignment, B. spectacular site – no skyscrapers at that time
research project, due, finding books and journals
idea 2 Designer-John Roebling READING SKILLS (pg. 56)

A. Roebling already designed several large
bridges Skill 1 (pg. 56)
B. innovation – steel instead of iron 1. B
C. Roebling died of tetanus early on 2. D
3. A
idea 3 New supervisor – son Washington Roebling 4. C
A. supervised underwater work in caissons
(large boxes)
Skill 2 (pg. 58)
B. got the bends
1. C
C. wife, Emily, took over supervision
2. A
3. D
Practice 4 (pg. 40)
4. B
idea 1 Help with research project
A. can’t get started
Skill 3 (pg. 61)
B. can’t choose topic
1. D
2. A
idea 2 Project due date
3. D
A. end of the month
4. B
B. that’s in 3 weeks
Skill 4 (pg. 63)
idea 3 Topic list
1. A
A. likes first one (economic conditions leading
2. B
to war)
3. B
B. professor gives article on topic
4. C
C. article has outlines and bibliography
Skill 5 (pg. 66)

Pace (pg. 41)
1. D
2. A
Reading Speed
3. C
4. D
Practice 1 (pg. 42)
1. C
Skill 6 (pg. 68)
2. B
1. C
3. C
2. D
4. D
3. A
4. D
Practice 2 (pg. 44)
1. B
Skill 7 (pg. 70)
2. B
1. B
3. C
2. C
4. A
3. A
5. B
4. D
6. A
7. B
8. D
Skill 8 (pg. 73) 11. D

1. C 12. B
2. D 13. A, D, E
3. B
4. C Passage 3 (pg. 94)
1. D
Skill 9 (pg. 76) 2. C
1. A, C, F 3. C
2. B, C, E 4. A
5. D
Skill 10 (pg. 81) 6. C
1. 1st Phase: D, F 7. B
2nd Phase: B, G 8. B
3rd Phase: C 9. A
10. A
2. Australian Aboriginals: A, E 11. B
Navajos: C, F, G 12. D
13. B, C, F
READING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 86)
READING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 98)
Passage 1 (pg. 86)
1. A Passage 1
2. C 1. B
3. A 2. A
4. D 3. D
5. C 4. B
6. C 5. C
7. D 6. A
8. B 7. C
9. B 8. D
10. D 9. B
11. C 10. A
12. Deductive: B, C, G 11. D
Inductive: D, F 12. C
13. A, C, E
Passage 2 (pg. 90)
1. A Passage 2
2. C 1. C
3. C 2. A
4. A 3. D
5. B 4. D
6. D 5. C
7. D 6. A
8. A 7. C
9. B 8. A
10. C 9. B
10. B
11. B
12. C
13. B, E, F
Passage 3
1. B
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. A
9. D
10. C
11. D
12. A
13. A, D, F
L is tening D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
LISTENING SKILLS 6. D
Skill 4 (pg. 120)
Skill 1 (pg. 116) 1. B
1. D 2. B
2. A 3. A
3. C 4. C
4. B 5. C
5. A 6. A
6. D
Skill 5 (pg. 122)
Skill 2 (pg. 117) 1. C
1. A 2. B
2. B 3. D
3. C 4. B
4. A 5. D
5. C 6. A
6. C
Skill 6 (pg. 124)
Skill 3 (pg. 118) 1. C
1. C 2. D
2. C 3. A
3. D 4. B
4. B, D
5. A
Skill 7 (pg. 125)

1.
Interview Not Interview
Students X
Trustees X
University president X
Faculty X
Staff X
2. D
3. B
4.
YES NO
Perennial grasses X
Shade-loving shrubs X
Tree seedlings X
Mature trees X
Pioneer plants X
5.
YES NO
She wrote about working and living conditions among
X
poor people.
She focused largely on the middle and upper classes. X
She only wrote novels. X
She was interested in beauty and nature. X
She wanted to portray life realistically. X
6.
Jean Piaget Renee Baillargeon
Described four stages of cognitive development. X
Believed that object permanence develops around 4 months
X
of age.
Believed that object permanence develops around 9 months
X
of age.
Did an experiment using toys hidden behind a curtain. X
Did an experiment using objects moving across a screen. X
Skill 8 (pg. 127)

1. A
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. D
6. B
LISTENING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 129)
Lecture 1 (pg. 129)

1. A
2.
YES NO
The lake’s crescent shape X
The age of the lake X
The isolation of the lake X
The condition of the lake’s water X
The length of the lake X
3. B
4. D
5. B, C
6. D
Lecture 2 (pg. 130)

1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. B
Lecture 3 (pg. 131)

1. B
2. C
3. C
4.
Autobiography only Memoir only Both
It is the story of the
X
author’s life.
It focuses on facts. X
It aims to describe
X
feelings and themes.
It covers the author’s
X
entire life.
It uses writing styles
X
often found in fiction.
5. A
6. D
Lecture 4 (pg. 132)

1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. D
Conversation 1 (pg. 133)

1. A
2. D
3. B
4. C
5.
YES NO
Reference books X
Reserve books X
Back issues of journals X
Current issues of magazines X
DVDs X
Conversation 2 (pg. 134)

1. B
2. A
3. D
4. A
5. C
LISTENING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 136)

1. A
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. B
11.
The Adventures of The Adventures of
Both Books
Tom Sawyer Huckleberry Finn
Took place on the Mississippi River X
Had characters based on people from
X
Twain’s hometown
Was about small-town life X
Dealt with slavery and freedom X
Caused a lot of controversy X
12. B
13. D
14. C
15. C
16. A
17. B, C
18. D
19. D
20. B
21. A
22. C
23.
YES NO
Its hard shell X
Its special body shape X
Its method of molting X
Its ability to go for a year without eating X
Its tolerance of temperature changes X
24. A
25. B
26. A
27. C
28.
YES NO
Test scores X
Grade transcript X
Recommendations X
Financial need statement X
Application fee X
29. A
30. C
31. A
32. D
33. A
34. B
S pe ak ing D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
SPEAKING SKILLS 4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important

person in my life.
Answers will vary. Supporting Detail 1: have known each other all
our lives
Supporting Detail 2: can talk to her about
Skill 1 (pg. 154)
anything
1. Activities: relaxed on the beach, went sailing,
Supporting Detail 3: enjoy a lot of the same
went dancing
activities
Description: Most of the time we spent relaxing
on the beach, enjoying the sun and swimming a
bit. A couple of times we rented a boat and went Sample Responses
sailing in the bay. In the evenings we usually 1. In my opinion, the mayor of my city is a very
went dancing at one of the clubs along the admirable person. She’s the first woman mayor
beach. of my city, which is a huge accomplishment in
itself. She worked very hard to achieve this
position, and she never gave up even when she
2. Activities: walking, cooking, eating
had setbacks and failures. She still stands by her
Description: Both of us enjoy walking a lot, and beliefs and works hard to accomplish her plans
we often take long walks together. We also enjoy for our city. She has many opponents, but she
cooking. We like to prepare big, fancy meals and doesn’t let them get in her way.
then invite a lot of people over to eat with us.

When the weather’s cold, we go to the movies,
then we spend time afterwards talking about the 2. If I could choose anywhere to live, I would prefer
movie, what we liked and didn’t like about it. to live in the capital city of my country. To my
mind, it’s the best place to live. It’s a very big city,
so there are a lot of opportunities there for both
3. Activities: visit relatives, eat, play games study and work. Whatever career you want to
Description: We always go to my grandmother’s pursue, you can do it there. There are also a lot
house on this day, and we get together with of interesting people living there, so you can
almost all of my relatives. We eat a big dinner, make friends with all kinds of people. There is
which my grandmother cooks. It’s mostly food also a large variety of activities you can do there.
that is traditional for this holiday. Afterwards we There are clubs, theaters, museums, parks, and a
play traditional games with the younger children. lot of different cultural events. I think anybody
can find useful and interesting things to do in the
Skill 2 (pg. 155) capital city.
1. Opinion: The mayor of my city is an admirable
person. 3. I bought a laptop computer that I will need as a
Supporting Detail 1: first woman mayor college student. Even though it was expensive, I
believe that it was very important to buy. I will
Supporting Detail 2: worked hard to get there need it to do research and writing for my classes
Supporting Detail 3: stands by her beliefs when I’m in college. I feel that this is the most
important reason to have it, but there are other
2. Opinion: I would prefer to live in the capital city reasons, too. When I am away at college, I will
of my country. use my computer to stay connected with friends
and family at home. Also, since my computer is a
Supporting Detail 1: study and work
laptop, I can take it with me when I go home on
opportunities
visits. That way I can still study even when I go
Supporting Detail 2: interesting people away, and I can stay connected with people
Supporting Detail 3: variety of activities wherever I go.
3. Opinion: My laptop computer that I will need in 4. If I had to say who was the most important friend
college was important to buy. in my life, I would say it’s my cousin Mary. Mary
Supporting Detail 1: writing and research and I have known each other our whole lives,
Supporting Detail 2: stay connected with people and there is nobody who knows me and
understands me as well as she does. I really trust
Supporting Detail 3: can take it anywhere
Mary, and I feel that I can talk to her about 3. Similar Different
anything. She listens to what I say and never tells food is good variety/no variety
my secrets to anyone. Besides that, Mary and I
cook/don’t cook
enjoy doing many of the same things, so we
always have a good time together. clean up/don’t clean up
Skill 3 (pg. 157) General Idea The food at home is just as good as
the food at restaurants.
1. She has a lively personality and enjoys doing a lot
of different things. General Idea However, there is more variety of
types of food available at restaurants
2. The characters in the movie seemed very real,
than there is at home.
and I was really concerned about what would
happen to them. General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have to help
cook or clean up.
3. There are several nice cafés near the university as
well as some good stores for shopping and a few
movie theaters. 4. Similar Different
4. I’ve lived in this neighborhood ever since I was shelter size
five years old. cost
5. This gift meant a lot to me because it showed neighbors near/far
how much she cared about me.
General Idea Apartments are generally smaller
Skill 4 (pg. 158) than houses.
1. Similar Different General Idea Apartments also usually cost less
be with people number of people than houses.
types of activities General Idea In an apartment, you live closer to
your neighbors.
General Idea Just like going to a party, spending
time with friends means being with Skill 5 (pg. 160)
people. 1. General Idea Just like going to a party,
General Idea I generally prefer being with fewer spending time with friends
people. means being with people.
General Idea A party has party activities only; Specific Information At a party, I can see a lot of
friends can do a variety of activities. friends and acquaintances.
Specific Information Or, I can call a few friends
2. Similar Different and spend time with a small
group.
at least some pleasant variety/no variety
weather
cold weather can be General Idea I generally prefer being with
pleasant fewer people, and for this
reason I don’t often go to
parties.
General Idea Every part of the world has pleasant
Specific Information I can spend time really
weather at least some of the time.
talking to my friends this
General Idea Places with distinct seasons have way.
variety, while places without distinct
Specific Information It’s more relaxing.
seasons can be boring.
General Idea Just like springtime, a cold winter can
be nice, too. General Idea At a party you can only do
party activities, but with a
group of friends you can do
a lot of different things.
Specific Information At a party you dance, eat, Specific Information Since my mother is a very
drink, and have some good cook, the food she
conversations. prepares is just as good as
Specific Information You can do these same food you can get at any
things with friends, and you restaurant.
can do a lot of other things,
too. You can go to the General Idea However, there is more
movies, play music, or variety of types of food
watch a soccer game, for available at restaurants than
example. there is at home.
Specific Information At home we can only learn
2. General Idea Every part of the world has to cook some kinds of food.
pleasant weather at least Specific Information Each restaurant, on the
some of the time. other hand, has its own
Specific Information In some places, the weather specialities, so I think it’s
is pleasant most of the year. more interesting to eat at
Specific Information In other places, the weather restaurants.
can be too hot or cold or
wet sometimes, and General Idea When I eat out, I don’t have
pleasant at other times. to help cook or clean up.
Specific Information At home, I have to help my
General Idea Places with distinct seasons mother with the cooking
have variety, while places and cleaning up.
without distinct seasons can Specific Information At a restaurant, the chef
be boring. cooks my food and the
Specific Information In places with distinct waiter brings it to me, and
seasons, the weather all I have to do is eat it. For
changes throughout the this reason, I prefer eating
year and that’s pleasant and at restaurants.
interesting.
Specific Information In places without distinct 4. General Idea Apartments are generally
seasons, the weather smaller than houses.
doesn’t change much and
Specific Information Apartments usually have
that’s boring. That’s why I
fewer rooms than houses,
prefer places with distinct
and the rooms are generally
seasons.
smaller.
Specific Information Houses often have garages,
General Idea Just like springtime, a cold basements, attics, and
winter can be nice, too. gardens, but apartments
Specific Information A cold winter has lots of don’t have these things.
snow.
Specific Information Snow is pretty and snow General Idea Apartments usually cost less
sports, like skiing, are fun. than houses.
These are the reasons why I
Specific Information Because they are smaller,
don’t mind cold winters.
apartments also usually cost
less than houses.
3. General Idea The food at home is just as Specific Information One reason I prefer to live in
good as the food at an apartment is that I don’t
restaurants. have enough money for a
Specific Information The food at restaurants is house at the moment.
prepared professionally and
is usually very good.
General Idea In an apartment, you live 2.

closer to your neighbors. Sample Notes
Specific Information I like living close to my (HINTS: Use not by itself in notes instead of isn’t or
neighbors. aren’t; for other verbs use the auxiliary, e.g., doesn’t,
Specific Information I prefer living in an didn’t.)
apartment since I don’t like Opinion woman thinks university
to feel like I’m alone. should provide students
with other places to park
Skill 6 (pg. 163)
1. General Idea other places available
Sample Notes Specific Information unused spaces in faculty
(HINT: Use & or + instead of and.) parking lot
Opinion man looking forward to Specific Information some visitor parking could
research project be used
General Idea students will be prepared to General Idea taking bus not easy
do it Specific Information some students don’t live
Specific Information will learn how to do near bus lines
research Specific Information some have classes at night
Specific Information professor will help them
plan General Idea sharing rides not easy
Specific Information some don’t live near other
General Idea interviewing is interesting students
Specific Information better than sitting in library Specific Information don’t always have similar
Specific Information can go to different places & schedules
talk to different people
Sample Response
General Idea will learn research skills The woman thinks the university should provide
Specific Information will learn how to interview students with other places to park. In the first
place, she believes there are other parking places
Specific Information will learn how to analyze
available on campus. For example, she has
data
noticed unused spaces in the faculty parking lot.
She also thinks that some of the visitor parking
Sample Response areas could be used for students. In addition, she
The man is looking forward to doing the research believes that taking the bus instead of driving a
project in the sociology class. He feels confident car isn’t easy. Some students don’t live near bus
because he knows that the students in the class lines. Other students have classes late at night
will be prepared to do the assignment. They will when there aren’t any buses running. Also, it isn’t
learn how to do research, and their professor will always easy for students to share rides. Some
help them plan their projects. He also thinks that students don’t live near other students, and
interviewing research subjects will be interesting. students don’t always have similar schedules.
Instead of sitting in a library, he can go to Since there are other parking spaces available
different places and talk to different people. and since taking the bus or sharing rides isn’t
Finally, he likes the fact that he will learn real always possible, the woman thinks the university
research skills. He will learn how to do should provide more parking places for students.
interviews, and he will learn how to analyze data.
He thinks the research project requirement is a
good idea.
3. General Idea movies type of social event

Sample Notes Specific Information discussion after each movie
(HINTS: Forms of the verb be are the easiest to drop Specific Information chance to talk to new
in notes. Can you find three places are was dropped people
in these notes? The answer is below the Sample
Response.)
General Idea movie schedule interesting
Opinion man agrees with the no pets
Specific Information some new to her
policy
Specific Information some old favorites
General Idea pets noisy

Sample Response
Specific Information can keep you from studying
The woman thinks that showing movies at the
Specific Information can keep you from sleeping
Student Center is a good idea. She thinks it’s great
that the movies are free. She would have to pay
General Idea cause damage to see a movie in a theater, and she doesn’t
Specific Information cats scratch always have the money for that. She also likes the
idea of movies at the Student Center because it’s
Specific Information dogs chew
a type of social event. There are discussions after
the movies, and this is an opportunity to meet
General Idea some people don’t like and talk with new people. Additionally, the
Specific Information some people afraid woman thinks that the movie schedule looks very
Specific Information some people allergic interesting. There are some movies on it that are
new to her, and there are also some of her
favorite movies that aren’t often shown in movie
Sample Response theaters. For these reasons, she agrees with the
The man agrees with the no pets policy for the decision to show free movies at the Student
student dormitories. His first reason is that pets Center.
are noisy. When a dog barks, for example, it can
keep you from studying. Noisy pets can also keep Skill 7 (pg. 168)
you from sleeping. The man also says that pets
can cause damage. Cats cause damage by 1. Purpose (D)
scratching things. Dogs cause damage by chewing Details:
things. In addition, the man points out that some 1. Stripes are pattern camouflage and make it
people don’t like pets. Some people are afraid of difficult for predators to pick out zebras from
them, and some people are allergic to them. the herd.
These are all the reasons why he thinks it’s a 2. Stripes are not only for disguise—they help
good idea not to allow pets in the dormitories. zebras recognize each other.
3. Stripes might have other functions—cooling,
protection from sun and flies.
[Pets are noisy. Some people are afraid. Some people are
allergic.]
Sample Response
4. The lecturer discusses the question, “Why do
zebras have stripes?” There are different possible
Sample Notes answers to this question. One reason may be
(HINT: For even shorter notes, use SC or Stu Cen camouflage. Camouflage is when an animal’s
instead of Student Center.) colors and marks help it hide in the wild. There
Opinion woman thinks movies at are different kinds of camouflage. Zebras’ stripes
Student Center good idea are an example of pattern camouflage. Pattern
camouflage makes it hard for the predator to pick
out one animal from the group because it makes
General Idea free
it hard to see the shape of the animal.
Specific Information movies usually cost money
Specific Information doesn’t always have money
There might be other reasons for the zebra’s
stripes besides disguise. They might help zebras
recognize each other in the dark when they are 3. Purpose (B)
escaping predators. They might help mothers and Details:
babies recognize each other. This is possible
1. The flu epidemic of 1918 spread to many
because each zebra has a unique pattern of
counties around the world.
stripes.
2. There was a high death toll—40 million people
or more.
Zebras’ stripes might protect them from other 3. It was caused by a new strain of flu which
things, too. The stripes might protect the zebras scientists are still trying to understand.
from the heat because the black and white colors
absorb and reflect heat. They might protect the
Sample Response
zebras from sunburn, and they might keep flies
from biting them. These are all different ways Epidemics and pandemics are situations where
that stripes might protect zebras. large numbers of people become infected with a
disease. An epidemic is limited to a city or region.
A pandemic is an epidemic that spreads to many
2. Purpose (C) countries. It occurs when there is a new type of a
Details: disease that people are not immune to. The flu
1. The study was about labeling and deviant epidemic of 1918 was a pandemic because it
behavior. spread around the world. It occurred in most
2. There were two groups of students—one parts of the world, even in the far-away South
middle class and one lower class—who Pacific islands. One reason that it spread so far
engaged in vandalism and other deviant was World War I. The pandemic occurred near the
behavior. end of the war, when soldiers were moving
3. The lower-class students were labeled as around from place to place, so they carried the
deviant, but the middle-class students were disease with them. Millions of people around the
not, even though their behavior was the same. world died during the pandemic. It was a new
strain of flu, so people weren’t immune to it.
Scientists are still studying this strain of the flu
Sample Response and trying to understand where it came from and
The professor talks about a study of deviant how it spread.
behavior. Deviant behavior is when people don’t
follow social norms. Deviant behavior can be
4. Purpose (A)
committing crimes, but it could also be
something like not shaking hands or talking Details:
loudly in a library. The study the professor 1. Purple loosestrife was introduced to the U.S.
describes was about the labeling theory of from Europe.
deviant behavior. According to this theory, 2. It spreads easily, takes over large areas, and
behavior is deviant because society calls it changes the habitat.
deviant. In the study there were two groups of 3. It doesn’t have natural predators in the U.S. to
high school students. Both groups engaged in stop it from spreading.
bad behavior such as skipping school and
damaging property. However, only one group was
Sample Response
considered deviant. The Saints were from middle-
class families. Society expected them to be good, The lecturer talks about the purple loosestrife
so when they did bad things, they weren’t seen as flower as an example of an invasive species. An
bad. The other group, the Roughnecks, were from invasive species is a plant or animal that has
poor families. Society expected them to be bad, escaped to an area that is not its native habitat. If
so when they did bad things, they were seen as it has no predators in its new habitat, it can grow
bad, or deviant. This may have affected their strong, take up space and resources, and push
future lives. When the Saints got older, the went native species out. Some invasive species are
to college and became professionals. When the introduced by human activity. For example, the
Roughnecks got older, only two went to college. purple loosestrife was brought to the United
The others dropped out of school and became States from Europe as a garden plant. Purple
criminals. loosestrife plants are strong and have a lot of
seeds. The seeds travel easily, and the plant has
spread to wetlands in many areas. Purple
loosestrife takes over a large area and changes Solution 1 ask sister to lend the money
the habitat for the plants and animals that were Advantages Disadvantages
living there. In Europe, purple loosestrife has
could go on trip sister might not
predators, which are beetles that eat its leaves
have money
and roots. In the United States, it doesn’t have
any predators, so there is nothing to stop it from borrowing from
spreading. sister can cause
problems
Solution 2 miss trip
Skill 8 (pg. 173)
Advantages Disadvantages
1.
wouldn’t have to borrow would miss
Sample Notes
money learning more
(HINTS: For even shorter notes, write econ instead of
wouldn’t risk problem
economics class; notice the comma to separate ideas
with sister
instead of and or &.)
Problem economics class difficult, man
doesn’t want to fail Sample Response
The problem is that the woman wants to go on
the field trip with her geology class, but she
Solution 1 drop class
doesn’t have enough money. One solution is that
Advantages Disadvantages she could ask her sister to lend her some money.
won’t have to worry needs class to get The other solution is that she could just miss the
about failing into grad school trip. I prefer the second solution. The first
solution might not work because her sister might
not have money to lend her. It also could lead to
Solution 2 hire a tutor
problems with her sister. What if she has trouble
Advantages Disadvantages paying the money back? Her sister probably
could pass class costs money wouldn’t like that. I think missing the trip is the
needs class for grad school still might fail more responsible solution. It’s true that she
would miss a good learning opportunity, but the
trip isn’t a requirement for the class. And she
Sample Response wouldn’t risk having a problem with her sister.
The man is taking a difficult economics class, and
he doesn’t want to fail it. The class isn’t required
for his major, but it will help him get into 3.
graduate school. One solution is to drop the class. Sample Notes
The other solution is to hire a tutor to help him. I (HINTS: Notice that he and she are kept in these
think the best idea is to hire a tutor. If he drops notes to avoid confusing genders.)
the class, he won’t have to worry about failing Problem students scheduled Dr. Morgan to
but he also won’t have a class that he needs to speak, he just canceled
get into graduate school. If he hires a tutor,
however, he will have a good chance at passing
the class. A tutor costs money, but I think it’s Solution 1 ask Dr. Thornton to substitute
worth it in this case if the man is serious about Advantages Disadvantages
going to graduate school. would have speaker Dr. Thornton might
not want to
2. she can speak on same topics people expect to
Sample Notes hear Dr. Morgan
(HINTS: The modal verbs could, might, would in
these notes convey important nuances in meaning.) Solution 2 show a movie
Problem woman wants to go on field trip Advantages Disadvantages
with geology class, doesn’t have covers same topics not same as a real
money speaker
Dr. Morgan in it
Sample Response Skill 9 (pg. 177)

The problem is that the students scheduled a 1.
prominent astronomy professor, Dr. Morgan, to Sample Notes
speak, and he canceled at the last minute. He’s the
(HINT: After you write saguaro or saguaro cactus the
main part of their National Astronomy Week
first time and are sure of the name, use sag or cac)
program. The woman suggests asking Dr. Thornton
to speak in his place. The man suggests showing a Main Idea A saguaro cactus has adapted
movie. I think the first solution is the better one. to harsh desert conditions
Like Dr. Morgan, Dr. Thornton can talk about Supporting Detail 1 adapted to little rainfall
astronomy. She’s worked with Dr. Morgan, so she Supporting Detail 2 adapted to strong sunlight
can probably talk about some of Dr. Morgan’s
work, too. The most important reason, though, is
that she is a live speaker. Dr. Morgan appears in Main Idea B saguaro adapted to little
the movie talking about his work, but a movie is rainfall
never the same as a live speaker. I think the Supporting Detail 1 shallow roots gather
students will have a better program if they ask Dr. rainwater quickly
Thornton to speak in Dr. Morgan’s place. Supporting Detail 2 fleshy stems absorb + hold
water
4.
Sample Notes Main Idea C saguaro adapted to strong
(HINT: For shorter notes, use bio instead of biology; sunlight
notice that the notes use book even though the Supporting Detail 1 cactus seedlings grow near
response uses the more formal textbook.) nurse trees
Problem woman lost her biology book Supporting Detail 2 by time they’re tall ready to
survive in sun
Solution 1 buy used one
Advantages Disadvantages Sample Response
cheaper than new one still expensive The professor describes how the saguaro cactus
has adapted to harsh desert conditions. The
already paid for saguaro has adapted to the lack of rainfall in the
book she lost desert, and it has also adapted to the strong
desert sunlight.
Solution 2 use the book in the library
Advantages Disadvantages The saguaro cactus has a root system that is
wouldn’t have to pay has to use in library adapted to little rainfall. The roots are shallow.
They’re near the surface of the sand so when it
rains, they can get the water quickly. The saguaro
Sample Response
also has large fleshy stems. These stems absorb
The problem is that the woman lost her biology the water and hold it for a long time.
textbook, and she’s especially concerned because
she has a midterm exam coming up. The first
solution the man suggests is to buy a used copy The saguaro cactus has adapted to the strong
of the book. The second solution is to use the desert sunlight. It gets protection from nurse
copy of the book that’s in the reserve section of trees. The cactus seedlings grow near these trees
the library. I think the first solution is the best. and are protected by the shade. By the time the
The woman doesn’t want to spend more money young cactuses are taller than the nurse trees,
since she already bought the book once. they can survive in the strong sunlight.
However, she will need the book for the rest of
the semester. If she uses the library book, she has
to stay in the library while reading it. That would
be very inconvenient for her. The used book is
less expensive than a new one, so she won’t
spend too much more money to buy it. It will be
much easier for her to have her own book.
2. 3.
Sample Notes Sample Notes
(HINT: Use auto in your notes even if you use (HINT: For continents, use abbreviations like South
automobile in your response.) Amer. or SA and Eur. in your notes.)
Main Idea A auto has changed American Main Idea A potato originated in South
landscape Amer., taken to Europe
Supporting Detail 1 was staple food in Andes for
Supporting Detail 1 in past people traveled over Incas
dirt roads Supporting Detail 2 at first Europeans didn’t eat,
Supporting Detail 2 roads and businesses built then became important
to accommodate autos
Main Idea B people in Eur. didn’t eat
Main Idea B new, better roads built potatoes
Supporting Detail 1 paved roads Supporting Detail 1 grown as food for livestock
Supporting Detail 2 U.S. highway system and Supporting Detail 2 considered poisonous and
interstate highways evil
Main Idea C new businesses built Main Idea C people in Eur. started eating
Supporting Detail 1 in past everything in towns Supporting Detail 1 high-yield crop, high in
and cities nutrition
Supporting Detail 2 new kinds of businesses on Supporting Detail 2 at same time potatoes
highways for drivers became popular, large
population growth
Sample Response
Sample Response
The lecture is about how the automobile has
changed the way the American landscape looks. The lecture is about the potato and how it
In the past, people traveled by horse and wagon became a popular food in Europe. The potato
on dirt roads. For long trips, travelers took trains. originated in South America and was taken to
Then many people started driving automobiles. Europe by Spaniards in the 1500s. In South
Because of this, new roads were built and new America, it was a staple food among the Incas
businesses appeared. who lived in the Andes Mountains. When it first
arrived in Europe, people thought it was inedible,
but later, in the 1800s, it became an important
Since there were so many automobiles, more food.
roads were built and they were paved. Now there
are two million miles of paved roads in the
United States. In 1925, a system of numbered At first, Europeans wouldn’t eat potatoes
highways was developed. In the 1950s, interstate themselves. Farmers grew potatoes as food for
highways were developed. This was a system of livestock, and the only people who ate them were
high-speed highways that replaced the older starving people. Another reason people didn’t eat
numbered highways. potatoes was because they considered potatoes to
be poisonous. Some people even thought they
were evil and connected to devils and witches.
Because of automobiles, new businesses were
built. Before people had automobiles, businesses
were in towns and cities. When people started Over time, people started eating potatoes, and in
driving, they didn’t have to do everything in a the 1800s they became very popular. This was
town or city. They could travel anywhere. New because potatoes were a high-yield crop. Before
businesses appeared along the highways for that, grains like wheat were the staple food, but
automobile drivers. They included motels, there were frequent crop failures. Potatoes were
shopping centers, drive-in movies, and fast-food a protection against these crop failures. Also,
restaurants. potatoes have a lot of nutrition. At the same time
potatoes became popular, there was a population
growth. Historians talk about whether the potato also preferred to paint outdoors because they
caused the population growth or whether its were interested in light.
popularity was a result of the population growth.
Impressionists had a different style of painting
4. from the artists before them. Before
Sample Notes Impressionism, paintings were realistic. They
were often painted indoors, so they had soft
(HINTS: Use numbers instead of words in your notes;
colors. Shadows were painted with grays and
once you are sure you have correctly heard a long
neutral colors. Impressionists did not try to make
word, such as Impressionism/Impressionists, shorten
their subjects look real. They tried to paint light
it, e.g, Impr. or Impr-ism. and Impr-ist.)
and feeling. They used bright colors. They used
Main Idea A Impressionism: style of quick brush strokes to show reflecting light. They
painting from 19th century painted shadows with purples and other colors.
Supporting Detail 1 famous Impressionist They were always interested in light.
painters
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists changed the Skill 10 (pg. 181)
way artists painted
1. inform information inform
informative informatively
Main Idea B Impressionists painted 2. believe belief believe
different subjects believable believably
Supporting Detail 1 Before Impressionism, 3. adore adoration adore
artists painted people, adorable adorably
historical events, religious
4. argue argument argue
themes
arguable arguably
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted
5. attract attraction attract
ordinary things and
attractive attractively
outdoors
6. master master y master
masterful masterfully
Main Idea C Impressionists had different
7. simple simplification simplify
style
simple simply
Supporting Detail 1 before Impressionism,
8. rhetoric rhetoric rhetorical
paintings realistic & soft
rhetorically
colors
9. sense sense sense/sensitize
Supporting Detail 2 Impressionists painted light
sensitive sensitively
& feeling, bright colors &
quick brush strokes 10. apathy apathy apathetic
apathetically
Sample Response
Skill 11 (pg. 182)
The professor talks about Impressionism. This
was a style of painting from the nineteenth 1. The students feel that the class assignment is too
century. There were a number of famous difficult.
Impressionist painters including Monet, Renoir, 2. It isn’t easy to find a place to park on campus.
and many others. Impressionists changed the way 3. If he doesn’t study harder, he could get a failing
artists painted. They changed both the subjects grade.
that were painted and the style of painting.
4. The food in a restaurant is usually delicious but
often expensive.
Impressionists painted different subjects from the 5. There are still many questions abut bird
artists before them. Before, artists painted rich migration.
and famous people. They painted pictures of
historical events, and they painted religious
themes. Impressionists painted scenes of
ordinary people and everyday life. Impressionists
Skill 12 (pg. 182) front yards. The yards are small because it’s a city
R T neighborhood, but the people have filled these
1. First, the student parking regulations aren’t fair. small spaces with flowers. It’s an especially
beautiful place in the spring. This neighborhood
R is also in a very convenient location. It’s not too
2. However, the man doesn’t agree with the far from downtown, where many offices and
T stores are. Major city bus lines run right through
woman’s opinion. the neighborhood, so it’s easy to get downtown,
to the university, to the airport, and other
R T important places. Of course, since it’s so nice and
3. She’s had this problem since the semester began. convenient, it’s also expensive to live there.
R Maybe some day I’ll be able to afford it.
4. On the other hand, winter is a very beautiful time
T Question 2: Sample Response
of year. I think that the answer to this question depends
R on where you live. Since I live in a big city, I
5. Nevertheless, many people aren’t aware of her believe that using public transportation is better
than using a car. The reasons are expense and
T convenience. It’s true that you have to pay every
accomplishments.
time you ride the bus or subway, and you pay
even more for taxis. However, the expenses of
Skill 13 (pg. 183) owning a car are much more. After you buy the
R car, you still have to pay for insurance, gasoline,
1. Summer weather is hot, humid, and repairs, and parking. When you add it all up, I
T think that public transportation is cheaper. Public
uncomfortable. transportation is more convenient, too. In a big
city you’re almost always near a bus stop or
R R subway station and if you aren’t, you can call a
2. At a restaurant you just order, eat, pay, and then taxi. If you drive a car, on the other hand, you’re
T always worrying about finding a parking space or
go home. getting caught in a traffic jam. You don’t have
these worries when you use public
R transportation.
3. In this class we have to do research, write reports,
T
and take exams. Question 3: Sample Response
The woman agrees with the policy to charge fines
R T for overdue books. In fact, she thinks that the
4. She needs money for tuition, books, and housing.
fines should be higher because she thinks
R overdue books are a big problem. In the first
5. Apartments are generally small, comfortable, and place, many times the books she has wanted
T have been unavailable. This is because people
inexpensive. keep books out past the due date. The woman
believes that if people have to pay fines, they’ll
start bringing the books back on time. In
SPEAKING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 183)
addition, many library materials have been lost.
The woman says that probably people will be
Question 1: Sample Response more careful with their library materials now that
In my opinion, a good neighborhood is pleasant- they’ll have to pay fines. She hopes that the
looking and also conveniently located. The money collected from overdue fines can be used
Parkview neighborhood in my city has both these to replace some of the library materials that have
qualities. It’s a very nice-looking place because been lost.
it’s next to a large park. Also, the residents are
very interested in gardening, and many of the
houses have beautiful flower gardens in their
Question 4: Sample Response cotton and selling it all over the world. A lot of
A phobia is when a person has a severe fear of families became rich. Also, there were more
something. Some examples are fear of heights farms because cotton could be grown anywhere.
and fear of flying. The fear is so great that the It didn’t need any special kind of soil.
person is prevented from doing normal, everyday
things. It also causes physical reactions like The cotton gin also had some bad effects.
shaking and difficulty breathing. One of the best Growing cotton required a lot of labor. Because of
treatments for phobias is called exposure therapy. this, slavery increased. In addition, the price of
It is a therapy that exposes the patient to the land went up because everyone wanted to grow
thing he or she fears, but little by little so that the cotton. Since land was expensive, towns and cities
person can get used to it. First, the patient looks didn’t grow. So the South was an agricultural
at pictures of the feared object and then reads region, but the North became an urban and
about it. Then the patient looks at it from a industrial region. These two parts of the country
distance. Little by little the patient gets closer to were very different from each other.
it until he or she can touch it. Modeling could
also be part of the therapy. The patient watches
other people holding the object that is feared.
There are also other kinds of treatments. SPEAKING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 186)
Hypnosis is one kind, and medications are also
used. But exposure therapy is used by many Question 1: Sample Response
therapists and is very successful.
Something I own that is very special to me is a
book. It’s a children’s story book, and it’s special
Question 5: Sample Response because it once belonged to my grandmother.
The man had a roommate to help pay for his When I see it on the shelf, I remember my
apartment, but the roommate has gone away for grandmother. I remember her reading this book
the year. The man can’t afford to pay for the to me when I was a child and the fun times we
apartment by himself. One solution is to live in had talking about the stories. When I read the
the student dormitories, which are cheaper than book myself and look at the pictures, I think of
an apartment. The other solution is to advertise the time when my grandmother was a little girl.
for a new roommate. I prefer the second solution. It’s interesting to think about what life was like at
I think the first solution would make the man that time, and what my grandmother was like
unhappy because he really wants to live in his when she was a child. This book is one of my
apartment. Also, it’s not certain that he’ll be able treasures. I’m very happy to have something that
to get a room in the dormitories. There might not meant so much to my grandmother. It isn’t worth
be any left. If, on the other hand, he advertises a lot of money like gold jewelry or fine china, but
for a roommate, he has the chance of staying in it has another kind of value.
his apartment. I think he might not have a hard
time finding a roommate. Around most Question 2: Sample Response
universities there are always students looking for
a place to live. I think the second solution will I always listen to music when I study. It gives me
make the man much happier. the energy I need to keep going, and it also helps
me stay focused. When I study, I listen to different
kinds of music, depending on my mood. If I’m
Question 6: Sample Response tired, I play fast, energetic music. It helps me feel
The professor talks about the cotton gin and the awake and energetic. Even if I’m not so tired, I
effects it had on the American economy. The like to play upbeat, cheerful music because it
cotton gin was invented in the late 1700s. It was a helps me maintain the level of energy that I need
machine that removed the seeds from cotton. to get my work done. Some people find this hard
Using the machine was fifty times faster than to understand, but listening to music actually
doing the job by hand. Because of this, cotton helps me stay focused on my work. This is
became a valuable cash crop. because it keeps me company. When there’s no
music, when everything is quiet, I start
wondering where everybody is. I start thinking
The cotton gin had some good effects. Before,
about my friends and wondering what they’re
there were economic problems in the southern
doing. I get distracted from my work. But when I
United States. Then people started growing
listen to music, I can stay focused on my work other solution is to ask a classmate for a ride. I
instead of thinking about a million other things. think the second solution is better. The first
solution is difficult because the bus schedule is
inconvenient and the ride is so long. She would
Question 3: Sample Response
have to spend an hour and a half getting to the
The man believes that closing the Student Center archives and an hour and a half on the return
lounge for renovations is a good idea. In the first trip. She would also have to wait until later in the
place, he feels that the lounge really needs some afternoon for the return bus to leave. So she
renovations because it’s in such bad condition would have to devote an entire day to her
now. In addition, he thinks that the summer research, and that might not fit in well with her
session is the best time to do this work because it schedule. If she rides with a classmate, on the
will be less disruptive. There aren’t as many other hand, they can plan the trip to suit their
students on campus then, so places like the schedules. She says she doesn’t really know any
cafeteria are less crowded. Students can meet of her classmates, but this might be a good way
their friends there while the lounge is closed. to get to know someone, and they could become
Also, since the weather is nice during the summer study partners.
people don’t tend to use the lounge then
anyhow. They prefer to spend time outside. He’s
looking forward to seeing the renovated lounge Question 6: Sample Response
in the fall. The lecturer talks about why the Erie Canal was
built and the effects it had on U.S. society. At the
beginning of the nineteenth century, people
wanted to connect the cities of the Atlantic coast
The lecturer describes research into the bystander with the interior of the country. In 1816, they had
effect by Darley and Latane. The bystander effect a route planned to connect Buffalo, on Lake Erie,
describes how people behave when they witness to the Hudson River by canal. The canal was
an emergency. If there are other people present, necessary because at that time it was difficult to
they tend to not respond to the emergency. On travel overland. The roads weren’t good and
the other hand, people who are lone witnesses to travel was slow and expensive. Crossing the
an emergency tend to respond more frequently. Appalachian Mountains was especially difficult.
People became interested in this effect after a After the Erie Canal was built, many things
woman was attacked in New York City in 1964 changed. Freight and passengers could travel
and nobody helped her. One experiment by much faster on the canal than they could over
Darley and Latane involved a room filling up with roads. It became much less expensive to
smoke. They looked at the response of study transport freight. New towns were built along the
subjects in three different situations. Some study canal. Also, a lot of people went to live in the
subjects were alone in the room, and 75 percent Midwest. They could farm there and then send
of the time they reported the emergency. their produce to the cities by way of the canal. In
Sometimes three study subjects were together in addition, because of the canal, New York City
the room, and they had a response rate of only became an important port.
around 30 percent or so. The lowest response
rate, around 10%, was when a study subject was
in the room with two other people who had been
secretly told not to respond to the emergency.
Darley and Latane did other similar types of
experiments and got similar results. People
respond to an emergency when they’re alone, but
they respond much less often when other people
are around.

The woman needs to do some research in the
public archives, but the archives have been
moved out to the suburbs. The woman doesn’t
have a car, so she needs to find another way to
get there. One solution is to take the bus. The
W r iting D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
WRITING SKILLS
Integrated Writing Task

Answers will vary.
Skill 1 (pg. 196)

Sample Notes
1.
Reading Lecture
Main Ideas Main Ideas
1. Parental involvement in education is important 1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or
because it improves school performance. encourage parental involvement.
2. Parents can be involved in different ways at 2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
school. involvement in education.
3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at 3. Schools should work to encourage parental
home. involvement because it is very important.
2.
Reading Lecture
1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing 1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that
health conditions and improving mood. aromatherapy is effective.
2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and 3. There was little or no effect.
relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways,
depending on the type of ailment.
3.
Reading Lecture
1. There are both natural and human causes of 1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
forest fires. balance of nature.
2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level. 2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet 3. Surface fires are controlled with water.
high.
4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees. 4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.
4.
Reading Lecture
1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for 1. Organic farming works with natural resources,
high crop yields. not chemicals.
2. Planting the same crop in the same place every 2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
year attracts pests.
3. Planting the same crop in the same place every 3. Different methods are used for pest control.
year depletes the soil.
4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a 4. Different methods are used for disease control.
plant are grown.
Skill 2 (pg. 201)

1.
Reading Lecture
1. Parental involvement in education is important 1. The attitude of teachers can discourage or
because it improves school performance. encourage parental involvement.
2. Parents can be involved in different ways at 2. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
school. involvement in education.
3. Parents can also be involved in different ways at 3. Schools should work to encourage parental
home. involvement because it is very important.
2.
Reading Lecture
1. Aromatherapy is an effective method for 1. There is no scientific evidence to prove that
healing health conditions and improving mood. aromatherapy is effective.
2. Essential oils can be used like medicines. 2. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
3. Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and 3. There was little or no effect.
relieve stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
4. Aromatherapy can be applied in several ways
depending on the type of ailment.
3.
Reading Lecture
1. There are both natural and human causes of 1. Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
forest fires. balance of nature.
2. Ground fires burn at or below ground level. 2. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
3. Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten 3. Surface fires are controlled with water.
feet high.
4. Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees. 4. Crown fires are controlled from the air.
4.
Reading Lecture
1. Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture 1. Organic farming works with natural resources,
for high crop yields. not chemicals.
2. Planting the same crop in the same place 2. Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
every year attracts pests.
3. Planting the same crop in the same place 3. Different methods are used for pest control.
every year depletes the soil.
4. In industrial farming, just a few varieties of 4. Different methods are used for disease control.
a plant are grown.
Skill 3 (pg. 202)

1. A
2. A
3. B
4. B
Skill 4 (pg. 204)

(HINT: You can save time by making some notes in
shorthand. In these sample notes the main ideas are
sentences and the details are in shorthand.)
Sample Notes
1.
Reading Lecture
Main Idea Main Idea
Parental involvement in education is important. The attitude of teachers can discourage or encourage
parental involvement.
Supporting Details Supporting Details
1. positive effect on student achievement 1. some don’t believe in importance of parental
involvement
2. lower drop-out rates 2. some believe parents not interested
3. improved academic performance
Main Idea Main Idea

Parents can be involved in different ways at school. Parents might have difficulties that are barriers to
involvement in education.
1. participation in school events 1. some busy at work
2. volunteering in classroom or at special events 2. some don’t speak or read English
Main Idea Main Idea

Parents can be involved in different ways at home. Schools should work to encourage parental
involvement because it is very important.
1. can help children with homework & talk about 1. teachers can be trained
school activities
2. can read to children & take them on special trips 2. homework assignments can encourage parent
participation
3. meetings can be scheduled at different times
2.
Reading Lecture
Main Idea Main Idea
Aromatherapy is an effective method for healing There is no evidence to prove that aromatherapy is
health conditions and improving mood. effective.
1. uses essential oils distilled from herbs 1. not shown it to be effective in scientific studies
2. common oils—lemon, lavender, rosemary,
peppermint
Main Idea Main Idea

Essential oils can be used like medicines. A research study tested the effect of essential oils.
1. some doctors use for antibacterial & antifungal 1. participants exposed to lemon, lavender oil or
effects water
2. some doctors use to treat pain 2. response to pain, wound healing, & effects on
immune system tested
3. participants answered questions about mood &
stress
Main Idea Main Idea

Aromatherapy is used to enhance mood and relieve There was little or no effect.
stress, anxiety, insomnia, and depression.
1. massage therapists use for aching muscles 1. no effect on pain, wound healing, or immune
system
2. massage therapists use for stress & anxiety 2. lemon oil had positive effect on mood
3.
Reading Lecture
Main Idea Main Idea
There are both natural and human causes of forest Forest fires caused by lightning are part of the
fires. balance of nature.
1. lightning most common natural cause 1. clear out brush & allow trees to spread seeds
2. human causes: smoking, camping, trash burning 2. should only fight fires that threaten or are caused
by humans
Main Idea Main Idea

Ground fires burn at or below ground level. Ground fires are usually controlled with trenches.
1. roots and rotting vegetation are fuel 1. trenches dug down to mineral layer of soil
2. can smolder for a long time 2. fire cannot burn past trenches
Main Idea Main Idea

Surface fires burn from the ground up to ten feet Surface fires are controlled with water.
high.
1. burn shrubs and grasses 1. firefighters carry water in backpacks
2. some trees adapted to protect themselves from 2. water pumped from nearby water source
surface fires
Main Idea Main Idea

Crown fires burn at the tops of the trees. Crown fires are controlled from the air.
1. most dangerous type of fire 1. occur high in tops of trees
2. can spread from surface fires 2. sprayed with water or chemicals
3. spread rapidly jumping from crown to crown
4.
Reading Lecture
Main Idea Main Idea
Industrial agriculture relies on monoculture for high Organic farming works with natural resources, not
crop yields. chemicals.
1. requires the use of chemicals 1. natural methods used to control pests & disease
& maintain soil
2. chemicals destroying environment
Main Idea Main Idea

Planting the same crop in the same place every year Healthy soil is important for healthy crops.
attracts pests.
1. pests have to be controlled with chemical 1. natural fertilizers: compost & manure
pesticides
2. pollutes environment & affects fertility of soil 2. rotate crops to maintain soil health
Main Idea Main Idea

Planting the same crop in the same place every year Different methods are used for pest control.
depletes the soil.
1. chemical fertilizers have to be used 1. crop rotation discourages breeding cycle of
insects
2. pollutes environment 2. companion planting encourages beneficial
insects, discourages harmful insects
3. other methods: insect traps & pest-resistant
varieties
Main Idea Main Idea

In industrial farming, just a few varieties of a plant Different methods are used for disease control.
are grown.
1. makes plants susceptible to disease 1. weeding, pruning, spacing allow air to circulate
2. chemicals have to be used 2. other methods: disease resistant varieties &
3. entire crops may be lost organic fungicides
Skill 5 (pg. 209) 2. The reading explains how aromatherapy has been
used like medicine to treat illness and improve
mood. The lecturer, however, says that there is no
Sample Essays
scientific evidence to prove that aromatherapy is
(NOTE: Your essays should be 150-225 words, but effective.
they can be longer. These sample essays are slightly
longer so that you can see how you might expand
your essay.) The lecturer describes a study that tested the
ability of some of the essential oils that are used
1. The reading passage discusses the importance of
in aromatherapy to cure various ailments. Study
parental involvement in education. The lecturer
participants were exposed to either lemon
agrees that parental involvement is important
essential oil, lavender essential oil, or water.
and discusses ways to encourage it.
Participants’ response to pain was tested by
dipping their feet in cold water. Wound healing
According to the reading, parental involvement is was also tested using tape applied to the skin,
important because it increases school and blood samples were taken to measure effects
achievement and decreases drop-out rates. There of the oils on the immune system. Participants
are different ways parents can become involved also answered questions about mood and stress.
in their children’s education. They might attend
meetings or go to open-house nights at school.
Aromatherapists use the aroma of various
Parents can help out in the classroom or with
essential oils such as lemon, lavender, rosemary,
school activities. At home, parents can help with
and peppermint to heal certain health conditions
homework and talk about school activities. They
and improve mood. They say that these oils can
can read books with their children and take them
have effects similar to those of medicines. Some
on educational trips. These things help children
doctors use essential oils for their antibacterial
develop skills and show them that their parents
and antifungal effects and also to treat pain. The
value education.
study described by the lecturer, however, showed
that lemon and lavender oils had no effect on
Although the lecturer agrees that parental pain response, healing, or the immune system.
involvement is important, several things might Aromatherapists also use essential oils to
keep parents from being involved in education. enhance mood and relieve stress, anxiety,
Some teachers do not believe in the importance insomnia, and depression. Massage therapists, for
of parental involvement. Other teachers believe example, use them to relieve aching muscles and
that parents are not interested. These teachers do to reduce stress and relieve anxiety. The study,
not encourage parents to be involved. In other however, showed no effect of essential oils on
cases, parents might have their own difficulties pain, wound healing, or the immune system. The
that are barriers to involvement. Some parents only effect shown was a positive effect on mood
might be too busy at work. Some parents might in the case of lemon oil.
not speak or read English.
3. Both the reading passage and the lecturer talk
The lecturer states that because everyone agrees about the causes of forest fires and the different
how important parental involvement is, schools types of forest fires that can occur.
need to make the effort to encourage it. He gives
some suggestions such as training teachers in
Forest fires can be caused by nature or by
ways to get parents involved, giving homework
humans. The reading and the lecturer both
assignments that encourage parent participation,
explain that the most common natural cause of
and scheduling meetings at times when parents
forest fires is lightning. The lecture goes on to
can attend. These things can encourage parental
explain that forest fires can play an important
involvement and can have a positive effect on
role in nature by clearing out underbrush and by
student achievement.
allowing certain kinds of tress to spread their
seeds. Therefore, we should not fight all forest
fires. We should only fight fires that threaten
humans or are caused by humans.
The lecturer talks about the ways to control pest control methods include insect traps and
different kinds of forest fires. Firefighters can planting pest-resistant varieties of crops. These
control ground fires by digging trenches. The natural methods do not pollute the environment.
reading explains that ground fires use roots and
rotting vegetation for fuel. These fires can
In industrial agriculture, just a few varieties of a
smolder for a long time, so firefighters have to
plant are grown. This makes the plants
dig trenches down to the mineral layer of the
susceptible to disease. Chemicals have to be used,
soil, where there is nothing for the fire to burn.
and entire crops may be lost. Organic farmers
sometimes have to deal with disease, but they
Surface fires occur from the ground up to about use non-chemical methods. Weeding, pruning,
ten feet high, according to the reading. The and row spacing allow air to circulate. Other
lecturer explains that these fires are controlled methods include planting disease-resistant
with water. Fire fighters carry it in on backpacks varieties and applying organic fungicides.
or pump it from a nearby water source, if there is
one. These kinds of fires burn shrubs and grasses.
Skill 6 (pg. 210)
The lecturer explains that firefighters usually
Possible Answers
have to fight crown fires from the air. This is
because these fires occur high up in the crowns of (NOTE: These indirect quotes show how you can
the trees. Firefighters control them by spraying avoid directly quoting phrases from the original.)
on water or chemicals. Crown fires are dangerous 1.
because they can spread very quickly by jumping Direct quote: The author explains, “Parents can
from tree to tree. inquire about what their children are doing in class.”
Indirect quote: According to the reading passage,
4. Industrial agriculture relies on a system of parents can talk to their children about school
monoculture to get high crop yields, which leads activities.
to heavy use of chemicals. Organic farming, on Paraphrase: Parents can take the time to ask their
the other hand, works with natural resources and children about the things they are doing in school.
does not require the use of chemicals.
2.
In the monoculture system of agriculture, the Direct quote: According to the author, “Many
same crop is planted in the same place every homeowners simply don’t have the financial ability
year. This depletes the soil and makes it to install solar panels.”
necessary to use chemical fertilizers, which
pollute the environment. Organic farming Indirect quote: The lecture states that many
methods, however, do not require the use of homeowners often cannot afford to pay for solar
chemical fertilizers. Organic farmers use natural panels.
fertilizers such as manure and compost. They also Paraphrase: It is often the case that homeowners
maintain soil health by rotating crops. Healthy cannot afford the installation costs of solar panels.
soil is an important part of organic farming. It
helps keeps the crops healthy. 3.
Direct quote: The author says, “Aromatherapy has
Planting the same crop in the same place every proven to be a popular form of treatment for both
year, as in the monoculture system, attracts insect psychological and physical ailments.”
pests. The pests have to be controlled with Indirect quote: The author notes that aromatherapy
chemical pesticides. This pollutes the is a popular way to treat different kinds of
environment and affects the fertility of the soil. psychological and physical ailments.
Organic farmers, on the other hand, use a variety
Paraphrase: Aromatherapy is a popular way of
of non-chemical methods to control pests. Crop
treating psychological as well as physical ailments.
rotation discourages the breeding cycle of insects.
Companion planting encourages beneficial
insects and discourages harmful insects. Other
4. Paraphrase: Crop rotation maintains soil health and

Direct quote: The lecturer confirms, “The only effect interrupts the breeding cycle of pests, thus helping
shown was that lemon oil appears to have a positive to control pests.
effect on mood.”
Indirect quote: The lecturer reports that lemon oil’s Independent Writing Task
positive effect on mood was the only effect shown.
Paraphrase: Lemon oil did appear to show a Skill 1 (pg. 213)
positive effect on mood, but this was the only effect.
1. C, D
2. A, C
5.
3. A, B
Direct quote: The author tells us, “Forest fires can
4. B, D
have natural or human causes.”
Indirect quote: According to the reading passage,
forest fires can be caused by nature or by people.
Paraphrase: There can be both natural and human Skill 2 (pg. 214)
causes of forest fires. Possible Answers, Part A
1. Main Idea A shopping mall is a great idea.
6. General Idea It would bring jobs to the area.
Direct quote: The lecturer says, “For these reasons, General Idea It would make shopping more
a modern approach to forest fire management has convenient
developed, that recommends fighting only those
fires caused by human activity or that threaten 2. Main Idea Large schools have several
places where people live.” advantages over small schools.
Indirect quote: The lecturer explains that the General Idea They have more resources.
modern approach to fire fighting recommends that
we should only fight fires that threaten homes or are General Idea They have more classes to choose
caused by humans. from.
Paraphrase: Modern fire management General Idea They have a greater variety of
recommendations include fighting only those fires teachers.
that are a threat to people or that were caused by
people. 3. Main Idea Spending every day at a job you do
not like can have negative effects
7. on of your life.
Direct quote: According to the reading passage, General Idea It can affect your family
“Industrial agriculture approaches food production relationships.
in much the same way a factory approaches the General Idea It can affect your emotional
production of manufactured goods.” well-being.
Indirect quote: The author suggests that the way General Idea It can affect your physical health.
industrial agriculture works is similar to the way a
factory works. 4. Main Idea Not all families are able to provide
Paraphrase: Industrial agriculture is similar in many everything a pet needs.
ways to other types of manufacturing. General Idea It takes money to care for pets
properly.
8. General Idea It takes time to care for pets properly.
Direct quote: The lecturer notes, “Crop rotation, in
addition to maintaining soil health, also helps Possible Answers, Part B
control pests by interrupting their breeding cycle.”
1. New Introduction:
Indirect quote: The lecturer points out that crop
I think that having a new shopping mall in my
rotation maintains healthy soil and interrupts the
neighborhood would be a wonderful idea, very
breeding cycle of pests.
beneficial. My neighborhood is a long way from
the places where people work and shop. A mall Possible Answers, Part B
would create new jobs and would make it easier 1. New Paragraph 2:
to shop.
At large schools, students typically have better
2. New Introduction: access to resources than at small schools.
There are several things that parents need to Libraries at large schools usually have more
think about when they choose schools. Two books, magazines, and materials like CDs and
important factors are location and cost. Another DVDs. Larger schools often have more computers
factor is the size of the school. I think that there and software than smaller schools. In addition,
are advantages to attending large schools instead resources tend to be newer at large schools.
of small schools. Large schools often have greater 2. New Paragraph 3:
resources available, a larger variety of classes,
Large schools have a wider variety of classes than
and more teachers with different skills.
small schools. Students might be able to choose
3. New Introduction: from several types of science or literature classes.
People who work spend many hours every day at Non-academic classes such as art and music,
their job. Earning money is important, but being which are often available infrequently at small
happy is important too. An unhappy work life can schools, might be available daily at large schools.
affect family relationships, emotional health, and 3. New Paragraph 4:
physical health.
Because they have a larger number of teachers,
4. New Introduction: big schools also have a greater variety of
I do not feel that pets are for everyone. Pets teachers. Instead of having the same teacher for
require time and money to take care of. Not several subjects, students can have a different
everyone is able to spend the time and money teacher for each subject. Furthermore, different
needed to take good care of a pet. teachers will have different teaching styles, so the
students’ learning is enriched. In addition, more
adults in the school environment naturally means
Skill 3 (pg. 216)
more role models for students.
Possible Answers, Part A
(HINT: In these sample notes the general ideas are
Skill 4 (pg. 218)
sentences and the details are in shorthand.)
Practice 1
1. General Idea Children at a large school have
access to a variety of resources. 1. It is my opinion that small schools provide (do
not provide) children with the best possible
Supporting Detail 1 library has more materials
education.
Supporting Detail 2 classrooms have more
2. In my view, shopping malls bring (do not bring)
computers and software
many benefits to the neighborhoods where they
Supporting Detail 3 resources are up to date are located.
3. I suppose that caring for pets teaches (does not
2. General Idea Children at a large school teach) children many important lessons about
have more classes to choose life.
from. 4. I think that having a lot of money is (is not) more
Supporting Detail 1 different kinds of science or important than feeling happy in our daily life.
literature classes 5. I am sure that teachers who treat their students
Supporting Detail 2 non-academic classes more with kindness are (are not) always appreciated.
often 6. I am convinced that shopping malls have (do not
have) a negative impact on the quality of life in
3. General Idea Children at a large school the surrounding neighborhood.
have a greater variety of 7. Perhaps a pet such as a dog or cat is (is not)
teachers. difficult for a young child to take care of.
Supporting Detail 1 different teacher for each 8. Certainly, a high salary can (cannot) compensate
subject for an unpleasant work situation.
Supporting Detail 2 exposed to different
teaching styles
Supporting Detail 3 more role models
Practice 2 Sample Essay

1. As a rule, money does not buy happiness. If I had to recommend either a new gym or a new
2. On the whole, teachers at small schools have library for my school, I would have to
more time to pay attention to individual recommend a new gym, for several reasons. The
students. gym we have now is in bad condition, students
need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and
3. For the most part, pets are just an extra
I think the library we have now is more than
responsibility that modern families do not have
adequate for our future needs.
time for.
4. To some extent, shopping malls bring good jobs
to a town or city. The gym at my school is definitely in terrible
condition. It needs a lot of repairs. The roof leaks
5. In a way, strict teachers actually help their
and the swimming pool has cracks. The locker
students more than kind teachers do.
rooms are unpleasant because everything in
them is so old. In my view, since money will have
Skill 5 (pg. 221) to be spent to make repairs anyway, it would be
(HINT: In these sample notes the main ideas and better to go ahead and spend a little more money
general ideas are sentences and the details are in to build an entirely new gym.
shorthand.)
1. Students need to be encouraged to get more
Sample Outline Notes exercise. Good health is very important for our
Main Idea studies and for all aspects of our lives. If we had
a new gym, students would be encouraged to get
I would recommend a new gym because the gym exercise. They might enjoy using the pool or the
we have now is in terrible condition, students exercise room in their free time. They might feel
need to be encouraged to get more exercise, and encouraged to sign up for sports activities.
our library is already adequate for our needs.
A library is just as important as a gym, but I think

General Idea 1 Our gym is in terrible the library we have now is already adequate for
condition. our needs. It has plenty of room for books and
Supporting Detail 1 needs a lot of repairs magazines. Because of technology, I do not think
Supporting Detail 2 since money to be spent for we will need a bigger library in the future. Books
repairs, why not spend on and magazines will be in electronic form, so we
new gym? will not need any more shelf space for them.
General Idea 2 Students need to be The gym we have now is in bad condition and
encouraged to get more should be replaced. A new gym would encourage
exercise. students to get more exercise and improve their
Supporting Detail 1 good health important for health. The library we have now is in good
students condition and does not need replacement.
Therefore, I would recommend that my school
Supporting Detail 2 new gym might encourage
build a new gym.
students to exercise
Supporting Detail 3 new gym might encourage
students to sign up for 2.
sports Sample Outline Notes
Main Idea
General Idea 3 The library we have now is I prefer to spend my vacation in one place
already adequate for our because it is more relaxing and gives me the
needs. chance to get to know a new place well.
Supporting Detail 1 enough room for materials
now General Idea 1 Spending my vacation in
Supporting Detail 2 technology means less room one place is relaxing.
needed in future
Supporting Detail 1 don’t have to worry where There are different ways to spend vacations. I
to sleep every night prefer spending mine in one place. It is the most
Supporting Detail 2 don’t have to pack every day relaxing and interesting way to travel, in my
opinion.
Supporting Detail 3 don’t have to spend time
getting place to place
Supporting Detail 4 can relax and enjoy place 3.
Sample Outline Notes
General Idea 2 Spending my vacation in Main Idea
one place gives me the Spending time outdoors is good for children
chance to get to know a new because it helps them learn about the natural
place well. world and how to be independent, and it is good
Supporting Detail 1 at resort, can do different for their health.
activities
Supporting Detail 2 in city can see sights and get General Idea 1 Modern children need the
to know people chance to learn about the
Supporting Detail 3 travelling to a lot of places, natural world.
don’t get to know them well Supporting Detail 1 spend most of day indoors
Supporting Detail 2 see plants and animals only
Sample Essay in pictures
People like to spend their vacations in different Supporting Detail 3 would see real plants and
places and in different ways. For myself, I prefer animals
to spend my vacation in one place rather than
travelling around to different places. I find this to General Idea 2 Modern children also need
be a much more relaxing way to spend my time, the chance to learn to do
and it also gives me the chance to get to know a things independently.
new place well.
Supporting Detail 1 school activities planned
and supervised
I take a vacation in order to relax, and I feel that Supporting Detail 2 if outdoors, could make up
spending my entire vacation in one place is the own games & explore
best way to do this. If I spend my vacation in one
place, I do not have to worry about finding a
place to sleep every night or whether or not I will General Idea 3 Playing outdoors is very
like the next hotel because I will sleep every important for children’s
night in the same hotel. I do not have to rush health.
around packing my suitcase every morning Supporting Detail 1 school indoors
because I am not going anywhere new. I do not Supporting Detail 2 need fresh air & sunshine
have to worry about bus or plane schedules, and Supporting Detail 3 need to use energy playing
I do not have to spend a lot of time getting from
one place to the next. I can spend all my time
enjoying the one place where I am. To me, this is Sample Essay
relaxing and enjoyable. Many modern families live busy lives. Parents
work and children spend their days in school.
If I spend my entire vacation in one place, I have Parents are often too busy to encourage their
the chance to really get to know that place well. children to play outdoors or to take them to a
If it is at a resort, I can take advantage of all the park or other outdoor place. This is unfortunate
different activities that are available. If it is in a because spending time outdoors is definitely
city, I have time to see many of the sights and good for children. It gives them the chance to
explore many of the neighborhoods. I have a learn about the natural world and to learn to do
chance to meet people and get an idea of what life things independently. It is also very important for
there is like. If I spend my vacation traveling from their health.
place to place, I may see a lot of places but I do
not really get a chance to know much about them.
Modern children need the chance to learn about Skill 2 (pg. 226)
the natural world. They spend most of the day 1. imaginative
indoors in school, so they are very familiar with
2. sufficient
walls and floors and ceilings. The closest they get
to plants and animals, however, is probably in 3. duties
pictures in a book or on a computer. If they spent 4. easy
time outdoors, they would see plants and 5. benefits
animals in real life. They would learn to 6. construct
appreciate the natural world that we live in.
7. draw
Modern children also need the chance to learn to

do things independently, and playing outdoors Skill 3 (pg. 227)
gives them plenty of opportunity for this. In 1. my = I
school, they are always involved in supervised, 2. It = shopping mall
planned activities. If they spent more time 3. their = people in my neighborhood
playing outdoors, on the other hand, they could
4. us = all
make up their own games. They could run
around with other children and explore the 5. she = mayor
things around them. They would have the 6. This = nothing about this situation
opportunity to use their own resources to learn 7. He = father
and to entertain themselves.
Skill 4 (pg. 228)
Playing outdoors is very important for children’s 1. When children take care of pets, they can learn to
health. In school, children spend most of the day be responsible and have fun at the same time.
sitting indoors. However, children need fresh air
and sunshine to grow up strong. They have a lot 2. Working all day at a dull job and then going
of energy, so they need to run around and play home tired and grumpy is not a good life.
hard for at least part of the day. If they spent 3. A large school can make some children feel
more time outdoors, they would be healthier. uncomfortable and scared.
4. The teacher graded our papers every weekend
Parents and schools need to find ways to and gave them back to us on Monday.
encourage children to spend more time outdoors. 5. I was working at an office during the day and
It would give them more opportunities for studying for my college degree at night.
learning, and it is very important for their health. 6. In my opinion, a shopping mall is a good place to
shop because of its variety and convenience.
General Writing Skills 7. A dog needs to be walked every afternoon and
then fed.
Skill 1 (pg. 223) 8. Creativity as well as resourcefulness are
important qualities for a teacher to have.
1. In the first place
2. Then
Skill 5 (pg. 229)
3. on the other hand
1. C
4. such as
2. A
5. Unlike
3. B
6. Furthermore
4. B
7. for example
5. C
8. Therefore
9. While
Skill 6 (pg. 231)
10. At the same time
1. C-Cx
11. Moreover
2. S
12. For these reasons
3. Cx
4. S probably paid a lot of money for your tuition.

5. S Moreover, you are expected to do professional-
quality work at your job. For all these reasons,
6. S
you deserve to be paid well.
7. C
8. S
Skill 8 (pg. 234)
9. S
1. A
10. S
2. C
11. Cx
3. B
12. C
4. B
13. S
5. C
6. A
Skill 7 (pg. 232)
7. A
1.
8. C
There are many people who should not have
9. B
pets. My neighbor, for example, is an
irresponsible pet owner. He has three large dogs. 10. C
He is gone all day, and his dogs are left alone to 11. B
bark loudly from morning until evening. This is 12. A
sad for the dogs and unpleasant for all the
neighbors. Do you think it is a good idea for a
person like this to have pets? WRITING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 246)
2. Integrated Writing Task

When I take a vacation, I prefer to visit a city. In
my opinion, cities are fun and exciting places to Sample Response
visit. Recently, I spent a vacation in New York City, The reading passage describes age-related
which is a popular place for tourists. My days memory loss and makes some recommendations
there were filled with fun activities such as about how to prevent it. The lecturer describes
shopping, visiting museums, and going to the research which supports the recommendations
theater. I was busy every day, but I still did not made in the reading.
see everything. If I get my wish, I will visit there
again sometime soon.
The lecturer describes research which shows that
antioxidants can have a positive effect on the
3. problem of age-related memory loss. The reading
It seems to me that the best idea is to spend the passages talks about different kinds of age-
money building a new library. The library we related memory loss. Some of it is normal, like
have now has many problems. The roof leaks, forgetting where you put your keys. There are
many windows are broken, and the heating also more serious forms, such as Mild Cognitive
system does not work well. Because the library is Impairment, as well as Alzheimer’s disease and
such an uncomfortable place to be, students do other types of dementia.
not like to use it. How much would it cost to
build a new library? I do not know the answer to According to the reading passage, when people
this question, but I am sure the school age, the brain becomes more vulnerable to
administrators could find the money somewhere. inflammation and oxidation. Also, there is a build
It is very important for a school to have a good up of plaque, which may be a cause of
library. Alzheimer’s disease. One thing the reading
passage recommends is eating fruits and
4. vegetables which contain antioxidants to defend
Earning a good salary is very important. If you the brain against oxidation. In addition, foods
are a professional, you have a college education. containing B vitamins are recommended for
You studied hard to get your degree, and you protecting the memory.
The lecturer agrees with the information in the and maintaining it. Those who do not have the
reading passage about the effects of antioxidants money are left behind or are constantly
on the memory. He describes research on older struggling to just keep up.
dogs which showed that antioxidants improved
the dogs’ ability to perform and do tricks.
Technology is not always easy to use. Every time
Research on mice showed that blueberries, high
something new is developed, we have to learn
in antioxidants, improved memory and reduced
how to use it. We have to completely change the
damage to brain tissues from inflammation and
way we do things. We invest time in learning how
oxidation. Another study with mice and
to do something new, and then it changes again
curcumin, an anti-inflammatory, also showed
when new technology is developed.
reduced inflammation, oxidation, and plaque in
the brains of the mice. In addition to
antioxidants, the reading passage also Technology has made many improvements in our
recommends B vitamins to protect the brain. The lives over the course of history. However, recently
lecturer mentions that research shows that B the pace of technological development has
vitamins can protect the brain from inflammation become so fast that it has started to bring us
and help new brain cells grow. more difficulties than advantages.
Independent Writing Task WRITING PRACTICE TEST (pg.250)

Sample Response
If we look at the whole of human history, I would Integrated Writing Task
have to say that technology has made the world a
better place to live. After all, we are no longer Sample Response
living in caves or dying of common diseases.
However, if we look at the technological Both the reading passage and the lecturer discuss
developments of the past century, I cannot agree the effects of violent television programs on
that they have made the world better. Rather, children’s behavior. They agree that such
they have caused many difficulties in our lives. programs can lead children to behave
Technology that we use now contributes to the aggressively. The studies described in the reading
breakdown of communities and social supports, passage showed that violence on TV has an
is expensive to own, and is not always easy to immediate effect on children. The studies
use. described in the lecture showed that this effect
continues into adulthood.
Technology has made it possible for us to never

leave our homes. We can work, shop, and The reading passage describes some studies that
maintain contact with friends and relatives were done in the 1950s and 1960s that looked at
without ever leaving the comfort of our own the immediate effect of television violence on
living rooms. People tend to think of this as a behavior. In one study, some children watched a
convenience. But what happens if we never leave violent cartoon and others watched a nonviolent
our houses? We will not get to know the people cartoon. Researchers noticed that the children
who live and work near us. This means a who had seen the violent cartoon behaved
breakdown of social support. Who will be there aggressively later on when they were playing.
when we need a helping hand or a shoulder to They hit other children and broke toys. In
cry on? Even more, it leads to suspicion and fear another study, children saw violence in different
because we are surrounded by people we do not ways. Some watched real-life violence (hitting a
know. doll), others watched the same thing on TV or in
a cartoon, and others saw nothing. The children
who saw the real-life and TV violence acted more
Technology is expensive to own. It costs money to aggressively than the other children afterward.
buy it and then repair it or replace it when it
breaks down. Some forms of technology, such as
cell phones and Internet connections, involve The lecturer describes two different studies that
monthly payments. When we become dependent were done over a period of years. One found that
on forms of technology to run our lives, then we boys who watched violent TV programs when
have no choice but to pay for the cost of buying they were in third grade acted more aggressively,
got into trouble more often as teens, and more Besides being a space for exhibits and research, a
often were involved in crime and family violence museum would have other uses. For example, it
as adults. Another study was about the amount of would be a good place for community concerts
time children spent watching TV. It found that and other performances. This would bring more
teenagers who watched more hours of TV were cultural activities to our city. It would also be a
more likely to act aggressively when they were good place to hold fundraising events, not only
adults. for the museum itself but for other worthy
organizations in our city.
Television, especially violent programs, has an
effect on children that can last all their lives. Both parks and museums are enjoyable and
useful places. I believe, however, that a museum
would bring more to our city than a park would.
Therefore, I would support building a new history
Independent Writing Task museum in my city.
Sample Response
Both a history museum and a park would provide
many benefits to our city. If I had to choose one,
however, I would choose a museum. In my
opinion, a museum has several advantages over a
park. It can be enjoyed in any season of the year,
it is educational, and it can be used for a variety
of other things that would benefit our city.
A park could only be enjoyed when the weather

was nice. A museum, on the other hand, could be
enjoyed at any time. In my city, we have cold
winters. That means there are several months out
of the year when people would not be able to use
a park at all. Even during the warmer seasons, we
often have rainy days when no one wants to be
outside. If we had a new museum, we would
have a nice, interesting place to go when the
weather was bad. We would be able to take
advantage of the museum any day of the year.
A museum would offer educational benefits that

a park would not. A history museum would give
people of all ages the opportunity to learn more
about the history of our city and country. That
would be useful both for people who live here
and for tourists. The museum would also be a
support for our city’s schools since teachers
would be able to use the museum’s resources as
part of their lessons. In addition, the museum
could support new research and writing about
our history, and we would all learn more about
our past.
P r ac tice Te s t D ir ec t to TOEFL iBT™
READING (pg. 251) LISTENING (pg. 264)
Passage 1 (pg. 251) 1. A

1. C 2. A
2. D 3. C
3. B 4. D
4. A 5. B
5. C 6.
6. A 0-1 month 2-3 months 4-5 months
7. C Black and
X
8. B white
9. B Red and green X
10. D Pastel shades X
11. A Shades of gray:
X
12. Male: C, D, F 5% contrast
Female: B, E, Shades of gray:
less than 5% X
contrast
Passage 2 (pg. 255)
1. A 7. B
2. B 8. D
3. D 9. B
4. B 10. A
5. C 11.
6. C
YES NO
7. C
Chlorophyll levels X
8. B
Protective coating X
9. D
10. A Sugars X
11. D Watery sap X
12. A Thin tissues X
13. B, D, E
12. A
Passage 3 (pg. 260) 13. A
1. B 14. C
2. C 15. D
3. D 16. B
4. A 17. B
5. C 18. C
6. D 19. C
7. C 20. D
8. B 21. A
9. A 22. B
10. B
11. A
12. D
13. B, C, F
23.
Classic/Late Classic Transitional Rug
natural colors X
chemical dyes X
designs based on stripes X
designs influenced by traders X
designs including crosses and rectangles X
24. A
25. D
26. D
27.
YES NO
Observation forms X
Sample lesson plans X
Book reviews X
Teacher evaluation X
Journals X
28. A
29. C
30. D
31. C
32. B
33. D
34. A
SPEAKING (pg. 276) better for everyone since more students taking
the bus means fewer cars on campus. The man
thinks the bus service changes will be good for
everyone.
A person who has been an important role model
for me is my grandfather. Whenever I have
difficulty pursuing my goals and dreams, I think Question 4: Sample Response
of him. My grandfather came from a poor family. A dialect is a variety of a language that a group of
He had to quit school when he was young and go people speaks. If speakers of different language
to work to help support his family. But he didn’t varieties can understand each other, then the
let this stop him. He took classes at night and varieties are considered dialects of the same
finished high school. Then he worked hard to language. If the speakers can’t understand each
build up his business. He’s very successful now. other, then their language varieties are
When I think of all the hardships my grandfather considered to be different languages. The lecturer
went through, I feel inspired. I have things a lot points out that it’s not as easy as it may seem to
easier than he did. I haven’t had to quit school or make the distinction between dialect and
work to help my parents. So, whenever I feel language. She gives some examples where
discouraged, I remember my grandfather and political boundaries determine the difference.
think: If he could become so successful, I can too. One example is Denmark and Norway. Danish
and Norwegian speakers can understand each
other, so their languages could be considered
dialects of the same language. However, they are
I definitely prefer working out at a gym to playing spoken in two different countries, so they are
sports. I am a very independent person, and I’m seen as two different languages. Another example
not at all competitive, so I don’t particularly is Germany. Language varieties spoken in
enjoy playing sports. When I work out at a gym, I different parts of the country aren’t always
can do it just the way I like. I can go to the gym mutually intelligible. But they’re spoken within
when I want and spend as much time exercising the boundaries of one country, so they’re
there as I want. I can do the exercises I want to considered to be dialects of one language rather
do and skip the ones I don’t enjoy. How I spend than distinct languages.
my time is entirely up to me. This makes the
experience relaxing and enjoyable to me. There’s
also no competition involved. I don’t have to Question 5: Sample Response
worry about doing my exercises better or faster The man has a sociology assignment due soon,
than anybody. I don’t have to worry about and he doesn’t think he can finish it on time. He’s
keeping up with the team or about what anyone behind on his work because he was sick recently.
else thinks of me. I don’t have to try hard to win. One solution is to ask the professor for an
I only have to worry about my own goals. That’s extension. The other solution is to work on the
the way I prefer it. assignment all weekend. I think the first solution
is the better one. The man is afraid that the
professor won’t want to give him an extension,
especially since he isn’t the only student who’s
The man is happy about the changes that will be been sick. I think, though, that she will probably
made to the university bus service. He believes understand his problem and consider it a
that the fare increase is a good idea because reasonable excuse. It’s quite possible that she’s
services will increase at the same time. Also, even already given extensions to the other students
though the university bus fare will go up, it will who were sick. If he gets an extension, he’ll have
still be less than the fare on city buses. He’s the time to do a good job on his assignment and
happy that more buses will be added to the get the grade he deserves. If, on the other hand,
downtown bus route. Those buses are always he tries to meet the due date by working hard all
crowded and slow because a lot of students ride weekend, he probably won’t do a good job. He’ll
them. He’s looking forward to an improvement in be rushed and tired, and that’s certain to affect
this situation when the new buses are added. He the quality of his work. It’ll probably also be bad
also agrees with the new bus route to Mountain for his health since he was sick recently.
View. He explains that many students live in that
part of the city. The new bus route will be
convenient for them. It will also make things
Question 6: Sample Response The lecturer explains that there is a new type of
The Faroe Islands belong to Demark but are ethanol that is made from stems and stalks of
located in the North Atlantic between Norway plants. This type of ethanol is more efficient to
and Iceland. Even though their location is in the produce than corn-based ethanol. The production
far north, it’s warm enough for people to live process also causes less pollution. Less land is
there because the area is warmed by the waters needed because grasses used to make this type of
of the Gulf Stream. However, it’s too far north to ethanol an produce more fuel per acre than corn
do much farming. can. Moreover, these grasses are actually good for
the environment because they can stop erosion
and give wild animals a place to live.
People have been living in the mild climate of
the Faroe Islands for more than one thousand
years. The temperatures usually stay above
freezing, and snow doesn’t fall often. The Independent Writing Task
summer temperatures are not too hot. It rains
much of the time, 260 days a year on average.
Sample Response
We each have our own ideas about where is the
Because the climate is not too cold, people can best place to live. For some people, city living is
live there. However, it’s difficult to make a living better while others prefer life in the countryside.
from farming because it’s so far north. Some For myself, I agree with the statement that city
people raise sheep or grow potatoes, but the life is better than life in the countryside. I think a
majority make their living from fishing. Oil has city provides more opportunities for jobs and
been discovered near the islands, and this may more access to culture, and city living helps keep
become a new source of income for the people people open minded.
there.
I don’t think anyone will disagree that there are
many more job opportunities in a city than there
WRITING (pg. 280) are in a rural area. No matter what kind of job
you are looking for, you can probably find it in a
city. Whether you are a doctor, lawyer, engineer,
Integrated Writing Task
police officer, or factory worker, you are certain
to find employment in a city. In the countryside,
Sample Response on the other hand, you generally cannot find the
The reading passage and the lecture both discuss same variety of job opportunities. There are
the use of ethanol fuel, made from plants, as an probably fewer job openings there in general,
alternative to gasoline. The author of the reading too.
passage believes that ethanol is not a good
alternative, but the lecturer disagrees. In a city, you have access to a variety of cultural
events. There are all different kinds of movies,
The lecturer says that the most important reason plays, and concerts. There are museums and art
to use ethanol is that it is a renewable resource. galleries. There are places that give art, music, or
The plants used to make it are not used up dance classes if you are interested in learning
forever but can be grown again every year. how to do these things yourself. The
Another big advantage is that it does not pollute the opportunities to participate in cultural activities
air and water as much as other types of fuel do. of this sort are endless in a city. On the other
hand, while there may be movies and concerts in
small towns in the countryside, they are few and
The author of the reading passage explains some infrequent.
of the disadvantages of ethanol made from corn.
The author says that it takes more energy to
make the ethanol than the ethanol itself Living in a city helps keep people open minded.
produces. In addition, cultivation of corn uses up This is because there is a variety of people living
a lot of land that could be used for food. It can in a city. There are people of different social
also cause environmental damage such as soil classes and different religions. In some major
erosion and using up groundwater. cities, there are people from a lot of different
countries. In any city, you get used to interacting

with people from all different backgrounds. You
are less likely to fear or misunderstand people
who are different because you are used to being
around them. In small towns in the countryside,
however, people tend to be mostly the same.
People don’t have the opportunity to spend time
with people from different backgrounds. This can
lead to prejudices simply from a lack of
understanding.
I am sure there are many advantages to living in

the countryside, but in my opinion, when
everything is taken into consideration, life in the
city is much better.

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INTRODUCTION Practice 4 (pg.

par. 5 Why father of modern art?

Practice 3 (pg. 29)

idea 2 Designer-John Roebling READING SKILLS (pg. 56)

Skill 5 (pg. 66)

Skill 8 (pg. 73) 11. D

Skill 7 (pg. 125)

Skill 8 (pg. 127)

LISTENING SKILLS PRACTICE (pg. 129)

Lecture 1 (pg. 129)

Lecture 2 (pg. 130)

Lecture 3 (pg. 131)

Lecture 4 (pg. 132)

Conversation 1 (pg. 133)

Conversation 2 (pg. 134)

LISTENING PRACTICE TEST (pg. 136)

SPEAKING SKILLS 4. Opinion: My cousin Mary is a very important

General Idea In an apartment, you live 2.

3. General Idea movies type of social event

General Idea pets noisy

Sample Response Skill 9 (pg. 177)

Question 5: Sample Response

Integrated Writing Task

Skill 1 (pg. 196)

Skill 2 (pg. 201)

Skill 3 (pg. 202)

Skill 4 (pg. 204)

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

Main Idea Main Idea

4. Paraphrase: Crop rotation maintains soil health and

Practice 2 Sample Essay

A library is just as important as a gym, but I think

Modern children also need the chance to learn to

4. S probably paid a lot of money for your tuition.

2. Integrated Writing Task

Independent Writing Task WRITING PRACTICE TEST (pg.250)

Technology has made it possible for us to never

A park could only be enjoyed when the weather

A museum would offer educational benefits that

READING (pg. 251) LISTENING (pg. 264)

Passage 1 (pg. 251) 1. A

countries. In any city, you get used to interacting

I am sure there are many advantages to living in

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