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Nota Grammar English UPSR
Nota Grammar English UPSR
2. ‘A’ and ‘an’ indefinite articles and only used with singular countable nouns.
2.1 ‘a’ is used before words that begin with consonants sounds or words which
begin with the vowel ‘u’ but has a consonant sound (you).
a) a boy e) a university
b) a flower f) a unit
c) a pineapple g) a unique school
d) a zebra h) a one-way street
2.2 ‘an’ is used before words which begin with vowels (a, e, i, o, u) or words
which begin with the silent ‘h’.
a) an ant g) an umbrella
b) an apple h) an hour
c) an earring i) an honour
d) an elephant j) an honest girl
e) an insect
f) an onion
2.3 ‘a’ and ‘an’ are not use before uncountable nouns. E.g: rice, sand, oil, etc.
3 ‘The’ definite article and is used with plural countable nouns and also
3.1 To show something that is special and one of its kinds in the world.
a) The sun is setting in the west.
b) The air is fresher in the countryside.
3.2 To refer to a particular person, animal, thing or place.
a) The white cat is under the chair.
b) That is the car which honked at me yesterday.
3.3 For the superlative form of an adjective.
a) She is the tallest girl in her class.
b) I bought the cheapest book.
3.4 With things which are already mentioned before.
a) A pupil is in a library. The pupil is reading quietly.
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Nouns 名词
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Collective Nouns 集合名词
People
1. a band of musicians 一群音乐家 9. a patrol of policemen 一队警员
2. a choir of singers 一队歌手 10. an army of soldiers 一队士兵
3. a class of pupils 一班学生 11. a staff of servants 一班雇员
4. a caravan of gypsies 一群吉卜塞人 12. a team of players 一队运动员
5. a batch of students 一批学员 13. a tribe of natives 一族土著
6. a gang of prisoners 一群犯人 14. a troupe of artistes 一群艺人
7. a crew of sailors 一群水手 15. a panel of judges 一组裁判
8. a crowd of people 一群人 16. a party of friends 一群朋友
Animal
1. an army of ants 一群蚂蚁 11. a plague of locusts 一群蝗虫
2. a brood of chickens 一窝小鸡 12. parliament of owls 一群猫头鹰
3. a cloud of flies 一群苍蝇 13. a shoal of fish 一群鱼
4. a nest of mice 一窝老鼠 14. a smack of jellyfish 一群水母
5. a gaggle of geese 一群鹅 15. a team of oxen 一群公牛
6. a flight of swallows 一群燕子 16. a swarm of bees 一群蜜蜂
7. a flock of birds 一群鸟 17. a pack of wolves 一群狼
8. a troop of monkeys 一群猴子 18. a pride of lions 一群狮子
9. a litter of kittens 一窝小猫 19. a flock of birds 一群小鸟
a litter of puppies 一窝小狗 a flock of sheep 一群绵羊
10. a school of dolphins 一群海豚 20. a herd of buffaloes 一群水牛
a school of whales 一群鲸鱼 a herd of elephants 一群大象
Things / Plants
1. a string of pearls 一串珍珠 11. a garland of flowers 一环花朵
2. a bale of cotton 一大包棉花 12. a layer of dirt 一层污垢
3. a bowl of rice 一碗饭 13. a queue of vehicles 一列车辆
4. a bunch of keys 一串钥匙 14. a pack of cards 一副纸牌
5. a cluster of coconuts 一嘟噜椰子 15. a bouquet of flowers 一束鲜花
6. a column of smoke 一缕烟 16. a tuft of grass 一丛草
7. a bundle of sticks 一捆柴枝 17. a wad of currency 一叠纸币
8. a suit of clothes 一套衣服 18. a cloud of dust 一团尘雾
9. a clutch of eggs 一窝蛋 19. a comb of bananas 一把香蕉
10. a crate of fruits 一箱水果 20. a set of tools 一套工具
Singular and Plural Nouns 单数和复数名词
7) For a noun which ends with the letter ‘o’ preceded by a consonant, ‘s’ or ‘es’ is
added to form the plural.
a) photo – photos
b) potato – potatoes
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c) hero – heroes
8) For a noun which ends with the letter ‘f’ or ‘fe’, the plural form is made by either
adding the letter ‘s’ or by changing ‘f’/ ‘fe’ to ‘ves’.
a) leaf – leaves
b) knife – knives
c) half – halves
d) thief - thieves
e) roof - roofs
f) safe – safes
g) chef - chefs
9) Some nouns are called irregular as their plural form is spelt very differently from
the singular form.
a) ox – oxen e) goose – geese
b) child – children f) mouse – mice
c) foot – feet g) man – men
d) tooth – teeth h) woman – women
10) A few irregular nouns maintain the same spelling and pronunciation for both
singular and plural forms.
a) deer – deer
b) sheep – sheep
c) salmon – salmon
d) furniture – furniture
11) Some nouns occur only in the plural form:
binoculars, glasses, scissors, spectacles, pants, pyjamas, shorts, tights, trousers,
clothes, stairs, goods
12) Some nouns have no plural:
news, work, homework, rubbish
Pronouns 代词
Singular Plural
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First I We
Second You You
Third He / She / It They
Adjectives
Comparison of Adjectives (Regular)
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Positive Comparative Superlative
1 big bigger than the biggest
2 brave braver than the bravest
3 bright brighter than the brightest
4 busy busier than the busiest
5 cheap cheaper than the cheapest
6 clean cleaner than the cleanest
7 clear clearer than the clearest
8 clever cleverer than the cleverest
9 cold colder than the coldest
10 cool cooler than the coolest
11 cruel crueler than the cruelest
12 dark darker than the darkest
13 deep deeper than the deepest
14 dirty dirtier than the dirtiest
15 fat fatter than the fattest
16 friend friendlier than the friendliest
17 great greater than the greatest
18 happy happier than the happiest
19 hard harder than the hardest
20 healthy healthier than the healthiest
21 heavy heavier than the heaviest
22 high higher than the highest
23 hot hotter than the hottest
24 large larger than the largest
25 lazy lazier than the laziest
26 light lighter than the lightest
27 long longer than the longest
28 low lower than the lowest
29 near nearer than the nearest
30 neat neater than the neatest
31 nice nicer than the nicest
32 noisy noisier than the noisiest
33 pretty prettier than the prettiest
34 poor poorer than the poorest
35 quiet quieter than the quietest
36 rich richer than the richest
37 strong stronger than the strongest
38 tall taller than the tallest
39 thick thicker than the thickest
40 thin thinner than the thinnest
41 weak weaker than the weakest
42 warm warmer than the warmest
43 wise wiser than the wisest
44 young younger than the youngest
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6 exciting more exciting most exciting
7 expensive more expensive most expensive
8 famous more famous most famous
9 helpful more helpful most helpful
10 intelligent more intelligent most intelligent
11 joyful more joyful most joyful
12 obedient more obedient most obedient
13 peaceful more peaceful most peaceful
Conjunctions 连词
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do his homework.
so To show cause and effect - The children are tired.
- They go to bed early.
The children are tired so they go to bed
early.
or To show a choice or - Would you prefer tea?
possibility can be made - Would you prefer coffee?
Would you prefer tea or coffee?
if To show a condition - You work harder.
- You will pass your examination.
If you work harder, you will pass your
examination.
although To show contrast - It is raining heavily.
(beginning / middle) - They continue with the climb.
Although it is raining heavily, they
continue with the climb.
Singular Plural
is are
has have
does do
I live in Malaysia.
She likes drawing.
They love coffee.
My father works in a bank.
She has three children.
The boy studies in SJK(C) Kundang.
I go to school by car.
He always wakes up at 6 a.m.
Mei Ling often listens to music.
Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
I drink a cup of coffee every morning.
4) Short actions.
Do not litter!
Keep off the grass!
Do not feed the animals.
Go to your bedroom now.
6) We also use it to talk about the future after words like ‘ when’, ‘ until’, ‘ after’,
‘ before’, ‘as soon as’ in a future sentence.
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She'll come as soon as her babysitter arrives.
I'm going to make dinner after I watch the news.
I'll give you the book before you go.
***Spelling: In general, for single subject we add ‘s’ in the verb. However...
a) For verbs that end in -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, or -z we add -es.
o go – goes
o catch – catches
o wash – washes
o kiss – kisses
o fix – fixes
o buzz – buzzes
b) For verbs that end in a consonant + y, we remove the y and add -ies.
o marry – marries
o study – studies
o carry – carries
o worry – worries
o play – plays
o enjoy – enjoys
o say – says
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3) Used to express developing and changing situations.
a. The wind is getting stronger and the temperature is dropping faster.
b. More people are buying organic products nowadays.
1) Something has happened in the past (specific time) and has finished.
I took her home just now.
They were at his birthday party last night.
The cleaned the house last weekend.
He knew the answer yesterday.
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Once upon a time, a lord lived in the castle.
There was an ugly witch living in the middle of the forest.
In the past, the knights travelled on strong horses.
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I
You
do not go
We
to the town’s library on
They
weekends.
He
She does not go
It
Prepositions of Time
Prepositions Use
month
year
season
in
part of the day (morning, afternoon, evening)
duration
Prepositions Examples
- My birthday is in December.
- Jenny was born in 1990.
- Tom wakes up early in the morning.
in
- Mr Siew will be here in three minutes.
- The van will be here in ten minutes.
- Lunch is at noon.
- Dinner is at 6 o’clock.
at
- Tuition is at 2.30 p.m.
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