စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္ဆီသို႔ အပိုင္း ၈

PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE:
Towards Federal Union of Burma

Series No. (8)
wwd,t}udrfajrmuf
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ
rSwfwrf;rsm;
ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v

D (28) &ufae@rS azazmf0g&v
D (2) &ufae@txd
Series Editor
Lian H. Sakhong
First Edition 2004
Typing by:
Ethinc Nationalities Seminar Staffs
Design and Layout by:
Sai Mawn Selde
UNLD(LA)
With generous financial support from the NRP

National Reconciliation Program
UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
rmwdum
tcef; (1)
ENSCC tzJ@G 0ifEi
kd if aH &;wyfaygi;f pkrsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS
acgi;f aqmifrsm;. wwd,t}udrw f ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf zGJ iG yhf GJ
tcef;tem;wGif ajym=um;cJah omrde@f ceG ;f rsm;?
1;1? tvSnu hf sobmywdAv kd cf sKyfref;atmifoef;av;.tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f ....................... 1
1;2? trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) 'k-OuUX ckid pf ;dk Ekid af tmif.rde@f ceG ;f ......... 3
1;3? UNLD (LA) OuUX cGe;f rwf&u f b kd ef;.rde@f ceG ;f .............................................. 5
1;4? (KNPP) OuUX clxb J ;l zJ.
h rde@f ceG ;f ............................................................... 8
1;5? SDU rS a'guw f mp0fZef@a,mifa[G.rde@f ceG ;f ............................................... 10
1;6? RCSS ud, k pf m;vS,f Adv k rf LS ;pdik ;f yGeaf c;.rde@f ceG ;f ........................................... 12
tcef; (2)
ENSCC . (2) ESpw f mvkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udw k ifoiG ;f jcif;
2;1? twGi;f a&;rSL;a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f wifoiG ;f aom
ENSCC .ESpE f pS wf m vkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH m ..................................................... 15
2;2? Adv k rf LS ;}uD;cGeOf uUmrS ENSCC .Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHk (Road Map
for Rebuilding the Union of Burma) .tpD&ifcp H m .................................. 25
2;3? Edik if w
H uma&;&mwm0efcH cGe;f 'uf'b D &l w D ifoiG ;f aom
ENSCC .Edi k if w H umvkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH m .................................................... 27
tcef; (3)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf wyfaygi;f pkrsm;rSwifoiG ;f aom
“wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. uspv f pfcikd rf maom pnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &;”
(Solidarity) wnfaqmufrt _ wGuf tjrifEiS o hf abmxm; pmwrf;rsm;
3;1? UNLD (LA) rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ......................................................... 33

3;2? ALP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ...................................................................... 44
3;3? CNF rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ...................................................................... 49
3;4? KNPP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; .................................................................. 54
3;5? KNU rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ................................................................... 58
3;6? MPP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ..................................................................... 61
3;7? NMSP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ................................................................... 62
3;8? PSLF rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; .................................................................... 64
tcef; (4)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS “oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;”
(Tripartite Dialogue) tay: tjrifEi So
fh abmxm;pmwrf;rsm;
4;1? UNLD (LA) rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ........................................................ 71
4;2? ALP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ...................................................................... 80
4;3? CNF rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ...................................................................... 83
4;4? KNPP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ................................................................... 86
4;5? MPP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ..................................................................... 88
4;6? NMSP rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; .................................................................. 90
4;7? NDF taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;rS oH;k oyfwifjycsuf ....................................... 91
4;8? UNLD(LA) em,u Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe rS
Dialogue tay:aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;............................................................. 94
rSww
f rf;"gwyf rkH sm;
tcef; (5)
vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tay: oH;k oyfcsurf sm; (KNU ESifh KNPP wd@k .tajctae)
5;1? tvSnu hf sobmywd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;wmrvmabm.rde@f ceG ;f ........................... 99
5;2? KNU taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; y'drk ef;&SmrS vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctaeudk
wifjy&Si;f vif;jcif; ...................................................................................... 100
5;3? KNPP 'k-OuUX Adv k cf sKyfref;atmifoef;av;. vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctaeudk
wifjy&Si;f vif;jcif; ..................................................................................... 108
5;4? KNPP wJzG uftwGi;f a&;rSL; clO;D &,frS u&ifejD ynftwGi;f
vuf&jdS zpfay:aeaomEdik if aH &;tajctaewifjycsuf ...................................... 111
5;5? ENSCC twGi;f a&;rSL;a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f . =um;jzwfarwWm&yfccH suf . 114
5;6? KNU 'k-OuUX Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r. KNU ESihf etzppftpd;k &
awG@qakH qG;aEG;yJt G ay: &Si;f vif;wifjycsuf ................................................... 116
tcef; (6)
Edik if w
H umtajctaeudk aqG;aEG;oH;k oyfjcif;
6;1? tvSnu hf sobmywd Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r.tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f .............................. 123
6;2? ENSCC t}uHay;yk*Kd~ vf Harn Yawnghwe rS
Inernational Forum ESihf Bangkok Process tay: aqG;aEG;jcif; .................. 127
6;3? ENSCC Edik if jH cm;a&;&mwm0efcH Teddy Buri rS Bangkok Process
tay: aqG;aEG;jcif; .................................................................................... 134
tcef; (7)
7;1? wwd,t}udraf jrmuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHq;kH jzwfcsurf sm; ............. 137
7;2? wwd,t}udrf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcH xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf .............. 142
tcef; (8)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (ENC)

8;1? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp.
D a&G;cs,w
f ifajrmufjcif;ESihf wm0efay;tyfjcif; 149
8;2? ENC . xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm; ................................................................152
tcef; (1)
wwd,t}udraf jrmufwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ

zGiyhf GJ rde@f cGe;f rsm;
The Third Ethnic Nationalities Seminar
1;1? tvSnu
hf sobmywd Adv
k cf sKyfref;atmifoef;av;.tzGirhf ed @f cGe;f
ºuGa&mufvm=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;toD;oD;rS ud, k f
pm;vS,af wmf}uD;rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;toD;oD;rS trsKd ;orD;
tzG‹J ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;toD;oD;rS vli,ftzG‹J
tpnf;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;/ txl;zdwf=um;xm;olrsm;ESifh
tjcm;Edik if aH &;tzG‹J tpnf;rsm;ESihf avhvmolrsm; cifAsm;—
wwd,t}udrfajrmuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESm
zvS,yf JG usi;f ya&;aumfrwD. zdw=f um;csut f & wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodk‹ ,ckvdk wufwufºuGºuG
wufa&mufvm=uonft h wGuf txl;bJtm;& aus;Zl;wif
yga=umif; usi;f ya&;aumfrwD w
D zG‹J v;kH .ud,
k pf m; u|Eyfk t
f ae
Adv k cf sKyfref;atmifoef;av; eJ‹ ajym=um;vdyk gw,f? wufwufºuGºuGyg0if aqG;aEG;=uyg
vd‹k vnf; zdwaf c:tyfygw,fcifAsm;?
ºuGa&mufvm=uaomud, k pf m;vS,t f aygi;f wd‹k cifAsm;/ trsKd ;om;ta&;ESihf ygwo
f ufI
usaemfwdk‹wawG vkyfudkif±kef;uefvmcJh=uwm 'Dae‹qdk&if ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfae+yDqdkwm
ºuaG &mufvm=uaom ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm;vH;k todyifjzpfygw,f? ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmv f ;kH yrf;
cJ+h yD jzpfaomfvnf; bma=umifrh atmifjrif&ao;wmvJ/ bmtm;enf;csurf sm;/ bmtrSm;rsm;
vkycf o hJ vJ/ bmvkyaf e=uovJqw dk mukd &SmazGazmfxw k If awG‹&&dS aom xkt
d m;enf;csurf sm;/
trSm;rsm;udjk yifqif&eftwGuf TES;D aESmzvS,yf JG crf;raqmifo‹kd usaemfw@kd a&muf&adS e=ujcif;
jzpfygw,fqw kd m ajymvdyk gw,f?
acgi;f aqmifrsm; ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;cifAsm; — usaemfw‹kd tm;enf;csuaf wGuawmh—
(1) &efot l ay: &efigpnf;tjrif oabmxm;rjywfom;jcif;/
(2) cdkifrmjywfom;aom &nfrSef;csufudkcsrSwfazmfjy+yD; xdk&nfrSef;csufyef;wdkifodk‹om
ta&mufomG ;&ef wpdu k rf wfrwf aZmufcsrvkyaf qmif=ujcif;/
ponfw‹kd a=umifh usaemfw‹kd &v hJ yk if ef;[m a&SŒod‹k roGm;bJ a0hvnfa0hvnfjzpfae+yD;
[dak e&mrSm wydik ;f uGmxGuv
f u
kd /f 'Dae&mrSm wpyJx h u
G v
f u
kd jf zpfaewm tm;vk;H odjrifae+y;D om;
jzpfygw,f? 'gah =umifh ºuGa&mufvm=uaom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm;/
txufyg tm;enf;csufrsm;/ trSm;rsm;udkjyKjyifypfvdkufrSom usaemfwdk‹&Jhtvkyf[m
t&Sed af umif;pGmjzifh a&SŒod‹k wufEikd rf mS jzpfygw,f?
acgi;f aqmifrsm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm;/ jyKjyif&rnf qdak omtydik ;f ukd ajymvkyd gw,f?
trsKd ;om;ta&; vkyu f ikd af qmif&u
G &f mrSm xdo
k ufqikd o f nfh trsKd ;om;w&yfv;kH yg0if vkyaf qmif
&rSmjzpfygw,f// =um;aew,f qdkwmr&Sdovdk ESpfcGeif;xm;wmvnf;r&Sdyg// wzufryg&if
1
wwd,t}udrfajrmufwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG
wzufrmS yg&rSmom jzpfygw,f// tvm;wlyJ e,fcsŒJ 0g't D =urf;zuform;awGukd qef@usi&f m

rSmvnf; =um;aew,fqw kd m r&So
d vdk ESpcf eG if;aexdik w
f ,f qdw
k mvnf; r&Syd g// wzufrmS ryg&if
wzufrmS yg&rSmom jzpfygw,f//
aemufwcku 'Dae‹usaemfw‹kd wu kd cf u
kd af ewJph pf[m zdEydS o f el ‹J zdEySd o
f u
l q
kd ef‹usif wGe;f vSef
aewJh “ppf” jzpfygw,f// zdEydS o f ul kd qef‹usio f al wGzufrmS awmh trsKd ;om;ta&;udv k yk uf ikd f
aqmif&u G af omtkypf Ek iS hf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmif;qdo k nfh tkypf &k ,fv‹kd tkypf Ek pS pf k &Sad eygw,f?
'Dtyk pf Ek pS pf x
k uJ trsKd ;om;ta&;udk vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af eaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;taeeJ‹ b0
vnf;wl tem*wf&nfreS ;f csuv f nf;wl jzpfwt hJ wGuf 'Dae‹'t D csed rf mS wyfaygi;f pkw@kd r[mrdwf
wd‹k ponfjzifo h mr[kwaf wmhbJ wyfaygi;f pkxufjrifah om wzJ@G EiS hf wzG@J zufw, G rf _ cdik +f rJaom/
yJrh xGuEf ikd af om pkz@JG rj_ zifh pkz@JG +yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDtyk pf rk sm;ESihf r[mrdwzf @JG pnf;jcif;onfom vufawG
usaompkz@JG r_ jzpfrmS jzpfygw,f//
acgi;f aqmifrsm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm; — aemufwck ajymvdyk gao;w,f// trsKd ;om;
ta&;twGuf vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G af eaom tzJ‹G tpnf;rsm;taeeJ‹ rdrw d ‹kd &thJ rsKd ;om; b0em
=unf;csuaf wGe‹J ygwo f ufIoGm;av+yD;aomvly*k Kd~ vfrsm;tay: vuf!;kd xd;k tjypfz@kd csae&keH @J
rvHkavmufyg// 'Dae@r&Sdawmhaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay:udkom tjypfzdk@cs&HkeJŒ aemifvm
aemufom;rsm;twGuf b0tmrcHcsuf r&Sad o;yg// wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;taeeJ@ vkyaf qmif&rSmu
vlrsKd ;wkid ;f vlrsKd ;wdik ;f twGuf b0tmrcHcsu&f adS om pnf;vH;k nD!w G I
f om,mwd;k wufaom
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk ikd if H wnfaxmif&efom&Syd gw,f// zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpq k oD @kd OD;wnf
csw D uf&mrSm ab;u/ aemufujrnfaeaomtoHrsm;tay: rawGa0bJ/ rvdu k v f o
kd /l tqifoifh
rjzpfao;aomol trsKd ;om;rsm;udak pmifrh aebJ &nfreS ;f xm;onfyh ef;wdik o f @kd om wpdu k rf wfrwf
aZmufcsvkyfaqmif&rSmomjzpfa=umif; ajymvdkygw,f// wdkif;&if;om;/ trsdK;om;awGrSm
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf ta&miftqif;&Sdovkd t&nftaoG;vnf;
&Syd gw,f? qkv d w dk mu wkid ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;awGrmS vufeufuidk w f yfz@JG awG&=dS uovk/d OD;aqmif
tzGJ‹tpnf;vnf;&Sd+yD; e,fajra'oESifh vlxkyg&SdonfhtwGuf vkdtyfonfht&nftcsif;ESifh
jynfph aHk e+yDjzpfa=umif; ajymwmjzpfygw,f? pwifvyk af qmif&efom vkyd gw,f?
acgi;f aqmifrsm; ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm; — ed*;Hk taeeJ‹ajymvkw d mu trsK;d om;a&;
twGuaf =umifh ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf ppfwu dk v f m=u+yDjzpfwt hJ wGuf wcsK‹d oal wGtaeeJ‹ ppfudk
+iD;aiG‹+yD; xkdifae&ifvnf; ukd,fhb0tmrcHcsufr&Sdovkd ppf&JhtedXm&HkawGukd pdwfESvkH;em+yD;
bmukrd eS m;raxmifbJ raqmif&u G &f ifvnf; aemifvmaemufom;rsm;twGuf b0tmrcHcsuf
&Srd mS r[kwo f nfth wGuf twdwu f rdrwd ‹dk &thJ m;enf;csurf sm;/ trSm;rsm;ukd &J&0J 0hH jhH yKjyifI
&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifokd‹csDwuf&mrSm ESpfaygif; (50) ruvkd@ ESpfaygif; (100) bJ=um=um
&nfreS ;f csuf yef;wkid o
f ‹dk ta&muf csw D ufvyk af qmif=uzk‹d wku d w f eG ;f ajymqk&d if; tzGit
hf rSmpum;
ukd &yfem;ygw,fcifAsm;? tm;vk;H ukd aus;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
2
1;2? trsK;d om;'Dru

kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) 'k-OuUX cdik pf ;kd Edik af tmif. rde@f cGe;f
av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd}uD;rsm;ESiw hf uG wkid ;f

&if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf o
JG ‹dk wufa&mufvm=uwJh
tzG‹J toD;oD;rS uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm; —
wwd,t}udraf jrmuf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESm
zvS,yf rJG mS NDF uk, d pf m; pum;ajym cGi&hf wJt
h wGuf trsm;
}uD;aus;Zl;wifygw,f? wpf wcsuf usaemfajym=um;vkw d m
uawmh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf u
JG si;f yvmwJh
orkdif;tusOf;csKyfukd usaemf&Sif;jyvkdygw,f? usaemfwkd‹
cdik pf ;kd Edik af tmif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ pwifusif;yvmwm
[m 1997 ck ZEM0g&v D u jzpfygw,f? tJ'D ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd
1976 ckEpS u f wkid ;f &if;om;ta&; wjynfv;Hk ta&; zuf'&,fEidk if x H al xmifa&; tay:rSm tajccH
+yD;awmhz‹JG pnf;cJw h hJ trsK;d om;'Dru
dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pku usi;f yjyKvkyaf y;wm jzpfygw,f? tJ'D
trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) [m wpku d rf wfrwf trsK;d om;&Jh 'Drudk a&pDta&; zuf'
&,fjynfaxmifpt k a&;ukd wnfaqmufz‹dk twGuf }udK;yrf;vmwJh wyfaygi;f pkwck jzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D dk }udK;yrf;vmwJh wyfaygi;f pkwckjzpfonfEiS t hf nD wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&Jh tusK;d
twGuf 1997 ck ZEM0g&v D (7) &ufae‹rmS yxrt}udrw f idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG dk
pwifusi;f yay;cJw h mjzpfygw,f? tJ'u D aejrpfzsm;cH+yD;awmh 2001 ckEpS f =o*kwv f rSm w}udref ‹J
'D ouU&mZf 2004 rSm w}urd jf zpfygw,f? usi;f yvmwm ok;H }urd f &S+d yjD zpfygw,f? usaemf Focus
vky+f y;D awmh t"duwifjyvkw d muawmh (ok;H }urd )f wdik w f ikd u
f si;f yvmcJw h m usaemfw‹dk trsK;d om;
'Dru
dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk[m ckeu usaemf yxrwifjycJo h vkd wkid ;f &if;om;ta&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDta&;/
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k a&;ukd wpku d rf wfrwf}udK;yrf;vmonfEiS t hf r# wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H
nD!w $ af &;udk }udK;yrf;vmwmjzpfa=umif; yxrtaeeJ@ usaemfajym=um;vdyk gw,f// 'kw, d
taeeJ‹ usaemft h awG;tac: taeeJ‹wifjyvdyk gw,f// usaemfw‹dk wkid ;f &if;om;twGi;f rSm jzpfay:r_
jzpfpOf rwl=uygb;l ? wcsKŒd u ya'o&mZf xGe;f um;cJw h ,f? wcsK‹d u ya'o&mZf rxGe;f um;cJb h ;l ?
wcsKdŒu oD;jcm;EkdifiHxlaxmifvkdw,f/ wcsKd‹u zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaxmifvkdw,f?
tawG;tac: rwlnDae=uwmukd awG‹&w,f? tJ'Dawmh wlnDr_r&Sdwmukd wlnDr_&atmif
usaemfw‹dk wpku d rf wfrwf }udK;yrf;vmwJh tcgrsK;d rSm wlnrD w _ pkwH &m&vm+yD jzpfa=umif; usaemf
awG‹jrifae&ygw,f? 'ge‹J wqufwnf;rSmbJ rwlnw D hJ tawG;tac: wkid ;f &if;om;twGi;f rSm
wlnaD tmif wnfaqmufwt hJ cgrsK;d rSm em;vnfoabmayguaf tmif &Si;f jyr_/ }udK;yrf;r_tpOf
vkyjf cif;tm;jzifh pnf;vH;k nD!w $ rf u
_ kd xde;f odr;f &ma&mufygw,f? wcgwcg}udK;yrf;r_ tpOfukd
r}udK;yrf;bJ udk,fjzpfcsifwJh[m udk,ftawG;tac:tay:rSm tajccH+yD;awmh nD!Gwfr_
3
wnfaqmufvw kd ahJ y:rSm wpkw H &mnD!w $ af &; xdcu kd v

f mwmudv k nf; usaemfw‹kd awG‹jrif&yg
w,f? awG‹ jrifc &hJ &Hrk u cHpm;cJ&h ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;awG&hJ trsKd ;
om;wef;wla&;ESihf tcGit hf a&;udk wku d yf 0JG ifwahJ e&mrSm trSew f u,fppk nf;&rSm jzpfygw,f?
pkppk nf;pnf;eJ‹ rwdu k Ef ikd b
f ;l / rpkpnf;Edik b f ;l qd&k if usaemfw‹kd wkid ;f &if;om;awG[m wdik ;f &if;om;
awG ar#mfrSef;xm;wJh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhqdkwm[m a0;oGm;Edkifygw,f// tJ'g 'kwd,tcsuf
jzpfygw,f// aemufusaemfw@kd u ,ae@tyk cf sKyfaewJh etz ppftyk pf u k kd wdu
k yf 0JG ifc&hJ wm jzpfyg
w,f? etz ppftyk pf u k kd wdu k yf 0JG ifwahJ e&mrSm tawG;tac: t,ltqawG wlnrD r_ &Sw d mudk
awG‹jrif&ygw,f//
txl;ojzifh ckeu usi;f ya&;aumfrw D OD uUX/ KNPP 'k-OuUXu ajymoGm;wJh rde@f ceG ;f xJrmS
eJex J nfah jymoGm;wmudk =um;vdu k &f ygw,f// tJ'gbmvJq&kd if &efoel @J wu kd wf ahJ e&mrSm &efol
rdwaf qG cGcJ jJG cm;jcm;&Szd @kd qw
kd mudk ckeusi;f ya&;aumfrw D D OuUX vrf;!$eo f mG ;wmudk =um;vdu k &f
ygw,f// tJ'ga=umifh usaemfwdk‹wdkif;&if;om;twGif;rSm usaemfwdk‹wdkif;&if;om;tcGifhta&;
wdu k yf 0JG ifwahJ e&mrSm rSerf eS u f efuef b,fvw kd u
kd yf 0JG if&rvJqw kd mudk aoaocsmcsm em;vnf
xm;zd‹k vykd gw,f// cGcJ jJG cm;jcm;em;vnfxm;+yD;awmh wdwu d susjywfjywfom;om;wdu k yf JG 0ifz‹kd
vdyk gw,fv‹kd usaemfajym=um;vdyk gw,f// wu,fv‹kd rsm; &efo/l rdwaf qG rSerf eS u f efuef rcGjJ cm;
Edik bf ;l qd&k if usaemfw‹kd u, kd yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiEhf iS hf wef;wla&;&Sw d hJ zuf'&,fEikd if q H wkd m awmfawmf
a0;oGm;rSmjzpfygw,f// tJ'ga=umifhusaemftaeeJ@ wdkwdkeJ‹vdk&if; aemufqHk;ajym=um;vdkwm
uawmh usaemfw‹kd wikd ;f &if;om;awG[m tawG;tac:t,ltqawG rnfo‹kd yif&adS p wckv;kH
ESifhywfoufwJh tjriftay:rSm wckvHk;eJ@ygwfoufwJh tusKd; jzpfxGef;r_ay:rSm nD!$wfr_udk
wnfaqmuf+yD;awmh &efol/ rdwfaqG cGJjcm;+yD;awmh wdkufyJG0ifoGm;=uygpdk‹ vdk‹ajym=um;&if;
ed*;kH csKyfygw,fcifAsm;? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
4
1;3? jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Drukd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
UNLD (LA) OuUX cGe;f rwf&u f bkd ef;.rde@f cGe;f
av;pm;tyfwo hJ bmywd}uD;rSwqifh ud,

k pf m;vS,f
taygi;f wd@k cifAsm; —
tckvkd pum;ajymcGihf &wJt h wGuf trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;
wifygw,f? usaemfwdk@wdkif;&if;om;rsm;&Jh ESpfaygif; (50)
ausmaf wG@}uHKvm&wJ@ tajctaeawGukd jyefvnfo;kH oyfz@kd
vdktyfr,fvdk@xifw,f? usaemfwdk@&Jh tm;enf;csufawG
udok ;kH oyf+yD; a&SŒqufb,fvo kd mG ;rvJqwkd m qH;k jzwf&rSm
cGe;f rwf&u
f b kd ef; jzpfw,fqw kd m OD;pGmwifjyvdyk gw,f// ordik ;f a=umif;udk jyef
=unf&h if t&if ya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u bk&if/ apmf bGm;/
awmifyikd /f &rftyk /f apmfu/J 'l0g/ apmfzsm ponfjzifh oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG &yfwnfc=hJ uw,f?
b,fvufatmufcHrS r[kwfygbl;? udkvdkeDacwf jyef=unfh&ifvnf; Armjynftm;vHk;
t*Fvdyfvufatmufa&mufayr,fhvnf; usefwJh csif;/ ucsif/ &Srf; awG[m udk,fydkif
tkycf sKyfa&;&&Swd ,f? u&ifeD qd&k if oD;jcm;vGwv f yfw,f? jynfaxmifpyk pkH H rwnf&cdS yhJ gb;l ?
'gayr,fh vGwv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;wJt h csed rf mS ArmjynfrmS Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;/ zqyvwk@d
}udK;yrf;wJt h csed rf mS vnf; &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f awGvnf;toD;oD; }udK;yrf;cJ=h uygw,f? tJ't D csed f
&Sr;f apmfbmG ;u Armjynf vGwv f yfa&;,lygap/ usaemfw@kd oD;jcm;vGwv f yfa&; ,lr,f? aemufrS
ESpjf ynfwjynfaxmife@J aqG;aEG;&ifaumif;r,fajymayr,fh &Sr;f vli,fEikd if aH &;orm;awGu ArmeJ@
w+ydKifwnf;,lr,fqw kd bhJ ufu tm;rsm;oGm;+yD;awmh aemufq;kH awmh ArmeJ@w+ydKifwnf; vGwf
vyfa&; &,lzkd @jzpfomG ;w,f// ucsiw f @kd / csi;f wd@k vnf; w+ydKifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;,lomG ;=uw,f?
vGwv f yfa&;,lz@kd ukd yifvpkH mcsKyfjyef=unf&h if tESpo f m&ESpcf suf yg&w dS ,f? yxr wcsuu f
w+yKd ifwnf; oD;jcm;e,fajrwnf&=dS uwJ@ Armjynf/ ucsijf ynf/ csi;f jynf/ &Sr;f jynfw@dk w+yKd ifwnf;
vGwv f yfa&;&,lw,f? 'kw, d u wef;wlr&_ w dS hJ jynfaxmifpwk nfaqmufr,f? tifrwefaumif;
wJh tESpo f m&yg? 'gayr,fh 1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHak &;qGrJ nft h prSm yxr zqyv jyifqifa&;
nDvmcHu‚kd if;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;&Jh vrf;!$ecf suf (7) csuf ud‚k if;/ jynfaxmifpu k kd wef;wla&;
vdvk akd z:aqmifomG ;wm awG@&ygw,f?
'gayr,fh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;usq;kH +yD; OD;Ekzqyv OuUX tjzpfwufwt hJ csed rf mS OD;csexf eG ;f
udk zG@J pnf;yHk (2) v ESi+hf yD;atmif a&;cdik ;f w,f? tdE,
dN jynfukd avhvmygq+kd yD; zG@J pnf;yHu
k kd (2)
v t+y;D a&;qGcJ ikd ;f +y;D / pufwifbmv (24) &ufae@rmS twnfjyKw,f? tcsed f (2) v bJ &Syd gw,f?
5
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfcJhwJh rltwdkif;qdk&if aiGtrsm;}uD;ukefr,f/ vltiftm;trsm;}uD;

oH;k &r,f? ppfjzpfv@kd wdik ;f jynfqif;&Jw,f/ yk'rf (10) rSm cifAsm;cGx J u G cf iG fh &Sw
d myJ? tcef; (11)
rSm jyifqifciG &hf w dS myJ? jyifqifp&m&S&d ifvnf; aemufrS jyif&wmayg/h nDtudk tcsi;f csi;f bJ aemufrS
jyifv@kd &wmayg?h zG@J pnf;yHt kH wnfrjyK&if vGwv f yfa&;rS r&Edik w f mqd+k yD; zqyvudk t,Ht k =unf
vGeo f mG ;cJw
h ,f? 'ge@J bJ twnfjyKvku d w f ,f? aemufyikd ;f jyifrnft h csed u f sawmh jyifv@kd r&awmh
bl;? 1947 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;yHu k kd vufEpS v f ;kH =um; vufcv H u kd &f w,f? vGwv f yfa&;&+yD; t*Fvyd af wG
ae&mrSm ArmawGwufxidk +f yD;awmh olw@kd &hJ vufatmufcaH wG jzpfomG ;&w,f? 'guo kd ;kH oyfz@kd
wifjywm jzpfw,f? zqyv nD!w G w f t hJ csed rf mS jyifciG u hf kd ta=umif;trsK;d rsK;d jywmyJ? 'gayr,fh
zqyv ESpjf crf;uG+J y;D / OD;Ekw@kd ausm+f ird ;f wd@k uG+J yw J t hJ csed rf mS 1961 ckEpS f avmufrmS jyifcsi&f ifjyifyg
qdk+yD; ajymvmw,f? jyifr,fqdk+yD; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk;uwnDw!$wfwnf; awmif}uD;
nDvmcHrSm “Armvnf;jynfe,fwck tjzpfzGJ@pnf;a&;/ v$wfawmfESpf&yfay;a&;/ tm%mwl
ay;a&;” qdkwJh[mudk aqG;aEG;vmw,f? OD;Eku tJ'DtcsdefrSm oHk;yHkwyHkavmufEdkifw,f?
wkid ;f &if;om;eJ@aygi;f &if 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmufEikd w f ,f? twdu k tf cHqw kd m 10 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f avmuf
om&Sw d ,f? 'gukd wdik ;f &if;om;wef;wla&;udk vH;k 0rvdv k @kd tm%modr;f vdu k w f ,f? wdik ;f &if;om;
acgi;f aqmiftrsm;tjym; udk axmifoiG ;f cJw h ,f? trsm;tjym; aoukew f ,f? Edik if aH &;orm;awG
tawmfuu kd ek o f mG ;w,f? wAdvk jf yKwf+y;D wAdv k w f ufayr,fh wdik ;f &if;om;awGuawmh cH&p+rb J ?J
'gu 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf cH&wmyJ?
ae0if;tm%modr;f wJt h csed f ajymwmu “csi;f / ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ rGe/f &Sr;f / &cdik f awG[m
zuf'&,form;rsm; jzpf=uw,f? cGx J uG af &;orm;rsm; jzpf=uw,f? wdik ;f jynf+zdKcGw J vhJ al wGv@kd
ajym=uw,f? wdik ;f jynfacsmufurf;yg;usvq k qJ rJ mS wyfrawmfu tcsed rf u DS ,fwifvu kd wf ,f”
vd@k ajymwJt h csed rf mS Edik if aH &;todem;rvnfao;wJ@ txl;ojzifh ArmawGu vGwv f yfa&;&wm
(14) ESpb f J &Sad o;w,f? b,favmufcufco J vJ? tck[mu wdik ;f &if;om;awGu cGx J uG af &;
orm;awG wdik ;f jynf+zdKcGo J q l akd wmh wyfrawmfu tcsed rf u DS ,fwifvu kd w f ,fq+kd yD; jrif=uw,f?
ae0if;u ArmawGe@J wdik ;f &if;om;awGukd aoG;cGcJ w hJ ,f? usaemfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;awGudk tzsuf
orm;awGbv J @kd jrifvm=uw,f? tajccHOya'udk jyifqifciG rhf &awmh vufeufe@J awmfveS af &;
vkyjf yefawmhvnf; tzsuo f rm;qd+k yD; usaemfw@kd tay:rSm wvGjJ rifw,f? wav#mufv;kH rSm
'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf wef;wla&;udk wdu k vf mwmjzpfw,f? trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk NDF,
'gu trsK;d om;a&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;udk awmufav#mufwu kd v
f mwm? 'gayr,fh tzsuo f rm;
vk@d bJ olw@kd u usaemfw@kd ukd jrifw,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd ukd ppfqifa&;eJŒ t}u;D tus,Ef ydS u f yG f
owfjzwftEdik u f sihf rD;±_Œd / rk'rd ;f usihf aewmudak wG@&w,f? usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;awGu olw@dk ukd
tkycf sKyfovl w l ef;pm;awGv@kd rjrifawmhbeJ @J ArmawG usaemfw@kd uEkd ikd pf m;w,f qd+k y;D awmhjrifvm
=uw,f? wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J ArmawG tJ'rD mS aumif;aumif;aoG;cGJ Edik cf w hJ ,f?
6
rqv&JEh ikd if aH &;rSm;,Gi;f r_a=umifh ESpaf ygi;f (40) ausm=f umvmwJt h cgrmS ppf'%fa=umifh
vnf;jzpfawmh jyef=unfv h u kd &f if 'Drukd a&pDv@l tcGit
hf a&;qd+k yD;awmh tJ'AD rm trsm;pkuvnf;
pvm=uw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS ol@zufrmS vlrsm;aeOD;rSmbJq+kd y;D rqvygwD wjzpfvJ wpnygwu D kd
arG;xkwaf y;cJw h ,f? 'gayr,fh 90 ck a&G;aumufyJG jyef=unfv h u
kd &f ifawmh tJet f vJ 'f u
D 80
&mcdik Ef e_ ;f tEdik &f w,f? UNLD u 15 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f tEdik &f w,f? jyef=unf&h if 90 &mcdik Ef e_ ;f vlxu k
ol@w@kd qrD mS r&Sad wmhb;l ? OD;Ekvufxufwek ;f uvnf; zqyv nD!w $ wf thJ csed rf mS jyifqifa&;
udpuP kd *±krpdu k b f ;l ? uGw
J t hJ csed rf S jyifygv@kd ajymw,f? tckuvnf; t&ifwek ;f u (26) ESpv f ;kH vH;k
u Armvlxkolwkd@qDrSm&SdaewJh tcsdefusawmh bmrS*&krpdkufbl;? 90 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ
=unfv h u kd &f if vlxu k ol@qrD mS r&Sad wmhb;l qdak wmh Armvlxv k nf; r&daS wmhb;l ? wkid ;f &if;om;
vlxkvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? ESpfaygif; (50) ausmfwdkufvmcJhwJh vufeufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;udk
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; qdw k hJ aemufq;kH ay:vufeufcsenf;eJ@ pDpOfvu kd wf ,f?
enf;trsK;d rsK;d oH;k vmwJt h csed u
f sawmh usaemfw@kd r'w tzJ@G 0ifwcsKd @vnf; ygomG ;w,f?
trmcHtzG@J awG ygomG ;w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;wef;wla&; bJajymajym t}u;D tus,f
qH;k ±_;H oGm;w,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzJ@G [m etz&JŒtwkta,miftrsK;d om;nDvmcH/ vrf;jy
ajryHkudk axmufcHw,f? trsKd;om;nDvmcHudkwufr,ftxd jzpfoGm;w,f? usaemfwdk@&Jh
rnD!$wfr_awG EdkifiHa&;tajcrcdkifr_awG[m tJ'DrSmoGm;awG@&w,f? wwd,t}udrfajrmuf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k u nD!w G rf u
_ kd b,fvw kd nfaqmuf
rvJ? twGi;f u wkid ;f &if;om;awGe@J qufpyfr&_ adS tmif b,fvw kd nfaqmufr_ vky&f rvJ? tJ'g
wifru wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkawGe@J b,fvn kd !D w $ rf u _ kd wnfaqmuf
EdkifrvJ? wdkif;&if;om;awGuae wef;wla&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf oHk;yGifhqdkifeJ@oGm;&r,fvdk@
tm;vHk;vufcHxm;+yD; jzpfygw,f? oHk;yGifhqdkifyGJudk b,fvdka&mufatmif oGm;rvJqdkwmudk
}udK;yrf;&rSmjzpfw,f? aemufwcsuu f usaemfw@kd ukd etzu ajryH}k uD;csxm;w,f? usaemfw@kd
vnf; ol@xufomwJh Edik if w H umvufcEH idk w f hJ vrf;jyajryku
H kd b,fvckd srvJqw kd mudk aqG;aEG;zd@k
vdw k ,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzJ@G EiS hf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;yg0if+yD; oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGu
J kd
a&mufatmif b,fvo kd mG ;=urvJqw kd mudk aqG;aEG;zd@k vykd gw,f?
tm;vH;k udak us;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
7
1;4? u&ifet
D rsKd ;om;wd;k wufa&;ygwD OuUX clxb
J ;l zJ.rde@f cGe;f
av;pm;tyfwJh obmywd}uD;eJ@wuG wdkif;&if;om;

ud,
k pf m;vS,af wmf}uD;rsm;cifAsm; —
tckvdkpum;ajymcGihf&vdk@ twdkif;rod 0rf;ajrmufrd
ygw,f? KNPP taeeJ@pum;ajym&&if u&ifeDordkif;udk
t&ifajym&rSmjzpfw,f? u&ifeDjynfe,f[m 1875 rSm
t*Fvyd u f oD;jcm; vGwv f yfwhJ wdik ;f jynfq+kd yD; Armbk&ife@J
t*Fvyd t f pd;k &wd@k yl;wGv
J ufrwS af &;xd;k xm;wm jzpfw,f?
tJ'u D p+y;D usaemfw@kd u&ifejD ynf[m +Aw d o
d #-tdE, dN t+y;D
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh wdkif;jynfwjynftaeeJ@ &yfwnfcJh
OuUX ygw,f? 1937 ckEpS rf mS British-Burma xlaxmifwhJ tcsed f
rSmvnf; usaemfwdk@&Jh u&ifeDjynfe,f[m British-Burma t+yD;rSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJh
wdik ;f jynftjzpf qufvuf &yfwnfcyhJ gw,f?
Armjynfvw G vf yfa&;&+y;D 1948 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (9) &ufae@rmS zqyv tpd;k &uae+y;D awmh
u&ifejD ynfukd 0ifa&mufusL;ausmo f rd ;f yduk cf hJ ygw,f? jynfov l x l ak &m/ apmzsmawGyg rusef
usL;ausmv f mwJh Arm&efuckd ck w H m ,ae@txd jzpfomG ;w,f? u&ifet D rsK;d om;ckcaH &;qdw k mu
1948 =o*kwv f rSm pwifay:ayguv f mwm jzpfygw,f? u&ifet D aeeJ@ Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifru _ kd
&&Szd @kd q+kd yD;awmh 1957 rSm KNPP udk pwifz@GJ pnf;cJyh gw,f? zqyvudk awmfveS w f u kd cf u
kd af ewJh
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf aomfvnf;aumif;/ yl;aygi;f
Edik af tmifq+kd y;D zuf'&,fru l kd csEikd cf yhJ gw,f? wef;wla&;/ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf 'Dru kd a&pDa&;/ w&m;
r#wa&;wd@k tay:rSm tajccH+yD;zG@J pnf;zd@k qw kd mudk usaemfw@kd “rl”w&yfcsrw S Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f? 1957
rSp+yD; u&ifeD uae+yD;awmh zuf'&,fvv kd m;aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk tm;ay;
tm;ajr‡mufcJhygw,f? 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& aomfvnf;aumif;/ ukvor*~&Jh udkvdkeDpepf
xdef;odrf;wJhjyXmef;csuft& aomfvnf;aumif;/ u&ifeDjynf[m Armjynftpdwftydkif;
r[kwb f ;l qdw k m &Si;f aeygw,f? KNPP udk tpd;k &tqufqufu “rif;wd@k cx JG u G af &;orm;yJ”
vd@k pGypf x JG m;w,f? KNPP u cGx J u G af &;orm; r[kwyf gb;l ? trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf
wdkufyJG0ifaewJhtzJG@ jzpfw,ff? National Liberation Movement jzpfw,f? National
Liberation Movement &Jh&nfrSef;csufu udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhaomfvnf;aumif;/ oD;jcm;
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd &hJ awmfveS af &;oufwrf;vnf;
ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmv f m+yD? wyfaygi;f pkrmS vnf; ygvmcJ+h yD;+yD/ wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd ef @J vJ
wGJvmcJh+yD;+yD? 'ga=umifh zuf'&,fudk vufcHw,f? axmufcHw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;aqmif+yD;
rvkyEf ikd cf b hJ ;l ?
8
,ae@tajctae[m 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJŒwdik ;f &if;om;wdik ;f / trsK;d om;wdik ;f twGuf

ta&;}uD;wJhtcsdefjzpfygw,f? bmjzpfvJqdkawmh etzvrf;jyajryHkudk wkef@jyefwJhae&mrSm
trsK;d tpm; oH;k rsK;d &Sw
d ,f? (1) etz&Jh vrf;jyajryHu k kd vH;k 0uef@uu G w
f ,f? (2) axmufcw H ,f?
(3) etzvrf;jyajryHktay:tcGifhaumif; ,l+yD;awmh etzeJ@awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk rdrdwdk@
tzG@J tpnf;twGuf vkycf siw f t hJ zG@J &w
dS ,f? bmbJjzpfjzpfaygh etz&Jh vrf;jyajryHek @J ygwo f uf
vm&if wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k &Jh tusK;d twGuf tvkyv f yk =f uyg?
ENSCC udk KNPP taeeJ@ r,foa&mxmrSmjyKvkyw f hJ tpnf;ta0;&Jh tqufv@kd jrif
w,f? r,foa&mxmrSmvnf; oabmwlncD suf (10) csux f w d ,f? ENSCC &JŒ
k jf yefwm&Sw
tvkyu f — (1) oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfajrmuf&eftwGuf Lobby vkyzf @kd / (2) wdik ;f &if;om;
pnf;vH;k nD!w $ zf @kd / (3) zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufz@kd qw dk hJ OD;wnfcsu&f wdS ,f? 'gayr,fh
vkyyf ikd cf iG hf b,favmuf&w dS ,fqw kd m twdtus rcsrw S cf yhJ gb;l ? ENSCC vkyw f hJ vlawGvnf;
awmfawmfav; tcuftcJawG@ae+yD? ENSCC udzk suo f rd ;f zd@k aomfvnf;aumif;/ qufvuf
xm;&Szd @kd aomf vnf;aumif; wufa&mufvmwJh ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u qH;k jzwf&rSm jzpfw,f?
ENSCC udq k uf xm;csi&f if 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf u GJ ae wm0ef/ vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf wdtusay;zd@k KNPP
taeeJ@wifjycsiyf gw,f?
ed*;kH csKyftaeeJ@ jrefrmjynf&hJ jy\emudk Edik if aH &;t& ajz&Si;f Edik zf @kd etzeJ@ t+ydKifvyk &f rSm
jzpfw,f? jzpfay:wd;k wufaewJh tajctaeudk vufawG@ususo;kH oyf±j_ rif=uygv@kd ajym=um;&if;
ed*;kH csKyfvu kd yf gw,f? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
9
1;5? Shan Democratic Union (SDU) a'guw

f mp0fZef@a,mifa[G.rde@f ceG ;f
av;pm;tyfwJhobmywd}uD;eJ@wuG wdkif;&if;om;
ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f aygi;f wd@k cifAsm; —
Shan Democratic Union u EdkifiHa&; Front vJ
r[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh &Sr;f jynfppfwyfEiS hf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;
eJ@t+rJwrf;tquftoG,f&Sdw,f? tm;vHk;uoufqdkif&m
Coordination vkyi f ef; awGvyk cf =hJ uygw,f? &Sr;f jynftwGi;f
nD!w G rf &_ &Szd @kd }udK;pm;cJ=h uygw,f? &Sr;f jynfrmS typftcwf
&yfp+J yD;om; tiftm;pkawG&ydS gw,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;rSm
rygwmu RCSS/SSA &Syd gw,f? 'gwifrubl;/ &Sr;f jynfrmS
EdkifiHa&;t&xifay: +yD;awmh cdkifrmwJh SNLD &Sdygw,f?
a'guw f mp0fZef@a,mifa[G
Edik if aH &; tiftm;vnf; tjynft h 0&Syd gw,f? wku d cf u
kd af ewJh
tiftm;vnf;tjynft h 0 &Syd gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;toGiaf qmif+yD; quf+yD;wku d af ewJh vufeuf
udik t
f iftm;pkawGvnf; trsm;tjym; &Syd gw,f?
&Sr;f jynfu vufeufuikd t f m;vH;k aygi;f rnfq&kd if “0”tygt0if tiftm;aomif;csD &Syd g
w,f? SDU taeeJ@ 'Dtiftm;awGukd pkpnf;zd@k wm0ef&ydS gw,f? +idr;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGukd opPm
azmufw,fv@kd ajymvd@k r&bl;? olw@kd u tajctaetrsKd ;rsKd ;/ zdtm;trsKd ;rsKd ;ay;cH&r_awGa=umifh
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vky&f wmjzpfw,f? w&kwf xdik ;f wd@k &zhJ t d m;ay;r_awGa=umifah yg@? +ird ;f csr;f a&;
tzGJ@vkyfwm vufeufcswmvnf;r[kwfbl;? EdkifiHa&;qufrvkyfwm vJr[kwfbl;? typf
tcwf&yfpaJ &;vkyw f m Edik if aH &;&nf&, G cf suuf kd vufrv$wyf gb;l ? olw@kd vnf; oabmwlw,f?
Edik if aH &;udk Edik if aH &;enf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f zd@k ygb?J Edik if aH &;qdk ajymqdck iG rhf &Syd gb;l ? pD;yGg;a&;vkyuf ikd cf iG hf
ay;w,f? tkyfcsKyfa&;udk cGifhjyKay;w,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfwdk@ +idrf;csrf;a&;tzGJ@awG ESifh
wjcm;jynfe,fu +ird ;f csr;f a&;tzG@J awGu +ird +f ird af ewmr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd vnf; wwfEikd w f @J zufu
wGef;w,f? SSPC, KIA, Wa vnf;wGef;w,f? etzeJ@ Dialogue vkyfzdk@ SNLD eJ@
Edik if aH &;tzG@J uvnf;wGe;f w,f? UNLD tzG@J awGuvnf; wGe;f tm;ay;w,f?
wcsKd@u b,fvdkjrifvmovJqdk&if cif!Gef@vrf;jyajryHku vdrfpm;wmyJ? [kwfwmyJ/
Edik if aH &;u vdrpf m;wwfwmyJ? zdEydS cf sKyfcs,w f hJ vl&EhJ ikd if aH &;u t+rJwrf;vdrpf m;wmyJ? 'gudk
olw@kd u vdrw f ,fq+kd yD;awmh wzufrmS Political Offensive Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfqifaewmbJjzpf
w,f? 'D Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfukd olw@kd x;kd vmw,f? xdik ;f / w&kw/f ukvor*~w@kd uawmif etz&Jh
Edik if aH &;xd;k ppfukd axmufcv H mw,f? etz&Jh NC ESihf Bangkok Process wd@k ukd axmufcaH e=u
wm[m etz&Jhxdk;ppfudk wenf;tm;jzifh axmufcHaewmbJjzpfw,f? usaemfwdk@zufu
Edik if aH &;ppfyJG xd;k oif+h yv
D @kd wcsed v
f ;kH atmfae=uw,f? tcktcGit hf a&; eJe&J v
dS mwJt
h cgrmS etzu
10
Edik if w
H umzdtm;udk rcHEikd v f @kd wcg;eJezJ iG vhf mwJt h cgrmS / 'grrS [kwf ajymifped af c:vmwJt h cgrmS
'guolwdk@rw&m;bl;? r&kd;om;bl; qdk+yD;awmh usaemfwkd@+iD;ae jyefw,f? etz&Jhxdk;ppfudk
rw&m;bl;vd@k ajym&if/ etz&Jph ed af c:r_ukd r&d;k om;bl;vd@k q+kd y;D xdik af e&if urBmub,fvjkd rifrvJ?
xdik ;f ub,fvjkd rifvmrvJ? w&kwu f b,fvjkd rifvmrvJ? atmfwmawmhatmfw,f? a&S@rwuf
csib f ;l ? vufeufrukid cf sib f ;l ? olyek rf [kwb f ;l ? cGx
J u
G af &; orm;r[kwb f ;l ? Edik if aH &;jy\emudk
Edik if aH &;eJ@ ajz&Si;f r,fq+kd yD; wcsed v f ;kH atmfae&Hek @J +yD;rvm;? 'gwifruao;bl;/ etzzufu
Edik if aH &; xd;k ppfqifvmwJt h cgrmS ud, k u f olw@kd vkyw f mrw&m;bl; qd+k yD;atmfae&Hek @J +yD;rvm;?
&efol&Jhxdk;ppfudk &efol&Jhxdk;ppftjzpfeJ@ jrifwwfzdk@vdkw,f? &efol&Jhxdk;ppfudk jrif&ufom;eJ@
wefjyefx;kd ppfrqif&b J ;l / wefjyefx;kd ppfqif&if usaemfw@kd &;H_ r,f/ wku d yf 0JG if&if &_;H r,f ,lq+y;D awmh
'DyrJG mS vnf; r0if&b J ;l qd&k if bmjzpfomG ;rvJ qdw k mudv k nf; pOf;pm;=unf=h uyg?
usaemfw@kd jywfjywfom;om;wdu k v f mwm tESpf (50) ausmv f m+y?D +ird ;f csr;f a&;vkyo f mG ;wJh
vlawGuvnf; rwdu k wf mr[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd vnf; Edik if aH &;t& qufwu kd af ewmyJ? usaemfw@kd
tjyifuvnf; qufwu kd af ew,f? tck Ekid if aH &; xd;k ppfqifvmwJt h cgrmS usaemfw@kd wefjyef
wJah e&mrSm/ wefjyefx;kd ppfjf yefqifz@kd vw kd ,f? olw@kd r&k;d om;bl;qd+k y;D awmh rygawmhb;l qd&k ifvnf;
r&awmhb;l ? tJ'g aumif;aumif;pOf;pm;ygv@kd wdu k wf eG ;f vdyk gw,f? olw@kd oyd q f ;kd w,f raumif;
bl;qdw k muawmh wurBmvH;k od+yD? ukvor*~vnf; odw,f? ppftm%m&Sif awGb,favmuf
qd;k 0g;aewmudv k nf; uav;utp wurBmvH;k uodygw,f? 'ga=umifh +iD;xGm;&Hek @J r+yD;bl;?
vd&k myef;wdik af &mufz@kd q&kd if enf;trsK;d rsK;d eJ@wu kd &f r,f? usaemfw@kd wku d Ef ikd w
f ,fq&kd if Edik if aH &;
ppfqifa&;udk zGiv hf mwJt h csed rf mS xyfIjyef+y;D ppfqifa&; vkyEf ikd w f ,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm +ird ;f csr;f a&;
r,lao;aewJt h zG@J awGvnf; quf+yD;wdu k af ewmyJ? vufeufuikd f vrf;pOfpeG @f z@kd qw kd mvnf;
r[kwyf gb;l ? vufeufuikd w f thJ zG@J awGvnf; qufvufwu kd yf g? r[mAsL[mt& Edik if aH &;xd;k ppf
xd;k r,fv h v
l nf; qufx;kd yg? bufaygi;f pHu k ayg?h 'g[m SDU &Jh &nf&, G cf suf jzpfygw,f? aus;Zl;
wifygw,f? Ò
11
1;6? &Sr;f jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;aumifpD RCSS ud,

k pf m;vS,f
Adv
k rf LS ;pdik ;f yGeaf c;.rde@f cGe;f
av;pm;tyfwJh obmywd}uD;eJŒ wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;
vS,fawmf}uD;rsm;cifAsm; — tckvdk pum;ajym=um;cGifh&vdk@
twdik ;f rod0rf;ajrmuf *k%,
f rl yd gw,f?
RCSS &Jh oabmxm;jzpfwhJ wdi
k ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G f
a&;/ oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;zd@k ta=umif;ukd enf;enf;aqG;aEG;vdyk g
w,f? RCSS u (8) jynfe,fukd tajccH+yD; aqG;aEG;vdyk gw,f?
usaemfw@kd wdik ;f jynfukd wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f Level jzpfae
atmifvnf; usaemfw@kd 'D (8) jynfe,fukd tajccH+yD;wnfaxmif
Advk rf LS ;pdik ;f yGeaf c; csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh vG,fwdkif;vsef;rSm JAC qdkwJh Joint
Action Committee wd@k xlaxmifcsiw f ,fqw kd mudk wifjyxm;
ygw,f? tJ'D JAC udzk @JG jcif;tm;jzifh usaemfw@kd widk ;f &if;om;rsm; jzpfcsiw f q hJ EN/ vdck siw
f thJ csuf
tvufawGukd tm;vH;k n‡Ed id_ ;f +yD;rS Edik if w H umrSm Lobby vkyrf ,f? usaemfw@kd etzeJ@aqG;aEG;
rvm;qdw k t hJ csu[ f m wlnED ikd &f ifaumif;w,f? usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;awG vdck siw f t hJ csuf
tm;vH;k t&ifq;kH rndE‡ i_d ;f bJ wa,mufwayguf oGm;ajymvd@k &&dS if yef;wdik af &mufz@kd tajctaeu
eJeaJ ES;auG;r,fv@kd jrifw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd ud, k t hf zG@J tpnf;rSm&Sad ewJh Edik if aH &; bJjzpfjzpf/ zJ@G pnf;yHk
bJjzpfjzpf/ etzudk wifjycsifwJh t&mawGtm;vHk; usaemfwdk@0dkif;+yD; t&ifqHk;aqG;aEG;+yD;rS
usaemfw@kd z@JG xm;wJh JAC rSm jyef+yD;awmh oH;k oyfzŒkd vdyk gw,f? aemuf JAC udk wdik ;f &if;om;
&yfwnfcsu/f oabmxm;awGukd wa,mufwaygurf [kwb f J woHwnf;xkwf azmfEikd af tmif
JAC udk zG@J pnf;csiw f m jzpfygw,f?tJvo kd mr[kwyf J JAC udzk @JG v@kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;
awG&hJ pnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &; uspv f pfcikd rf mvdrrhf ,fv@kd usaemfw@kd RCSS taeeJ@rxifb;l ?
'ga=umifrh @kd 'Do;kH yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yG&J hJ tjrifoabmxm;uawmh &Si;f &Si;f ajym&if ukvor*~&hJ
vdtk yfcsu/f vdvk m;awmifw h csuf vd@k jrifygw,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;awG oH;k yGiq hf ikd f
wufz@kd qw kd m t&ifq;kH Edik if aH &;ygww D ck tzG@J tpnf;wck rzG@J pnf;xm;/ rxlaxmifxm;vd@k &&dS if
usaemfw@kd vdck siw f yhJ ef;wdik f jzpfrvmEdik b f ;l vd@k xifw,f? 'ga=umifh oH;k yGiq
hf ikd jf zpfz@kd u usaemfw@kd
t&ifqHk;EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;atmufrSm rlwckeJ@xm;+yD;awmh oGm;aqG;aEG;&if raumif;bl;
vm;vd@k RCSS taeeJ@ tqdw k ifoiG ;f vdyk gw,f? aemuf+yD;awmh ENSCC eJ@ygwfoufvdk@
ar;csiw
f mawGvnf;&Sw d ,f? tJ'D ENSCC [m Edik if aH &;eJŒ ygwo f ufr&_ rdS &Sd odcsiyf gw,f? RCSS
taeeJ@ ENSCC &Jh oabmxm;udk twdtus odvykd gw,f? Edik if aH &;eJ@ ygwo f uf&if usaemfw@kd
RCSS taeeJ@0ifr,f? rywfouf&if tpnf;ta0;&Sw d thJ cg avhvmoltaeeJ@bJ yg0ifwuf
a&mufr,f? (2) tcsut f aeeJ@ usaemfw@dk KNU eJ@ etzaqG;aEG;csuaf wGukd b,fvkd tajctae
&So
d vJqw kd mudk odciG &hf &dS if odyg&ap? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
12
tcef; (2)
ENSCC . ESpEf pS w
f mvkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udw
k ifoiG ;f jcif;
2;1? twGi;f a&;rSL;a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f rSwifoiG ;f aom ENSCC .

ESpEf pS w
f m vkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH m
ed'ge;f
wd k i f ; &if ; om;vl r sd K ;rsm;aoG ; pnf ; nD ! G w f a &;ES i f h
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrwD ENSCC udk ouU&mZf
2001 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (26 rS 30) &ufae@wiG f usi;f ycJah om
'kw,d t}udraf jrmuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ
(Ethnic Nationalities Seminar) wGizf @GJ pnf;cJyh gonf?
ENSCC aumfrwDzJG@pnf;&jcif;.&nf&G,fcsufrSm
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.EdkifiHa&; tzJG@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vuf
a'guw
f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f eufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm; pkpnf;nD!GwfpGmjzifh
oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yJGtwGuf jyifqifr_rsm;jyKvkyfEdkif&ef ESifh
EdkifiHwumrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yJG jzpfay:vma&;}udK;yrf;r_tay:
ulnDyHhydk;r_rsm;/ tm;ay;axmufcHr_rsm; &&SdEdkif&ef zJG@pnf;xm;onfh vkyfief;aumfrwDw&yf
jzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifq h ykd gu ENSCC onf Edik if aH &;ygwD w&yfvnf;r[kw/f Edik if aH &;
wyfaygi;f pkwckvnf; r[kwyf g? Edik if aH &;t&awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; jzpfay:vmEdik af &;ESihf xdo k @kd awG@qkH
&mwGif oH;k yGiqhf ikd af qG;aEG;yJrG sm; tppftrSejf zpfa&;twGuf Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;
rsm;zufrS jyifqifrr_ sm;/ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; jyKvkyEf ikd &f ef tjyif tjrifq
h ;kH tqifh “woH
wnf;xGuEf ikd af &;” (One Ethnic Voice) txdO;D wnfI zJ@G pnf;xm;aom aumfrwDw&yfom
jzpfygonf?
oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJEG iS hf ENSCC Edik if aH &;r[mAsL[m
tESpif g;q,fausm=f um jynfwiG ;f ppftygt0if jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H Edik if aH &;jy\em
rsm;tm;vH;k udk Edik if aH &;enf;jzifh aqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f &ef rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;rS tpOfwpdu k af wmif;qdv k mcJyh gonf? xdk awmif;qdck surf sm;ESit hf nD 1994 ckEpS f
rSpI urBmu h v
k or*~taxGaxGnv D mcH}u;D rS jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk
oH;k yGiqhf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yJjG zifh rsuEf mS csi;f qdik af qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f &ef ESppf OfEpS w
f ikd ;f qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
csrw S cf yhJ gonf? xdo k ;kH yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJw
G iG f vuf&pdS pftpd;k & etz/ 1990 a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f
tEdik &f &Scd ahJ om a':atmifqef;pk=unfO;D aqmifonfh NLD ygwED iS hf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
tm;vH;k tiftm;pko;kH &yfyg0if&ef urBmu h vk or*~rS qH;k jzwfcyhJ gonf?
15
urBmu h o
k r*~q;kH jzwfcsuEf iS thf nD oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJaG y:ayguv f ma&;twGuf aomf‚if;/
oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJG jzpfay:vmaomtcg rdrw d @kd .Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf sm;ESihf acwftqufqufrS
qH;k &_;H epfemcJah om tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk jyefvnf&&SEd ikd &f ef wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;zufrS jyifqifrr_ sm;
jyKvkyf&ef txl;vdktyfaecJhygonf? xdkvdktyfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD vGwfajrmufe,fajra&muf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.Edik if aH &;ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pk
rsm;udk pkpnf;Edik &f ef ouU&mZf 2001 ckEpS f =o*kwv f wGif usi;f ycJah om 'kw, d t}udraf jrmuf
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf w GJ iG f ENSCC udzk @GJ pnf;wm0efay;tyfcjhJ cif; jzpfygonf?
xdak =umifh ENSCC taejzihf atmufwiG af z: jyxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;
ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ESihf
yl;aygi;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnf jzpfygonf? ‚if;wd@k rmS —
(1) jynfaxmifpw
k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf (UNLD) atmufwiG pf pk nf;
yg0if=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/
(2) trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF) wyfaygif;pk}uD;wGifyg0ifae=uaom
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.vufeuf udik af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;/
(3) trsKd ;om;'Drukd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) wyfaygi;f pk}u;D wGif ryg0ifaom wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;.vufeuf udik af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;/
(4) etzppftyk pf Ek iS hf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;jyKvkyx
f m;cJ=h uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm; [lIjzpfygonf?
txufwiG af z: jyxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf vufeufuikd f
awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;. pkpnf;nD!w G rf t
_ iftm;jzifh - ENSCC rSatmufygvyk if ef;rsm;udk
aqmif&uG t f aumiftxnfaz:&ef avmcD;vmwGif usi;f yaom 'kw, d t}udrw f ikd ;f &if;om;
nDvmcH}uD;wGif qH;k jzwfcyhJ gonf? vkyif ef;pOfrsm;rSm -
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if .
H Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;jzifh +ird ;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f
tajz&SmEdkif&ef aomf‚if;/ vuf&Sdppftpdk;& etz/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfOD;aqmifonfh
'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;yg0ifaom oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJG
jzpfay:vma&;twGuf aomf‚if;/ ENSCC aumfrwDtaejzifh tjyKoabmaqmifaom
(Constructive Action) ESihf OD;pD;OD;aqmifr_ (Pro-active) rsm;udk twwfEikd q f ;kH jyKvyk &f ef?
( Undertake pro-active and constructive action to bring about a peaceful
resolution to the political conflict in Burma through a dialogue process
involving the SPDC, the NLD led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and the
ethnic nationalities, as dialogue partners);
16
(2) ,ae@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f }uKH awG@ae&aom Edik if aH &;ESihf vlra_ &;taxGaxG jy\em
rsm; (,if;Edik if aH &; yÉdyuQrsm;ESihf vlra_ &;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;
rsm;u ydkrdkjyif;xefpGmcHpm;ae&ygonf) udk tjrefqHk;ajz&Sif;Edkif&eftwGuf ENSCC
aumfrwDtaejzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;/ 'Drdkua&pD
tiftm;pkrsm;ESio hf mru urBmu h v k or*~tygt0if Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;/ tiftm;
pkrsm;ESifh Agencies rsm;udkwdkifyifjcif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk wwfEdkifoa&G@
aqmif&u G &f ef?
( Consult widely, cooperation, and work closely with all stakeholders in
Burma and with the international community, international bodies and
agencies, the UN, and humanitarian organizations to resolve the grave
humanitarian cries in Burma, which most seriously affect the ethnic
nationalities population);
(3) wef;wla&;/ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf &&Sad &;/ 'Dru

kd a&pDa&;ESihf w&m;r#wa&;wd@k ukd tajccHaom/
ppfreS af om jynfaxmifppk epfukd jyefvnfxal xmifEikd &f eftwGuf yifvpkH w d "f gwu f tkd ajccH
aom jynfaxmifpkjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESifh +idrf;csrf;I w&m;enf;vrf;usaom
'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; jzpfay:vmEdik &f ef ENSCC rS }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G of mG ;&ef
qH;k jzwfcsucf scyhJ gonf?
( Strive to facilitate an orderly and peaceful democratic transition in Burma,
and to rebuild the country in accordance with the spirit of Panglong, which
is based on the principle of Equality, Self-determination, Democracy and
Justice).
xdak =umifh ENSCC .a&S@vyk if ef;pOfrsm; (Mission) rsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f owfrw

S f
jyXmef;cJyh gonf?
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t
H wGi;f &Sd Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.tajctaeESihf
ordik ;f aemufc/H vuf&&dS ifqikd af e&aom Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;/ a&S@tem*gww f iG f zJ@G pnf;xl
axmifcsiaf om Edik if aH &;pepfEiS hf yHo
k ¾mefrsm;udk Edik if w
H umpifjrifw
h iG f xif&mS ;vufcEH ikd f
atmif }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G &f ef/
( Promote the profile of the Ethnic Nationalities on the international stage).
(2) oH;k yGiq

hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJjG zpfay:vma&;twGuf n‡Ed i_d ;f wdik yf ifrr_ sm; jyKvkyaf qmif&u
G &f ef/
( Coordinate and work for Tripartite Dialogue).
(3) yifvpkH w
d "f gwu
f jkd yefvnf&iS af pjcif;jzifh yifvpkH w
d "f gwu
f t
kd ajccHaom jynfaxmifpjk yefvnf
wnfaqmufa&;pDrHcsufrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:Edkifa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&Guf
oGm;&ef/
( Reviving the Panglong Spirit, and nation-building).
17
(4) twGif;tjyif&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;rsm;t=um;

aoG;pnf;nD!wG af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;udk wd;k jr‡iahf qmif&u
G o
f mG ;&ef jzpfygonf?
( Build or facilitate Unity and Cohesion among all Ethnic Nationalities forces,
inside and outside, including promoting and supporting political actions
inside).
ENSCC aumfrwD.vkyif ef;aqmif&u

G cf surf sm; (2001 rS 2003)
(1) The New Panglong Initiative: Rebuilding the Union of Burma
yifvpkH w
d "f gwu
f kd tajccHaom jynfaxmifpjk yefvnfwnfaqmufa&;pDrcH su?f
ENSCC aumfrwDtaejzifh yxrOD;qH;k aqmif&u
G t
f aumiftxnfaz:cJah om Edik if aH &;
vkyif ef;rSm — yifvpkH w
d "f gwuf kd tajccHaom jynfaxmifpjk yefvnfwnfaqmufa&;pDrcH suf
(The New Panglong Initiative: Rebuilding the Union of Burma) [laom acgi;f pOfjzifh
Edik if aH &;pmwrf;wapmifukd a&;om;jzef@a0cJjh cif; jzpfygonf?
xdEk ikd if aH &;ay:vpDpmwrf;udk tajccHI Edik if w H umpnf;&H;k a&;c&D;pOfrsm;udv k nf; jyKvkycf hJ
ygonf? xdck &D;pOfrsm;teuf ta&;}u;D aom c&D;pOfwckrmS — ouU&mZf 2001 ck 'DZifbmvwGif
aemfa0;EdkifiH atmfpvdk+rdK@odk@ oGm;a&mufcJhaom c&D;pOfjzpfygonf? xdkc&D;pOfudk OuUX}uD;
apmboif (Saw Ba Thin) ESihf KNPP OuUXvnf;jzpf/ ENSCC aumfrwD0ifjzpfonfh
clxb J ;l zJ (Khu Hteh Bupeh) wd@k u OD;aqmifomG ;cJyh gonf? xdck &D;pOfonf aemfa0;Edik if rH S
ESpfpOfcsD;jr‡ifhay;v#uf&dSonfh Edkb,f+idrf;csrf;a&;qk tESpfw&mjynfh tcrf;tem;}uD;ESifh‚if;/
a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd Edb k ,f+idr;f csr;f a&;qkcs;D jr‡io
hf nfh q,fEpS af jrmuf ESpyf wfvnftcrf;
tem;ESifh wdkufqdkifcJhygonf? xdktcGifhtcgor,udk trdt&&,lI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
twGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;epfemcsufrsm;ESifh tem*gwf&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk
urBmod@k wifjycGi&hf &SEd ikd &f ef/ 'DZifbmv (8) &ufae@wiG f ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ (Seminar) w&yfukd
atmfpvd+k rdK@wiG f usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gonf? ‚if;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ kd NCGUB 0ef}uD;csKyf a'guw f m
pde0f if;ESihf EBO Director Harn Yawnghwe wd@k vnf; wufa&muftm;ay;+yD;/ vuf&dS
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk “yifvpkH w d "f gwu
f t kd ajccHaom jynfaxmifpk
jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;pDrcH su”f &_axmifjh zifh wifjyaqG;aEG;cJyh gonf?
ENSCC . The New Panglong Initiative udk Edik if w
H umu v_u
d v
f pJS mG axmufcH
tm;ay;&Hkomru 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pk. wdkif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwD tm;vHk;uyg wcJeuf
axmufccH yhJ gonf? xdak =umifh ouU&mZf 2002 Zefe0g&v
D 18 - 20 &ufae@txd Strategy
Consultation Committee (SCC) rSac:,lusi;f yonfh xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifrsm; tpnf;ta0;
wGif ENSCC . The New Panglong Initiative udk tjynft h 0axmufcaH =umif; atmufyg
twdik ;f qH;k jzwfcsucf srw
S Ef ikd cf yhJ gonf?
18
The Strategy Consultation further support the ENSCC's, "The New

Panglong Initiative" which is aimed at National Reconciliation. The
Organizations participating in the Strategy Consultation under take to work
together to promote the concept and principles of the 'Initiative' and for
their acceptance national wide.
xdk Strategy Consultation Committee wGif ,ae@u|Eykf w f @kd qifEa$J eaom 'Dru kd a&pD
ta&;awmfy}kH uD;. tEdrW yef;wdik f (Ultimate Goal) onf 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfut kd ajccHaom ppfreS f
aomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;jzpfa=umif;ESifh xdkyef;wdkifta&mufcsDwufEdkifzdk@
r[mAsL[m (Grand Strategy) tjzpf "Tripartite Dialogue" oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qkH aqG;aEG;a&;
udk toHk;csoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; twnfjyKqHk;jzwfEdkifcJhygonf? qHk;jzwfcsuftjynfhtpHkrSm
atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf?
3. Further, the Strategy Consultation:
a. Re-affirms that the movement's main objective is the establishment of
democracy and a Federal Union.
b. Re-affirms that a tripartite dialogue is the main strategy for achieving
its objective. However, all available options and tactics are to be used.
This may include the empowerment of the masses (people power),
political activities, international lobbying and defensive military action
as well as using the powers of persuasion on the military.
c. A decision is made to strive for elevation of the secret talks between
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the SPDC to a genuine political dialogue
and to find new initiatives in our endeavour for the realization of a
tri-partite dialogue in which genuine delegates of the ethnic nationalities
are represented.
ENSCC . jynfwiG ;f jynfy ('Dru

kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf Edik if w
H umtzJ@G tpnf;) rsm;.
tm;ay;axmufcHr_udk t&Sdeft[kefjr‡ifhwifEdkif&ef "The New Panglong Initiative:
Rebuilding the Union of Burma" udk pmtkyjf zifh xkwaf 0jzef@csrD r_ sm; jyKvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gonf?
ENSCC .}udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf j_ zifh The New Panglong Initiative ay:vpDreS u

f efr_
a=umifh ,cktcg 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;omru/ Edik if w H umuyg jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if . H
Edik if aH &;jy\emajz&Si;f a&;ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvwGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
onf r&Srd jzpf rygrjzpf vdt k yfaomtiftm;pkrsm;tjzpf todtrSwjf yKvm=uyg onf? EU,
UN ESihf USA paom Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;omru/ tm&Seikd if H
rsm;jzpf=uaom *syef ESihf tmpD,w H ikd ;f jynfrsm;uvnf; todtrSwjf yKvm=uygonf? tmpD,H
EdkifiHrsm;. &yfwnfcsufajymif;vJr_onf tvGefav;euf+yD; EdkifiHa&;t&wefzdk;}uD;rm;aom
19
atmifjrifr_yifjzpfygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;wGif tmpD,Honf etzzufrSom&yfwnf+yD;/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f 'Drukd a&pDtajymif;tvJukd tm;ay;axmufcjH cif;jyK&ef wGe@f wkd
cJ=h uygonf? xd@k tjyif olw@kd tjrifrmS — wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. tcef;u¾ta&;}u;D a=umif;
rjrifEikd cf =hJ uay? od@k &mwGif ENSCC aumfrwDz@GJ pnf;+yD; aemufyikd ;f / xdik ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf xwfqif/
rav;&Sm;0ef}u;D csKyfa[mif; r[moD,m/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D / *syefEikd if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D
wd@k u jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if w H iG f trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; (National Reconciliation)
'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; (Democratic Transition) vdktyfa=umif;/ xdkodk@toGif
ul;ajymif;a&;umvESihf trsKd ;om;&if=um;apha&; (National Reconciliation Process) wGif
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; rygv#irf jzpfa=umif; wifjyajymqdv k m=uygonf? ,if; wd;k wufajymif;vJ
r_rsm;udk tao;pdyo f ;kH oyfygu ENSCC . vkyif ef;atmifjrifrw _ &yfjzpfa=umif; awG@&EdS ikd rf nf
jzpfygonf?
2. Ethnic Nationalities Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue

oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJjG zpfay:vma&;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. }udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf ?_
ENSCC . "The New Panglong Initiative" onf us,jf yef@euf&id_ ;f aom Edik if aH &;
oabmw&m;/ jynfaxmifpkordkif;/ wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;aygif;pHkwdk@. yuwdtajctaetay:
tajccHI a&;qJw G ifjyxm;aom Edik if aH &;ay:vpDpmwrf;w&yf jzpfygonf? ‚if; ay:vpDoabm
w&m;qdik &f mpmwrf;udk vufawG@taumiftxnfaz:Edik &f eftwGuf vufawG@vyk if ef;rsm; quf
vufaqmif&u G &f ef vdt
k yfcyhJ gonf? xdak =umifh The New Panglong Initiative oabmw&m;
qdkif&mpmwrf;udk tajccHI vufawG@vkyfief;aqmif&GufEdkif&ef "Ethnic Nationalities
Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue" udk ouU&mZf 2003 rwfcsv f rSpwif aqmif&uG cf yhJ gonf?
ENSCC taejzifh "Ethnic Nationalities Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue"
udvk yk o f ifv h yk x f ukd af om Edik if aH &;vkyif ef;w&yfukd vkyo f ifv
h yk x
f u kd af omtcsed wf iG f pwifaqmif
&Gut f aumiftxnfaz: jcif;jzpfygonf? xdo k @kd pwif aqmif&u G &f mY ENSCC udk taxmuf
tuljyKI ausmaxmufaemufcHjzpfapaomtcsufrsm;xJwGif 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHk}uD;.
vlxak cgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. wdu k w f eG ;f tm;ay;csuv f nf; yg0ifygonf? ouU&mZf
2002 ck arvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfukd tus,cf sKyfrS jyefvw $ af y;+y;D aemufyikd ;f — jynfwiG ;f
&Sdwdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhygonf? xdkaqG;aEG;yJGrsm;wGif
a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh rdrd (a':pk) udo k m apmifah ejcif;rjyKyJ/
vkyo f ifv h yk xf u kd af omtvkyrf sm;udk Initiative ,l+y;D vkyaf qmifomG ;=u&ef” wdu k w f eG ;f cJyh gonf?
xdw k u kd w f eG ;f Ed;k aqmfcsuu f kd jynfwiG ;f &Sw d ikd ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;xHrS ENSCC rSwqifh
=um;od cJ&h ygonf? xdak =umifh ENSCC taejzifh a':pkwu kd w
f eG ;f csuvf nf;jzpfaom "Ethnic
Initiative" udpk wif}udK;yrf; aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;jzpfygonf?
20
od@k &mwGif Ethnic Initiative udpk wifaomtcg rar#mv f ifah om zufaygi;f pHrk S em;rvnfr/_
oHo,&Srd E_ iS hf wdu kd rf r_ sm;udk cHc&hJ ygonf? ENSCC taejzifh Ethnic Initiative &,ljcif;rSm
k cf u
— a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tcef;u¾udk arS;rSed af tmifvyk jf cif;r[kwo f vd/k 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;
awmfy}kH uD;. tEdrW yef;wdik jf zpfaom “'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epf
xlaxmifa&;” vrf;pOfraS oGzo D mG ;jcif;r[kwaf =umif; &Si;f vif;cJ&h ygonf? Tod@k jzifh ouU&mZf
2003 ck {+yDv wGif SCC OD;aqmifrj_ zifh usi;f ycJah om xdyo f ;D acgi;f aqmifrsm;. nDvmcHrS
ENSCC . Ethnic Nationalities Initiative udak xmufct H m;ay;a=umif; qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S f
Edik cf yhJ gonf?
3. ENSCC 's Road Map for Rebuilding the Union of Burma

jynfaxmifpjk yefvnfwnfaqmufa&; Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHu
k kd xkwjf yefjcif;
oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJjG zpfay:vmEdik af &;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;rS }udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf _
(Ethnic Nationalities Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue) udk ENSCC taejzifh ravsmh
aomZJo G wWjd zifh qufvuf}udK;yrf;cJyh gonf? od@k &mwGif Ethnic Initiative udpk wifcphJ Ofu
'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;xHraS omf‚if;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vufeufawmfveS af &;tiftm;pk
rsm;xHraS omf‚if;/ em;rvnfr_ txiftjrifvrJ$ mS ;r_rsm; &Sad ecJjh cif;a=umifh Ethnic Nationalities
Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue Workshop udk ENSCC rS wdu k &f u
kd af c:,lusi;f yjcif;
rjyKyJ/ Euro-Burma Office udk ac:,lusi;f yapcJyh gonf?
Tod@k jzifh Euro-Burma Office rS ac:,lusi;f yaom Ethnic Nationalities Initiative
for Tripartite Dialogue Workshop tvky&f akH qG;aEG;yJu G kd ouU&mZf 2003 ck =o*kwv f
(29) &ufrS pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@txd usi;f y jyKvkycf yhJ gonf? ‚if;tvky&f akH qG;aEG;yJG
(Workshop) odk@ EdkifiHwumrSynm&Sifrsm;ESifh xdkif;tpdk;&rS ay:vpDa&;&mwm0ef&Sdolrsm;
tygt0if zdwaf c:+yD;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ygwt D oD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf (5)
&ufwikd w f ikd f 'Drukd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; (Democratic Transition) ESihf ywfoufaom
aqG;aEG;yJu G kd usi;f ycJ+h yD;/ ,ae@u|Eykf w
f @kd &ifqikd af e&aom Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;udk rnfuo hJ @kd
&ifqikd af usmv f m$ ;tajz&Sm&rnfenf; qdak omar;cGe;f udk tajz&Sm,lc=hJ uygonf?
‚if;tvky&f akH qG;aEG;yJrG S xGuaf y:vmaomtjrifrsm;/ awG@&cdS surf sm;/ oabmwlncD surf sm;
tay: tajccHI/ ENSCC udk “jynfaxmifpjk yefvnfwnfaqmufa&; Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryH”k
(Road Map for Rebuilding the Union of Burma) udk pufwifbm (2) &ufae@wiG f
twnfjyK+y;D pufwifbm (4) &ufae@wiG f owif;pm;&Si;f vif;yJw G &yf usi;f yI w&m;0ifxw k jf yef
Edik cf yhJ gonf?
21
ENSCC . Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHw

k iG f jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfukd jyefvnfxal xmif
Edik af &;twGuf toifah wmfq;kH jzpfrnf[k ,lq&aom — 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;tqifh
(2) qifu h kd wifjyxm;ygonf? ENSCC wifjyxm;aom toGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv yxr
tqifo h nf — oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;a&;yifjzpf+yD;/ ‚if;oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJw G iG f urBmuh v k or*~
taxGaxGnv D mcHq;kH jzwfcsut f wdik ;f / vuf&pdS pftpd;k & etz/ 1990 a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f tEdik f
&&Sx d m;aom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; (a':atmifqef;pk=unfO;D aqmifaom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;)
ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; yg0if=u&rnfjzpfygonf?
ENSCC rS wifjy&mY — oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJu
G kd "Congress of National Unity" [k
ac:wGiaf p&rnfjzpf+yD;/ ‚if; Congress of National Unity oufwrf;onf (2) ESpx f ufyI kd
r=umap&ay? Congress of National Unity . aqG;aEG;wdkifyifr_&vm'fudk tajccHI
“trsdK;om;vHk;qdkif&moabmwlpmcsKyf” (National Accord) udk xkwfjyefoGm;&rnfjzpf
ygonf? ,if; National Accord t& jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'a&;qJaG &;
aumfr&Sifudk jynfaxmifpktwGufaomf‚if;/ jynfe,frsm;twGufaomf‚if; zJG@pnf;=u&rnf
jzpfygonf?
xd@k tjyif ‚if;trsKd ;om;vH;k qdik &f moabmwlncD suf (National Accord) t& av;ESpf
oufwrf;&Srd nfh =um;jzwf!eG @f aygi;f tpd;k & (Government of National Unity) udk zJ@G pnf;
oGm;&rnf jzpfygonf? ‚if; =um;jzwf!eG @f aygi;f tpd;k &. }u;D =uyfra_ tmufwiG f txufwiG af z: jy
cJhaom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm; (jynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh jynfe,f
rsm;zJ@G pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'rsm;) udk oufqikd &f maumfr&Sirf sm;u vGwv f yfpmG jzifh t+y;D owfa&;qJG
=u+yD;aemuf/ jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyXmef;Edik af &;twGuf jynfv;kH u|wq f ENc, H yl GJ
ud‚k if;/ jynfe,frsm;.zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;udk twnfjyKjyXmef;Edik af &;twGuf jynfe,f
toD;oD;. jynfe,fqENc, H yl rGJ sm;udv
k nf; usi;f y&rnf jzpfygonf? vlxq k ENc,
H yl jGJ zifh jynf
axmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'ESihf jynfe,frsm;.zJ@G pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rsm;udk jyXmef;+yD;aemuf
vGwv f yfIw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk Edik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'topftwdik ;f
usi;f yoGm;&rnf jzpfygonf? Tenf;tm;jzifh rdrw d @kd ar#mrf eS ;f xm;aom 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;
tjynft h 0&Sod nfh ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifp}k uD;udk xlaxmifEikd rf nf[k ar#mrf eS ;f wifjy
xm;ygonf?
4. ENSCC . pkz@GJ r_EiS hf vkyif ef;cJaG 0r_rsm;udk wifjyjcif;?
ENSCC aumfrwDtwGif;aomf‚if;/ ENSCC . rdcifwyfaygif;rsm; qufqHa&;
vG,u f al jyjypfa&;twGuf aomf‚if;/ tjcm;r[mrdwrf sm;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;twGi;f ESihf
qufqaH &;/ yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &; vG,u
f al umif;rGeEf ikd af p&ef aomf‚if;/ ENSCC aumfrwDrS
rdrw
d @kd aumfrwD0ifrsm;twGi;f wGif atmufygtwdik ;f wm0efrsm;cJaG 0ay;cJ=h uygonf?
22
1) Saw Ba Thin Sein Chairman & Spokesperson

2) Khu Hteh Bupeh Strategy Analysis & Policy Research
3) Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe Strategy Analysis & Policy Research
4) Sao Seng Suk Strategy Analysis & Policy Research
5) Teddy Buri External Affairs Relations
6) Hkun Okker Internal Affairs Relations
7) Dr. Lian H. Sakhong Secretary
wd@k jzpfygonf?
(rSwfcsuf ] rGefjynfopfygwD NMSP onf ENSCC wGifw&m;0iftzJG@0ifwOD;xm;&Sd&ef
oabmwlxm;+yD; tcsed jf ynfyh g0ify;l aygi;f aqmif&u
G &f ef uwdjyKxm;+yD;jzpfonf)?
xd@k tjyif ENSCC aumfrwD. w&m;0ift}uaH y;yk*K~d vftjzpf Harn Yawnghwe ud‚k if;/
OuUX apmboif. Personal Assistant tjzpf apma';Apfaxmud‚k if;/ clxzJ ;l zJ. Personal
Assistant tjzpf &Drefx;l ud‚k if; cef@tyfwm0ef ay;cJyh gonf?
ENSCC aumfrwD.vkyfief;rsm;udk pepfwusaqmif&Guftaumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef

aumfrwDtpnf;ta0;udk oH;k vw}urd yf rkH eS f usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gonf? xd@k tjyif vdt k yfv#iv f t
kd yfovdk
ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0;rsm;udv k nf; usi;f ycJyh gonf? rdrw d @kd . wyfaygi;f pkrsm;udk tpD&ifcjH cif;/
ta&;}uD;aom EdkifiHa&;ay:vpDqdkif&mvkyfief;rsm;wGif oufqdkif&mwyfaygif;pk. twnfjyK
axmufcrH u _ kd &,ljcif;/ r[mrdwyf gwrD sm;ESihf awG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;/ wdik yf ifjcif;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyf
Edik cf yhJ gonf?
ENSCC aumfrwDtaejzifh Edik if wH um Lobby c&D;pOfrsm;omru/ jynfaxmifpjk refrm
Edik if q
H ikd &f m urBmu
h vk or*~ taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;. txl;ud,
k pf m;vS,f Mr. Razali Ismail
ESiyhf rkH eS q
f ufo, G af &;twGuf Mr. Razali Ismail . txl;ud,k pf m;vS,wf OD;ESiv
hf nf; oH;k v
w}udryf rkH eS af qG;aEG;rsm; usi;f yEdik cf yhJ gonf?
5. wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;nDvmcHo@kd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;?

ENSCC onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHw
k @kd . bH&k nfreS ;f csut
f wGuf aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;
ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&uG af &; vkyif ef;rsm;udk wd;k jr‡iahf qmif&u
G Ef ikd &f ef txl;vdt
k yfaom aumfrwD
w&yfyif jzpfygonf? xdak =umifh ‚if;aumfrwDukd qufvufxm;&S&d ef vdt k yf&okH mru pkz@GJ rw
_ ;kd jri‡ hf
&efvnf; vdt k yfaea=umif; nDvmcHo@kd wifjyvdyk gonf?
ENSCC . ESpEf pS w
f moufwrf;umvtawG@t}uHKt& ENSCC udk
(1) pkz@GJ ry_ rkd t
kd m;aumif;ap&efEiS hf vkyif ef;rsm;ydrk o
kd u
G v
f ufvsijf refpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f eftwGuf
aumfrwDyo kH ¾mefukd ydrk u
kd spv
f pf cdik rf matmifwnfaqmuf&efvt kd yfrnf jzpfygonf?
23
(2) ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaom jynfwiG ;f jynfyEdik if aH &;tajctaersm;ESit hf nD t"du&nfreS ;f

csujf zpfaom oH;k yGiq
hf ikd Ef ikd if aH &;aqG;aEG;yJu
G kd tjrefq;kH taumiftxnfaz:Edik &f eftwGuf
ENSCC .vkyyf ikd cf iG t hf m%m (Mandate) udk yDyjD yifjyifa&;om;jyXmef;ay;&ef vdt k yf
rnfjzpfygonf?
xd@k jyif vuf&jdS ynfwiG ;f jynfyEdik if aH &;tajctaersm;udk tjrefq;kH wke@f jyefI rdrw
d @kd wikd ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;yef;wdik t
f a&muf csw D ufEikd &f ef atmufygtcsurf sm;udk rnfo@kd rnfykH
oabmxm;&yfwnfoifah =umif; Seminar rS pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&ef txl;vdt k yfyga=umif; wifjy
tyfygonf?
(1) etz 0ef}uD;csKyf Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG @f . Road Map ESihf ‚if;wd@k ac:,lusi;f y&ef jyifqifae
aom trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtay: rnfo@kd rnfykH wke@f jyefoifah =umif; aqG;aEG;&ef/
(2) (u) ouU&mZf 2003 arvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk etzzufrSwdkufcdkufzrf;+yD;
aemufydkif; 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;wdk;wufr_tay: rnfodk@rnfyHk
aqmif&u
G o f ifah =umif;aqG;aEG;&ef/
(c) jynfwGif;&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ typftcwf&yfpJa&;jyKvkyf
xm;=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm; ESihf
pnf;&Hk;a&;aumif;rGefa&;twGufaomf‚if;/ tcsif;csif;tm;ay; ulnDEdkifa&;twGuf
aomf‚if;/ tusKd ;wlvyk if ef;rsm; twlwuGO;D wnfaqmif&u G f Edik &f efaomf‚if;/ rnfo@kd
rnfykH r[mAsL[mrsm;csrw S o f ifah =umif; aqG;aEG;&ef/
(3) (u) xdik ;f Edik if 0H ef}uD;csKyf xwfqif. OD;aqmifrj_ zifu
h si;f yaom International Forum
on Burma ESihf ‚if;. aemufqufwGJ Bangkok Process tay: rnfo@kd rnfyw kH ek @f jyef
oifah =umif; aqG;aEG;&ef/
(c) Edik if wH umtpd;k &rsm;/ tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;/ urBmu
h v k or*~/ Oa&my,le, D /H tmqD,H
paom Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;udk rnfo@kd rnfyckH sO;f uyftultnD&,l oifah =umif;
ESihf xdu k ohJ @kd aom Edik if w
H umvkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f ef Edik if w
H um&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;. tiftm;pkrsm;/ woD;yk*v ~ rsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm;ESihf rnfuo hJ @kd y;l aygi;f aqmif
&Guo f ifah =umif;aqG;aEG;&ef ponfu h pd &P yfrsm;udk nDvmcH.tpDtpOfrsm;wGif xnfh
oGi;f oifyh ga=umif; ed*;kH csKyfwifjytyfygonf?
a'guw
f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f
twGi;f a&;rSL;
Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity and Cooperation Committee (ENSCC)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;aumfrwD
24
2;2? Adv
k rf LS ;}u;D cGeOf uUmrS ENSCC . Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryk.
H tpD&ifcpH mwifjyjcif;
Road Map for Rebuilding the Union of Burma .tpD&ifcpH m
1? ENSCC . vrf;jyajrykrH nfuo

hJ ‹kd jzpfay:vm&ovJ?
2002 ckESpf ESpfvnfcef@upI xdkif;bk&ifhtpkd;&.
0ef;}uD;csKyfwyf(pf)qif taejzifh jrefrmjynf ESihf ygwo f ufI
vrf;jyajrykH w&yfa&;qG&J ef jyifqifaea=umif; xkwaf z:ajym
=um;cJoh nf? Ekid if jH cm;a&;XmerS wm0ef,I l jyifqifrj_ yKvky&f m
wGif jrefrmjynf&Sd wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;. oabm
xm;tjrifudkvnf; pkpnf;&,l&ef jyifqifvmcJhayonf?
e,fpyfa'oYv_y&f mS ;aeaom KNU, KNPP ESihf RCSS wd‹k ukd
qufo, G af qG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvkyo f uJoh ‹kd ENSCC udv k nf;
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD;cGeOf uUm zdwaf c:cJyh gonf? ENSCC taeeJ‹ wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;jzpfI
a'otoD;oD;&Sd n‡pd eG ;f aeaom jy\emt&yf&yf tusK;H 0if
apa&;twGuf tus,jf yef‹q;Hk yg0if&ef Inclusive jzpfap&ef/ tvky&f akH qG;aEG;yJG (Workshop)
w&yfac:,lco hJ nf? tcsKŒd taejzifh ENSCC tay: r&Si;f vif;r_&o dS nfh tay: =um;cHtzJ‹G taeeJ‹
EBO tm; zdw=f um;oltjzpf wm0efcaH c:,lapcJo h nf?
csi;f rdik +f rdK@wiG f =o*kwv f (29) &ufrS pufwifbmv (2) &ufae‹ txdusi;f yaom wdik ;f &if;
om;aygif;pkHtvkyf±kHaqG;aEG;yGJwGif xdkif;tpdk;&. vkH+cHKa&;0g'a&;&m t}uHay;yk*d~KvfESifh EdkifiH
wumrS ynm&Sirf sm;vnf;wufa&muft}ujH yK cJ=h uygonf? tvky±f aHk qG;aEG;yG. J OD;wnfcsurf mS
xkid ;f tpd;k &. vrf;jyajrykt H wGuf tcsut f vuf pkaqmif;ay;&efom jzpfonf? ENSCC .
vrf;jyajrykx H w k &f eftpDtpOf vk;H 0r&Syd g? od‹k aomfxt kd csed w
f iG f xdik ;f tpd;k &. 'kw, d 0ef}uD;csKyf
jzpfol csm0gvpfa,mifcsKd if,w k u f xdik ;f tpk;d &rS vrf;jyajrykw H &m;0if rxkwjf yefru D mvwGif
&efuek o f ‹kd omG ;a&mufI etztm;wpkw H ck tjrefq;Hk vky&f ef wdu k wf eG ;f cJah yonf? etz taejzifh
oabmwl+yD;aemuf 0ef}uD;csKyfopf Adv k cf sKyf}uD;cif!eG ‹f u =o*kwv f (30) &ufae‹wiG f tqifh
(7) qifyh gvrf;jyajryku H kd w&m;0ifxw k jf yef cJyh gonf? xkid ;f 0ef}u;D csKyfu csucf si;f yif axmufccH +hJ y;D /
‚if;vrf;jyajrykt H wkid ;f yl;aygi;f yg0ifvyk af qmif=u&efvnf; tif;tm;pktoD;oD;od‹k wku d w
f eG ;f cJh
onf? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf vkyaf qmifaeqJ tvky±f aHk qG;aEG;yGu J kd xdik ;f u pGe‹f cmG oGm;cJah yonf?
TwGipf ak qmif;&&Sad omtcsut f vufrsm;tay:tajccHItvky&f akH qG;aEG;yJG (Workshop)
}uD;=uyfol EBO 'g&u dk w
f mu ta&;ay: ENSCC aumfrw D pD n
Hk D tpnf;ta0;udk pufwifbm
(2) &ufae‹wiG f ac:,l&ef wifjy+yD;aemuf ENSCC . vrf;jyajrykw H &yftjzpf jyifqifa&;qGJ
cJyh gonf? ENSCC rS twnfjyK+y;D aemuf w&m;0if Edik if aH &;ZwfcaHk y: wify‹dk a&;twGuf pufwif
bm (4) &ufae‹wiG f csi;f rdik +f rdK@Y owif;pm&Siv
f if;yGw
J &yfusi;f y+yD; xkwaf z:cJo
h nf? Tod‹k jzifh
25
xkid ;f tpd;k &twGuf jyifqifay;aom vrf;jyajryko

H nf xkid ;f tpd;k &rS tok;H rjyKawmhonfh tajc
taeatmufwiG f ENSCC .vrf;jyajrykt H jzpfay: xGuv f m&jcif;jzpfayonf?
2? ENSCC vrf;jyajrykx
H u
G af y:vm&jcif;.&nf&,
G cf su?f
- etz. vrf;jyajryku H &kd ukd cf sKd ;Ekid &f ef?
- wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;taeeJ‹vnf; wpkwpnf;xJaom ud, k yf idk t
f jrif/ uk,
d yf idk f
tpDtpOf&adS ejcif;udk az:xkw&f ef?
- Edik if w
H umrSvrf;jyajryku H kd E_id ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm; tay:
axmufcyH yhH ;kd r_ ydrk &kd &Sv
d mEdik af p&ef?
- jynfwiG ;f &St d ypftcwf&yfp&J ;tzG‹J rsm; tygt0if wkid ;f &if;om; tiftm;pkrsm; taeeJ‹
E_id ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;jzifh etzzdtm;udk &ifqikd Ef ikd &f ef?
3? ENSCC taeESihf vrf;jyajrykaH &;qGx

J w
k jf yefciG &hf /dS r&S?d
ENSCC . vrf;jyajrykw
H iG f tqifh (1) onf ok;H yGiq
hf idk af wG‹ qkaH qG;aEG;a&;udk OD;wnfxm;
onf? 2001 ckEpS f ENSCC udpk wifz‹JG pnf;pOfu oH;k yGiq hf idk af qG;aEG;yGjJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf
enf;vrf;aygi;f pk&H mS }uHIaqmif&u G &f ef wm0ef (Mandate) ay;cJo h nf? ‚if; Mandate ESihf tnD
a&;qGaJ om vrf;jyajryko H nf ok;H yGiqhf ikd af wG‹qaHk qG;aEG;a&;udk OD;wnfonft h av#muf ENSCC
onf vrf;jyajryku H kd a&;qGx
J w
k jf yefcjhJ cif;onf ‚if;. vkyyf idk cf iG x hf ufryk[ d k ,lqonf?
E_id ;f ,SOcf suf
pOf ta&;}uD;onft
h csurf sm; SPDC Road Map ENSCC Road Map
1) tcsed Z
f ,m; r&Sd (6) ESpf
2) urBmu h o k r*~q;kH jzwfcsurf sm; nD!w G rf r_ &Sd nD!w G rf &_ dS
3) oH;k yGiqhf ikd o
f @kd O;D wnfr_ r&Sd &Sd
4) tiftm;pktm;vH;k yg0ifr_ r&Sd &Sd
5) OD;wnfcsuf ppftpd;k &w&m;0if 'Drukd a&pDtpd;k &opf
tpd;k &jzpfapa&; ay:xGuaf &;
6) ud, k pf m;vS,af &G;cs,yf kH zdtm;ay;/ vGwv f yfaom
vufaqmifay;pepf oabmqEN
7) yxrtqifh trsKd ;om;nDvmcH trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;
jyefac:a&; uGeu f &uf
8) 'kw, d tqifh etzrl (104)csuf trsKd ;om;oabm
wlncD suf
tm;vH;k udak us;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
26
2;3? Edik if wH uma&;&mwm0efcH cGe;f 'uf'b

D &l D rSwifoiG ;f aom ENSCC .
Edik if w
H umvkyif ef; tpD&ifcpH m?
obmywd}uD;rsm;rS wqifºh uGa&mufvmaom wkid ;f

&if;om;ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;cifAsm; — wdkif;&if;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm;/ tzJ@G tpnf;toD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm;vH;k
udk av;pm;a=umif; yxrOD;pGmajymvdkygw,f? tckvdk
ENSCC &Jt h jynfjynfqidk &f m Lobby udpeP @J ygwo f uf+yD;
awmhrS wifjycGi&hf wJt h wGuf trsm;}uD;aus;Zl;wifw,f?
usaemf ENSCC &Jeh 'd ge;f ykid ;f ukd rajymawmhygb;l ? usaemfw‹dk
tjynfjynfqikd &f mvkyif ef;eJ@ ygwo f uf+yD;awmh vkyw f thJ cg
rSmqdv
k @kd &&Sd if — 'D ENSCC vkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH m/ pmrsuEf mS
(10) rSmygwhJ ENSCC &Jh Mission Statement qd+k yD;awmh
cGe;f 'uf'b
D &l D
a&;xm;wJt h csuf (4) csu&f w dS ,f? tJ'D (4) csutf wdik ;f bJ
usaemfw@kd vyk w
f ,f?
tJ'g bmvJqakd wmh usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&Ju h ¾udk tjynfjynfqikd &f m State
rSmusaemfw@kd u csjyw,f? Promoting, the Profile of the Ethnic Nationalities on the
International Stage qdw k hJ tcsuw f csu/f Coordinate and work for Tripartite Dialogue
usaemf wd@k uv k or*~uae +y;D awmh 1994 uwnf;up+y;D / 'Duae@txd Resolution on Burma
ayg@/tJ'tD ay:rSm t+rJwrf;awmif;qdw k Jh tcsuwf csuu f bmvJqakd wmh Tripartite Dialoque
udk Engage vkyzf @kd / jyKvkyzf @kd “e0w”udk awmif;qdck w hJ hJ tcsuaf wG&wdS ,f? tJ'gbmvJqakd wmh
usaemfw@kd u tjynfjynfqikd &f m Lobby vkyw f t hJ csed f tav;teufxm;+yD;/ t+rJwrf;ajym=u
w,f? ''Reviving the Panglong Spirit, and Nation- Rebuilding'' yifvpkH w d "f gw/f yifv&Hk hJ
pdw"f gwu f kd jyefvnftoufoiG ;f wmayg?h tJ'u D pd u
P v kd J usaemfw@kd Lobby vkyw f t
hJ csed rf mS
xnf+h yD;awmh ajymygw,f? ''Build or facilitate Unity and Coalition among all Ethnic
Nationatitus forces, inside and outside, including Promoting and Supporting Statement
political actions inside'' tjyifrSm&SdaewJh usaemfwdk@&Jh tiftm;pkawG/ Armr[kwfaom
wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pktjyif Armtiftm; awGuakd &m/ +yD;awmhtwGi;f rSm&Sad om Ekid if aH &;ygwD
awG/ Cease-fire tkypf ak wG/ usaemfw@kd b,fvkd Coordinate vky=f urSmvJ/ tJ'u D pd aP wGuv kd J
usaemfw@kd vyk wf ,f/ tjynfjynfqikd &f m Lobby vkyif ef;vkyw
f t
hJ cg tJ'u
D pd u
P v
kd J vkyw f ,f/
wenf;tm;jzifh ajymr,fq&kd if tjynfjynfqikd &f m Lobby vkyw f t hJ csed /f tJ'D Mission
(4) csuu
f kd usaemfw@kd OD;wnf+y;D t+rw
J rf;vky&f ygw,f? tJ' D (4) csuf udk yxrOD;qH;k befaumuf
rSm tjynfjynfqikd &f moH±;kH / Deplomacy awG&w dS ,f/ tJ'aD wmh tJ'D Mission awGawmfawmf
27
rsm;rsm;udk usaemfwdk@ Ethnic &Jhtcef;u¾/ e0wt+rJwrf;awmufav#muf aºuG;a=umf

aewmu 'Dae@ “e0w” ppfwyf}uD;omr&S&d if Armjynf}uD;[m tpdwpf w d tf r$mr$m uGaJ e
yg+yDqdkwJh tJ'D0g'jzef@r_udk urBmuawmif,Hk=unfygw,f? tJ'D urBmu,Hk=unfr_tay:
usaemfw@kd u acszsu&f ygw,f? usaemfw@kd vyk if ef;xJrmS tJ't D csuuf kd acszsuw f ,f? +yD;awmh
olw@kd ajymaewmu cifAsm;wd@k Tripartite udk ac:ae=uw,f? Tripartite ac:wJt h csed rf mS cifAsm;
wd@k b,favmufn! D wG rf &_ v dS @kd v/J cifAsm;wd@k ud, k pf m;vS,u f kd b,fvakd &G;=urvJ/ cif;Asm;wd@k
tcsi;f csi;f vlrsK;d (135) rsK;d &Sad ewm b,fvu kd ,
kd pf m;vS,f a&G;=urvJ/ b,fvjkd zpf+y;D b,fvykd pHk eH @J
Tripartite 0ifrvJ qdw k u hJ pd u P v kd J usaemfw@kd acszsu&f ygw,f?
tapmydik ;f u Mission (4) csux f rJ mS tJ'gygwmygb?J tJ'aD wmh befaumufrmS tajcpdu k w f hJ
Deplomatic Mission qdv k @kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd omG ;cJw h ,f? awG@cwhJ ,f? oGm;awG@cw hJ ,fqw kd hJ
tydik ;f rSmvJ usaemfw@kd wck&iS ;f jyvdw k mu usaemfw@kd ENSCC taeeJ@ wzG@J v;kH oGm;w,fqw kd hJ
taetxm;rsK;d r&Syd gb;l ? r&Sb d ;l qdw k mu Oyrm OuUXu rJaqmufrmS tajcpdu k w
f ,f? aemuf
tzJ@G 0ifwOD; clxb J ;l zJu r,fa[mifqeG f rSm&Sw d ,f? twGi;f a&;rSL;u trsm;tm;jzifh csi;f rdik rf mS
tajcpdu k w
f ,f? wcgwcgavsmufywf+yD; oGm;ae&w,f? wjcm;tzJ@G 0ifwOD;u b,fae&mrSm
pojzifhayg@av/ wOD;wae&mpD a&mufwJhtcgusawmh tpkvdkuftzGJ@vdkufpk+yD; vkyfEkdifwJh
taetxm;rsK;d r&Syd gb;l / tapmydik ;f u etz&Jh Propaganda jzpfwhJ vlrsK;d pkawG[mrnD!w G bf ;l /
wu,fv@kd om “e0w” uquf rtkycf sKyfb;l qd&k if abmpeD;,m;vdjk zpfr,f/ ,l*pdk vm;AD;,m;
vdkjzpfr,f qdkwJhudpPawG acsyjyKvkyfvm EkdifwJhtcgusawmh 'Dae@[mqdkvdk@&Sd&if etz&Jh
Propaganda udk usaemfw@kd trsm;}u;D acszsuE f ikd cf yhJ gw,f qdw
k t
hJ a=umif;udk ajymjycsi/f wifjycsif
ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh befaumufrmS usaemfw@kd awG@vmwJh oH±;Hk awG/ wcgcgusawmh (2) a,muf
(3) a,muf/ wcgcgusawmh usaemfw@kd ENSCC emrnfe@J r[kwaf yr,fh Oyrm - apma';Apf
axm qd&k ifou l NDF, ENSCC &Jh Assistance jzpfw,f? tJ'aD wmh ol@taeeJ@ olomG ;w,f?
usaemftaeeJ@ oGm;w,f? wcgcgawmh ENSCC &JŒemrnfe@J r[kwb f /J tjcm; Edik if jH cm;a&;
aumfrwD NCUB tzG@J acgi;f aqmifwa,muftaeeJ@ tjcm;aom tzJ@G 0ifawGe@J oGm;w,f?
usaemfw@kd omG ;wdik ;f Ethnic Issues udk t+rJwrf;wifjyw,f? tJ'aD wmh wifjywJt h cgrmS
abmhpeD;,m;oH&;Hk / b,fv*s, D H oH&;Hk / uae'go&H ;Hk / 'de;f rwfo&H ;Hk / Oa&my aemfa0oH&;kH / qD'G ifo±H ;Hk /
'gth jyif *smr%Do±H ;kH qd&k ifwcgcg usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;awGukd b,favmufpw d 0f ifpm;vnf;
qd&k if usaemfw@kd 'oD &H ;Hk wifrubJ olw@kd qu D vmwJh v$waf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,af wGukd oH&;Hk rSm
zdw+f yD; usaemfw@kd e@J aqG;aEG;zd@k awG@ay;w,f? wcgcgus&if &efuek u f ae *smrefot H rwf}uD;u
vmw,f? tJ't D cGit hf a&;udk usaemfw@kd u ,l+y;D awmhrS usaemfw@kd Ethnic Issues awG/ ENSCC
&JhudpPawG/ Panlong Initiative awG/ txl;ojzifh Panlong Initiative pmtkyx f uG vf mwJh
aemufyikd ;f rS/ usaemfw@kd vufeufu wu,fx h ad &mufwhJ vufeufwck jzpfvmwmudak wG@&
w,f? 'D ENSCC &Jh Road Map wckay:vmwJt h csed rf mS vnf; usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ yd+k yD;awmh
Controversy u &Sad e=uw,f? od@k aomfvnf; bmyJjzpfjzpf tjynfjynfqi kd &f mu =unfah ewJh
28
tcsed rf mS The most Comprehensive Road Map vdjk rif=uw,f ? tJ'v D kd yd+k y;D awmh todtrSwf
jyK/ jrif=uwJth ay:rSm usaemfw@kd vrl sK;d pktay:rSm yd+k y;D awmh,=kH unfr_ &Sv
d m=uw,f qdw k t
hJ ydik ;f udk
wifjyvdyk gw,f?
+y;D awmh aemufawG@whJ oH&;Hk [mqd&k if rav;&Sm;oH&;Hk jzpfw,f? rav;&Sm;qd&k if ykrH eS f usaemf
wd@k awG@w,f? tdE, Nd oH&;Hk udk ykrH eS o
f mG ;w,f? awmiftmz&duEkid if H txdomG ;w,f? tckajymwm
uoH&;Hk awG jzpfw,f? Edik if H taeeJ@ oGm;r,fq&kd if *syef/ aemfa0/ 'de;f rwf/ *&d/ b,fv*s, D rf/
pydef/ t*Fvef/ *smr%D/ puFmyl/ ta&SŒwDarm/ tif'dkeD;&Sm; pojzifha&mufcJhw,f/ Oyrm-
[efa,mifa[G qd&k if ENSCC &Jh t}uHay;yk*Kd~ vf taeeJ@ ola&mufwahJ e&mrSm ajymwmbJ/
usaemfwdk@ NCUB(FAC) taeeJ@ apma';Apfaxmu OD;aqmif+yD; tif'dkeD;&Sm; oGm;r,f/
usaemfw@kd ENSCC emrnfe@J r[kwaf yr,fh The Panglong Initiative udk tcGit hf a&;&atmif
,l+yD;wifjyw,f// +yD;awmh e0w&Jh Propaganda udk usaemfw@kd u (Undo) jzwfwmayg@aemf/
olw@kd ajymaewmu olw@kd r&S&d ifbmjzpfr,f/ 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd u r[kwyf gb;l / 'g[m e*du k wnf;
u yifvpkH mcsKyfe@J wnfaqmufvmwJh jynfaxmifpjk zpfw,f/ usaemfw@kd yifvpkH mcsKyfuv kd nf;
wu,fwrf; usaemfw@kd u Voluntary Union jzpfw,f/ usaemfw@kd twif;t=uyf a=umufv@kd /
pdw&f y_ v f @kd 0ifwm r[kwyf gb;l qdw k hJ yHrk sK;d eJ@t+rJwrf;bJ tJ't D ydik ;f awG usaemfw@kd vyk w f mawG
vnf;&Sw d ,f/ aemufwck twGi;f udprP mS qd&k if twGi;f udpu P wkd m0ef,+l y;D vkyw f yhJ *k Kd~ vfawG&w dS ,f/
Oyrm - &mZvD&ŒJ vufaxmuf Leo Rul Martin [mqd&k if ArmjynfrmS tajcpdu k w f ,/f
usaemfw@kd e@J (3) vw}udrf t+rJawG@w,f/ oluaewqift h wGi;f &Sd usaemfw@kd tiftm; Cease-
Fire tkyp f ak wG/ Edik if aH &; ygwaD wG/ NLD pojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;&Jh taetxm;awG/ usaemfw@kd &hJ
pkpnf;r_/ usaemfw@kd &hJ pnf;vH;k nD!w G jf cif; Unity usaemfw@kd &q hJ EN/ usaemfw@kd bmudv k ckd siw f mvJ/
usaemfw@kd u zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpu k kd &csiw f ,fqw
kd hJ tJ'u
D pd aP wGukd t+rw J rf;wifjy/ Propose
vkyEf ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
wzufrmS vJ=unfrh ,fq&kd if xdik ;f tpd;k &udk apmapmydik ;f u usaemfw@kd Diplomat udpaP wG/
xdik ;f qd&k if xdik ;f &Jh Tatic ayg@/ tpd;k &qdw k m 'Duae@ 0ef}u;D [m reufjzefjyKwf&ifjyKwfr,f/ od@k aomf
Tatic qdw k mt+rw J rf;&dw
S ,f/ 'D Tatic eJ@ usaemfw@kd u t+rw J rf; tcGit hf a&;&atmif ,l+y;D awmhrS
olw@kd EiS hf awG@w,f/ wdik yf ifw,f/ tvm;wlbJ tcGiv hf rf;awG&mS +yD;awmh xdik ;f &Jh Edik if jH cm;a&;
aumfrwDrmS Sharing awGbmawG usaemfw@kd omG ;w,f/ usaemfw@kd &hJ udpaP wGukd ajymw,f/
wdik ;f &if;om;udp[ P m b,fv&kd v dS pJ onhjf zifh Sharing vkyw f ,f/ olw@kd u ac:w,f/ 0rf;omw,f?
[dk Road Map xGufwJh tcsdefqdk&if qvdkif;vsefr_ef; ESifh [ef wdk@uae+yD;awmhrS Press
Conference awGvy kwf ,f? tJ'u D pd aP wGuvJ usaemfw@kd uowif;udpu P kd jr‡iwhf if (Promote)
vkyw f t
hJ ydik ;f xJrmS ygwmygb/J internationalize vkyw f hJ tydik ;f ygb/J Lobby vkyw f t hJ ydik ;f awGe@J vJ
usaemfw@dk ajymvd@k &w,f? tJ'aD wmh wzufrmS jyef=unfq h &kd if UN udv k J &mZmvDEiS hf usaemf
wd@k u xdawG@ra_ wG vkyyf gw,f/ olEiS hf wdu k ±f u
dk rf [kw&f ifawmifrS Leo Rul Martin rSaomf‚if;/
tzG@J tpnf;taeeJ@ r[kwaf yr,hv f nf; wOD;csi;f aomf‚if;/ tcGi}hf uHKwdik ;f tJ'gawG usaemfw@kd
29
vkycf yhJ gw,f? 'Dae@q&kd if Edik if tH awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u bmajymvJq&kd ifo&H ;Hk awGu tpajym
w,f/ vlrsKd;pkawG&Jhpnf;&kH;r_ tm;&p&maumif;vmw,fqdkwm olwdktaeeJ@ajymvmw,f/
toHxu G v
f mwmudak wGŒ&w,f? aemuf+yaD wmh xdik ;f tpd;k & ud, k Ef u_d u f 'Duae@o&l hJ ay:vpDu
bmvJq&kd if e0wESihf xdik ;f &Jh vuf&t dS aetxm;udk vufrcHb;l / tJ'gusaemfw@kd ENSCC &Jh
Road Map a=umifv h @kd usaemfw@kd ajymvd@k &w,f/ usaemfw@kd vrl sK;d pk&phJ pk nf;r_ b,fv&kd w
dS ,f/
b,fvv kd yk w
f ,f qdw k t hJ jriftay:rSm tm;&w,f? tJ't D ay:rSmvnf; 'Duae@ e0wESix hf ikd ;f
xm;wJh vuf&Sdtaetxm;udk vufrcHbl;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&; &Sdudk&dS&r,f/
tJ'Denf;tm;jzifh vkyf&r,f/ aemufwcku trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;aphwJh tcgqdk&if
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk Ethnic Nationalities yguykd g&r,f? NLD, Ethnic Nationalities, SPDC
qdw
k mu wdwu d sus olw@kd csxm;wmudk usaemfw@kd awG@&w,f/
ed*;Hk csKyftaeeJ@ usaemfajymcsiw f mu ENSCC uae+yD;awmh vkyo f mG ;wJu
h pd aP wGtay:rSm
usaemfxifw,f/f trsm;}uD; wdik ;f &if;om; (Ethnic) ud, k pf m;vkyo f mG ;wJth cg wdik ;f &if;om;
(Ethnic) tay: xm;wJh tjynfjynfqdkif&m&Jhtjrifu trsm;}uD;ajymif;vJvmw,fvdk@
,Hk=unfw,f/ ,kH=unfwJh tm;avsmfpGmbJ ENSCC udkqufxm;rvm;/ rxm;bl;vm;/
rxm;bl; qd&k ifvJ jzwfv@kd &w,f? xm;csiv f J xm;zd@k aumif;w,f? 'grrS [kw&f ifvJ usaemf
xifwm usaemfw@kd rmS yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ (Coordination) vkyzf @kd / pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ (Unity)
wckawmhvdkudk vdktyfw,f? Tactical Unity bJac:ac:ayg@/ zGJ@udkzJG@oifh w,f/ ENSCC
udbk q
J ufxm;r,f/ tJ'w D m0ef ay;r,fq&kd if yHpk aH jymif;+yD;awmhay;oifw h ,f qdv k nf;ay;oifh
w,fv@kd xifygw,f? usaemfoabmeJ@tjrifu ENSCC &Jt h vkyu f awmh tusK;d &Sw d ,fv@kd
jrifwthJ a=umif; ajym&if;ed*;Hk csKyfygw,f? tm;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifygw,f? Ò
30
tcef; (3)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh

wyfaygif;pkrsm;rSwifoGif;aom “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;.
uspvf pfcikd rf maompnf;vk;H nD!w $ af &;” (Solidarity)
wnfaqmufrt _ wGuf tjrifEiS ohf abmxm; pmwrf;rsm;?
3;1? jynfaxmifpw
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
UNLD (LA) rSwifoiG ;f aom tjrifEiS o hf abmxm;pmwrf;
av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd}uD;ESiw hf uG wkid ;f &if;

om;vlrsK;d rsm; tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;rS uk,
d pf m;vS,af cgi;f
aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; —
UNLD(LA) onf wki
d ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. uspv
f pf
ckid rf maom pnf;vk;H !$waf &; (Solidarity) wnfaqmufr_
twGuf tjrifoabmxm;ESihf ygwo f ufv@dk aemufcoH rkid ;f
a=umif;jzpf&yfrsm;/ tqifq h ifjh zpfxeG ;f vmonfh ta=umif;
rsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&; qufvuf
wnfaqmufoGm;&rnfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;tjrifESifhoabm
cGe;f rwf&u
f b
kd ef; xm;ukd tykid ;f vku d w
f ifjy aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
aemufco
H rkid ;f a=umif;jzpf&yfrsm;
obmywd}uD;ESiw
hf uG acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; —
,ckvuf&jdS refrmEkid if v H @dk ac:wGiaf e+yD; ucsi/f u&if/ u&ife/D csi;f / rGe/f Arm/ &Sr;f / &ckid f ponfh
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; pkaygi;f aexkid =f uwJh wkid ;f jynfrmS wwkid ;f wjynfv;Hk pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;
wnfaqmufEidk b f @dk twGuf rdrw d Œdk vlrsK;d uko
d mwav#mufv;Hk uk, d pf m;jyK vm=uwJh ucsi/f u&if/
u&ife/D csi;f / rGe/f &Sr;f / &ckid f paomwkid ;f &if;om;rsm;wk@d rmS tjrifoabmxm;rsm; wln=D u+y;D awmh
vG,u f pl mG eJ@ wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; uspv f spcf idk rf mwJh pnf;vk;H nD!wG af &; (Solidarity) ukd
t+rJwrf;wnfaqmufEidk af =umif; awG@&&dS rSm jzpfygw,f?
tJ'vD dk wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;uspv
f pfcidk rf mwJh pnf;vk;H nD!w
G af &; tiftm;pkuae+y;D awmh
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d uk, d pf m;jyKcH,o l nfh tpOftvmr&Sw d hJ Armtiftm;pkEiS hf wkid yf ifaqG;aEG;
tay;t,l vky=f u+y;D / wwkid ;f wjynfv;Hk aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;qDo@dk aqmifusO;f oGm;Ekid af =umif;
ukd orkid ;f jzpf&yftrSerf sm;rSm awG@}uHK&rSmjzpfygw,f?
yxrt}udrpf nf;vk;H nD!w

G af &;wnfaqmufjcif;
obmywd}uD;ESihf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; —
ucsi/f u&if/ u&ife/D csi;f / rGe/f Arm/ &Sr;f / &ckid pf wJw
h idk ;f &if;om;rsm;rSm a&S;ESpaf ygi;f axmifEiS chf sD
uwnf;u uk,d bhf &k if/ uk,
d af pmfbmG ;/ 'l;0g/ apmzsm/ apmfu/J &rftyk rf if;eJŒ oD;jcm;pDe,fajrrsm;
33
wnf&=dS uwJh Xmaewdik ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpf=uw,f? t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd aD cwfumvrSmvnf; oD;jcm;

uk,
d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;e,fajrrsm; wnf&=dS u+y;D jynfaxmifpyk pkH rH sKd ; r&Sad =umif; awG@&&dS rSmjzpfygw,f?
vGwfvyfa&;}udK;yrf;wJhumvrSm ArmjynfrtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyv
acgi;f aqmifrsm; }udK;yrf;=uovdk &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f pwJw
h ikd ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSmvnf;yJ
vGwv f yfa&;twGuf oD;jcm;}udK;yrf;v_y&f mS ;vm+yD; aemufryS ;l aygi;f vm=ua=umif; awG@&&dS rSm
jzpfygw,f?
(u) &Sr;f vli,frsm; zqyvESihf oGm;a&mufawG@qHjk cif;?
zqyvtzG@J csKyf 1946 ck ZEM0g&v D (17) &ufae@rS (23) &ufae@txd usi;f yjyKvkyw f hJ
yxrt}udrf zqyvnDvmcHrmS &Sr;f vli,f (10) OD;u v#Kd @0u S of mG ;a&mufawG@qckH whJ ,f? ‚if;
awG@qpkH Of &cdik /f csi;f ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm; vnf;ygvm=uygw,f? &Sr;f vli,frsm;u ae+yD;awmh
awmifwef;a'orsm; ryg0ifbJ ArmjynfrvGwv f yfa&;,lrmS vm; ar;&mrSm zqyvu ,loifh
&if,lr,f ajz=um;vdk@ &Srf;vli,frsm;awmif}uD;jyefa&mufwJhtcg 20-2-1964 &ufpGJjzifh
awmifwef;a'orsm;[m awmawmifxlxyf+yD; o,HZmwºuG,f0wJhtjyif w&kwf/ tENd,
ESpfEdkifiHESifh e,fcsif;pyf+yD; vHk+cHKa&;t& ta&;yga=umif;/ awmifwef;a'orygwJh Armjynfr
vGwv f yfa&;[m ppfreS rf n rf [kwaf =umif;/ &Sr;f udo k em;bd@k r[kw/f tm;vH;k tusKd ;twGuf
jzpfa=umif; ay;pmrSmyg&ydS gw,f? aemufyikd ;f rS zqyv[m awmifwef;a'orsm; rygwhJ vGwv f yf
a&;[m t"dyg` ,rf &Sad =umif; wGiu f s,pf mG oH;k pGv
J mwmudv k nf; ordik ;f rSmawG@&&dS ygw,f?
(c) &Sr;f apmfbmG rsm; vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;jcif;?
yifvt kH p rdik ;f yGeu f pcJwh mjzpfw,f? 'kw, d urBmppftjyD; urBmay:&Su d vkd ekd ED ikd if rH sm;u
vGwv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;vm=uwJt h csed f zqyvuvnf; Armjynfr vGwv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;=uwJh
tcsed jf zpfw,f? 'gah =umifh 1945 ck atmufwb kd mvrSm rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;}uD;&Jh r[ma'0D psmye
tcrf;tem;odk@ te,fe,ft&yf&yfrS apmfbGm;}uD;rsm;wufa&muf=u+yD;/ &Srf;jynfESifh
awmifwef;a'o tem*wfvw G v f yfa&;udpP aqG;aEG;=uw,f? 1946 ck Zefe0g&v D (31) &ufae@/
rdkif;udkifapmfbGm;a[mf}uD;rSm apmfbGm;rsm;aumifpDtpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;ycJh=uw,f/ tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;oabmwlncD sut f & 1946 ck rwfvrSm usa&mufrnfh vJcsm;apmfbmG ;e,f yifvkH
bk&m;yGrJ mS &Sr;f jynfvufrj_ yyGw J &yfusi;f y+yD; zqyv/ ucsi/f csi;f / u&ifeD acgi;f aqmifrsm;
zdwaf c:bd@k csrw S of mG ;=uw,f? 'gah =umifh &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm; zdwaf c:csut f & yxr yifvn kH v D mcH
usi;f y jyKvkyEf ikd cf +hJ y;D awmh tawmftwef tjyeftvSeef m;vnfr_ &&So d mG ;+y;D aemufEpS f yifvrkH mS
xyfrq H =kH uzd@k oabmxm;&&So d mG ;=uwmjzpfw,f?
(*) &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f acgi;f aqmifrsm; yifvpkH mcsKyft}udK oabmwlncD sucf srw
S jf cif;?
&Sr;f jynfacgi;f aqmifrsm;/ ucsijf ynfacgi;f aqmifrsm;wd@k [m 1947 ck azaz:0g&v
D (6) &uf
ae@rmS wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;oabmwln=D u+y;D / aemufxyfa&mufvm=uwJh csi;f jynfacgi;f aqmifrsm;eJ@
34
(7) &ufae@wiG f xyfrwH ikd yf ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD;awmh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk
OD;pGmwnfaqmufEikd cf w
hJ ,f?
oabmwlncD surf sm;rSm —
1? Armwd@k EiS hf tqift h wef;wl/ tcGit hf a&;wl/ &ydik cf iG w
hf l 'Dru
kd a&pDusus cHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf?
2? tr_aqmifaumfrwDwiG f yg0ifaqmif&u G =f uaom &Sr;f ud, k pf m;vS,f ESihf ucsiu
f ,
kd pf m;vS,f
wd@k onf rdrw d @kd vrl sKd ;toD;oD;. jynfwiG ;f a&;&mtm;vH;k twGuf wm0ef,al qmif&u G =f u
&rnf?
3? ucsiw f @kd u oD;jcm; ucsijf ynftvd&k adS =umif; awmif;qdck suu f kd TaumfrwDu axmufcH
onf?
4? Armjynftpd;k &ESihf +Adwo d #tpd;k &wd@k . (atmifqef;tufwvD pmcsKyfoabmwlncD surf sm;
onf &Sr;f / ucsiw f @kd EiS hf ygwo
f ufjcif; r&Sad p&)?
5? vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D onfah emuf “jrefrmjynfaxmifp”k rS u|Eykf w f @kd oabmusonft h csed wf iG f
cGx
J uG cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
aemufqufwrJG sm;tjzpf —
(u) A[dt k cGeaf wmfaiGEiS phf yfvsO;f I &Sr;f wd@k cpH m;&aomtcGit hf a&;ESihf &ydik cf iG t
hf m;vH;k wd@k twdik ;f /
csi;f ESihf ucsiw f @kd uvnf; vlO;D a&tvdu k f cHpm;cGi&hf &dS rnf?
(c) csi;f wd@k a'owGif b¾ma&;rvHak vmufonf&cdS ahJ omf jrefrmjynftcGeaf wmfqufaiGrsm;rS
jznfw h if;oH;k pG&J rnf?
(*) &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaomawmifwef;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;tzG@J
OD;pD;tr_aqmifaumfrwDw&yfukd zG@J pnf; wnfaxmif&rnf? ‚if;tr_aqmifaumfrwDonf
awmifwef;om;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynftpd;k &wd@k t=um;wGif ay:ayguo f r#aom ay:vpDa&;
qdik &f mudp&P yftm;vH;k ESihf pyfvsO;f I tqH;k tjzwfay;Edik af om tm%mtjynft h pH&k &dS rnf
— [lI yg&+dS yD;awmh &Sr;f jynfacgi;f aqmif (14) OD;/ ucsijf ynfacgi;f aqmif (6) OD;ESihf csi;f jynf
acgif;aqmif (3) OD; toD;oD; oabmwlvufrSwfa&; xdk;=uygw,f? tJ'DpmcsKyf[m
Armjynfrtpd;k &ud, k pf m; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf 1947 ck azaz:0g&v D (12) &ufae@wiG f
csKyfqx kd m;cJ=h uwJh yifvpkH mcsKyf&hJ t}udKpmcsKyfyifjzpfygw,f?
yifvpkH mcsKyf&t
hJ ESpo
f m&uawmh —
1? oD;jcm;pDwnf&wdS ehJ ,fajrrsm; w+ydKifwnf;vGwv
f yfa&;&,l=uzd@k EiS hf
2? trsKd ;om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; bJjzpfygw,f?
'ga=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; OD;pGmpnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk wnfaqmuf=u+yD;rS Armtif
tm;pkEiS hf xyfqifo h abmwlnrD &_ &S+d yD; trsKd ;om;pdw"f gw/f jynfaxmifppk w
d "f gww f nfaqmuf
Edik =f u+yD; udv
k ekd t
D *Fvyd x f rH S vGwv f yfa&;udv k nf; trdt& wGe;f tm;ay;Edik jf cif; jzpfygw,f?
35
'kw,
d t}udrf pnf;vH;k nD!w
obmywd}uD;ESihf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; -
(u) 1947 ck/ zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH m;enf;csurf sm;?
Armjynfre,fajrudk,fpm;jyK+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &Srf;jynf/ ucsifjynf/ csif;jynf
ud,
k pf m;jyKwdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; csKyfqckd =hJ uwJh yifvpkH mcsKyfrmS tEdik t
f ¶_;H pmcsKyfr[kwyf g?
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; wef;wl&nfwjl ynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufz@kd bJ jzpfygw,f?
'gayrJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;oGm;+yD;aemufydkif;/ zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;[m yifvHk
pdw"f gw/f wef;wla&;pdw"f gw/f trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwf tajccHrrl aS oGz,ftm;eJ=u+y;D 1947 ck zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qG&J mrSm Armjynfrudk jynfaxmifpt k m%mESihf wGx J m;vd@k / &Sr;f jynf/
ucsijf ynf/ csi;f jynfrsm;[m wef;wltcGit hf a&;qH;k ¶_;H oGm;w,f? Armpd;k rd;k jcif; vufatmufcH
usa&mufomG ;w,f? jynfe,f&oif&h xdu k w f hJ rGe/f u&if/ &cdik u
f kd jynfe,fxal xmifray;bl;?
u&ifejD ynfacgi;f aqmif apmzsmESihf jynforl sm; qENrygbJ vufatmufcjH ynfe,fwe,ftjzpf
twif;xnfx h m;vduk wf ,f? 'gah =umifv
h w
G v f yfa&;&+y;D zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya' touf0if
vmonfESifhw+ydKifeuf jynfwGif;ppfrD;[mvnf; w+ydKifwnf;pwif avmifu|rf;oGm;wm
jzpfw,f?
t*FvdyfukdvdkeDacwfumvrSm Armtygt0if wdkif;&if;om;e,fajrrsm;tm;vHk; udkvdkeD
vufatmufcjH zpfc=hJ uw,f/ 'gayrJh Armjynfrudo k m t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u wdu k ¶f u
kd t
f yk cf sKyf+yD;
&Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f ESihf u&ife,fajr[m ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf &Sx
d m;wmjzpfw,f? u&ifejD ynfuawmh
t*FvdyfESifh Armbk&ifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhwdkif;jynftjzpf qufvuftodtrSwfjyKxm;
wmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D wJh aemuf 1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'rSm Armu
t*Fvyd af e&mwufxikd jf yD; wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; vufatmufcb H 0usa&mufomG ;wmjzpfw,f?
(c) wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;wnfaqmufjcif;?
1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tc%f; (10) rSm (10) ESpjf ynfch x
JG uG yf ikd cf iG yhf gw,f? tc%f;
(11) rSm jyifqifciG yhf gw,f? 'gayrJh wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;[m cGx J u G cf iG whf }udrw
f cgrS
roH;k cJb
h ;l — Oya'twdik ;f jyifqifciG whf ifwmawmifrS zqyvnD!w G af ewJt h csed rf mS ta=umif;
trsKd ;rsKd ;jy+yD; tcsed q
f v
JG mcJw
h ,f?
'gayrJh zqyv tzG@J csKyf OD;EkEiS hf OD;ausm+f idr;f oef@&iS ;f — wnf+rJ uG=J u+yJ=u+yD;wJth csed =f urS
0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekuae+yD;awmh jynfe,facgif;aqmifrsm;udkac:+yD;awmh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;
nD!w G af &;udk jyefvnf wnfaqmufvw kd ,f? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'jyifvykd gu jyifygq+kd y;D
w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeudyk g wygwnf; v$aJ y;vku d wf ,f? tJ't D csed f 1960 ck a&G;aumufyrJG mS
OD;EkO;D aqmifwhJ oef@&iS ;f zqyvrSm oH;k yHEk pS yf akH usmf tjywftowftEdik &f &S+d y;D jynfe,ftiftm;pk
36
ESifhaygif;vdkuf&if 90 &mckdifE_ef;tiftm; &SdwJhtcsdefjzpfw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

jyifqifa&;twGuf taumif;qH;k tcsed f vnf;jzpfygw,f?
tJ'v D t kd cGit
hf a&;&wmeJ@w+yKd ifeuf &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f / u&ife/D u&ifjynfe,facgi;f aqmifrsm;
ESihf rGe/f &cdik f acgi;f aqmifrsm; 330 OD;wd@k [m 1961 ck ZGev f (8) &ufae@rS (16) &ufae@txd
awmif}uD;+rdK@rSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'jyifqifa&;qGJ&eftwGuf nDvmcH}uD;w&yfudk
usi;f yðyvkycf w hJ ,f?
tJ'w
D ikd ;f &if;om;rsm; awmif}uD;nDvmcHrmS wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;
(Solidarity) udw k nfaxmifEikd cf =hJ uygw,f?
1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'udk ppfreS w
f zhJ uf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k jzpf jyifqif
a&;qG&J ef Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; oabmwlnw D hJ yifvpkH mcsKyf/
yifvpkH w
d "f gwwf iG yf g&w
dS t
hJ wdik ;f trsKd ;om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf
oGm;&ef atmufygtwdik ;f wnDw!Gww f nf; oabmwlncD sucf srw S Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f?
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm; —
(1) Armjynfe,fz@JG pnf;a&;
(2) jynfaxmifpyk gvrD ef v$waf wmfEpS &f yftm; tm%mwlay;a&;
(3) vlrsKd ;pkvw $ af wmfo@kd jynfe,fwikd ;f nDr#aomud, k pf m;vS,f apvGwaf &;
(4) jynfaxmifpk (A[d)k tm%mrsm;owfrw S +f yD; use&f adS om tm%mrsm;ESihf tcGit
hf a&;
rsm;udk jynfe,frsm;toD;oD;od@k v$t J yfay;a&;wd@k bjJ zpfygw,f?
(*) jrefrmEdik if v
H rl sKd ;aygi;f pHk ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;usi;f yjcif;?
0ef}uD;csKyfO;D Eku 1962 ck azaz:0g&v D (24) &ufae@ &efuek +f rdK@ jynfvrf;toHvi$ chf ef;rrSm
jrefrmEdik if v
H rl sKd ;aygi;f pHk jynfaxmifprk El iS yhf wfoufv@kd ED;S aESmzvS,yf pJG wifusi;f ycJw
h ,f —
- ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;rSm yxp/ zqyv/ yrnw/ &yvp Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k
tjyif jynfe,fn! D wG af &;tzG@J rS ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; pHn
k pD mG wufa&muf=uygw,f? a&S;OD;pGm
jynfe,frsm;nD!w G af &;tzG@J rS zuf'&,frEl iS hf ywfouf+yD;awmh wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;cJw
h ,f?
- ES;D aESmzvS,yf 'JG w
k ,
d ae@ukd rwfv (1) &ufae@wiG f qufvufusi;f y+y;D twdu
k t
f cHygwrD sm;
jzpf=uwJh yrnw/ zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u toD;oD;wifjyaqG;aEG;oGm;w,f?
- ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJwwd,ae@udk rwfv (7) &ufae@rSm qufvufusif;yoGm;&efjzpf+yD;
tzG@J tpnf; tm;vH;k aqG;aEG;+yD;&ifawmh 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Eku em,utjzpf aqmif&u
G rf nfh
(1) jynfe,frsm; nD!w G af &;tzG@J ru
S ,
kd pf m;vS,f (6) OD;/
(2) yrnw ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/
(3) zqyv ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/
37
(4) &yvz ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/

(5) yxp ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD; ESihf tpd;k &twdik yf ifct
H zG@J 0ifv}l uD;rsm;yg0ifwahJ umfrwD
wckz@JG pnf;&efvnf; csrw S x
f m;cJ+h yD; jzpfw,f?
tJ'DESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;+yD;pD;atmif usif;yEdkifrnfqdk&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDusifhpOfESifhtnD
ppfreS wf hJ 'Dru
kd a&pDzuf'&,fr[ l m atmifjrifomG ;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tm%mirf;irf;wuf
ae+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm; wef;wla&;rvdv k m;bJ vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'pGu
J ikd +f yD;awmh vlrsKd ;pkrsm;
trsKd ;jzKwfvw kd hJ Adv
k af e0if;OD;aqmifwphJ pftyk pf [k m 1962 ck rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS wdik ;f jynf
tm%modr;f ,lomG ;cJw h ,f?
'ga=umifh 'kw,d t}udrf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;wnfaqmufEikd af omf
vnf; 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;wnfaqmufa&;rSm ysujf ym;oGm;jcif;jzpfw,f?
wwd,t}udrf pnf;vH;k nD!w

obmywd}uD;ESihf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; —
Adv
k af e0if;OD;aqmifwhJ ppftyk pf k 1962 ck/ wdik ;f jynftm%modr;f cJph Ofu &Sr;f / ucsi/f u&if/
u&ife/D csi;f / rGe/f &cdik f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;[m zuf'&,form;rsm;/ cGx J uG af &;orm;rsm;/ wdik ;f jynf
+zdKcGo
J rl sm; jzpf=uw,f? wdik ;f jynfacsmufurf;yg;usvq k qJ rJ mS wyfrawmfu tcsed rf xDS ed ;f odr;f
Edkifw,fvdk@ olcdk;vl[pf0g'jzef@cJhw,f/ EdkifiHa&;tm;enf;=uwJh Armwdkif;&if;om;trsm;pkrSm
,Hk=unf=uw,f? 'gha=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;rsm; wnfaqmufxm;wJh
yifvpkH w d "f gw/f trsKd ;om;pdw"f gwf vH;k 0+ydKvSyJ supf ;D oGm;cJw
h ,f?
tJ'DvdkOya'abmiftwGif;aqmif&GufcGifhr&wJhtqHk; wdkif;&if;om;rsm;/ vlrsdK;pki,frsm;
ygrusef 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh wef;wla&;twGuf &&mvufeufpGJudkif+yD; awmfvSef=uojzifh
jynfwGif;ppfrD;rSmvnf; txGÉftxdyfodk@ avmifu|rf;rqHk; awmufavmifoGm;awmhw,f?
jynfwiG ;f ppf ESp(f 40) a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ zufqpfppftm%m&Sipf epfa=umifv h nf;aumif;/
'Dru
kd a&pDv@l tcGit hf a&;qdwo
f Ok ;f jcif;rSmvnf; trsKd ;om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
wnfaqmufa&;jy\em&Jah emufqufwJG uyfygvmawmhw,f? 'gah =umifh jynfov l x
l w
k &yfv;kH
rcHr&yfEikd w
f t
hJ qH;k 1988 ck/ jynfv;kH u|wf 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD;a=umifh zqyv ygwD
jyKwfus+yD; e0w zufqpfppftyk pf k jyefay:vmwm jzpfw,f?
(u) jynfwiG ;f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;pnf;vH;k nD!w
1962 ckEpS rf pS wifI 1988 ckEpS t
f xd (26) ESpu
f mvywfv;kH wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;pkpnf;Edik o
f nfh
tcGifhta&;vHk;0r&Sdyg? rqv zufqpfppftkyfpku wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; trsdK;jzKwfa&;
vky&f yfjzpfwhJ —
38
(1) wdik ;f &if;om;pmayrsm;vH;k 0oif=um;cGiw hf m;jrpfjcif;/

(2) tcsut f csmus e,fajrrsm;odr;f ,ljcif;/
(3) twif;t"rRvrl sKd ;aoG;a&maESmpepfvyk af qmifjcif;/
(4) Arm,Ofaus;r_"avhx;kH wrf;udk tm%mjzifh twif;oGwo f iG ;f jcif;/
(5) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pke,fajrppfqifa&;ta=umif;jy+yD; rw&m;zrf;qD;/ &GmrD;¶d_@/
ypPn;f OpPmvk,uf/ rk'ed ;f usi/hf owfjzwfjcif;udok m tvl;tvScJ v H mcJ&h ygw,f?
'gayrJh e0wvufxuf 1988-89 ckEpS u f p+yD; ygwpD u
kH mvrSm Edik if aH &;ygwaD ygi;f (235)
ygwD ay:aygufonfhteuf/ wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;jyKygwDaygif; (30) cef@omyg0if+yD;
tJ'Dwdkif;&if;om; EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm;vHk;udk jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;'Drdkua&pD
tzG@J csKyfrmS wdak wmif;vSwt
hJ csed f umv (3) vtwGi;f pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG pkpnf;xm;Edik cf w hJ ,f?
UNLD &Jh Edik if aH &;rl0g'rSm —
(1) ppftm%m&Sipf epfcsKyf+idr;f a&;/
(2) ygwpD 'kH rD u
kd a&pDxeG ;f um;a&;/
(3) 'Drukd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;umuG,jf yXmef;a&;/
(4) trsKd ;om;rsm;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;/
(5) +idrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufa&; ponfhtajccHrlrsm;udk csrSwfxm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh
tJ'DtajccHrltay: wwd,t}udrf wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmuf
Edik cf w
hJ mjzpfygw,f?
(c) jynfwiG ;f wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkEiS hf 'Dru

kd a&pDtiftm;pk pnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf _
wnfaqmufa&;?
wdik ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;jyKEdik if aH &;ygwrD sm;onf UNLD tzG@J csKyfwiG f pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _
wnfaqmuf+yD;onfEiS w hf +ydKifeuf rdrEd ikd if aH &;tajccHrul kd pGu
J ikd +f yD; 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf
awG@qkH aqG;aEG;cJyh gw,f? NLD tzG@J csKyfEiS hf (3) }udrw f ikd w
f ikd f aqG;aEG;+yD; 1990 ck =o*kwv f
(29) &ufae@ Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;yl;wGaJ =unmcsuf xkwjf yefEikd cf w hJ ,f? Akv d af tmifausmv
f rf;
yl;wGx J w
k jf yefa=unmcsurf mS “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;onf vlrsKd ;a&;wef;wlnrD #r/_ Edik if aH &;
wef;wlnDr#r_&Sd+yD; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh tjynfht0&Sdap&rnfhtjyif 'Drdkua&pDESifh tajccH
vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,jf yXmef;Edik rf nfh jynfaxmifpEk ikd if u H kd wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vH;k
aoG;pnf;nD!GwfpGmjzifh wnfaqmufoGm;&ef oabmwlnDa=umif;” yg&Sdygw,f? tJ'D
Adv
k af tmifausmv f rf;yl;wGaJ =unmcsuaf =umifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkrsm;
wd@k rmS pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ukw d nfaqmufEidk cf yhJ gw,f?
tJ'v
D kd Adv k af tmifausmv f rf;yl;wGaJ =unmcsux f w
k jf yef+yD; r=umcifrmS NLD 'Dru
kd a&pD
tiftm;pkEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;nD!w G af &;udk vH;k 0rvdv k m;wJh e0w[m UNLD
39
tzGJ@csKyfudk rw&m;zsufodrf;vdkufw,f? UNLD tzGJ@0if jynfe,fudk,fpm;jyK trsdK;om;

ud, k pf m;jyK (&Sr;f / ucsi/f u&if/ u,m;/ csi;f / &cdik /f rGe)f ponfyh gw}D uD;rsm;tm;vH;k udk zsuo f rd ;f
vdkufw,f? e0w/ etz t}udKufaqmif jynfaxmifpku&iftrsdK;om;tzGJ@csKyf/ e0w
rwwfomvd@k csex f m;&wJh SNLD ESihf Edik if w H umudb k rf;jyzd@k (+rdKcrD;/ vm;[l/ 0/ ytd0k Ehf iS hf
ud;k uef@u, kd pf m;jyK (2) ygwD pkpak ygi;f (8)ygwD csex
f m;w,f? e0w tJ'v D kd UNLD tzG@J csKyfEiS hf
tzG@J 0ifygw}D uD;rsm; zsuo f rd ;f vdu
k w
f m ‚if;wd@k twkta,mif trsKd ;om;nDvmcH usi;f ya&;
twGu}f uKd wif&iS ;f vif;xm;jcif; jzpfw,f? NLD udv k nf; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh ydrk +kd y;D zdtm;ay; vmwm
awG@&&dS ygw,f?
'gayrJh NLD ESihf UNLD wd@k &hJ Akv
d af tmifausmv f rf; yl;wGaJ =unmxkwjf yefa=unmcsu&f hJ
'Dru
kd a&pDta&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;tajccHral =umifh
,ae@txd CRPP wGif cdik +f rJpmG vufwv JG #u&f adS =umif; awG@&&dS ygw,f?
(*) awmfveS af &;e,fajr&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk pnf;vH;k nD!w

Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; oabmwlncD sujf zpfwhJ yifvpkH mcsKyf/
yifvpkH wd "f gwt f ajccHrtl ay: aoGz,ftm;enf;oGm;+yD; Armjynfrudk jynfaxmifpt k m%meJ@
wGJxm;vdk@ tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; tcGifhta&; qHk;¶_H;oGm;w,f? Armvuf
atmufcjH zpfomG ;w,f? 'ga=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D avmifu|r;f oGm;wmjzpfw,f? aemufwqifh
1962 ckESpfrSm zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya' jyifqifa&;qGJ&ef ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJusif;yaepOf
Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpk[m wdkif;jynftm%modrf;,lvdkufw,f? 'ga=umifh Oya'abmiftwGif;
aqmif&u G cf iG rhf &&Sw
d t
hJ qH;k rcHr&yfEikd v
f @kd wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ygruse&f &m vufeufpu
JG ikd f
awmfvSef=uvdk@ jynfwGif;ppfrD; [kef;[kef;awmufavmifu|rf;oGm;jcif;eJ@twl ArmvlrsdK;ESifh
tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;rSmvnf; vH;k 0+ydKvSo J mG ;w,f/?
'gayrJh wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;[m qH;k ¶_;H oGm;wJrh rd w
d ef;wla&;eJ@ 'Dru
kd a&pDv@l tcGihf
ta&;rsm; jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf wdkif;&if;om;rsm;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk awmufav#muf
}udK;yrf;vmcJ=h uygw,f? 'gah =umifh 1976 ckEpS rf mS ucsi/f u&if/ u&ife/D rGe/f &Sr;f / &cdik /f ytd0k /hf
yavmif/ u,ef;/ csi;f / vm;[l/ pwJw h ikd ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd tf iftm;pkrsm;[m trsKd ;om;
wef;wla&;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDta&; tajccHrl tay:tajccHI trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk NDF
udk pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG wnfaqmufEikd cf w
hJ ,f?
(C) awmfveS af &;e,fajr&Sw
d ikd ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkEiS hf 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;
pnf;vH;k nD!wG rf w
_ nfaqmufjcif;?
trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk0if wdik ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm 1948 ck/
vGwvf yfa&;&&So d nfth csed u
f wnf;u 1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' tm;enf;csuf
a=umifh 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;ESihf wef;wla&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifvmcJ=h uw,f? 1998 ckEpS rf mS ESpaf ygi;f
40
(40) &S+d y;D jzpfw,f? NDF wyfaygi;f pkz@JG pnf;vmwmvnf; (12) ESpjf ynfvh m+y;D jzpfw,f? 'gah =umifh
NDF wyfaygi;f pk[m 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wla&; tajccHrt l ay:tav;
teufxm;+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf
}udK;yrf;aqmif&u G af =umif; awG@&&dS w,f?
(1) NDF onf 1988 ckEpS /f 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfy}kH uD;twGi;f e0wu ypfcwfowfjzwf/
vku
d v
f zH rf;qD;vd@k wdik ;f &if;om;vGwaf jrmufe,fajrod@k a&muf&v dS m=uwJh ausmif;om;
vli,frsm;ESihf 'Drukd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k ukd aEG;axG;pGm}udKqd+k yD; jrefrmjynf'rD u
kd &uf
wpfr[mrdwrf sm;tzG@J csKyf DAB udk zG@J pnf;um NDF ESihf wef;wl&nfwl wyfaygi;f pkwiG f
vufwyJG ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G cf jhJ cif;?
(2) 1990 ck/ ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJrSm a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom
jynfo@l vwG af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f (9) OD; vGwaf jrmufe,fajrod@k a&muf&v dS m=u&m NDF
ESihf DAB wd@k u jynfov l x
l q
k ENukd tav;teufxm;&S+d yD; Edik if aH &;t&vnf;aumif;/
aiGa&;a=u;a&;t&vnf;aumif;/ tjynfht0axmufcHum jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
trsKd ;om;!Ge@f aygi;f tpd;k & NCGUB udk rdrw d @kd tpd;k &tjzpf axmufcjH cif;?
(3) jynfwiG ;f rS vGwaf jrmufe,fajrod@k a&muf&v dS m=uwJh NLD ygw0D ifO;D a& (30) ausmu f
NLD (LA) zGJ@pnf;&mrSm jynfwGif;u jynfolvlxktrsm;pkaxmufcHonfh ygwDjzpf
onfth wdik ;f NDF-DAB wd@k uvnf; wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wcktjzpf axmufcv H ufcjH cif;/
ponfw h ikd ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkEiS hf 'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pkpnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf NCUB
wyfaygi;f pk}u;D udk atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;um pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk wnfaqmufEikd cf yhJ gw,f?
NCUB wyfaygi;f pkpnf;vH;k nD!w
G rf a_ qmif&u
G cf surf sm;?
(1) NCUB wyfaygi;f pkrmS yg0if=uwJh NDF, DAB, NLD(LA) ESihf NCGUB wd@k rmS 1992
ck Zlvikd v
f (30) &ufae@rmS ppfreS af om'Dru
kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw
k nfaqmufa&;
twGuf rme,fyavmpmcsKyfukd csKyfqEkd ikd cf =hJ uw,f?
(2) wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; yxrt}udrf ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;u oabmwlxw
k jf yefxm;aom 1997
ck Zefe0g&v D (14) &uf/ r,foa&mxmxkwjf yefa=unmcsuf ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; tay: a':atmifqef;pk=unfu, kd w
f ikd af &m NLD
uygaxmufcHw,f/ vGwfajrmufe,fajra&muf 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;toD;oD;
uvnf; axmufc=H uw,f?
(3) vGwaf jrmufe,fajra&muf wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm; ES;D aESm
zvS,yf }JG u;D udk usi;f yjyKvky+f y;D 1998 ck 'DZifbmv (14) &ufae@pjJG zifh ppfreS af om 'Dru kd a&pD
ESihf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;twGuf ol;rGu J vk;d a=unmcsuu f kd xkwjf yefEikd f
cJw
h ,f?
41
(4) NCGUB rSm tem*gwjf refrmEdik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'rl=urf;ESiyhf wfoufv@kd
trsKd ;om;wef;wl&nfwl ppfreS w
f 'hJ rD u
kd a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if w
H nfaqmuf
a&;twGuf tajccHOya' yxr (rl=urf;) udk a&;qGEJ ikd af =umif; awG@&&dS w,f?
'gah =umifh jynfwiG ;f 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pk NLD ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk UNA, UNLD
wk@d onfvnf;aumif;/ awmfveS af &;e,fajrwGif NCUB wyfaygi;f pkEiS hf wyfaygi;f pkxrJ mS ryg0if
=uwJh KNPP, RCSS pwJt h zG@J tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k onf vnf;aumif;/ ppfreS wf 'hJ rD u
kd a&pDEiS hf
trsdK;om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf tajccHrltay:
tm;vH;k oabmxm; wln=D u+yD; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;ukd wnfaqmufv#u&f =dS uw,f 'gayrJh
etz ppftyk pf ak =umifh ,ae@txd &nfreS ;f csuaf tmifjrif&ef }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G af eqJ jzpfygw,f?
tiftm;pkEpS &f yfxyd w
f u
dk f wku
d yf JG
etz zufqpfppftkyfpkrSm ukvor*~rScsrSwfxm;wJh oHk;yGifhqdkifEdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rludk
qef@usi+f y;D ‚if;wd@k ppfwyf qufvuftm%mwnf+raJ &;twGuf Road Map (7) csuEf iS hf tajccH
rl (104) csuu f dk tajccHxm;wJh twkta,miftrsKd ;om;nDvmcH qufvufusi;f y&ef aumuf
usppf Of;vJpmG twif;vkyaf qmifaewmudk awG@&&dS ygw,f?
'ga=umif'h rdD u kd a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkyg0ifwhJ bufawmfom;tiftm;pk
rSm pnf;vk;H nD!w G =f u+y;D wbufrmS etzzufqpfppftyk pf w k @kd &hJ Road Map vrf;!Gef (7) csuyf g
twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHukd enf;[efrsdK;pHkjzifh wkdufzsuf&if; jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;
vkv d m;wJh ppfreS w f hJ 'Dru dk a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; tajccHrl vkyif ef;rsm;ukd
qufvufaqmif&Guf=u&rSmjzpfw,f/ 'ga=umifh wwd,t}udrf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;
ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; wnfaqmuf+yD; aemufwqifh
Arm'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf qufvufwnfaqmufomG ;&rSmjzpf
w,f? 'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk wqifh+yD; wqifh
aqmif&u G f oGm;&efvt kd yfa=umif;wifjyvdyk gw,f?
wkdif;&if;om;rsm;tiftm;pkESifh Arm'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&; wnf
aqmufa&;rS ppfreS af om'Dru
dk a&pD zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw
k nfaqmuf az:aqmifa&;qDo@dk
obmywd}uD;ESihf acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;cifAsm; — aemufq;kH taejzifph nf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;ESihf
ywfouf+yD;wifjyvkw
d muawmh —
(1) wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk pkpnf;v#u&f adS om trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDwyfaygi;f pk NDF ukv
d uf&dS
Ekid if aH &;jzpfxeG ;f rltaetxm;tay: wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm;vk;H yg0ifppk nf;Ekid f
rnfeh nf;vrf;rsm; }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef?
42
(2) jrefrmEkdifiH'Drkdu&ufwpffr[mrdwfrsm; tzGJ@csKyf DAB taejzifhvnf; vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;

jzpfxGef;r_ taetxm;ESifhtnD 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkkrsm;tm;vkH;yg0ifaom 'Drkdua&pD
r[mrdwrf sm; tzG@J csKyftjzpfw;dk csŒJ zG@J pnf;a&;twGuf enf;vrf;w&yf}udK;yrf;aqmif&u
G f
oGm;oifah =umif;?
(3) jynfwiG ;f §vGwaf jrmufe,fajr§Edik if w
H uma&muf 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;
om;tiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk; wqufwpyfwnf; [efcsufnDnD aqmif&GufoGm;Edkifrnfh
vkyif ef;rsm;ukd wqif+h yD;wqifh az:aqmifomG ;&ef?
vkyif ef;aqmif&u
G &f efenf;vrf;rsm;
'Drudk a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;onf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid f jzpfaom
ppfreS o f nfh 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;ESihf trsK;d om;wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf
a&;qkdonfh tajccHrltay: vkyfief;rsm;ukdwqifh+yD;wqifh taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&Guf
oGm;Ekid af &;twGuf Forum vkyif ef;yHpk rH sK;d jzifph wif}uKd ;yrf; aqmif&u
G o
f mG ;oifah =umif;wifjy&if;
ed*;Hk csKyftyfygw,f?
- zufqpfppftm%m&Sipf epf rkcsusq;Hk &rnf?
- 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;ESit
hf rsK;d om;wef;wl&nfwpl pfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnf
aqmufa&; w+ydKifwnf;atmifycJG =H u&rnf?
jynfaxmifpw
k idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) UNLD(LA)
43
3;2? &ckid jf ynfvw

G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) rSwifjyonftjrifoabmxm;pmwrf;
1? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. aemufco

H rkid ;f ?
,ae@ac:wGiaf eaom jrefrmEkid if w H iG f rwlujJG ym;aom
vlrsKd ;pHw
k idk ;f &if;om;rsm;onf vGwv f yfa&; rwdik rf uD mvxd
woD;wjcm;pD uk, d yf idk t
f csKyftjcmtm%mESifh aexkid v f mcJ=h u
olrsm;jzpfonf? e,fcs@J t*Fvyd f vufatmufo@kd vnf; woD;
wjcm;pD usa&mufc=hJ ujcif;jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh OruGo J u kd f
rysuf/ wajrwnf;ae wa&wnf;aomuf/ wavSwnf;pD;
wc&D; wnf;oGm;/ ordik ;f pOfwav#muf pnf;vH;k nD!w G pf mG jzifh
Adv
k rf LS ; cdik rf sKd ;rif; twlwuG vufwaJG exkid v f mcJ=h uaom vlrsKd ;rsm;jzpfonf[k
oH;k pGaJ e=ujcif;rSm udv k edk v
D ufatmuf vGwaf jrmufa&;wku d yf pJG OfumvtwGi;f ArmEkid if aH &;
orm;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u pnf;&H;k a&;vkt d yfrt _ & toH;k wJI h oH;k pGcJ =hJ ujcif;omjzpfonfudk owdjyK
&efvo dk nf?
,ae@acwfumvwGif yuwdwnf&adS eaom trSew f &m;tay: tajz&Sm&efvt dk yfayonf?
t&Su d t dk &St
d wkid ;f vufct H odtrSwjf yKr_r&Sv
d #if trSew f &m;uk&d mS I &ekid rf nfr[kw?f trSef
w&m;r&Sv d #if nD!w G af &;ukw d nfaqmufI &Ekid rf nfr[kw[ f k ,lqonf? xdak =umifh yuwd
wnf&cdS ahJ omwnf&adS eaom trSew f &m;tay:wGif tajz&Smoifah omumvod@k a&muf&v dS m
+yD[k ,lqonf? xdu k o hJ @kd rwl=uonfh jcm;em;r_rsm;ukd vufct H odtrSwjf yK+yD; wzufwiG f
wlno D nfh tcsut f vufrsm;uk&d mS azGum nD!w G af &; (Solidarity) uk, d ae@wnfaqmuf
Ekid rf oS mv#if trSew f u,f (Unity and diversity) ud&k &SEd idk rf nfjzpfonf[k tckid t f rm,lq
ygonf?
,cktcg rdrw d @dk wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pHjk ynforl sm;taejzifh Armekid if aH &;orm;rsm;u tpOf
tvm ok;H E_e;f vmcJah om a0g[m&toH;k tE_e;f rsm;ESihf vufawG@vyk [ f efrsm;udk txl;owdxm;
&rnfhtjyif rdrdwkd@vufawG@b0ESifhudkufnDaom vkyf[efrsm;udkygaygif;pyf+yD; enf;vrf;
&Smoifo h nf[o k ;kH oyfryd gonf? udv k edk aD cwfvw G vf yfa&;}udK;yrf;r_wiG f nD!w G af &;udk wnf
aqmufc=hJ uonfh wlno D nft h csutf vufrsm;rsm t*Fvyd w f @dk vufatmufwiG f u|ejf yKcHjcif;
wlnDr_ udkvkdeDu|efjyKcHb0rS vGwfajrmuf&efqENwlnDr_/ t*Fvdyfwdk@tm; wOD;wnf;aom
bH&k efol tjzpfwn l rD /_ vGwv f yfa&;udw k ef;wl&nfwl &,lvo dk nfqh ENwn l rD _ ponfw@dk onf
nD!Gwfa&;udk wnfaqmufcJh=uonfh rwluGJjym;r_rsm;xJrS wlnDaom tcsuftvufrsm;
tjzpfjrifawG@c=hJ u&onf?
44
xk@d a=umihf wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tcsi;f csi;f t=um; uGjJ ym;jcm;emaom rwlnrD r_ sm;ukd tjyef
tvSeftodtrSwfjyKESifh wlnDr_rsm;ukdnD!Gwfa&;twGuf tm;wcktjzpftoHk;jyK+yD;
nD!w G af &;ukd t&,lEidk cf =hJ ujcif; jzpfonf? Armekid if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u zqyvtzG@J csKyfwiG f
pkpnf;cJ=h uonf zqyvtzG@J csKyfu, dk pf m;vS,f OD;atmifqef;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;uk,
d pf mvS,f
rsm;. nDnGwfa&;ukd yifvHkpmcsKyfjzifh xkdtcsdefwkef;u oufaoxlcJh=uonf? xkda=umifh
Armjynfvw G v f yfa&;atmifyu JG dk &,lEikd cf =hJ ujcif;jzpfonf?
2? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vGcJ &hJ aomatmifyrJG sm;
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. uk, d yf idk jf yXmef;cGiEhf iS hf uk,
d yf idk Ef idk if x
H al xmifciG hf }udK;yrf;r_rsm;onf
ar#mv f ifch suu f if;rJch o
hJ nfh umvcsn;f r[kwcf ahJ =umif; orkid ;f tawG@t}uHK oifcef;pmrsm;ukd
awG@jrifEidk yf gonf? atmifjrifry_ ef;wkid u f kd jrifc&hJ aom t}udraf ygi;f renf; &Scd o hJ nf[k qkEd ikd yf g
onf? +Adwdo#vufatmufrSvGwf vyfa&;}udK;yrf;r_umvudk jyef=unhfrnfqdkv#if ArmESihf
aygi;f r,lb/J yifvpkH mcsKyfomrcsKyfjzpfcb hJ J woD;wjcm;pD ud, k yf idk v f w G v
f yfa&;twGuf v_y&f mS ;r_
rsm;om&SdcJhv#if tm;vHk;aomwkdif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf udk,fykdifEdkifiH udk,fykdifwkdif;jynfESifh
,cktcsed w f iG f &Sad e=u+yD;jzpfygvrd rhf nf?
xkt d csed uf ,cktawG@t}uKH rsKd ;r&Scd =hJ uaoma=umifh Armtay:wGif tºuiG ;f rJ,h =kH unf cJ=h ur_
a=umifh ,ae@umvxd wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k . uH=urRmonf qk;d oGr;f oHo&mudk cg;oD;cHjyif;pGm
cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? rdrw d @dk widk ;f &if;om;rsm;onf ,ae@umv&mpk w0ufausmo f ufwrf;xd
jynfaxmifpv k nf;r[kwf wjynfaxmifvnf;r[kwyf J Orrnfpmrajrmufjzpfae=u&ygonf?
xko d @kd jzpfae&jcif;onf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Ekid if aH &;tay: &d;k om;pGmawG;ac:em;vnfr/_
vkyfukdifwwfr_tay: ArmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;. vlvnfusr_a=umifhyifjzpfonf[k oHk;oyf
Ekid yf gonf?
r=umrDu jzpfay:cJah om &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfyt kH wGi;f rSmyif wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;. atmifyJG
ESi}hf uHK}udKufEidk o
f nfh tcGit
hf a&;ESiv hf cJG &hJ r_onf wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k twGuf 0rf;enf;zG,f
yifjzpfygonf? xkdodk@jzpf&jcif;rSm wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. awmfvSefa&;onf vlxkxJrSm
r&SId avm/ jynfoEl iS hf tquftpyfr&Sd r_a=umifah vm/ od@k r[kwf awmfveS af &; oabmw&m;ukd
em;rvnfIavm/ ajzqd&k rnfh ar;cGe;f rsm;um; rsm;pGm&Syd gonf? jy\em wckurkd nfo@kd rnfykH
udik w f , G &f rnf/ rnfo@kd rnfytkH oH;k cs&rnf qdo k nfudk wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; rod&cdS ahJ oma=umifh
yifjzpfonf[k 0efc=H u&rnfjzpfygonf? xk@d a=umifh atmifyu JG kd qH;k &H;_ cJ=h u&onf[k oH;k oyf=u
&rnfjzpfygonf?
1990 ck a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; +rdK@jywGif Ekid if aH &;t&&H;_ edrchf ahJ om ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf o
k nf
ppfa&;tiftm;&Sad eaom wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf ppfzuf,OS +f ydKif wku d cf u
dk yf gu &H;_ edrrhf nf
udo
k ad oma=umifh csucf si;f qko
d vkd (aphpyfaqG;aEG;a&;/ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;) [k toHus,pf mG
atmf[pfvmygonf? wcgr#ray;cJzh ;l aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udak y;+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.
45
v_yf&Sm;r_wpHkw&mudk aESmifhaES;apcJhygonf? xkdtcsdefuom wkdif&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh

rdrw
d @kd . pkpnf;r_ukd tckid t f rmqufvuf xde;f odr;f Ekid cf =hJ uv#if ppftyk pf . k axmifacsmufudk
a&Smif&mS ;Ekid cf rhJ nfqv
dk #if rdrw
d @dk .atmifyu
JG &kd Ekid cf rhJ nf[k ar#mv
f ifEh idk yf gonf?
,ae@umvrSmvnf; ppftyk pf t k wGuf jynfwiG ;f jynfy zdtm;trsKd ;rsKd ;u tvm;wl tusyf
twnf;trsKd ;rsKd ;ukd jzpfay:apv#u&f adS eygonf? ouU&mZf 2004 ESi2hf 005 ckEpS f twGi;f a&SmifvJG
r&Ekid af om tajctaersKd ;wckEiS hf trSew f u,f ppftyk pf t k zd@k }uHKawG@&zG,&f adS eygonf? xk@d
a=umifh a&S;,cifuuJo h @kd wkid ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;ukd toH;k cs&ef rd;k }udK;ypf&m
xef;vufum oabmrsKd ;jzifh }udK;yrf;vmaeonfukd owdjyK=u&r,fjzpfygonf? awmfveS af &;
w&yfqkdonfrSm jynfwGif;jynfywGif&Sdaeaom EkdifiHa&;jzpfwnfr_tay: vufawG@usus
oH;k oyfEidk rf o
S m atmifyu JG &dk &SEd idk rf nf[k ,H=k unf,q l ygonf?
3? tpd;k &tusyt
f wnf;. wefjyefoufa&mufrr_ sm;?
tkypf ;kd oltqufqufwiG f tusyt f wnf;jzpfay:vmwkid ;f enf;y&d,m,ft& pGe@f pm;cef;
rsm;vky+f yD; ‚if;wd@k .tm%moufq;dk &Snaf &;twGuf xGuaf ygu&f mS wwfav@&o dS nfudk owdjyK
&efvt dk yfygonf? tawG@t}uHKrsm;ukd jyefvnfo;kH oyf&v#if 1949 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek tf pk;d &
tqifo h @kd a&mufomG ;+yD;rS pGe@f pm;cef;vky+f yD; aqG;aEG;a&; enf;y&d,m,fukd usio hf ;kH vmaom
a=umifh rdrw d @dk bufwiG t
f &H;_ ESihf &ifqidk cf =hJ u&onf? 1958 ckEpS t
f wGi;f zqyvtzG@J twGi;f tuGJ
t+yJjy\em ay:ayguv f maom tusyt f wnf;ukd vufeufEiS hf 'Dru
dk a&pD vJ&atmif[al om
Ekid if aH &;enf;y&d,m,fudk pGe@f pm;cef;jzihf xk;d ppfqifra_ =umifh &ckid af wmfveS af &;/ ytd0k ;f awmfveS f
a&;ESihf rGeaf wmfveS af &; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; tm;vH;k rsKd ;quf jyKwfomG ;cJ&h onf?
1988 wGif vlxt k ºkH urG t_ a&;tcif;}u;D . tusyt f wnf;ukd usio fh ;kH cJah om enf;y&d,m,f
pGe@f pm;cef;rSm vufeufuikd v f rf;pOfuo dk mpGe@f yg vufeufpeG @f &efrawmif;qdyk g [laom vSnu hf u
G f
twGi;f usa&mufc=hJ uaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf ,cktcg q,fEpS f ausm=f umvm+yD jzpfaomf
vn;f wpHw k &mtajzray:Edik b f J jzpfaeonfrmS txift&Sm;jrifawG@ae&onf? ,ckaemufq;kH
wkid ;f jynf. bufaygi;f pHak om tusyt f wnf;rsm;=um;rS 'Dy, J if;vky}f uHr_ vlowfy}JG uD;tm;
zefw;D r_onf jynfwiG ;f jynfytm&Hu k kd wr[kwcf si;f ajymif;vJapcJo h nfh ppftyk pf . k oufwrf;
wav#muft}u;D rm;qH;k aom tusyt f wnf;jy\em}u;D jzpfonf? xk@d tjyif tar&dueftpk;d &
. (jrefrmEkid if v H w
G af jrmufa&;tufOya' jyXmef;csu-f 2003) onfvnf; ppftyk pf u k rkd sm;pGm
wkev f y_ af csmufcsm;apcJoh nf? ppftyk pf o k nf trSew f u,f Ekid if aH &;pdw"f gwf t&if;cHajymif;vJvrdk _
r[kwb f J xktd usyt f wnf;jy\em}uD;tm; tm&Hak jymif;&ef Ekid if aH &;enf; y&d,m,fpeG @f pm;cef;
tjzpf bHk (&) qifyh gaom vrf;jyajryHu k kd cif;jyjcif;omjzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; xkv d rf;jyajryHk
tm;t"duusaom jynfwGif;twkduftcHtiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonfh (NLD,UNLD, UNA,
SNLD) Ekid if aH &;vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;tzJ@G paom tzG@J tpnf;rsm; tm;vH;k vkv d u
dk vnf; vH;k 0
vufrcHbJ y,fcsxm;=uqJjzpfonfudk owdjyK&efvt dk yfonf[k oH;k oyfryd gonf?
46
jrefrmEkid if o
H nf vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHEk iS hf pkaygi;f aexkid =f uaom Ekid if jH zpfaoma=umifh tajccHusaom
Ekid if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &mwGif vlrsKd ;tm;vk;H tv$mtm;vH;k yg0ifrr_ &Sb d J ajz&Si;f jcif;onf
tm;vH;k twGuf auseyfajyvnfru _ kd r&&SEd idk af =umif; oufaoajrmufrsm;pGm }uHKawG@c=hJ u+yD
jzpfonf? wzufwiG f vlwpkvrl sKd ;wcsKd @EiS hf oD;jcm;cGx J wk +f yD; ajz&Si;f Ivnf; +yD;jynfph rkH _ r&SEd idk f
a=umif;udv k nf; tawG@t}uKH rsm;t& oifcef;pm&&Scd =hJ u+y;D jzpfonf? xk@d a=umifh tcsKyfq&dk v#if
jrefrmEkid if aH &;jy\emtm;ajz&Si;f &eftwGuf &d;k om;aomt&if;cHapwemonf ta&;}uD;qH;k
jzpf+y;D +y;D jynfph akH om ajyvnfru _ &kd &S&d eftwGuf vlrsKd ;pHt k v$mpHyk g0ifaom rsuEf mS pHn k pD um;0dik ;f rS
ndE‡ i_d ;f aqG;aEG; tajz&Sm=urSomv#if tm;vH;k auseyfrj_ zifh +y;D jynfph akH om ajyvnfrE_ iS hf wnfwef@
onf+h idr;f csr;f a&;udk &&SEd idk rf nfjzpfonf[k (ALP) rStjynft h 0,Hk =unfygonf?
4? rsuaf rSmufacwftwGuf aoG;pnf;nD!w
G af &;ta&;ygr?_
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;onf t&mcyford ;f twGuf r¾dKifozG,f
ta&;ygonfh t"dyg` ,u f edk m;vnfoabmaygucf =hJ uaom wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif tquf
qufrS nD!w G af &;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;vmcJah om vkyif ef;pOfw&yfyif jzpfonf? T vkyif ef;pOfonf
&moufyefta&;ygaomu¾wGif wnf&Sdaernf[k ,Hk=unf,lqonf? xkd@a=umifh rdrdwdk@
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; taejzifx h yd q
f ;kH wGif OD;pm;ay;+yD; vkyaf qmifae&rnfh vkyif ef;pOfw&yf
tjzpfvnf; oabmayguv f ufcH xm;&efvt dk yfygonf? xk@d a=umifh rdrw
d @kd wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;
rsm; tm;vH;k twGuf (wyfaygi;f pkjzifo h mv#if atmifyu JG &kd ,lrnf) [laomaºuG;a=umfoo H nf
rdrwd @kd vrl sKd ;pHjk ynforl sm;twGuf xku d w f efaomaºuG;a=umfoH jzpfonf?
rsuaf rSmufacwfppf0g'rD sm;onf rdrw d @kd .rwlnaD om jcm;em;csurf sm;ukd ydI k ydI
k uGjJ ym;
jcm;em;atmif aoG;cGt J yk pf ;kd vmcJo
h nf? teD;uyfq;kH oufaotjzpf (Cease-fire groups) rsm;.
tajctaersm;ukd avhvmaomtm;jziho f o d mEkid o f nf? (Divided and Rule Policy) udk
aumif;pGm usio fh ;kH Ekid o
f nf? vlrsKd ;wckcsi;f twGi;f wGi‚f if;/ tzG@J tpnf; wckcsi;f twGi;f wGi‚f if;/
tedrq hf ;kH tqifh rdom;pkwckcsi;f pD twGi;f wGi‚f if;/ tjyeftvSe, f =kH unfru_ if;rJah tmif oHo,
oGi;f +yD; tkypf ;kd xm;jcif; jzpfonf? xdk ay:vpDatmifjrifra_ =umifo h mv#if rdrw d @kd .nD!w G af &;
wnfaqmufru _ kd aESmifah ES;cufcaJ pjcif;jzpfonf? ppftyk pf o k nf aoG;cGaJ &;vky[f efEiS hf oHo,
zefw;D r_twwfynmydik ;f wGif wbufurf;cwfEidk o f nf [kq&kd rnfjzpfonf? xku d |r;f usirf u
_ kd
‚if;wd@k tm%mjzifw h nf+raJ tmif ,ae@widk q f yk u
f ikd x
f m;Ekid rf u
_ tcdik t f rm oufaojyaeygonf?
5? nD!w
G af &;t}uHjyKcsurf sm;?
rsuaf rSmufumv rdrw d @kd awmfveS af &;atmifyt JG wGuf ta&;}u;D qH;k jy\emonf nD!w G f
a&;jy\em yifjzpfonf? nD!w G af &;twGuf rwlnaD omuGjJ ym;jcm;em;csurf sm;xJrS wlnaD om
tcsut f vufrsm;udk &SmazG=u&rnfjzpfonf? Tod@k &SmazGEidk yf gu atmufygwn l aD om tcsuf
rsm;udk tajccH+yD;rsuaf rSmufacwf. yuwdjzpfymG ;aeaom wkid ;f &if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;
(Solidarity) udk wnfaqmufEidk v f rd rhf nf [kar#mv
f if,h =kH unfygonf?
47
(u) ppf0g'rD sm;. zdEydS t f yk pf ;kd r_'%fukd wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; tm;vH;k jyif;xefpmG cHpm;ae&onfh
wlnrD /_
(c) ppf0g't D yk pf ok nf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsLd ;rsm;tm;vH;k . bH&k efot l jzpfwn l rD /_
(*) wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k ppf0g'w D @kd . zdEydS t
f yk pf ;kd r_atmufrS vGwaf jrmuf vkod nfh
qENwn l rD /_
(C) rdrwd @kd tcsi;f csi;f t=um; wef;wl&nfwEl iS hf tjyeftvSet f odtrSwjf yKr_/
(i) tjyeftvSef opPm&Srd /_ uwdwnfr/_ &d;k om;yGiv hf if;r_/ apwemrSeu f efr_
ponft h xufygtcsut f vufrsm;rSm rdrw d @kd twGuf ta&;}u;D aom aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;
(Solidarity) twGuf vufawG@wm0ef,t l aumiftxnfazmf=uolrsm;taejzifh tav;xm;
pOf;pm;oifhonfhtcsufrsm; jzpfonfhtcsufrsm;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unf,lqyga=umif;t}uHjyK
wifjytyfygonf?
rsufarSmufurBmrSm 'Drkdua&pDjyXmef;csufrsm;ukdtckdiftrm}udK;pm;usifhoHk;aeonfh
EkdifiHaygif; (120) ausmf&Sdaeygonf? trSefwu,frSm 'Drkdua&pD.usihfpOftwGuf t"du
wGe;f tm;onf vlom;wkid ;f twGuf vGwv f yfpmG &yfwnfyidk cf iG o hf mjzpfygonf? xked nf;wl rdrw d @kd
Ekid if rH mS aexkid af e=uaom vlrsKd ;wkid ;f twGuv f nf; &&Scd pH m;xku d af om tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfyg
onf? TtcGit hf a&;udk rnforl #wm;jrpfyw d yf ifyidk cf iG hf r&So
d ifyh g? vlom;wkid ;f onf‚if;/ vlrsKd ;
om;wkid ;f onf‚if; rdrw d @dk .vGwvf yfciG u hf dk av;pm;jrwfE;dk wefz;dk xm;ouJo h @kd wyg;olvrl sKd ;rsm;
. tcGit hf a&;ukd wefb;dk xm;av;pm;a&;ESihf tjyeftvSet f odtrSwjf yKa&;onf tajccHtus
qH;k vkt d yfcsuyf ifjzpfonf? xkpd EH e_ ;f udk wefb;dk rxm;wwfaom ywf0ef;usiw f iG f nD!w G af &;udk
&Smv#if uE Wm&wGif prf;a&&SmouJhvkdom jzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? ta=umif;rSm vlrsdK;wkdif;.
zGH@+zdK;wkd;wufr_/ *k%foduQm&Sdr_/ pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ESifh ta&;}uD;aom b0tmrcHcsufonf
vGwv f yfrt _ ay:wGif A[kjd yKaeaoma=umifh yifjzpfygonf?
6? ed*;kH csKyfwifjycsu?f
jrefrmhEidk if aH &;jy\emonf urBmay:wGif oufwrf;t&Snq f ;kH jy\emxJwiG f wcktyg
t0if jzpfygonf? oufwrf;&Sn=f umoavmuftawG@t}uHKt& a&S@raDS emufryDS *k Kd~ vf}uD;rsm;
vnf; wcsK@d wnf&adS e=uqJ jzpfygonf? uG,v f eG of mG ;+yD;jzpfaom acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm;. tawG@
t}uHKrsm;udk wqifah jymjycsurf sm;t&vnf; od&adS vhvmcGirhf w S qifh oifcef;pmaygi;f ajrmuf
rsm;pGmudk &&Sx d m;=u+yD;vnf;jzpfygonf? ,if;txJrS ynm&Sv d nf;owdrrl&cdS ahJ omf qko d nfh
pum;t& owdjyKoifah omtcsuw f ckukd axmufjyvkyd gonf? rdrw d @kd . OD;wnfcsut f m; rdrd
wd@k . pGr;f aqmifcsut f m;enf;r_&v
dS #if atmifyu JG rkd &&Ho
k m &SEd idk yf gonf? vH;k 0&H;_ edrrhf u
_ m; rjzpf
Ekid yf g?
pmrsuEf mS (57) od@k qufyg?
48
3;3? csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D (CNF) rS wifjyonfh tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm;pmwrf;
ed'ge;f
vuf&jdS refrmEkid if . H jy\emonfa'giv f u kd f jzpfaom
jy\mem (Vertical problem) jzpfonf? tkyfcsKyfolppf
tm%m&Sirf sm;ESihf tkycf sKyfcjH ynforl sm;t=um; jzpfymG ;aeaom
jy\emjzpfonf? tkycf sKyfcjH ynforl sm; [kq&kd mwGif ArmvlrsKd ;
rsm;ESihf Armr[kwaf omwdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;[lI ESprf sKd ;cGjJ cm;
Edkifonf? ArmvlrsdK;rsm;.t"du jy\emrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepf
xGef;um;a&;ESifh vltcGifhta&;&&Sda&;twGuf awmif;qdkae
yl;xef,eJ f jcif;jzpfonf? odk@&mwGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taeESihfrl
txufaz: jyyg 'Dru kd a&pDpepfxeG ;f um;a&;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;
&&Sad &;tjyif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiEhf iS hf tjcm;tcGit
hf a&;rsm;&Sad &;twGuyf g
awmif;qdw k ukd yf 0JG if ae=ujcif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifjh refrmEdik if . H jy\emudck jJG crf;pdwjf zm&mwGif
jy\em. oabmobm0onf a'guv f ukd jf y\emjzpf+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;tkypf /k 'Dru kd a&pDtyk pf k
ESihf ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf [
k I
l t"dutm;jzifh tkypf o k ;kH ck &Sad e=uonfukd awG@&&dS onf?
rdrw d @kd .&nfreS ;f csurf sm; &&SEd idk af &;twGuf (od@k ) ,ckawG@}uKH ae&aom jy\emudk ajz&Si;f &m
wGif wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vHk;taejzifh vufcHoabmwlxm;aom r[mAsL[mrSm
“oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;” jzpfonf? oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif; [kq&kd mYtxufwiG f
az: jycJo h nfh t"dutkypf rk sm;jzpf=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;/ 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyJG
tEdkif&ygwDrsm;ESifh ppftkyfpkwdk@awG@qHkaqG;aEG;jcif;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf? ppftkyfpktaejzifh
zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf&mwGiaf omf‚if;/ oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ twGuaf omf
‚if;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;t=um;wuGw J jym;jzpfaejcif;udk tcuftcJwcktjzpf wpdu k rf wf
rwf ajymqdck o hJ nf? xd@k tjyif tcsKd @twdu k tf cH 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;rSaomf‚if;/ tcsKd @aom
EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;rSaomf‚if;/ ceJ@aomavoHjzifh arcGef;xkwf
axmufjyonfrmS tu,fI oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGjJ zpfygu wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ud, k pf m;jyK
jcif;udpu P kd jy\emw&yftjzpf axmufjycJ=h uonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ud, k pf m;jyKjcif;
udpPESifh ywfoufIwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; t=um;uGJjym;jcm;em;aomtjrifrsm; &Sdae=uqJ
jzpfonf? TuJo h kd tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_&adS vav etztkypf k axmufjyaom
jy\emudkaxmufcHouJhodk@ jzpfavavjzpfcJh&onf[k qdkEdkifonf? wenf;tm;jzifhqdkygu
wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;. tm;enf;csuaf y:vGiaf vav jzpfc&hJ onf?
49
urBmu h v
k or*~taxGaxGnv D mcH}u;D u jrefrmEdik if . H jy\emudak jz&Si;f Edik &f ef “oH;k yGiq hf ikd f
aqG;aEG;yG”J jyKvky&f efawmif;qdck o hJ nf? ,if;awmif;qdck suo f nf Edik if aH &;jy\emudk +idr;f csr;f pGm
ajz&Sif;aomenf;vrf;wcktjzpf wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; axmufcHcJh=uonf?
urBm@uv k or*~.awmifqckd sujf zpfaom “oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yG”J ud=k unfyh gu wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k taejzifh tkypf w k cktjzpf aqG;aEG;yGw J iG yf g0if&efjzpfonf? xdak =umifh wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh tiftm;pkwcktjzpf (od@k ) toHwckwnf; xGuq f Ekd ikd &f eftwGuf pkpnf;
&efvt kd yfonf? oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGwJ iG w
f ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk tkypf w k pktjzpf xm;&jcif;rSm
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; awmif;qdak eaom tcGiahf &;wlnaD ejcif;a=umifh jzpfonf? wenf;qd&k
aomf wdik &f if;om;vlrsKd ;toD;oD;taejzifw h n l aD om tcGit hf a&;&S&d rnf jzpfonf? xdak =umifh
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsd K;rsm;ta&;udk +cKH IwifjyaqG;aEG;ta&;qdEk ikd &f ef wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ud, k pf m;
jyKtzGJ@tpnf; (Body or Network) wckckjyKvkyf&efvdktyf+yD jzpfonf? ,if;uJhodkaom
tzG@J tpnf;r&Syd gu wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh oH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGJ twGut f qifoifh
rjzpfao;[kajymqd&k vdrrhf nf jzpfonf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;pkpnf;r_ tajctae

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; pkpnf;r_tajctae[kq&kd mwGif ,ckvuf&jdS zpfay:aeaom pkpnf;r_
rsm;udk oHk;oyfaz: jyoGm;rnf jzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. oD;jcm;
*k%tf ifvuQ%m (Identity) udt k ajccHI‚if;/ rdrw d @kd . rwlujJG ymaomenf;vrf; (Metho -
dology) udt k ajccHI‚if;/ ygwED iS t hf zG@J tpnf;trsKd ;rsKd ; &S=d uaomfvnf; t=urf;tm;jzifh tkypf k
av;cktjzpf cGjJ cm;owfrw S Ef ikd =f uonf? Towfrw S cf suu f kd 2001 ckEpS f rwfvwGif wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.acgi;f aqmifrsm;taejzifh urBmu h vk or*~ taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf ESihf
awGqpkH OfwifjycJ+h yD; jzpfonf? ,if;tkypf ak v;ckrmS —
(1) 1990 ckEpS t f axGaxGa&G;aumufyw GJ iG f tEdik &f &Scd =hJ uaom wdik &f if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.tajccH
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;?
(2) trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF)?
(3) typftcwf&yfpaJ &;jyKvkyaf om wdifk ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;?
(4) NDF wGifryg0ifaomfvnf; qufvufwdkufyGJ0ifaeaom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif
tiftm;pkrsm;[lIjzpfonf?
Ttkypf ak v;ckt=um; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;ESihf tcsw
d tf qufrrd d aqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;
rSm wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k twGuf pdeaf c:r_ (Challenges) t}uD;qH;k w&yfjzpfonf [k
qd&k ayvdrrhf nf? xdak =umifh rwlnaD omtajcae trsKd ;rsKd ;atmufY &S=d uaom wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsLd ;rsm;. tajccHEikd if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k udk v$r;f +cHKEdik af om
tcsw d t f quf&&dS dS yl;aygi;f aqmif&uG Ef ikd af om ,E &W m; (Mechanism) wckjyKvky&f ef vdt k yf+yD;
50
wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;udpu
P kd "Approach in Holistic Manner" jzifch sO;f uyf&ef ta&;w}uD;
vdt k yfvm+yDjzpfonf?
1988 ckEpS f 'Dru dk a&pDvx l t
k ºHk uGra_ emufyidk ;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ukd ok;H oyf
ygu r,foa&mxm oabmwlncD suo f nf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. }uD;rm;aom atmifjrifr_
w&yftjzpf ordik ;f wGiaf rmfueG ;f wifurŠn;f xd;k &rnfjzpfonf? twku d t f cH 'Drudk a&pDtiftm;pk
rsm;omru EdkifiHwumtokdif;t0dkif;. todtrSwfjyKcsD;usL;jcif;ukdvnf; cHcJh&onf?
“r,foa&mxmoabmwlncD su”f jyKvkyjf cif;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;taejzifh “wlnaD om
tajccHr”l &S+d yD; pkpnf;Ekid cf +hJ yDjzpfa=umif; urBmukjd yoEkid cf o hJ jzifh todtrSwjf yK cs;D usL;cJ=h ujcif;
jzpfonf? ok@d &mwGif ToabmwlncD su. f tajccHral tmufY wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vk;H tae
jzifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;tm;jzifh taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G rf nft
h zG@J tpnf; (Body)
owfowfrw S rf w
S f r&Scd ahJ cs?
vuf&Sdwdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. v_yf&Sm;r_ESifhywfoufI wifjy&aomf tm;vkH;ukd
v$r;f +cKH Ekid af om enf;AsL[mESihf vkyif ef;pOfr&Scd jhJ cif;ukd awG@&&dS onf? tcsK@d tzG@J tpnf;rsm;taejzifh
typftcwf&yfpaJ &; jyKvky+f yD;Ekid if jHh y\emukd csn;f uyf&ef}udK;yrf; cJ=h uonf? tcsK@d vufeuf
ukid t f zG@J tpnf;wk@d taejzifh qufvufwu dk yf 0JG ifae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tcsK@d typftcwf&yftzG@J
tpnf;rsm;taejzifh EdkifiHa&;ukd pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&SdawmhyJ rdrdukd,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGufom
tm;oefae=uonfudk awG@&onf? tcsK@d typftcwf&yftzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ
jyKvky&f efzt d m;ay; }udK;yrf;jcif;xuf typftcwf&yfprJ w _ nf+rJa&;uko
d m OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G f
=uonf? qufvufwu dk yf 0GJ ifae=uaom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wGiv f nf; tcuftcJrsK;d pk}H uHKawG@ae
&+yD; tcsKd@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rSmvnf;ab;usyfeHusyf tajctaeokd@ a&muf&Sdae+yDjzpfonf?
Tok@d aomtajcaewGif rdrw d @dk O;D wnfomG ;&rnfh vrf;a=umif;ESihf ywfoufIZa0Z0g jzpfae=u
onf? Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;uko d ;Hk oyf=unfyh gu tcsK@d ygwrD sm;taejzifh UNLD wGif pkpnf;oa,mif
a,mif/ tcsK@d taejzifh UNA wGipf pk nf;oa,mifa,mif/ tcsK@d taejzifh NLD ESihf yl;aygi;f
aqmif&u G jf cif;ukd OD;pm;ay;+yD; CRPP wGif wufºuGpmG yg0if oa,mifa,mifjzifh wdusaom
pkpnf;r_ r&So d nfuadk wG@&dS &onf? +cHKIqk&d aomf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ta&;ukd aqmif&u G f
Ekid &f ef oD;jcm;enf;AsL[mvkyif ef;pOfrsm;r&Syd J rdrw d @dk .tzG@J tpnf;ygwt D usK;d pD;yGm;ESihf wuk, d f
aumif;qefaomenf;pepf (Individual and self-interest) YykI d tm&kpH u dk af e=uonf[k
qkEd idk rf nfjzpfonf ? tusK;d quftaejzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; t=um;em;vnfr_ uGv J jJG cif;
ukjd zpfap+yD; tzG@J tpnf;twGi;f rSmyif jy\emjzpfapcJo h nfudk awG@&&dS onf?
2001 ckESpfwGifusif;yaom 'kwd,t}udrfwkdif;&if;om;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh ylaygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrwD ENSCC ukdzGJ@pnf;EdkifcJh=uonf?
ENSCC vkyyf idk cf iG ahf y;jcif;ESiyhf wfoufI ok;H oyf&rnfqv
dk #if yxrtaejzifh ES;D aESmzvS,yf tJG
aejzifvh yk yf idk cf iG o
hf wfrw
S &f mwGif "Scope of Lobby" ukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;azmfjy aqG;aEG;r_
r&Sdjcif;/ ENSCC ESifhygwDrsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;t=um;aygif;ul;qufoG,frnfh "Working
51
Procedures and Guidelines" r&Sjd cif; paomtm;enf;csurf sm; awG@&&dS onf? ok@d aomf
rnfo@dk yif tm;enf;csu&f adS pumrl ENSCC zG@J pnf;v_y&f mS ;cJrh a_ =umifh Edik if w
H um tokid ;f t0kid ;f
taejzifh jrefrmekdifiH.jy\emrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm&mwGif wkdif;&if;tm;tiftm;pkrsm;
yg0ifa&; (Vital) onf toufwr#ta&;}uD;+yD; rjzpfrae (Compulsory) yg0if&rnf[I l
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. tcef;u¾ (Role of Ethnic) ukd av;pm;todtrSwjf yKccH &hJ onf[k
qkvd #irf mS ;vdrrhf nfr[kwaf y? azmfjyygatmifjrifrr_ sm;udk =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ENSCC ukd jyefvnf
rGr;f rHz@JG pnf;jcif; (Re-orientation) ok@d r[kwf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; uk,
d pf m;jyK tzG@J tpnf;
(Body) wckcjk yKvky&f efta&;w}uD;vkt d yfae+yD jzpfonf?
wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w
G rf w
_ nfaqufEidk af &;twGuf t}uHjyKcsuf
txufaz: jyyg rdrw d ‹dk .avhvmawG‹&dS ok;H oyfcsurf sm;ukd =unfjh cif;tm;jzifh rdrw d ‹dk widk ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ vufeufukdiftzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ukd v$rf;+cHKEkdifaom
wkid ;f &if;om;uk,d pf m;jyKtzG@J tpnf; (Body) wckcjk yKvkyaf &;rSm rjzpfraejyKvky&f rnfh ta&;
w}uD; vkt d yfcsujf zpfonf[k ok;H oyfonfEiS t hf nD Tok‹d aom tzG‹J tpnf; (Body) ok‹d r[kwf
vkyif ef;,E &W m; (Work Mechanism) ay:xGe;f vma&;twGuf csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D . tjrifudk
wifjyrnf jzpfonf? Tok‹d jyKvkyrf o S m wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H vGr;f +cHKEkid af om/ wkid ;f &if;
om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ta&twGuf tcsw d tf quf&&dS dS vkyaf qmifEidk &f ef vkt
d yfaom enf;AsL[mrsm;
vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ukcd srw
S f Ekid jf zpfonf?
bkt
H usK;d pD;yGm;ukd az:xkwjf cif; (Identifying common Interests)
bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;&Srd o
S m oD;jcm;&yfwnfae=uaom ygwrD sm;tzG‹J tpnf;rsm; taejzifh pkpnf;
=uonfh tpOftvm&Scd o Jh nf? bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;&Srd o
S m “pkpnf;r_” jyKvkyEf idk =f uonf? ,ae‹
&ke;f uefwu dk yf 0JG if v_y&f mS ;r_wiG f wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;taejzifh bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;&Sad eonfrmS
jiif;y,fIr&aomtcsujf zpfonf? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufI
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; az:xkww f ifjyr_ r&Sod nfudk awG@&&dS onf? Ekid if w H umOya' [kac:qkEd idk af om
vlenf;pkvrl sK;d rsm;. tcGit hf a&;a=ujimpmwrf;yg tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf rdrw d @dk wkid ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d rsm; ajymqkad eaomtcGit hf a&;rsm;ukd vGr;f +cHKEkid jf cif; r&Sad cs? xk‹d a=umifh rdrw d ‹dk qkvd adk om
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. tcGit hf a&;ukd &Si;f vif;wduspmG az:xkwjf yKpk+y;D tm;vk;H oabmwlnrD _
&&So d nftxd ndE‡ id_ ;f wkid yf if&rnfjzpfonf? TuJo h @dk bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;ukd &Si;f vif;pGm az:xkwEf idk f
rSom ,if;tusK;d pDymG ;rsm; &&SEd idk af &;twGuf enf;vrf;&SmazGjcif;jzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;pk
pnf;Ekid rf nfjzpfonf?
52
pkpnf;r_wnfaqmuf&mwGiv
f t
dk yfaom pdwaf eoabmxm;
(Attitude on Building Solidarity)
pkpnf;r_wnfaqmuf&mwGif rdrw d @dk . pdwaf eoabmxm;onf tvGet f a&;}uD; ayonf?

rdrw d ‹dk az:xkww f ifjyxm;aom bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;ukd pdwaf &muk, d yf gtºuGi;f rJh (Without any
Reservation) vufco H abmwl&ef vkt d yfayonf? xko d ‹dk aom pdwaf eoabmxm; &Srd o S m
rdrw d ‹dk . pkpnf;r_onfvnf; wnfwchH idk +f rEJ idk rf nfjzpf+y;D ,if;bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk &&SEd idk af &;
twGuf vkyfaqmif&efwGifvnf; rdrdwkd@ vkyfaqmifEkdifaomu¾ukd wwfpGrf;oavmuf
yl;aygi;f 0kid ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifEidk f =urnfjzpfonf? tu,fI tay:,Hpw d of abmxm;jcif;tm;jzifh
om pkpnf;r_w&yf&yfYf yg0ifygu aumif;aomatmifjrifrr_ sm;wGif 0kid ;f 0ef;cs;D usK;=urnf jzpf
aomfvnf; qkH;&_H;r_ okd@r[kwf ratmifjrifr_rsm;wGif &SmazGjcif;xuf &_wfcsajymqkdjcif;Y
tm;oef=urnf jzpfonf? xkd t h jyif vkyif ef; taumiftxnfaz:r_ wckv;Hk ukd oHo,pdw/f
oHo,rsupf jd zifh &_jrifo;Hk oyf=uvdrrhf nf? TuJo h @dk aom tjyKtrlu pkpnf;r_udk xdcu dk af p
Ekid o
f nf? xk@d a=umifh tºuiG ;f rJ, h =Hk unfpwd cf sr_ pdwaf eoabmxm;onf pkpnf;r_ wnfaqmuf&m
wGif vkt d yfaomt&nftcsi;f wck jzpfayonf?
pkaygi;f v$r;f +cHKr_ (Inclusiveness)
az: jycJ+h yD;onft h wkid ;f wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tiftm;pkudk tkypf jk zifch jJG cm;xm;onf? wnfwHh
ckid +f rJ+yD; vufawG@Y yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G &f &SEd idk rf nfh pkpnf;r_udk wnfaqmufrnf qdyk gu ,if;
tkyfpkav;pk. ukd,fpm;jyKaom wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;toD;oD; ukd,fpm;jyKr_wkd@ vkdtyf+yD;
bkt H usK;d pD;yGm;&&SEd idk af &;twGuf vkyaf qmif&mwGif awG;ac: }uHpnftm;xkwrf _ jznfph rG ;f Ekid &f ef
ynm&Sifrsm;vkyfief;taumiftxnf az:aqmif&Guf&mwGif u|rf;usifr_pGrf;tm;rsm;jzifh
vkyaf qmifEidk rf nfh wwfoyd nm&Sirf sm; pkpnf;r_yg0if&efvnf; vkt d yfayonf? Tpkpnf;r_udk
Body taexm;jzifhvdktyfygu “aumifpDpepf” jzifh “wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;.aumifpD”
[ktrnfwyfum zG@J pnf;Ekid o f nf? ok@d wnf;r[kwf &Si;f vif;r_&adS om vkyif ef;,E &W m; (Work
Mechanism) w&yf&yfuv dk nf; zefw;D oifah =umif; csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D taejzifw h ifjytyf
ygonf? Ò
csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D (CNF)
53
3;4? u&ifet
D rsKd ;om;wd;k wufa&;ygwD KNPP .tjrifEiS o
hf abmxm;pmwrf;
e,fcs@J t*Fvyd w
f @kd jrefrmjynfukd tkycf sKyfpOfu wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsL;d rsm;aexdik o f nfh awmifwef;a'owGif rdrw d @kd &;dk &mpOf
vm acgi;f aqmifrsm;rSwqifh tkycf sKycf yhJ gonf? ArmvlrsK;d trsm;
pkaexdik af om ajrjyef@a'owGirf l t*Fvyd w f @kd u wdu
k &f u dk t f yk f
csKyfcyhJ gonf? od@k jzpfaoma=umifah wmifwef;a'owGif aexdik f
aomwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;rSm tkycf sKyfa&;bufY ydrk v kd w G v f yf
aomfvnf; ynma&;/ Edik if aH &;ESihf tawG@t}uKH A[kow k bufrmS
ajrjyef@a'owGif aexdik =f uonfh ArmvlrsKd ;xufrsm;pGm acwf
aemufuscJhygonf? rnfodk@yifjzpfapumrl awmifwef;a'o
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;wd@k onf jrefrmjynftwGuf t*Fvyd w f @kd
clO;D &,f xHrS vGwv f yfa&; awmif;qdw k u kd yf 0JG ifaomtcg ajrjyef@a'o&Sd
ArmvlrsK;d rsm;ESithf wl yl;aygi;f wduk yf 0JG ifc=hJ uonf? xdak =umifah wmifwef;a'o acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf
ajrjyef@a'oacgi;f aqmifrsm;wd@k onf ouU&mZf 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D (12) &ufae@wiG f
&Sr;f jynfawmifyikd ;f yifv+kH rdK@Y nDvmcHw&yfjyKvkyf usi;f y+yD; awmifwef;a'oESihf ajrjyef@a'o
wdk@w+ydKifwnf;vGwfvyfa&;,lrnf? jrefrmjynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;&,l+yD; jrefrmjynfudk
z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpk xlaxmifrnf[k oabmwl vufrw S af &;xd;k cJ=h uygonf?
ouU&mZf 1947 ckESpf {+yDvaESmif;ydkif;wGif vGwfvyfrnfhjrefrmjynftwGuf Oya'jyK
vGwaf wmftrwfrsm;a&G;aumufyw JG &yfukd zqyvu OD;aqmif+y;D ajrjyef@a'owGif usi;f yjyKvyk f
cJo
h nf? Oya'jyKvw$ af wmftrwfaygi;f (255) ae&myg0ifco hJ nf? ‚if;trwf ae&mrsm;wGif (210)
ae&mrSm ajrjyef@a'otwGuf/ (24) ae&mrSm u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;twGuf/ (4) ae&mrSm
t*Fvyd b f m;rm;twGuf ESihf (17) ae&mrSm &Sr;f / csi;f / ucsit f wGuf &Hxm;cJo h nf? a&G;aumufyJG
wGif zqyvtrwfaygi;f (248)OD; tEkid &f &Scd o hJ nf[k zqyv qd. k ? Oya'jyKv$waf wmf tpnf;
ta0;udk ouU&mZf 1947ckEpS f ZGev f (9) &ufwiG f pwifusi;f yjyKvkycf o hJ nf? zqyv taejzifh
u&ifejD ynftwGuf v$waf wmftrwf (2) ae&mvsmxm;ay;aomfvnf; u&ifejD ynf taejzifh
vGwv f yfaomjynfwjynf jzpfco hJ nft h wGuf v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;od@k uk, d pf m;vS,f vH;k 0
rapvGwcf ahJ y? v$waf wmftpnf;ta0;wGif ajrjyef@rv S w $ af wmftrwfrsm; trsm;pkjzpfonf
uwa=umif;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpu k kd tmrcHay;cJo h nfh Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;vky}f uHc&H onf
uwa=umif; xd@k a=umifh Oya'a&;qG+J yD;onft h cg jrefrmjynfonf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epf
r[kwaf wmhyJ vufawG@rmS wjynfaxmifpepf jzpfcyhJ gonf?
jrefrmjynftaejzifh 1948 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v
D (4) &ufae@rmS t*Fvyd tf pd;k &xHrS vGwv
f yfa&;
&&Scd o
hJ nf? vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d yD;onft
h csed w
f iG f zqyvu tpd;k & jzpfvmcJo
h nf? vGwv f yfa&;
54
r&&SdcifESifh &&Sd+yD;cgptcsdefwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh &JabmfjzLwdk@onf zqyvESifh

pdwo f abmcsi;f rwdu k q f idk o
f nfth wGuf vGwv f yfa&;&v#i&f csi;f zqyvtpd;k &udk vufeuf
udik af wmfveS cf jhJ cif;jzifh jrefrmjynf. jyefwiG ;f ppfr;D ukd pwifr;D arG;cJo h nf? zqyv tpd;k &onf
1948 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (9) &ufae@rpS I vGwv f yfaomu&ifejD ynfukd pwifusL;ausmf wku d cf u
kd f
odrf;ydkufcJhonf? zqyv tpdk;&. 0ef}uD;tzGJ@0if (Cabinet) rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh
ajrjyef@a'orS ArmvlrsK;d rsm;jzpfco hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh ArmvlrsK;d }uD;pdw"f mwf0if+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;
trsK;d om;rsm;. awmif;qdck surf sm;/ vkv d m;csurf sm;udk vspv f sL&_co hJ nf? Tonfudk rauseyf
ojzifh 1949 ckEpS w f iG f u&iftrsK;d om;rsm;/ rGet f rsK;d om;rsm;yg vufeufpu JG ikd +f yD; zqyvtpd;k &
udk awmfveS cf =hJ uonf? Tenf;jzifh jrefrmjynf. jynfwiG ;f ppfonf ydrk u dk s,jf yef@vmcJo h nf?
Todk@jzifh zqyvtpkd;&ESifh wdkif;&if;om;trsKd;om;wkd@t=um; yÉdyuQ pwifay:ayguf
vmjcif;jzpfonf? xd@k aemuf &Sr;f trsK;d om;/ ucsit f rsK;d om;wd@k vnf; vufeufpu JG ikd +f yD; zqyv
tpd;k &udk awmfveS v f mcJ=h u&onf? xd@k a=umifh zqyvtpd;k &ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;wd@k
t=um; yÉdyuQ ydrk u kd s,jf yef@vmcJo h nf? TudpaP =umifh zqyvESpjf crf;uG+J y;D yxp tpd;k & jzpfvkd
cJah omfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;trsKd ;om;wd@k onfzuf'&,fru l akd &;qG+J y;D yxr ygvrD mefwiG f wifoiG ;f
&efqufvuf}udK;yrf;cJo h nf? T zqyv yxp tpd;k &ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;rsm; t=um;
yÉdyuQukd tcGiahf umif;,laom Adv k cf sKyfae0if;ESihf ‚if;. ppfAv kd wf pkw@kd onf 1962 ck rwfvwGif
wdik ;f jynf.tm%mudo k rd ;f yduk v
f u kd +f yD; jynfaxmifprk +ydKuG&J ef u,fwifonf[k ºuGm;0gum
awmfveS af &;aumfpu D w kd nfaxmifI 1947 ESpf tajccHOya'udk y,fzsucf o hJ nf? Ttjzpf
tysuu f =kd unfv h #if jrefrmjynfut kd yk cf sKyfaom tpd;k &tqufqufEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;
rsm;t=um; jzpfay:aom yÉdyuQonf jrefrmjynf. yxr jy\emjzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;v#uf
&Sad eayonf?
wzef AdkvfcsKyf}uD;ae0if;ESifh ‚if;.ppfAdkvfwpkwdk@onf jrefrmjynfudktkyfcsKyf&mwGif
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tay: r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'udk vGwv f yfpmG usio hf ;Hk Edik af &;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;
rsm;udk pepfwusrsK;d jzKwf okwo f if&iS ;f vif;Edik af &;wd@k wiG f 'Dru
kd a&pDonf t[ef@twm; wckjzpf
onf[k odjrifvmaoma=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDuykd g ydwyf ifwm;qD;vmcJo h nf? ‚if;. rqvygwD
onf 1974 ckEpS w f iG zf @JG pnf;ykH tajccHOya'opfuakd &;qGjJ yXmef;+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;[l or#
udk ydwyf ifwm;qD; vmcJo h nf? Tonfukd rauseyfaom jynfov l x l wk @kd onf 'Dru kd a&pDukd
aºuG;a=umfojH zifh 1988 ckEpS f rwfvwGif vrf;r}uD;ay:xGu+f yD; wjynfv;Hk twkid ;f twmjzpf
qENjyaoma=umifh ae0if;.rqvygwED iS hf rqvtpd;k & jyKwfusc&hJ onf? xd@k aemuf 'Dru kd a&pD
udk qufvufyw d yf ifwm;qD;Edik &f eftwGuf Adv k cf sKyfapmarmifEiS hf ‚if;. ppfAv kd w f pkw@kd onf
wdik ;f jynftm%mudo k rd ;f ,l+yD; 1974 ckEpS f tajccHOya'udyk ,fzsuu f m 'Dru kd a&pDukd ppftm
%m&Sipf epfjzifh qufvufyw d yf ifwm;qD; cJjh yefonf? Ttjzpftysuu f kd =unfv h #if 'Dru kd a&pD
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf ppftyk pf t k =um;jzpf&adS eaom yÉdyuQonf jrefrmjynf. 'kw, d jy\em
jzpfaeayonf? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap wdik &f if;om;rsm;ESihf jrefrmjynfut kd yk cf sKyfaom tpd;k & tquf
quft=um; jzpfay:aomyÉdyuQ/ 'Dru kd a&pDrsm;ESihf ppftyk pf w k @kd t=um; jzpfay:aom yÉdyuQ/
55
T jy\emESpcf u k kd ajz&Si;f &mwGif 'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G tpnf;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm; yl;aygi;f
ajz&Sif;oifha=umif;? ta=umif;rSm ppfrSefaom'Drdkua&pDr&Sdv#if wdkif;&if;om;ta&;udk
atmifjrifpmG rajz&Si;f Edik af =umif; KNPP rS&j_ rifygonf? jrefrmjynfukd tkycf sKyfaeaom Arm
tpd;k &tqufqufukd vufeufuikd af wmfveS af e=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;tm;vk;H wk@d
onf aoG;pnf;!Gwrf _ wnfaqmufEidk &f eftwGuf t}urd }f urd f }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h uonf? Tod@k }uKd ;yrf;
r_a=umifh 1976 ckEpS f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) udk wnfaqmufEikd cf =hJ uonf?
Twyfaygi;f pk}u;D wGi&f dS jynfov l x
l wk @kd ryg0ifcahJ y? T wyfaygi;f pkwiG f yg0ifaom vufeufpu JG ikd f
wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;wdk@rSmvnf; rdrdwdk@tzGJ@tpnf; udk,fydkifrl0g'vrf;pOf &Sd=uonf?
xd@k a=umifyh ;l aygi;f aqmif&u G &f mwGif wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm;vk;H tusK;d xuf rdrw d @kd .
tzG@J tpnf;. tusK;d udOk ;D pm;ay;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf _ tm;enf;onf[q k &kd
ayrnf?
Oyrm —
(1) r'w wyfaygi;f pkwiG f zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufomG ;&ef Edik if aH &; OD;wnfcsuf
csrSwfxm;aomfvnf; zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkudk taumifxnfazmf&ef tajccHOya'
rl=urf;a&;qGJjcif;/ zuf'&,f. oabmxm;udk jynfolvlxktm;csjyjcif; ponfwkd@udk
raqmif&u G Ef ikd cf ahJ y?
(2) EdkifiHwumESifh qufoG,fa&;rSmvnf; wdkif;&if;om;tm;vkH;xuf rdrdtzGJ@tpnf;.
tusK;d udk OD;pm;ay;cJo h nf?
(3) wcsK@d aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf rdr. d wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;udk arhavsm+h yD; 'Drkd
ua&pD ta&;udo k m OD;pm;ay;cJo
h nf?
(4) wcsK@d aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzJ@G rsm;rSm e0wrScsay;aompD;yGm;a&; tcGit hf a&;udk OD;pm;ay;
+yD; e0wESihf typfcwf&yfpaJ &; jyKvkycf o hJ nf?
xdk ah =umifh r'wwyfaygi;f pk}uD;onf tm;enf;vmcJ&h jcif; jzpfonf? wzef 1997 ckEpS f
Zefe0g&v
D wGif r,foa&mxmY wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG &yf jyKvkyuf si;f y+yD;
Zefe0g&vD (14) &ufae@wiG f oabmwlncD suf (10) csuyf gaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.
oabmwlncD suw f &yfukd csrw
S cf o
hJ nf? od@k aomf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G +f y;D taumiftxnfazmf&ef
tm;enf;aejcif;a=umifh T oabmwlncD surf sm;onfvnf; xda&mufpmG taumiftxnf
ay:rvmcJah y? xdak =umifh KNPP taejzifh wdik ;f &ifom;trsK;d om;rsm;aoG;pnfn! D w
G rf _ wnf
aqmuf&mwGif pepfwus yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf o
_ nf txl;vkt d yfa=umif; &_jrifygonf?
wzef wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;rsm;wd@k onf etztm; qufvuf+yD; vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf etzESihf typfcwf&yfpaJ om wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;
ESihf jynfwiG ;f &Sw
d ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;/ Ekid if aH &;ygwtD zG@J tpnf;rsm;yg0ifaom wkid ;f &if;om;aygi;f pkH
ES;D aESmzvS,yf wJG &yfukd avmfc;D vm Y 2001 ckEpS f =o*kwv f (28) rS (30) &ufae@xd usi;f yjyKvkyf
cJjh yefonf? T ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f wdik ;f &if;om;trsK;d om;rsm; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f
56
aqmif&u G af &;aumfrwD ENSCC w&yfukd zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? T aumifrwDtm; urBmu h v k or*~
rS csrwS af y;aom ok;H yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yGuJ kd taumiftxnfaz:&eftwGuf Edik if w H umxGu+f yD;
Lobby jyKvky&f efEiS hf yifvpHk w d "f gwjf zifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpo k pf jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;udk
taumiftxnfaz:&ef wm0efay;tyfco hJ nf? xdo k @kd aom wm0efaqmif&u G &f mwGif wm0ef
aqmif&u G yf ikd cf iG hf (Mandate) twdik ;f twmudw k ud spmG csrw S af y;rxm;cJo h nftwGuf aumfrwD
taejzifh wm0ef,al qmif&u G &f mwGif tcsK@d aomwdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;. vdt k ifqENEiS hf udu
k f
nDr_ r&Scd ahJ y? rnfo@kd yifjzpfap TaumfrwDukd ,ckusi;f yjyKvkyaf eaom ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S zsuf
odr;f Edik o
f nf? qufvufxm;&SEd ikd o f nf xyfrw H ;kd cs@J Edik af yonf? tu,fI TaumfrwDukd
qufvuf xm;&Scd ahJ omf odrhk [kwx f yfrw H ;kd cs@J cahJ omf vkyif ef;wm0efEiS hf vkyyf ikd cf iG thf wdik ;f twmudk
wdwu d sus csrw S o f mG ;ay;&ef vkt d yfa=umif; KNPP taejzifh &_jrifygonf?
,cktcg wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k onf zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpo k pfwnf aqmuf
oGm;&efq;Hk jzwf=uonf? xkd z,f'&,fjynfaxmifpo k pf taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G &f mwGif
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;vkyif ef;onf tcsed f
twdik ;f twm wckyg0ifz@dk vkt d yfaeao;onf? xdk tcsed t f wdik ;f twmrSm zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
wnfaqmufEdkif+yD; txufv$wfawmfzGJ@pnf;Edkifum txufv$wfawmfwGif wdkif;&if;om;
jynfe,frsm;rS jynfolvlxkwdk@a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufaom txufv$wfawmftrwfrsm;
txufvw $ af wmfwiG f wm0ef,El ikd o
f nftxd jzpfonf[k KNPP rS&j_ rifygonf? Ò
u&ifet
D rsKd ;om;wk;d wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)
pmrsuEf mS (48) (ALP) Adv

k rf LS ;cdik rf sKd ;rif;rStquf
&efo@l xw H iG f tvdrcf &H jcif; &efo@l vn
S u
hf u
G x
f u
J sa&mufjcif;ESihf &efo.
l enf;y&d,m,f
pGe@f pm;cef;vSnu hf uG x
f J a&mygomG ;jcif;rsm;onf atmifyrJG &&Ho
k mru ordik ;f ygq;Hk &H;_ wwfonf
ukd Ekid if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tm;vH;k todw&m;ESiahf &Smif&mS ; Ekid =f uap&efukd rdrwd @kd atmify.
JG
t"duusaom pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;enf;vrf;tm; tqufrjywf&mS azG&if; qufvuf}udK;yrf;r_
tpOfjzifv h yk af qmifoifyh ga=umif; wifjy&if; Tt}uHjyKpmwrf;tm; ed*;kH csKyfvu dk &f ygonf? Ò
&ckid jf ynfvw
G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP)
57
3;5? u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNU) wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. uspv

f pfcikd rf maom
(Solidarity) aqmufr_twGuf tjrifESifhoabmxm;ESihf oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;
(Tripartite Dialogue) tay:tjrifEiS o
hf abmxm;pmwrf;
av;pm;tyfwt hJ zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;/

ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;cifAsm; —
,ck ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;rSm atmufygta&;}uD;wJh
ta=umif;t&mwcsKŒd udk aqG;aEG;wifjyvdyk gw,f?
yxrwifjyvdkwJh ta=umif;t&muawmh vuf&Sd
jrefrmjynftajctae jzpfygw,f? tm;vH;k od=uwJt h wdik ;f
ouU&mZf 2001 ESihf 2002 rsm;twGi;f jynfwiG ;f jynfy ESpf
&yfpvH;k u jrefrmjynftwGi;f tESpo f m&&Sw
dS hJ Edik if aH &;awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;a&; ay:aygufvmatmif tjyif;txef etzudk
apma';Apfawm
awmif;qkcd hJ wdu
k w
f eG ;f cJyh gw,f? UN uvnf; ud, k pf m;vS,f
apv$w+f yD; etzeJ@ NLD awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;/ bufo;kH buf awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; ay:ayguv f m
atmif }udK;yrf;cJyh gw,f? aemufq;kH 2003 ckEpS f tpydik ;f rSm bmrSjzpfrvmonfh twGuf UN
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh wuG jynfwGif;jynfy ESpf&yfpvHk;rSmvnf; etztay: pdwfysufvm
=uygw,f? 'Dvt kd csed rf mS etz [m 2003 ckEpS f arv (30) &ufae@ Edik if aH &;vky}f uo H wfjzwfr}_ u;D
w&yfzefw;D +yD; olw@kd &hJ wif;rmwJh oabmxm;udk azmfjycJyh gw,f?
tJ'DaemufrSmawmh jrefrmjynftwGif; EdkifiHa&;t& rauseyfr_awG/ wif;rmr_awG
}uD;xGm;vm+yD; jynfyzdtm;uvnf; jyif;xefvmvd@k aemufq;kH etzu olw@kd &hJ Road Map
udkxkwfazmfvmw,f? 1996 ckESpf uwnf;u c&D;qufr&awmhwJh trsKd;om;nDvmcHudk
toufoiG ;f zd@k }udK;pm;vmw,f? vuf&jdS refrmjynf&ŒJ Ekid if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; tajctae[mvnf;
,ck 2004 ckEpS rf mS tawmfq;kd 0g;vmae+yD;/ tvkyo f rm;/ v,form;/ +rdK@/ &Gmaus;vufae
qif;&Jom;rsm;/ tr_xrf; t&mxrf;rsm;t=um;rSm rauseyfra_ wG ydrk }kd uD;xGm; vmaeygw,f?
wqufwnf;rSmvnf; &[ef;oHCmrsm;[mvnf; &meJ@csD+yD; xdef;odrf;cH ae=u&ygw,f?
'ga=umifh tajctae[m awG@qakH qG;aEG; ajz&Si;f Edik jf cif; r&So d nft h wGuf ydrk q
kd ;kd 0g;vmwmudk
txl;owdjyKoifyh gw,f?
'kw,d qufvufwifjyvdw k thJ csut f & UN qH;k jzwfcsurf mS xnfo h iG ;f xm;wJh bufo;kH
buf awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; jyKvky+f y;D Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk Edik if aH &;enf;jzifh aqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f a&;udk
rvkyaf qmifEidk cf w
hJ m awG@&ygw,f? vlrsK;d pktzJ@G tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k uvnf; Edik if aH &;t& av;pm;
todtrSwjf yKjcif; r&&Scd whJ mudk awG@&ygw,f? 'gayrJh 1994 ckEpS /f up+yD; UN rSm bufo;kH buf
58
awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @kd awmif;qdv

k u
kd jf cif;[m vlrsK;d pkrsm;udk Edik if aH &; tiftm;pk}u;D wcktjzpf
tckid tf rm todtrSwjf yKjcif;udk jzpf±o kH mru etz&Jh tjyKwfwu kd af &;enf;udk qef@usi+f yD;/
awG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;enf;udk twdtvif;axmufcHxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh UN &Jh
qHk;jzwfcsufawG[m vlrsKd;pkawGtwGuf tvGefta&;ygwJh qHk;jzwfcsufawGjzpfygw,f? 'D
qH;k jzwfcsuaf wGukd ,cifu vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k axmufcx H m;ovdk quf+yD;awmhvnf; axmufczH @kd
vdt k yfygw,f?
tckq&kd if etz ppftyk pf [
k m bufaygi;f pHt k =uyfqu kd v
f mwJth wGuf xGuaf ygu&f zd@k olw@kd &hJ
tcsuf (7) csuyf g Road Map udk qGx J w
k v
f mw,f? b,forl S ,k=H unfr_ r&Sad wmhv@kd &yfqikd ;f
xm;&wJh twkta,mif trsK;d om;nDvmcHqw kd mudk jyef+yD;toufoiG ;f zd@k }udK;yrf;vmygw,f?
'g[m tm%m&Sipf epfcikd +f rJa&;/ w&m;0ifjzpfa&;twGuf vlrsK;d pktzG@J tm;vH;k 'D twkta,mif
trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd qef@usio f mG ;zd@k vykd gw,f? etz&Jh zdEydS rf a_ tmufa&mufae&wJh UNLD,
UNA, SNLD wk@d / csi;f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyfw@kd awmifrb S J 'Dnv
D mcHukd wufa&mufrd
&if “ordik ;f w&m;cH” jzpfomG ;r,fv@kd t}udr}f udrf azmfjycJyh gw,f? 'g[m tvGeo f wdjyK&rJh
udpjP zpfw,f?
etz &Jh trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd =unf&h if/ tem*wf trsK;d om;Edik if aH &;rSm wyfrawmfu
OD;aqmif tcef;u yg&rnfqw kd mawG/G Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'rSm yg0if&rnft h cef; (15)
cef;teuf/ tcef; (&) cef;&Jh tajccHrl (104) csurf mS jynfe,f (7) jynfe,f/ wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f
yg0ifrnfh zGJ@pnf;yHk/ txufv$wfawmfESifh atmufv$wfawmfESpf&yfpvHk;rSm wyfrawmfu
a&G;aumufyrJG 0ifb/J 25µ trwfae&mudk tvdt k avsmuf &&Srd nfh txl;tcGit hf a&; / orw
[m ppfa&;tawG@t}uHK (10) ESpf&Sd&rnf qdkwJhtcsuf/ 0ef}uD; (3) ae&m ESifh wdkif;eJ@
jynfe,ftpdk;&tzGJ@ t}uD;tuJ (3) a,mufudk ppfOD;pD;csKyfu cef@tyfr,fqdkwmawG/
ppfO;D pD;csKyfu ta&;ay:tajctaeqdik &f m txl;tcGit hf a&;awG/ jynfe,f&hJ tcGit hf m%m[m
udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhawmif r&Sdwmudk =unfh&if 'Drdkua&pDeJ@ zuf'&,f teH@touf
vH;k 0r&Sw d mudk awG@&ygw,f? tckq&kd if 'D tydik ;f (7) ydik ;f qdik &f m tajccH&rnfh “rl” udk qufvuf
raqG;aEG;awmhb/J uset f ydik ;f (8) ydik ;f udk qufaqG;aEG; rnfqw kd mudk aocsmoavmufjzpfae+y?D
'ga=umifh ,ckjyeftoufoiG ;f rnfh trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd qef;ppf&mrSm NLD acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;udk qufvufzrf;qD;xm;jcif;/ ygwDtzGJ@eJ@vlxkudk vGwfvyfpGm&yfwnf
v_y&f mS ;cGihf rjyKjcif;/ vlrsK;d pkrsm;tay: qufvufx;kd ppfvyk af ejcif;/ trsm;vufcEH ikd w f hJ nDvmcH
aumfr&Sirf sK;d udk rzG@J pnf;Edik jf cif;/ nDvmcHrmS ppfreS w f u hJ ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifciG rhf &Sjd cif;/ nDvmcH&hJ
pnf;urf;awG[m vGwv f yfr#wr_ r&Sjd cif;eJ@ qufpyf=unfv h u
kd &f if nDvmcH[m twkta,mif
nDvmcH jzpfw,fqw kd m tvGe&f iS ;f ygw,f? 'Dnv D mcHuw kd ufa&mufjcif;[m etz ppftm%m
&Si}f u;D pd;k r_ukd todtrSwjf yK&ma&muf+y;D ordik ;f w&m;cHjzpfomG ;rnfqw kd m ,Hrk mS ;zG,&f m r&Syd gb;l ?
wwd,taeeJ@ qufvufwifjyvdkwJhudpPuawmh trsKd;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udpP
awGjzpfw,f? vuf&u
dS mvrSm wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&JŒ twGi;f ydik ;f rSm jzpfjzpf/ wdik ;f &if;om;
59
vlrsK;d rsm;t=um;rSm jzpfjzpf/ jynforl sm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; wrsK;d ESiw
hf rsK;d =um;rSmjzpfjzpf/
enf;rsK;d pHek @J +zdKcGjJ cif;udk cHae&w,f? jrefrmjynf[m wzufu=unf&h if tpdwpf w d f cGjJ cm;+zdKcGcJ H
ae&w,f? 'gawG[m vlrsK;d }uD;0g'eJ@ ppftm%m&Si}f uD;pd;k r_ qef@usiaf &;[m tvGet f a&;}uD;
ygw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H t=um;rSm tjyeftvSeaf v;pm; todtrSwjf yKr_/ wOD;&Jh
tajccHtcGit hf a&;udk wOD;uav;pm;r_/ wOD;udw k OD;em;vnfr/_ wOD;udw k OD; &kid ;f yif;ulnrD /_
wOD;eJ@wOD; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf /_ tusK;d wl yl;aygi;f aexdik rf _ vrf;a=umif;twdik ;f trsK;d om;
pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_eJ@ wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;udk &kyfvHk;azmfoGm;&r,f? ppfrSefwJh
'Drdkua&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;qdkwJh EdkifiHa&; OD;wnfcsufatmufrSm
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;&Jh pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk wnfaqmufomG ;=urnfjzpfygw,f?
tcsKyftm;jzifh vuf&w dS ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&Jh ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;uwqifh xl;jcm;ta&;
ygwhJ atmifjrifrr_ sm;udk &,lEikd zf @kd }udK;pm;&rnfjzpfa=umif; azmfjyvdu k yf gw,f? Ò
u&iftrsKd ;om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNU)
pmrsuEf mS (61) (MPP) ylxm[Jrt

S quf
pnf;&H;k a&;&,l Ekid cf yhJ gonf? xdo

k @kd wkid ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w
G rf u
_ dk remvkrd ek ;f wD;aom
tm%mykid t f zG@J tpnf; (etz) onf wdik ;f &if;om; pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf u
_ +dk zdKcG&J ef trsK;d rsK;d
}udK;pm;aeayonf?
xk@d a=umifh r[m&efopl pftm%mawG[m wdik ;f &if;om;tcsi;f csi;f aoG;cG+J yD; tkycf sKyf&ef
}uKd ;pm;aepOf u|Eyfk wf @dk wikd ;f &if;om;zufrv
S nf; pnf;vk;H nD!wG rf _ r+yKd uaJG tmif rlv&yfwnfcsuf
jzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;tcGit hf a&; tjynft
h 0&&Sad &;/ vl@tcGithf a&;jynh0f aom 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sd
a&;/ ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk ay:ayguEf idk af &;twGuf uspv f pfcikd rf maom wdik ;f &if;om;
pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf o
_ nf txl;vkt d yfaeonf? Ò
r&mjynfo@l ygwD (MPP)
60
3;6? r&mjynfo@l ygwD (MPP - LA) .tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm;wifjyonfph mwrf;
jrefrmEkdifiHonf ukdvkdeDacwfrwdkifrDESifh ukdvkdeDacwf

orkid ;f ukd jyef=unfrh nfqv kd #if u|Eyfk w
f @dk widk ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;
onf ukd,fhrif;ukd,fcsif;eJ@ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aexdkifvmcJh
olrsm;jzpfygonf? vGwv f yfa&;}udK;yrf;r_ ordik ;f ukd jyef=unfh
v#iv f nf; u|Eyfk w f @dk widk ;f &if;om;rsm;. tcef;u¾onfvnf;
ta&;}uD;ygonf?
(1) yxrtcsut f aejzifh 1947 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (6-7)
&ufwGif wkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;pkpnf;+yD; jrefrmEkdifiH
vGwvf yfa&;twGuf pnf;vk;H nD!w G pf mG wku
d yf 0JG if&ef
ylxm[J oabmwlnrD &_ &Scd ohJ nf? ,if;ukd tcGiahf umif;,l+yD;
vGwf vyfa&; Adokum}uD; AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
awmifay:wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;ukd zdwaf c: I 1947 ckEpS f azaz:0g&D (12) &ufae@wiG f yifvHk
pmcsKyfcsKyfqEdk idk cf o
hJ nfrmS trsm;todyif jzpfygonf? ‚if;ukd axmuf=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpk}uD;wckvkH;twGuf u|Ekfyfwkd@wkdif;&if;om;rsm;utpjyKcJhonfrSm xif&Sm;
ygonf? yifvpHk mcsKyf. tESpo f m&rSmwef;wl tcGit hf a&;&Sad om jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf
&efjzpfonf?
(2) 'kw, d tcsut f aejzifh 1961 ckEpS w f iG f wkid ;f &if;om;aoG;pnf;ckid rf ma&; twGuf awmif}u;D
nDvmcH ac:,l+yD; ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;/ 'Dru dk a&pDa&;ESihf
Armjynfe,ftygt0if (10) jynfe,ftqku d dk wnDw!Gww f nf; qk;H jzwfcjhJ yefonf? ‚if;ukd
rvkv d m;aom vlrsK;d }uD;0g'D ppft%m&Sif Akv d af e0if;ESihf taygi;f tyg vlwpku 1962
ckEpS w f iG f t%modr;f +yD; wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;tm; acsre_ ;f tEkid u f siv
hf m&mrS jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D
pwifawmufavmifvmcJo h nfudk orkid ;f uoufaojycJ+h yD;jzpfygonf?
(3) 1988 ckEpS f ygwpD w Hk iG f u|Eyfk w
f @dk wkid ;f &if;om;ygwD toD;oD;rSygwD (23) ygw/D pkpnf;+yD;
jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; 'Drkdua&pDtzGJ‹csKyf (UNLD) ukdjyefvnfzGJ‹pnf;
Ekid cf o hJ nf? ‚if;udk axmuf=unfv h #if u|Eyfk w f @kd wikd ;f &if;om;wd@k onf pkpnf;nD!wG rf u_ kd
wnfaqmufEkdifonfhtcsufukd awG@&onf? 1990 ckESpf =o*kwfvtwGif; tajccH
'Dru Dk a&pDtiftm;pkjzpfaom NLD ESin hf E‡d id_ ;f +yD; Adv
k af tmifausmvf rf;a=unmcsuu f kd
NLD acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh UNLD acgif;aqmifrsm;vufrSwfa&;xkd;+yD; oabm
xm;xkwjf yefc+hJ yD; jzpfygonf? xk@d tjyif wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J NDF ESiv
hf nf;
61
3;7? rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP) .tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm;wifjyonfh pmwrf;
u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if &H dS vlrsKd ;a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; epfemqH;k &H;_ ae&aom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;
rsm;wGif Edik if aH &;tajccHtm;jzifh tkypf o k ;kH ck&ydS gonf// ‚if;wd@k rmS —
(1) 1990 ckEpS af &G;aumufy0JG iftiftm;pk
(2) ppftpd;k &ESihf typftcwf&yfpx J m;aomtiftm;pkEiS hf
(3) vufeufuikd f wdu k yf 0JG ifaeqJtiftm;pkw@kd jzpfonf//
u|Eykf wf @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. epfemqH;k &H;_ ae&aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk &&SEd ikd &f efrmS
uspv
f pfcikd rf maom pnf;vH;k nD!w G Ef iS hf yl;aygi;f &ke;f uefwukd yf 0JG ifr_ r&Syd J ud,
k ehf nf;ud,
k [
hf efjzifh
om v_y&f mS ;wdu k yf 0JG ifaev#if &Edik rf nfr[kwaf y// xdx k ufru a&&Sn&f yfwnf&efyif vG,u f rl nf
r[kwo f nfukd wdik ;f &if;om;trsm;pkw@kd em;vnf=uygonf// xd@k a=umifh wyfaygi;f pkrsm; wck+yD;
wck }udK;yrf;zG@J pnf; wnfaqmufvmcJ=h uonfrmS ,ckqv kd #if w'gZif ausm+f yDjzpfygonf?
wyfaygi;f pkrsm;txJwiG f (r'w) wyfaygi;f pkonf oufwrf;t&Snq f ;kH jzpf+yD; ,ckqv
kd #if
(18) ESpef ;D yg; &S+d yDjzpfygonf? od@k aomfvnf; atmifyEJG iS ahf 0;&Hrk u wjznf;jznf; arS;rSed u
f svm
aeygonf// Todk@jzpfae&jcif;. ta=umif;&if;rsm;pGmxJwGif “wyfaygif;pkjzifhomatmifyGJ
&&SEd ikd rf nf” qdo
k nfurkd &_jrif rav;eufI rdrw d @kd qdik &f mtzG@J tpnf;ta&;udo k m tav;xm;
cJjh cif;onf t"dutusq;kH aom tcsujf zpfonf[k jrifonf// T tjrifoabmxm;udk ajymif;
vJypf&efvkd tyfonf//
u|Eykf w f @kd . bH&k efoo l nf rdrw
d @kd xuf ydrk t
kd m;}uD;+yD; wckwnf;aom trde@f ay;r_atmuf
wGif &Sad oma=umifh rdrw d @kd xuf pkpnf;nD!w G rf _ yd&k ydS gonf// xd@k a=umifh rdrw
d @kd . tcGit hf a&;rsm;
udk wzJ@G wygw/D vlwrsKd ;wnf;jzifh &,l&ef rjzpfEikd af =umif;udk xdyw f ef;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tjyif
tzG@J 0iftrsm;pkuyg av;eufpmG em;vnfxm;=u&ef vdo k nf// u|Eykf wf @kd onf wyfaygi;f pkta&;
xuf rdrw d @kd qikd &f mtzG@J tpnf;ta&;udo k m tav;xm;rd=u&mu nD!w G rf y_ sujf ym;+yD; u|ef
ouf&n S af e=u&jcif; jzpfonf//
,cktcgwiG f rwlujJG ym;aeaom taetxm;rsKd ;wGif &Sad eaoma=umifh tm;vH;k udk wyf
aygi;f pktoGif pkpnf;I r&Edik yf g// txufaz: jyyg tkypf w
k t
l vdu
k af omf‚if;/ vlrsK;d wl/ e,fajrjcif;
eD;uyf qufpyforl sm; aomf‚if; wyfaygi;f pktoGijf zifh pkpnf;I&Edik yf gonf?
vufawG@ tajcaewGif wlnaD omtkypf w k cktwGi;f rSmyifv#if rlv&yfwnfcsurf sm; tay:
cdik cf ikd rf mrm&yfwnfvy_ &f mS ;wdu
k yf 0JG ifaeaom tzG@J rsm;ESihf tawG;tac:tjrifrsm; awGa0,dr;f
,dik af eaom tzG@J rsm; [lI &Syd gonf// xd@k a=umifh tvkyjf zpfEikd &f eftwGuf cdik rf maom tzG@J rsm;
tcsi;f csi;f pkpnf;a&;udk t"duxm;I nD!w G rf u
_ kd OD;pGmwnfaqmuf&efvo kd nf? xdo
k @kd pkpnf;
+yD;aemuf awGa0aomtzG@J rsm;udk pnf;&H;k wGaJ c: Edifk o f avmuf pnf;&H;k wGaJ c:oGm;&rnf?
62
xdo
k @kd pkpnf;yl;aygi;f rdonft h cg txufacgi;f aqmif od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm; tcsi;f csi;f
ompkpnf;nD!w G jf cif;rsKd ;r[kwbf J atmufajctqifyh g nD!w G pf k pnf;Edik &f ef vkyaf qmif&rnf?
wyfaygi;f pktay: tjrifav;euf&ef oD;oef@Eikd if aH &; oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS af y;&ef vdt k yfonf?
wlnaD omtkypf §k qufpyfaeaomtkypf t k vku
d f nD!w G af &;udk wnfaqmuf+yD;ygu tkypf k
rsm;tcsi;f csi;f qufpyfppk nf;Edik &f ef wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k wGif wlnaD om tajccH&nfreS ;f csuf
(Oyrm — trsdK;om;wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnf
aqmufa&;) ud&k mS +yD; ‚if;tay: tm;vk;H rS &yfwnfwu kd yf 0JG ifomG ;a&;udk csrwS v f yk af qmif=u
&efvokd nf? qdv k o
kd nfrmS wdu
k yf eJG nf;em rwlnaD omfvnf; OD;wnfrw _ iG f wln=D u&ef jzpfonf?
tzdESdyfcH wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rdrdwdk@wnf&Sdaeaom tpdwf
tydik ;f xufukd ausmv f eG +f yD; wpHv k ;kH aom taetxm;udk &_jrif=u&efvo kd nf? wzufwiG f &Edik f
onfh enf;vrf;jzifn h E‡d i_d ;f =u+y;D rnfonft h csed u f mv tajctaersKd ;wGif rnfonfw h u
kd yf eJG nf;em
udk t"duxm;&rnf? rnfonfeh nf;emudk tultiftm;tjzpfxm;rnf qdo k nfukd csrwS x f m;+y;D
[efcsun f D wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ;Edik af &;ESihf tzG@J wikd ;f us&mtc%f;rS rdrw
d m0efukd ausyeG af tmifxrf;
aqmifa&;udk ndE‡ i_d ;f az:aqmifEikd yf gu aumif;rGeaf om pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk &&Sv
d mygvrd rhf nf?
,ae@ Edik if aH &;tajctaeonf ajymif;vJrj_ refqefaeaoma=umifh tcsed rf v D yk if ef;pOfrsm;
ndE‡ i_d ;f csrwS Ef ikd &f ef jrefjrefqefqef awG@qn
kH E‡d i_d ;f Edik af om tm;vH;k udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonfh tzG@J tpnf;
wckcu k kd zG@J pnf;xm;&S&d ef vdt k yfayonf//
txufaz: jyyg tcsurf sm;twdifk ;f az:aqmifEikd yf gu tajctaeESihf oifah wmfuu kd n
f D
rnfh uspv
f pfcikd rf maom wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk &&Sv
d mrnfjzpfyga=umif; t}uHjyK
wifjyygonf? Ò
rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP)
63
G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF) tjrifEiS o

3;8? yavmifjynfvw hf abmxm;pmwrf;
vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;vrf;a=umif;t& ppftpkd;& jyefvnf
usif;yrnfh trsdK;om;nDvmcHodk@ wufa&mufa&; rwuf
a&mufa&; tjrifoabmxm;rsm; uGJjym;pGmay:aygufvm
aomtcsdefwGif rdrdwdk@wdkif;&if;vlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH; rdrdwdk@
uH=urRmudk aumif;rGepf mG zefw;D Ekid &f eftwGuf rdrw d @kd tcsi;f
csif;t=um; wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_onf vGefpGm
ta&;}uD;ygonf? xdak =umifh Twdik ;f &if;om;ES;D aESmzvS,f
yGw
J iG f rdrw
d @kd yavmifjynfe,fvw G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D rS wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;.uspfvpfcdkifrmaom pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;
wnfaqmufrt _ wGuf tjrifEiS hf oabmxm;tay: typf
tcwf&yfpx J m;aom wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;ESihf
rdik t
f u
kd zf ek ;f
jynfwiG ;f &Sd wkid ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;
tajctae/ typfr&yfao;onfh wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;ESihf jynfya&muf wkid ;f &if;
om;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;tajctaeESifh jynfwGif;jynfy wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &; [lItydik ;f ok;H ydik ;f cGu
J m wifjyvkyd gonf?
typftcwf&yfpx J m;aom wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zJ@G rsm;ESihf
jynfwiG ;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;Edik if H a&;ygwrD sm; pnf;vH;k nD!wG af &; tajctae?
typftcwf&yfpx J m;aom wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;
EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm; pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfa&;tajctae wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdiftzGJ@ tcsdK@ppf
tpk;d &ESihf typftcwf&yfpu J m +idr;f csr;f a&;&,lco hJ nfrmS 15 ESpw f if;wif;jynf+h yD; jzpfonf?
xd@k twl jynfwiG ;f &Sd wkid ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rSm jynfov l x l x k aH xmufcrH J &&Su d m Edik if H
a&;ygwD tjzpf&yfwnfvmonfh oufwrf;umvrSmvnf; wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuidk t f zG‹J rsm;
typf tcwf&yfpaJ &;jyKvkycf o hJ nfh tcsed u f mvESirhf wdr;f r,dr;f yifjzpfonf? od‹k aomf typf
tcwf&yfpJxm;aom wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdiftzGJ‹rsm;ESifh wkdif;&if;om;EdkifiHa&;ygwD
rsm;t=um; vkyif ef;rsm;yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;/ vkyif ef;ay:vpDaqG;aEG;!dES id_ ;f wdik yf ifjcif;rsm;udrk l
tm;&auseyfz, G f rawG@&&dS ao;ay? xd@k tjyiftcsKd @aom vufeufuidk t f zG@J rsm;rSm rdrw d @kd EiS hf
oufqikd &f m trsKd ;om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;tm; vkyif ef;qufpyfy;l aygi;f vkyaf qmifjcif;r&So d nfh
tjyif,if;EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; todtrSwfrjyKbJ vpfv#L&_ xm;=uonfudk 0rf;enf;pGm
awG‹&onf?
wdik ;f &if;om; typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vufeufuikd t f zG‹J rsm;onf Ekid if aH &;t& &yfwnfEidk &f ef
xuf tzG@J tpnf;awmifw h if;pGm&yfwnfEidk &f ef ravmufri yrm%tenf;i,fomvkyyf idk cf iG hf
&Sdaom pD;yGm;a&;udkomOD;pm;ay; vkyfudkifae=uonf? tusyftwnf; aygif;pkHatmufwGif
64
rv$rJ a&SmifomI typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyo f mG ;=u&aomfvnf; q,fpEk pS af usm=f umvm+yD;

aemufyikd ;f Y typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyv f u dk &f jcif;a=umifh &vmonfh tusKd ;qufrsm;/ wk;d wufr_
rsm;/ rdrdwdk@vlxktwGuf zGH‹+zdK;wdk;wufa&;rsm; rsuf0g;xifxifrawG‹ &Sd&ao;ay? rdrdwdk@
xde;f csKyf&me,fajrwGi;f od@k etz ppfwyfrsm; ,cifuxuftiftm;}uD;rm;pGm 0ifa&mufp;dk rd;k
cs,v f ,S v
f monfukd omawG@&onf? typftcwf&yfpo J nfu
h mv ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm=umvm
cJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; etzonf typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vkyx f m;onfh tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf Ekid if aH &;
t& w}udrrf # awG@qaHk qG;aEG;cJjh cif;yif r&Syd g?
etz ppftpkd;&ESifh typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzJG@tpnf;
rsm;onf Ekid if aH &;udw k &m;0ify;l aygi;f vkyaf qmif&efrqdw k m;ESihf tzG@J tpnf;rsm;yl;aygi;f um
oabmxm;xkwjf yefa=unmjcif;udyk if &Sm;yg;pGmwESpv f #if w}udrcf ef@om awG‹&onf? T
tm;enf;csu. f tusKd ;&vm'frmS etz. Ekid if aH &;vSnu hf u
G u
f kd rSm;,Gi;f pGmaxmufcrH jd cif;/
rSm;rSe;f odv#uEf iS t hf a=umif; trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh vufcaH cgi;f ndwrf jd cif;rsm; qufwu kd }f uHKawG‹
ae=uonf? Oyrm — etz ppftpd;k &rS jyefvnftoufoiG ;f rnfh trsKd ;om;nDvmcH wuf
a&mufa&;udk b0wl &nf&G,fcsufjcif;wlaom EkdifiHa&;r[mrdwftzGJ‹rsm;/ typftcwf&yfpJ
xm;onft h zG‹J rsm;ESihf oabmxm;!dES id_ ;f ar;jref; aqG;aEG;jcif;rjyKyJ rsupf rd w dS vf ufcH uwdjyK
vkud jf cif;rSm ppftpd;k &. w&m;0iftpk;d &tjzpf tm;ay;tm; ajrmufay;vku d jf cif; yifjzpfonf?
typftcwf&yfpaJ &;&,lxm;aom wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;twGi;f tcsi;f csi;f =um;
wGifyifv#if pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_wnfaqmuf&ef vGefpGmvkdtyfaeonf? rdrdwdk@b0wlnDtpf
udt
k zG?J tpnf;rsm; vkyif ef;yl;aygi;f aqG;aEG;aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; enf;vmavav ppftpk;d &. aoG;cGJ
qufqrH a_ tmufwiG f tcsi;f csi;f Ekid if aH &;tjrifrsm;uGjJ ym;vmavav jzpfvmayrnf? ppftpk;d &
onf ,if;wk@d Edik if aH wmfuOkd ;D aqmifaeonfh umvtwGi;f wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuidk t f zG@J rsm;ESihf
typftcwf&yfpEJ idk cf o hJ nft h ajctaersm;udk &nf!eG ;f um ordik ;f wGirf nfonft h pk;d &rS rvkyf
aqmifEikd bf J ,ckwyfrawmftpk;d &. }udK;yrf;r_a=umifh jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f r_&&Sad e+yD jzpfa=umif;/
b,facwfumvESirhf # rwlatmif ,cke,fpyfa'orsm;wGizf ‹HG +zdK;wd;k wufv#uf &Sad ea=umif;
xyfcgwvJvJ 0g'jzef‹csv D #uf &Sad eonf? od‹k &mwGif ,if;tcsuEf iS hf ywfoufI typftcwf&yfpJ
a&;vkyfxm;=uonfh wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;u rnfodk‹r# wkef‹jyefajz&Sif;jyjcif; r&Sdyg?
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;r_trSefwu,f &ae+yD;avm/ ppfrSefonfh jynfwGif;+idrfcsrf;a&;avm/ twk
ta,mif jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;avm/ e,fpyfa'orsm;wGif trSew f u,f zG‹H +zKd ;wk;d wufae+yaD vm
[lonfukd typftcwf&yfpx J m;=uonfh wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;ESihf a'ocH rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;
jynfov l xl w
k @kd todq;Hk jzpfonf?
xk@d jyif rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;jynfov l x l t
k ay: ppftpd;k &u
trsKd ;rsKd ;zdEydS n
f i‡ ;f yef; zrf;qD;aeonfukd rnfonfh typftcwf&yfpaJ &; tzG@J tpnf;ur# uef@
uGuaf =umif; oabmxm;xkwjf yefcsurf sm;udk w&m;0ifxw k jf yefjcif; r&S=d uonfrmS ppftpk;d &u
rdrw
d @kd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tay: zdEydS cf sKyfcs,af eonfukd axmufcaH eouJo h @kd jzpfaeonf?
65
,ckwzefvnf; u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&kH;u etzESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; &,l&ef

aqG;aEG;aeonfudk tm;vkH;od=u+yD; jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfwGif jynfwGif;ppfrD;rsm;&yfpJum
wdik ;f jynfz‹HG +zKd ;wd;k wufa&;vkyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifvmEkid v f #if tusKd ;&Srd nf[q k akd omfvnf; typf
tcwf&yfp+J y;D rdrw d ‹kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; trSew
f u,fvyk yf ikd cf iG hf rnfr#&rdS nf qdo k nfrmS a&S;u
typftcwf&yfpx J m;aom tzJ@G rsm;udpk eH rlemtjzpf awG@Eikd o f nf? od@k aomf vufeufuikd w f udk f
cdu
k jf cif;xuf Ekid if aH &;enf;vrf;t& awG@qaHk qG;aEG;tajz&Smjcif;onf tajzrSeEf iS hf ydrk ekd ;D pyfum
vlxt k usKd ;xdcu dk rf e_ nf;Edik I f tm;vk;H vufcEH idk o
f nhf enf;vrf;wck jzpfonf?
typfcwfr&yfpo J nfh wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tzG@J rsm;ESihf jynfya&muf wdik ;f &if;om;
Ekid if aH &; ygwrD sm;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;tajctae/
typfcwfr&yfao;onfh wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rSm tzG@J tpnf;wzG@J EiS w hf zJ@G xdawG@r_
ydrk sm;+yD; ,ciftajctaersm;ESihf E_id ;f ,SOaf omfaumif;aom vuQ%maqmifvmonfh oabm
&So
d nf? od@k aomf oabmxm;wlonfrsm;udo k m wGv
J yk =f uonfh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf a_ tmufwiG f
ppftpdk;&udk xda&mufatmifwkdufcdkuf&ef tm;aumif;aom pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_ r&Sdao;ay?
trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF)ESihf jynfaxmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; 'Drukd a&pDtzG@J csKyf
(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr), UNLD(LA) wd@k . yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifr&_ o dS nf[k qdak omfvnf; tjcm;
wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;tzG@J u yg0ifywfoufEikd rf w _ iG f tcuftcJrsm;&Sad eao;
onfukd awG@&onf?
etz ppftpkd;&u EkdifiHa&;vrf;!Gef (7) csufudkcsjyum trsdK;om;nDvmcHjyefvnf
ac:,la&;jzifh Ekid if wH umtzG‹J tpnf;rsm;ESihf awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;tm; xyfr v H nS phf m;&ef
}udK;yrf;aecsed w f iG f rdrw d ‹kd wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;t=um; pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;rSm vGepf mG ta&;}uD;
ygonf? ordkif;aemufcHt& rwlnDuGJjym;r_rsm; rnfr#yif&Sdapumrl rdrdwdk‹wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
tm;vk;H . tajccHO;D wnfcsurf mS trsKd ;om;wdik ;f wef;wla&;ESihf uk, d yf ikd jf yXge;f cGithf ay: tajccH
onfh ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; jzpfojzift h wkta,miftrsKd ;om;
nDvmcHukd nD!w G pf mG uef@uu G &f ef tvGev f t
kd yfygonf? etz. Ekid if aH &;vSnu hf u G tf ay: rdrd
wd@k tcsi;f csi;f pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf r_ ysuq f ;D ap&ef yl;aygi;f aqG;aEG;!dES id_ ;f r_rsm;jzifh bk&H nfreS ;f csuu f kd
qufvuftaumiftxnf az:&rnfjzpfonf?
typfcwfr&yfao;onfh vufeufuikd w f idk ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;Ekid if H
a&;ygwrD sm;. nD!w G af &;tay: tajccHaom yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf w _ iG f acgi;f aqmifrsm; tcsi;f
csi;f em;vnfrE_ iS hf tzG‹J tpnf;tay:tajccHonfh em;vnfrr_ mS tjiif;yGm;zG,&f m tcsurf sm;
&Hzef&cH g jzpfvmwwfonfukd owdjyKrdonf? awmfveS af &;umvtwGi;f wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f
aqmifwikd ;f u vlxt k ay: aumif;aomtusK;d oufa&mufjcif;rsm; &Sv d map&ef apwemrsm;
jzifah qmif&uG =f uonf omjzpfonf? xdo k @dk aqmif&u G &f mwGif wkid ;f &if;om; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tjyif
'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;yg r[mrdwt f jzpfvyk uf ikd af e=u&ojzifh rdrw d @dk wdik ;f &if;om;wyfaygi;f pk
66
twGif; pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_ ykdtm;aumif;vm&efrSm acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;

Ekid if aH &;&k;d om;r_EiS hf yGiv
hf if;r_&&dS ef vdt
k yfonf? wyfaygi;f pkut kd ajccH+yD; vky&f aomudpo P nf
wyfaygi;f pkay:vpDukd tajccH&rnfjzpf+yD; abmifausmrf r_ sm;/ wm0efcrH r_ sm; ydrk &kd v dS mygu tzG@J 0if
tcsi;f csi;f wGi&f adS om nD!w G af &;tajccHux kd yd g;ap Ekid o
f nf? ENSCC rScsjyaom Edik if aH &;
vrf;!Gefcsufrsm;onf rdrdwdk@ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tay: tusKd;&SdapEkdif+yD; tcsKd@uvufcHEkdif
aomfvnf; rdrw d @kd wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f oabmxm;uGv J rJG a_ =umifh ar#mrf eS ;f ouJoh @kd jzpfrvm
onft h csurf mS wyfaygi;f pktwGuf oifcef;pm,lz, G &f myif jzpfonf? rdrw d @dk . tm;enf;csurf sm;
tm;omcsufrsm;/ wyfaygif;pktwGif; EkdifiHa&;yGifhvif;&dk;om;r_udk a0zefqef;ppf&ef vGefpGm
ta&;}uD;ygonf?
tcsKd @acgi;f aqmifrsm;onfrrd w d @kd wyfaygi;f pkwiG f aomfvnf;aumif;/ wyfygi;f pkwiG rf ygonfh
tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;ESihf aomfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm; 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf aomf
vnf;aumif; wyfaygi;f pktzG‹J 0if wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tm;vk;H udk ud, k pf m;jyKudp&P yfrsm; aqmif
&Gu&f mwGif wyfaygi;f pk&adS omtzG@J 0ifacgi;f aqmifrsm;tm; yGiv hf if;pGmaqG;aEG;&Si;f vif; wifjyjcif;
onf nD!Gwfa&;twGuf vGefpGmtm;aumif;aomtcsufyif jzpfonf? trSm;rsm;vnf;
uif;Ekdifoa&G‹ uif;apvmEdkifvm+yD; tzGJ‹0ifrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifywfoufr_vnf; &Sdaponf?
wef;!SI d &aom acgi;f aqmiftenf;i,fuom aqG;aEG;wkid yf ifI tm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKaom
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrw S jf cif;onf rdrwd @kd wyfaygi;f pktoH/ rdrw d @kd ukd uk, d pf m;jyKxm;aom wdik ;f &if;
om;toHrsm;udk ,kwaf vsmah pvmEkid +f yD; pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udv k nf; xdcu kd af prnf jzpfonf?
ppfreS af om wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;udk taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G &f mwGif
Ekid if aH &;yGiv hf if;&d;k om;r_ukd tajccH&ygvrd rhf nf? yg;pyfEiS o hf m nD!w G af &;r[kwb f J vufawG@
taumiftxnfaz:onfh ae&mwGin f !D w G rf &_ &dS rnf? pdw&f if;apwem ajzmifrh wfr/_ wef;wl
&nfw&l rdS /_ tjyeftvSef taxmuftuljyKr_/ tjyeftvSef av;pm;r_/ tjyeftvSef todtrSwf
jyKr_EiS hf tzG‹J }uD;onf i,fonf/ vlO;D a&rsm;onf enf;onf/ tawG‹t}uHK&So d nf r&So d nf/
ynm&So d nf r&So d nf/ touft&G,if ,fonf }u;D onf qdo k nfoh abmxm; tjrifrsKd ; rcGjJ cm;bJ
twlwuGy;l aygi;f vkyaf qmifru _ kd [efcsunf n D aD qmif&u G u f m uspv
f pfcidk rf maom nD!w G af &;
udk wnfaqmuf&eftvGet f a&;}uD; ayonf?
jynfwiG ;f jynfywkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;pnf;vk;H nD!w
G af &;
jynfwGif;jynfy&Sd wdkif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;nD!Gwfa&;onf tusyftwnf;ESifh
&ifqidk af eaom jrefrmjynfEidk if aH &;\emajz&Si;f &mwGif tadutcef;u¾w&yfjzpfonf? jynf
wGi;f jynfy&Sw
d idk ;f &if;om; tzG‹J rsm;[efcsun f nD D rv_y&f mS ;Ekid v
f #if etzppftpk;d & vufo;Hk pum;
jzpfonfh rwlnu D jJG ym;aeaom wkid ;f &if;om;trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh Ekid if aH wmfr+ydKuGaJ tmif ppfwyfu
tm%modr;f ,l&onf [laomtqdu k kd rSeu
f efa=umif;jyaeouJo h @kd jzpfaeayrnf? jynfwiG ;f
jynfy&Sdwkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ [efcsufESifhnD!Gwfa&;rSm vuf&Sd
tajctaet& rsm;pGmtm;enf;aeonfukd awG@Eidk o f nf?
67
jynfy&Sw d idk ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u ppftpd;k &tm;jywfjywfom;om; acsre_ ;f qef@usif

aeaomfjim;vnf;/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;rSm tzG@J tpnf;&yf
wnfEidk &f ef pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfum ppftpd;k &tm; taygi;f vuQ%moabmjzifh qufqaH e&onf?
jynfy&St d zG@J tpnf;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; Ekid if aH &;t& &yfwnfry_ &kd iS ;f vif;
jywfvmap&ef qGaJ qmifpnf;&k;H Ekid rf _ tm;enf;aeonfukd awG@&onf? jynfwiG ;f &St d ypftcwf
&yfxm;aom tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; Edik if aH &;xGuaf ygurf sm; zefw;D ay;Ekid v f #if aomfvnf;aumif;/
jynfywkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;. Ekid if aH &;v_y&f mS ;r_vrf;a=umif;udk jynfwiG ;f tzG@J rsm; &Si;f vif;pGm
em;vnfod&SdEkdifapv#if aomfvnf;aumif;/ zefwD;jyKvkyfEkdifv#if jynfywGifv_yf&Sm;aeaom
Ekid if aH &;vrf;a=umif;udk em;vnfvufco H abmayguu
f m ppftpd;k &tm; axmufcaH om Ekid if aH &;
xGuaf yguu f akd &G;cs,v f rd rhf nf r[kwaf y?
wkid ;f &if;om;tzG‹J tpnf;rsm;tm; udik w f , G &f mwGif ydik Ef idk u
f |r;f usiof nf[k emrnf&aeaom
etzppftpk;d &onf usqif;vmaomwkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G af &;tay: tcGiahf umif;,l+y;D
wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdiftzGJ‹rsm;tm; wzGJ‹csif;enf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;um
tm%mwnf+rJ&ef }udK;yrf;aevsu&f o dS nf? Ekid if aH &;vrf;!Gecf suf (7) csuu f kd taumiftxnf
az:aeaom etzppftpk;d &onf wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; pnf;&k;H udik w f ,G Ef idk v
f #if
,if;wd@k vcdk siaf om tajzydrk edk ;D pyfvmrnf[k ,k=H unfvmv#u&f o dS nf? od@k &mwGif wkid ;f &if;om;
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tm; pkaygi;f umtpktzG@J vu dk v f ufcq H aHk wG@v#if tcsi;f csi;f wkid yf if awmif;qdrk _
rsm; rsm;Ekid vf m+yD; qifxm;aomtuGurf S vGo J mG ;Edik If wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J rsm;tm; aoG;cGEJ idk &f ef
wzG@J csi;f pDomv#if awG@q! Hk EdS id_ ;f aev#u&f odS nf?
vuf&SdjrefrmEkdifiHa&;tusyftwnf;udk &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&mwGif wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@tpnf;
toD;oD;wdk@. pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_onf vGefpGmta&;}uD;+yD; etzppftpdk;&. vSnfhuGuf
enf;AsL[mtwGi;f od@k ajcvSr;f rSm;umr0ifr&d ef txl;owdcsu&f rnf jzpfonf? rdrw d @kd widk ;f &if;
om;tm;vk;H . bk&H nfreS ;f csurf mS trsKd ;om;wef;wlrE_ iS hf ud, k yf idk jf yXge;f cGiu
hf kd tmrcHEidk af om
ppfreS of nfh zuf'&,f'rD u kd &ufwpfjynfaxmifpEk idk if H xlaxmifa&;jzpfonfukd vufuikd x f m;um
wkud yf 0JG if&ef vkt
d yfygonf? etz. Ekid if aH &;vrf;!Gef (7) csuu f kd taumiftxnfaz:um
trsKd ;om;nDvmcH jyefvnfac:,la&;onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkw@kd . Ekid if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuu f kd
tmrcHEidk rf nfr[kwb f J ppftpd;k &tm; w&m;0iftpk;d &tjzpf tm%mouf&n S &f ef axmufyahH e
jcif;omjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd rdrw
d @kd wkid ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;onf pnf;vk;H
nD!w G rf u_ kd [efcsunf n D t
D cdik t
f rmwnfaqmufum rdrw d @dk csKyfqckd =hJ uaom r,foa&mxm
oabmwlncD surf sm;rS wdik ;f &if;om;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;rSww f idk uf kd qufvufcidk rf matmif
xde;f odr;f umtaumiftxnfaqmif&u G &f rnf jzpfygonf?
yavmifjynfe,fvw
G af jrmufa&;wyfO;D (PSLF)
68
tcef; (4)
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS

“oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;” (Tripartite Dialogue) tay:
tjrifEiS o
fh abmxm;pmwrf;rsm;
4;1? jynfaxmifpw
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
UNLD(LA) rStjrifEi So
hf abmxm;pmwrf;
av;pm;tyfwhJ obmywd}uD;ESiw hf uG wdik ;f &if;om;

vlrsKd ;ud,
k pf m;jyK acgi;f aqmif}uD;rsm; cifAsm;
aemufco
H rdik ;f a=umif;
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpf=uwJh (ucsi/f u&if/ u&ife/D csi;f /
rGe/f Arm/ &Sr;f / &cdik )f pwJh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;[m a&S;ESpaf ygi;f
axmifEiS chf su D wnf;u ud, k b hf &k if/ apmfbmG ;/ 'l;0g;/ apmzsm/
apmfu/J &rftyk rf if;rsm;jzifh oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG aexdik v f mcJ=h u
w,f? wOD;ESiw hf OD; tay: txufatmufqufqrH r_ sKd ; r&Scd hJ
cGe;f rwf&u
f b
kd ef; yg? ud, k pf D ud, k yf ikd jf yÏmef;cGihf ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf tjynft
h 0
&S=d uygw,f? rif;wk;H rif;bk&if&iS jf yKom;jzpfol 0ef;okad pmfbmG ;
}uD; OD;atmifjrwfonfyifv#if ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf tjynft h 0&Sad =umif; awG@&dS &ygw,f?
t*Fvyd u
f v
kd ekd aD cwf
t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfumvrSm wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk;[m udkvdkeDvufatmufcHb0
usa&muf oGm;cJyh gw,f? 'gayrJh t*Fvyd t f pd;k &uae+yD;awmh Armjynfre,fajrudo k m tpd;k &
zG@J pnf;+yD;awmh wdu
k ¶f u dk tf yk cf sKyfcahJ yrJh &Sr;f jynf/ ucsijf ynf/ csi;f jynf/ oHviG cf &dik f u&ife,fajr/
&cdik af wmifwef;a'orsm;ESihf taemufbuf&rS ;f jynfac: aomifow G /f crf;wD;/ crf;wD;vHek ,f
ponfeh ,fajrrsm;rSm ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG &hf &Scd whJ hJ e,fajrrsm; jzpf=uygw,f? u&ifejD ynfukd 1875
ck ZGev f (21) &ufae@ uwnf;u/ t*Fvyd b f &k ifcH qma'guu f vyfazgq h ufEiS hf Armbk&if
rif;wH;k rif;uae qufvuf+yD; oD;oef@vw G v f yfwehJ ,fajrtjzpf oabmwltodtrSwjf yKxm;
wmjzpfygw,f? oxkt H a&S@/ awmifit l a&S@/ =umtif;qdy}f uD;/ aumhu&dw/f jr0wD/ pD&ifpEk iS hf
0ef;okad pmfbmG ;e,fajr/ ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f ajrmufyidk ;f ponfeh ,fajrrsm;rSm t*Fvyd b f &k ifcuH pDrcH ef@cJG
wJeh ,fajrrsm;jzpf=uw,f? 'ga=umifh udv k ekd t D *Fvyd af cwfumvrS Arm/ &Sr;f / u&ife/D ucsi/f
csi;f / u&if pwJw h ikd ;f &if;e,fajrrsm;[m jynfaxmifpyk pkH rH wnf&ydS gb;l / oD;jcm;pDwnf&=dS uwJh
e,fajrrsm; jzpfc=hJ uygw,f?
vGwv
f yfa&;}udK;yrf;umv
vGwv
f yfa&;}udK;yrf;umvrSm Armjynfvw G v f yfa&; &&Sad &;twGuf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;eJ@
zqyv tzG@J csKyfrsm;}udK;yrf;=uovdk &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f wd@k rmS vnf; qufpyfnE‡d id_ ;f =u+yD; }udK;yrf;cJh
=uygw,f?
71
aemufq;kH Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;wd@k rmS Armjynfre,fajrrSm

qefpyg;xGuw f ,f? yifv,fxu G af ygu&f w
dS ,f? &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f e,fajr[m o,HZmw aygrsm;
wJt h jyif awmifwef;a'oxlxyf+yD; Armjynfrudk jrif;cGmo¿mef0ikd ;f &Hxm;um tiftm;}uD;
EdkifiHrsm;jzpf=uwJh w&kwf/ tdENd,EdkifiHESifh e,fcsif;qufpyfaew,f? wdkif;jynfvHk+cHKa&;t&
ta&;ygw,f? 'ga=umihf tm;vH;k twGuf pD;yGm;a&;/ }u;D yGm;a&;/ umuG,af &;/ wdik ;f jynfom,m0
ajyma&;twGuf tjrif}uD;pGm wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;=u+yD;rS yifvpkH mcsKyfukd csKyfq=kd uwmjzpfw,f?
yifvpkH mcsKyf[m tEdik t f &_;H pmcsKyfr[kw/f vlrsKd ;udt
k ajccHxm;wJh pmcsKyfvnf;r[kw/f e,fajr
a'oudk ud, k pf m;jyKxm;wJph mcsKyfjzpfw,f? yifvpkH mcsKyf&hJ tepfom&uawmh —
1? oD;jcm;pDwnf&w dS ehJ ,fajrrsm; w+ydKifwnf;vGwv
f yfa&;&,la&; ESihf
2? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;e,fajrrsm; wef;wl&nfwl zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;
tcsuf ESpcf suyf jJ zpfygw,f?
yifvpkH mcsKyfazguzf sujf cif;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D pwifavmifu|r;f jcif;

Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;usq;kH +yD;aemuf zqyvtzG@J csKyf[m yifvpkH w d "f gwtf ajccHrrl S aoGz,f
tm;eJomG ;+yD; zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'a&;qG&J mrSm Armjynfukd jynfaxmifpt k m%mESihf
wGx
J m;vdu k af wmh usew f ikd ;f &if;om;jynfe,frsm;[m Armvufatmufcb H 0 usa&mufomG ;
w,f? jynfe,f&oif&h xdu k w f hJ &cdik /f rGe/f u&if wd@k uv
kd nf; jynfe,fowfrw S af y;jcif; r&Sb
d ;l ?
u&ifejD ynfapmzsmESihf jynfov l x l q k ENrygbJ u&ifejD ynfukd vufatmufcjH ynfe,f we,f
tjzpfowfrw S v
f u kd w
f ,f/ 'gah =umifh vGwv f yfa&;oufwrf; 1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccH
Oya' touf0ifvmwmeJ@w+ydKifwnf; jynfwiG ;f ppf rD;pwifavmifu|r;f oGm;wm jzpfw,f?
jynfwiG ;f ppfxyfqifah wmufavmifjcif;
1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'tc%f; (10) wGif cGx J u G cf iG yhf g&+dS yD; tc%f; (11)
wGif jyifqifciG yhf g&w dS m wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;uae+yD;awmh tcsed rf a&G; zG@J pnf;yHu k kd jyifqifEikd wf mbJ/
nDtpfudkcsif; aps;qpfr,fr[kwfbl;vdk@ ,Hk=unf+yD;awmh zGJ@pnf;yHkudk tjrefvufcHEdkif&ef
vufwvH;k jcm;vkyw f ,fv@kd oH;k oyfEikd yf gw,f? bma=umifvh q
J akd wmh zqyv pnf;vk;H nD!w G f
aewJt h csed rf mS zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH jyifqif&ef wifjyvmwkid ;f ta=umif;trsK;d rsKd ;jy+y;D tcsed q f aJG ewm
ukd awG@&&dS rSm jzpfygw,f? aemufq;Hk (10) ESpaf usmf zqyv tzG@J csKyf ESpjf crf;uG+J yJ+yD; aemufyikd ;f rS
0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ek[m zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt Hk ajccHOya' jyifqif&ef cGijhf yKvmwmukd awG@&ygw,f?
ulrifwef w&kwjf zLudt k a=umif;jy+yD; Armppfom;rsm;udk &Sr;f jynfxyJ @kd cw hJ ,f? &Sr;f jynf ppf
tkycf sKyfa&; csrw S cf w hJ ,f? Armppfom;rsm;[m &Sr;f jynf jynfov l x l rk sm;udk zdEydS t f Edik u
f siw hf ,f?
Ak'b< momudk Ekid if aH wmfbmtjzpf jyXmef;zd@k }udK;pm;vmw,f? ucsijf ynfov l x l q
k ENoabm
xm;rygbJ zDarmf/ a*:vef/ uefzef e,fajrudk w&kwjf ynfo@kd vt J$ yfay;jcif;ponfh ta=umif;
rsm;a=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D xyfqifh avmifu|r;f oGm;jcif; jzpfw,f?
72
zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt

Hk ajccHOya'jyifqifjcif;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D txGÉf txdyo
f @dk avmifu|r;f jcif;
1961ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'jyifqifa&;twGuf jrefrmEkid if w H idk ;f &if;om;aygi;f pkH
ES;D aESmzvS,yf u
JG si;f yaepOf tm%mirf;irf;wuf+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;wefwal &;ukd vk;H 0vufrcHbJ
vlrsK;d }uD;0g' usio hf ;Hk um wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;ukd trsK;d jzKwfvw
dk hJ Akv
d af e0if;OD;aqmifwhJ
zufqpfppftyk pf [ k m wkid ;f jynftm%modr;f vku d wf mjzpfw,f?
Ekid if aH wmfz@JG pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'[m wkid ;f jynfrmS tjrifq h ;Hk Oya' jzpfw,f? zG@J pnf;ykH
yg&w
dS t hJ wkid ;f wkid ;f &if;om;awG cGx J u G af wmif;awmifrS orw/ 0ef}uD;csKyf y,fcsyidk cf iG rhf &Syd g? 'g
ayrJh wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;[m cGx J uG cf iG hf vk;H 0rok;H yg? zG@J pnf;ykjH yifqifa&;twGuf Oya'twGi;f aqmif
&GufwmawmifrS &Srf;/ ucsif/ u&if/ u&ifeD/ csif;/ rGef/ &ckdifpwJhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;[m
zuf'&,form;rsm; jzpf=u+yD; cGx J u G af &;orm;rsm;/ wkid ;f jynf+zdKcGo J rl sm; jzpfa=umif;/ wdik ;f jynf
acsmufurf;yg;usvq k qJ rJ mS wyfrawmfrS tcsed rf u DS muG,x f rd ;f odr;f Ekid w
f ,fv@dk olc;dk vl[pf
atmfw,f? 'ga=umifh Oya'abmiftwGif; vkH;0aqmif&GufcGifhr&wJhtqkH; wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsK;d aygi;f pkyH grusef &&mvufeufpu JG idk f awmfveS =f uvk@d jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D rSmvnf; txGÉt f xdyo f @kd
avmifu|r;f rqk;H awmufavmifomG ;jcif; jzpfw,f?
'Dru
dk a&pDv@l tcGit
hf a&;qdyo
f Ok ;f jcif;
tJ'v D dk yifvpHk w
d "f gwt
f m;enf;oGm;+yD; Armjynfrukd jynfaxmifpt k m%mESihf wGx J m;vk@d
tjcm; wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; ArmvufatmufcH usa&mufomG ;w,f? 'ga=umifh 1947 ck zG@J pnf;
tkycf sKyfyjHk y\emrSp+yD; jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D ESpaf ygi;f (40) ausmpf pf'%fa=umifv h nf;aumif;/ rqv
wygwt D m%m&Sipf eH pf&hJ Edik if aH &;vrf;pOfrmS ;,Gi;f r_a=umifv
h nf;aumif;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
wef;wla&;jy\emESihf aemufqufwyJG gvm+yD; 'Dru dk a&pDv@l tcGit
hf a&; qdwo f Ok ;f jcif; jy\em
vnf; wqufwpyfwnf; ygvmwmjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifjh refrmEkid if &H hJ Ekid if aH &;tajccHjy\em[m wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; wef;wltcGit hf a&;
qk;H &_;H jcif;jy\emESihf 'Dru dk a&pDv@l tcGit hf a&; qdwo f Ok ;f jcif;jy\emESp&f yf[m 'Gew
f aJG ewJh
jy\emjzpf+yD; w+ydKifwnf;ajz&Si;f oGm;zk@d vt dk yfaewm jzpfw,f?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;. tm;enf;csurf sm;tay: oH;k oyfcsuf
1? &Srf;apmfbGm;rsm;rSm &Srf;jynfvGwfvyfa&;oD;jcm;&,l+yD; ArmjynfrESifh ESpfjynfwjynf
tay;t,lvyk +f y;D rS jynfaxmifpyk ;l aygi;f ygu yd+k y;D aumif;rnf[k vdv
k m;ayrJh &Sr;f vli,frsm;
u w+ydKifwnf; vGwv f yfa&;&,lrnf [k pdwt f m;xufoefaeonfb h ufukd vduk af vsm
w,f? aemufq;kH awmifwef;a'o wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm;vH;k ArmjynfrESihf w+ydKif
wnf; vGwv f yfa&;&,lrnfh oabmxm;&&So d mG ;w,f? txl;ojzifh Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;tay: t,Ht k =unfveG v f eG ;f w,fv@kd oH;k oyfEikd yf gw,f?
73
2? 1947 ck zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH twnfjyKa&;twGuf OD;csex f eG ;f u &Si;f vif;&mrSm Adv k cf sKyfatmif
qef; csay;xm;onfh “rl” twdik ;f qd&k if vltiftm;trsm;}uD;vdrk nf? aiGvnf;trsm;
}uD;ukerf nf? ppf'g%af =umifh wdik ;f jynfqif;&J aeao;w,f? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyjkH yif&eftc%f;
(11) rSmjyifqifciG yhf g&jdS yD; tc%f; (10) rSm cGx J u
G cf iG hf yg&w
dS ,f? zG@J pnf;yHt k wnfrjyK&if
vGwfvyfa&;r&Edkif[k &Sif;jy&m wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u wdkif;jynfqif;&J&mrSm
rSeaf =umif;/ (10) ESpjf ynfv h #if cGx
J u
G cf iG &hf w
dS mbJ? nDtpfuckd si;f rd@k zG@J pnf;yHjk yifqif&ef ig;rl;wyJ
aps;qpfrnfr[kwf tcsed rf a&G; jyifqifEikd w f mbJv@kd zqyv tay: ,H=k unfrt _ jynf&h cdS hJ
w,f? 'gayrJh zGJ@pnf;yHkjyifqif&ef wifjywdkif; zqyvnD!GwfaewJhtcsdef ta=umif;
trsdK;rsdK;jy+yD; tcdsefqGJ&kHru jynfe,frsm; twGif;ajcukwf,lEdkifbdk@twGuf ppfwyfudk
twif;csxm;w,f? jynfe,ftwGi;f tkycf sKyfa&;txd 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufjcif;vkyv f mcJh
w,f? 47 zG@J pnf;yHtk yk cf sKyfykH tajccHOya'udk vufwvH;k jcm; vkyv f u kd w
f mudk cHc=hJ u&w,f?
3? zqyv tzG@J csKyf OD;Ek/ OD;ausm+f idr;f oef@&iS ;f zqyv ESihf wnf+rJ zqyv uG=J u+yD;aemuf
ydik ;f rSm OD;Ekuae+yD;awmh ,dr;f ,dik af ewJh wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; jyefvnfwnf
aqmufz@kd vdw k ,f? 'gah =umifh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya' jyifqifciG Ehf iS hf w&m;a&;Ïmeudyk g
wygwnf;csay;xm;w,f? 'gayrJh 1962 ck rwfv (2) &ufae@rmS jrefrmEdik if H wdik ;f &if;
om;aygi;f pHk ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f yaepOf tm%mirf;irf;wufwuf+y;D vlrsKd ;}u;D 0g'pGu J ikd u
f m
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;udk trsdK;jzKwfvdkwJh Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpku wdkif;jynf&Jh
tm%mudk odr;f ,l+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm;vH;k udv k nf; zrf;qD;axmifcscw hJ ,f?
axmifxJwGifyif trsm;tjym; aoqHk;oGm;cJhw,f? 'guawmh wAdkvfwuf wAdkvfus
wdik ;f &if;om;tay: tEdik u f siw hf v hJ yk &f yfv@kd oH;k oyfEikd yf gw,f?
4? Adv
k af e0if;tm%modr;f pOf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;[m zuf'&,form;rsm;jzpf=u+y;D cGx J uG f
olrsm;jzpfa=umif;/ wdik ;f jynfacsmufurf;yg;usvq k q J wJ iG f wyfrawmfutcsed rf DS u,fwifEikd f
a=umif; olcdk;vl[pfatmfaeonfudk EdkifiHa&;tm;enf;wJhArmwdkif;&if;om;trsm;pku
vGwv f yfa&;&onfrmS r=umao;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;[m cGx J uG af &;/ wdik ;f jynf+zdKcGo
J rl sm;
jzpfv@kd wyfrawmfu tcsed rf DS umuG,Ef ikd wf m rSew f ,fv@dk xifjrif=uw,f? Adv k af e0if;uae
ae&may;rvm;qd+k yD; Edik if aH &;orm;tcsKd @ aoG;xd;k v_@H aqmfra_ =umifh ArmvlrsKd ;ESihf tjcm;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;t=um; tjrifvJGr_udk ydkrdkjyif;xefapw,f? txl;ojzifh rqv
ppfwyfu wkid ;f &if;om;e,fajrppfqifa&;rSm rw&m;zrf;qD;axmifcs/ owfjzwf/ &GmrD;&_@d /
a&G/ aiG/ ypPnf;OpPmvk,uf,l/ rk'def;usifh pwJhvkyf&yfrsm;a=umifh EdkifiHa&;tm;enf;wJh
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;trsm;pk[m tkycf sKyfonfv h wl ef;pm;udrk jrifbJ Armrke;f wD;r_jzpfay:
apw,f? 'gha=umifh Adkvfae0if;ppftkyfpkuae+yD;awmh ArmESifh tjcm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
t=um; vlrsKd ;jy\em zefw;D ay;Edik w f thJ wGuf rqvwygwD tm%m&Sipf epf (26) ESpf
&Sn=f umoGm;&jcif;ta=umif;wck jzpfygw,f?
74
5? jynfwiG ;f ppfEpS af ygi;f (40) ausm'f g%af =umifh vnf;aumif;/ rqv wygwt D m%m&Sipf epf
rSm;,Gi;f csuaf =umifh vnf;aumif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDv@l tcGit
hf a&;qdwo f Ok ;f wmrubJ wdik ;f jynf
qif;&JeufwiG ;f us+yD; jynfow l &yfv;kH pm;0wfaea&; 'kurQ sKd ;pHck &H vd@k rcHr&yfEikd w
f thJ qH;k
1988 ck 'Dru kd a&pDta&;awmfyakH =umifh rqv ygwjD yKwfusomG ;cJw h ,f? 'gayrJh rqv
wjzpfvJ wpnygw[ D m jynfov l x
l k ol@bufrmS &dOS ;D r,fxifjrifv@kd 1990 ck ygwpD akH &G;
aumufyrJG mS NLD tjywftowf tEdik &f oGm;w,f? NLD ESihU f NLD nD!w G af &;
wnfaqmufEikd cf w hJ ,f? 'gah =umifh e0w ppftyk pf [ k m rdrb d uf jynforl &Sad wmha=umif;
vef@jzef@omG ;w,f?
6? jynfwiG ;f rSm 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm; pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf &_ o dS vdk
awmfveS af &;e,fajrrSmvnf; NDF, DAB, NCGUB, NLD(LA) wd@k nD!w G af ewmudk
e0w uae rcHr&yf Edik af wmh ESpaf ygi;f (40) ausmf vufeufuikd w f u
kd yf 0JG ifvmwJh NDF
twGi;f aemufq;kH vufeufcs enf;wenf;jzpfwhJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;enf;jzifh +zdKcGw J ,f?
Oya'abmiftwGi;f 0ifa&muf+yD; zG@H +zdK;a&;vkyw f ,fq+kd yD; csKyfxm;wm bmrSrvkyEf ikd af wmh
a=umif; awG@&&dS w,f? aemufq;kH etz zufqpf ppftyk pf k w&m;0if jynfov l xl t k ay:
zdESdyfu|efjyKrnfh Road Map udkaxmufcH+yD; nDvmcHwufygr,fqdkwJh rdrdvlrsdK;
trsKd ;jzKwfa&;ordik ;f w&m;cHb0 a&mufreS ;f rod a&mufrnft h ajctaetxd jzpfomG ;w,f?
NDF wyfaygi;f pktwGi;f +zdKcGaJ &;ru etz[m awmfveS af &;wzG@J csi;f twGi;f udv k nf;
bmoma&;/ vlrsdK;pkta&;/ yk*~dKvfcsOf;uyfa&; enf;rsdK;pHktoHk;jyK+yD; +zdKcGJaewmudkvnf;
awG@ae&ygw,f?
7? 'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;rSm Armtkycf sKyfovl w
l ef;pm;tqufquf vuf
wvHk;jcm; +zdKcGJenf;vkyfvmcJhwJhvkyf&yftay: aumif;aumif;}uD; jyefvnfoHk;oyfum
cHpm;wwf/ oifc%f;pm ,lwwf=ubd@k vkt d yfae+yDv@kd oH;k oyfryd gw,f?
'ga=umifh rdrwd @kd wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;rSm vGecf w hJ hJ ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmu
f wnf;u ,ae@txd
Armtkypf ;kd oltqufqufu t}udr}f udrv f ufwvH;k =um; vdrv f mwm/ oyfv#Kd +zdKcGv
J m
wmawGtay: oifc%f;pm&,l+yD; rdrw d @kd O;D wnfcsuyf ef;wdik jf zpfaom 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk taumiftxnfaz: Edik af &;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; pnf;vH;k
nD!w G af &;rS Armwdik ;f &if;om;'Dru kd a&pD tiftm;pkEiS hf pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udw
k nfaqmuf
um oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;qDodk@ enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh }udK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;=u&r,f
jzpfw,f?
ok;H yGiq
hf idk af wG@qk;H aqG;aEG;a&;
1947 ck zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtm;enf;+yD; wkdif;&if;om;rsm; wef;wla&;jy\ema=umifh
jynfwiG ;f ppf jzpf&w,f? jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D a=umifh ppfwyftcef;u¾ay:vm+y;D ppfwyf[m rdru
d ,
dk f
ukd wkdif;jynfu,fwif&Siftjzpf b0ifjrifhum wkdif;jynftm%modrf;,lwJh ppftkyfpka=umifh
75
'Dru
dk a&pDv@l tcGit
hf a&; [lor# tm;vH;k qdwo f Ok ;f oGm;&w,f? wdik ;f jynfrmS vnf; qif;&Jeuf
wGi;f a&mufomG ;jcif;ESit
hf wl jynfov
l x
l k w&yfv;kH &Jh pm;0wfaea&;onfvnf; 'kurQ sKd ;pHk }uKH awG@
ae&wmjzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh urBmu h vk or*~uae+yD;awmh jrefrmEdik if . H jy\emrsm;ajz&Si;f Edik &f eftwGuf
vuf&EdS pS af ygi;f (40) ausmf rw&m;tm%m&,lxm;wJh etz zufqpfppftyk pf /k 'Dru kd a&pD
tiftm;pkESifh wdkif;&if;om;tiftm;pk oHk;bufawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;[m rSefuefwJhjrefrmEdkifiH
Edik if aH &;jy\em ajz&Si;f a&;bJ jzpfw,f? jrefrmEdik if &H hJ jy\emudk 'Dru kd a&pD jy\emw&yfuo kd m
ajz&Si;f r,fqykd gu jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D +yD;qH;k Edik rf nf r[kwyf g? wdik ;f &if;om; wef;wla&;jy\em
w&yfuo kd m ajz&Si;f oGm;r,fq&kd ifvnf; qdAk , D uf&&k mS ;/ ,l*q
kd vm;AD;,m;Edik if H jy\emvdb k /J
'Drdkua&pD vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;r&Sd&ifawmh wdkif;jynf[m wnf+idrfat;csrf; om,mEdkifrnf
r[kwyf g? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEdik if &H hJ jy\emudk ajz&Si;f &mrSm oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; udok m
wpdu k rf wfrwf OD;wnfaqmif&u G of mG ;=u&rSm jzpfygw,f?
etz twkta,miftrsKd ;om;nDvmcHusi;f y&efjyifqifjcif;
e0w [m 1990 ck ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyGJ usif;yay;+yD;
tEdik &f &So
d nfh ygwu
D kd tm%mv$t
J yf+yD; ppfwef;vsm;jyefrnfqw
kd hJ uwdukd azguzf suw
f ,f?
1990 ck e0w&Jh Zlvikd v f (27) &ufae@pyJG gxw k jf yefxm;wJh trde@f trSwf 1§90 rSm a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aom jynfo@l vw $ af wmfrsm;onf Edik if zH @JG pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'a&;qG&J ef
wm0ef&o dS nf[k rdrx d wk x
f m;onft h rde@f uykd ifv#if vku d ef mjcif;r&S/d azguzf suw f ,f? e0w [m
1993 ckrSp+yD; OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfyg&SdwJh pdwf}udKuftwkta,mif trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
pwifusi;f yjyKvky+f yD; ppfwyfrS jynfov l x l w k &yfv;kH tay: pd;k rd;k u|ejf yKEdik rf nfh rl (104) csuuf kd
twif;t"rR csrw S x f m;w,f? ,if; twkta,mif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHEiS hf tajccH&rnfrh u l kd
NLD ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;/ jynfov l xl t k rsm; vufrcHv@kd 1996 ckEpS rf mS &yfqikd ;f
xm;&w,f?
urBmhukvor*~rS csrSwfxm;wJh oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;udk ta=umif;trsdK;rsdK;jy
tcsed q f +JG yD; 'Dy,
J if; vlowfyjJG zifh tqH;k owfvu kd w
f ,f? 'Dy,J if; vlowfyaJG =umifh etz tay:
Edik if w
H umrS t,Ht k =unf r&Sad wmhb/J 'ga=umifh etz[mEkid if aH &;vufO;D r_ &,lwt hJ aeeJ@
1996 ck ,m,D&yfem;xm;wJh trsKd ;om;nDvmcH jyefpr,fq+kd yD; Road Map vrf;!Gecf suf
(7) csuf csrw S +f yD; enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh }udK;yrf;aewmudk awG@&&dS w,f?
etz Road Map (7) csuEf iS hf trsKd ;om;nDvmcHtay: oH;k oyfcsuf
etz Road Map (7) csuw f iG f 1996 ck ,m,D&yfem;xm;aom trsK;d om;nDvmcH
jyefvnfusi;f y&ef[k yg&w
dS t
hJ wkid ;f ,cifu trsK;d om;nDvmcH usi;f ya&;qkid &f m vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf;
76
rsm;yg&SdwJhtwkdif;ESifh tajccHxm;&Sdrnfh rl (104) csuftwkdfif; jyKvkyfoGm;rSm aocsmw,f?

trsK;d om;nDvmcH usi;f ya&; qkid &f mvkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm; —
tc%f; (1) rSmOD;wnfcsrw
S x
f m;&mrSm
(u) jynfaxmifpk r+ydKuGaJ &;
(c ) wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf l r+ydKuGaJ &;
(*) tcsKyftjcmtm%mwnfwchH idk +f rJa&;
(C) ppfreS af omygwpD Hk 'Drudk a&pDpepfxeG ;f um;a&;
(i) Ekid if aH wmfY w&m;r#wjcif;/ vGwv f yfjcif;ESihf nDr#jcif;[laom avmuygvw&m;rsm;
ykrd xdk eG ;f um;a&;
(p) tem*wfEidk if aH wmf. trsK;d om;Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmifr_ tcef;u¾wGif wyfrawmfu
yg0ifxrf;aqmifEidk af &; qk+d yD;yg&ydS gw,f?
tyk'd f (u/ c/ */ C/ i) rSm aumif;rGeyf gaomfvnf; tyk'd f (p) a=umifh tyk'd (f 5)csuEf iS hf
vk;H 0qef@usiaf eygw,f/ 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;wef;wla&;ESiv
hf nf; vk;H 0qef@usif
buf jzpfaeygw,f?
xk@d tjyif tcef; (4) tyk'd f (*) rS ckid rf monfh Ekid if aH wmf zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya' a&;qG&J mY
tajccH&rnfrh rl sm; csrw S Ef idk af &;twGuf rdrwd ifjyvkad om oabmxm;rsm;ESihf t}ujH yKcsurf sm;ukd
OD;wnfcsurf sm; (6) csuf abmiftwGi;f rS &k;d om;yGiv hf if;pGm aqG;aEG;wifjycGi&hf jdS cif;/ t}uHjyKcGihf
&Sjd cif;?
tc%f; (4) tyk'd f (43) rS aqG;aEG;onfn h v D mcH uk,d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf OD;wnf;csuf
(6) csuf abmiftwGi;f ;rS rdrw d ifjyvkad om qENoabmrsm;ESihf t}ujH yKcsurf sm;ukd aqG;aEG;wifjy
cGihf &So
d nf? ok@d aomf ,if;wk@d aqG;aEG;&mwGif vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;wGif az: jyxm;aom pnf;urf;
csu/f wm;jrpfcsurf sm;ukd csK;d azgujf cif; rjyK&[kyg&ydS gw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;wnfcsuf (6) csuf
abmiftwGif; rvGwfwrf;aqG;aEG;&rnfhtjyif ukd,fpm;vS,frsm; vkdufem&ef tcsufrsm;/
ta&;,l&rnfh tcsurf sm; wif;=uyfpmG owfrw S x f m;w,f? 'ga=umifh a'guw f m atmifcifqifh
,ae@txdaxmifxJuscHaejcif; jzpfw,f/ etz&Jh Road Map ukdawmif;cH+yD; nDvmcH
wufa&mufrnf&ydS gu ‚if;wk@d &v hJ yk x
f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm; abmiftwGi;f csKyfaESmifx h m;cH&+yD; jzpfw,f?
bmrSajymqkv d @dk &rSm r[kwyf g? orkid ;f w&mcHb0 a&muf&o dS mG ;rSm jzpfa=umif; wifjyvkyd gw,f?
etzrS zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&qG&J ef tajccH&rnfrh l (104) csuu
f v
dk nf; ta&;}u;D
qk;H tcsuu
f vdk nf; axmufjyvkyd gw,f?
(1) jynfo@l awmfu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm; (440) OD;wGif umuG,af &; ppfO;D pD;csKyfu apv$waf om
uk,
d pf m;vS,f (110) OD; (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg&&dS rnf?
77
(2) wkid ;f ESijhf ynfe,frsm; (14) ckrS (16) OD;pD tnDtr#apv$waf om trsK;d om;v$waf wmf
uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; (224) OD;wGif ppfwyfu (56) OD; (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f yg0if&rnf?
(3) wkid ;f ESijhf ynfe,f (14) ck jynfo@l vw
$ af wmfwiG f wyfrawmfu ok;H ykw
H ykH yg0if&rnf?
(4) orwonf ppfwyftawG@t}uHK tenf;qk;H (10) ESpf &So
d l jzpf&rnf?
(5) umuG,af &;/ vk+H cKH a&;/ jynfxaJ &;/ e,fpyfa&;&m 0ef}u;D XmewGif ppfwyfuwm0ef,&l rnf?
(6) wkid ;f a'o}uD;wckcw k iG jf zpfap/ jynfe,fwe,fwiG jf zpfap/ jynforl sm;. touft;dk tdr/f
pnf;pdru f dk xdyg;tE &W m,fjyKrnfh ta&;ay:tajctae ay:ayguv f #if (ok@d r[kw)f ay:ayguf
&efta=umif;&Sv d #if xktd E &W m,fudk wyfrawmfonf wm;qD;umuG,f apmifah &SmufciG hf
&So
d nf?
(7) EkdifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mukd qlylaomif;usef;r_/ t=urf;zufr_ t"rRenf;jzifh
&,laqmif&u G jf cif; (ok@d r[kw)f }udK;yrf;tm;xkwjf cif;a=umifh jynfaxmifp+k ydKuGaJ prnf/h
wkid ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; +ydKuGaJ prnfh (od@k r[kw)f tcsKyftjcmtm%mvufvw G f
qH;k &H;_ aprnfh ta&;ay:tajctae ay:ayguv f mv#if wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyfonf
Ekid if aH wmftm%muk&d ,l ok;H pGcJ iG hf &So d nf?
(8) wyfrawmfonf Edik if aH wmfv+kH cHKa&;ESihf umuG,af &;wGif jynfow
l &yfv;kH yg0ifa&;twGuf
pDraH qmif&u
G Ef ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nf[k yg&x
dS m;+yD;jzpfw,f?
'ga=umifh zufqpfppftyk pf rk mS —
(1) jynfo@l vw$ af wmfEiS hf trsKd ;om;v$waf wmfrsm;wGif ppfwyfu (25) &mcdik Ef e_ ;f / wdik ;f a'o§
jynfe,f§uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'o ponfv
h w
$ af wmfrsm; toD;oD;wGif ok;H ykw
H ykH ae&m&,l
xm;jcif;?
(2) orwrStp jynfxaJ &;/ umuG,af &;/ vH+k cKH a&;/ e,fpyfa&;&m0ef}u;D XmewGif vnf;aumif;/
wkid ;f a'o}uD;/ jynfe,fEiS u
hf ,
dk yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&; a'ot}uD; tuJtxd ae&m&,lxm;jcif;?
(3) Edik if aH wmftm%mudv k nf;aumif;/ jynfe,f/ wdik ;f a'o}uD;ESihf uk, d yf idk t
f yk cf sKyfa&;a'o
tm%mudk vnf;aumif;/ umuG,af &; ppfO;D pD;csKyfuae+yD; tcsed rf a&G; tm%modr;f ,l
Edik jf cif;?
(4) jynfo@l wyfrawmfuae+yD;awmh Edik if aH wmfv+kH cHKa&;ESihf umuG,af &;wGif jynfow l &yfv;kH
yg0ifa&;twGuf pDraH qmif&u G yf ikd cf iG hf &So
d nf? yg&w dS t
hJ wdik ;f jynfow l &yfv;kH tay: ay:wm
xrf;apjcif;/ ‚if;wd@k ppfwyf pdu k u f iG ;f pdu k u f uG f ppfwyftvky[ f o
l r# u|ejf yKcdik ;f +yD; cdik ;f ydik cf iG hf
txdyg&+dS yD; jzpfw,f? zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'[m tjrifq h ;kH Oya' jzpfwt hJ wGuf
jynfov l x l rk mS bmrSjyefwifjycGirhf &Sd Edik if w H um vl@tcGit fh a&; tzG@J tpnf;onfyifv#if
bmrS 0ifpu G yf ikd cf iG hf r&Sad wmhyg?
78
'gah =umifh etz Road Map ESihf trsKd ;om;nDvmcH wdu

k zf suaf &;udk enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh qef@usif
wdu
k yf 0JG ifomG ;=u&rnf jzpfw,f?
oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qHak qG;aEG;a&;ay:ayguv
f ma&;?
etz&Jh twkta,miftrsdK;om;nDvmcH[m zufqpfppftkyfpkuae+yD;awmh jynfol
vlxw k &yfv;kH tay: w&m;0ifu|ejf yKEdik af &;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;tay: trsKd ;jzKwfa&;om
OD;wnfaeygojzifh etz Road Map udk axmufcaH v[efjyK+yD; twkta,mif trsKd ;om;
nDvmcH twGi;f 0ifa&mufum rdrw d @dk vckd siw
f t
hJ csuu f kd twGi;f 0if+y;D wdu
k ,
f rl ,fq&kd mrSm pdwu
f ;l
,Ofoufoufomjzpf+yD; ordik ;f &m;cHb0om a&muf&o dS mG ;rSm aocsmw,f? 'ga=umifh etz
trsKd;om;nDvmcHukd wkdufzsuf&rSmjzpf+yD; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ESifh rdrdwkd@wkdif;&if;om; wef;wla&;
tcGifhta&;&&Sda&;twGuf okH;yGifhqkdifawG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&; jzpfay:vma&;ukdom OD;wnf
}udK;yrf;aqmif&u G o
f mG ;=u&r,f jzpfw,f?
wdu
k zf suo
f nfeh nf;vrf;rsm;?
etz Road Map (7) csut f ay: jywfom;pGmqef@usi+f y;D wdu
k zf suof mG ;&efjzpfaomfvnf;
tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k &hJ vuf&t
dS aetxm;tay:wGirf w l nf+y;D enf;vrf;aygi;f pHw k u
kd yf 0JG if=u&rnf?
bufpeHk nf;vrf;rsm;udk tquftpyf&&dS dS tjyeftvSeef m;vnfr&_ =dS u&ef vkt d yfr,f jzpfw,f?
1? etz Road Map (7) csut f ay: jywfom;pGm wdu
k zf suo f mG ;&ef?
2? oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;+yD;rS trsdK;om;nDvmcHusif;y&rnfqdkonfhenf;vrf; wdkufyGJ
0ifomG ;&ef?
3? 2003 ck 'DZifbmv (15) &ufae@ Bangkok Process tay:tajccHxm;+yD; Edik if w
H umrS
oHk;yGifhqdkifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;a&;vrf;a=umif;tay: tjrifa&muf&Sdvm&eftwGuf wdkufyGJ
0ifomG ;&ef?
4? rvGrJ a&Smifom etz twkta,mif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHo@kd a&muf&o dS mG ;aom tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;uae+yD; 'Drdkua&pDta&;ESifh trsdK;om;wef;wla&;tajccHrltay: ckdif+rJpGmpGJudkif+yD;
wduk yf 0JG ifomG ;&ef?
xdo
k @kd rdrw
d @kd tzG@J tpnf;taetxm;tay:rlwnf+yD; etz Road Map (7) csuf ESihf
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh em;vnfr&_ &dS dS tquftpyf&&dS dS wdu k zf suw
f u kd yf 0JG ifomG ;=u&if;
'Dru
kd a&pDta&;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;wef;wla&;udk az:aqmifomG ;Edik rf nfh oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfay:a&;twGuf tcdik t f rm OD;wnfaqmif&u G o
f mG ;=uygp@dk wifjy&if; ed*;kH csKyftyfygw,f? Ò
jynfaxmifpw
k idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) UNLD(LA)
79
4;2? &cdik jf ynfvw

G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP) .tjrifEiS o
hf abmxm;pmwrf;
aemufco
H rkid ;f a=umif;
jrefrmEkid if .
H Ekid if aH &;jzpfpOfwiG f 1962 ckEpS rf mS jrefrmh
wyfrawmfu tm%modr;f r_a=umifh rlvuwnf;&Sad eaom
tpdk;&eJ@ vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkrsm;t=um;
yÉdyuQtjyif 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pk;rsmeJ@ ppftkyfpkt=um;
yÉdyuQopf wckay:ayguv f mcJo
h nf? od@k &mwGif ,if; yÉdyuQ
onf tm%modr;f ppfaumifpt D yk cf sKyfa&;rS wygwD (jrefrmh
qk&d ,
S v
f pfvrf;pOfygw)D tkycf sKyfa&;pepfo@kd ajymif;vJvu dk f
Adv
k rf LS ;cdik rf sKd ;rif;
ojzifh rjyif;xefbJ ,m,Diw k vf #Kd ;oGm;cJo h nf?
od@k aomf tm%modr;f +yD;aemuf (26) ESpt f =um 1988 ckEpS rf mS 'Dru kd a&pDvv dk m;aom
vlxo k nf Ekid if t
H 0Sr;f vH;k YtHºk uG+yD; rqvwygwt D m%m&Sit f pd;k &udk jzKwfcsc&hJ m ,if;ta&;
tcif;udk e0w (Ekid if aH wmf+idr0f yfyjd ym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG@J ) trnfcpH pftyk pf rk S owfjzwfErdS f
eif;+yD; tm%modr;f r_a=umifh 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;onf tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;ESihf urBmtES@H
tjym;od@k xu G af jy;ckv
d _H oGm;cJ&h onf? ,if;a=umifh jrefrmEkid if rH mS t"duEkid if aH &;+ydKifbuftif
tm;pkw@dk onf
(u) ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf /k
(c) 'Drudk a&pDtiftm;pk ESi@f
(*) wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; (trsKd ;om;a&;) tiftm;pk[I
l tiftm;pko;kH pk
onf xif&mS ;pGmjzpfay:wnf&v dS mcJo
h nf?
T+ydKifbufrsm;wGif wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd f tiftm;pke@J 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkw@dk onf
rdwb
f uftjzpf&yfwnf+yD; ppftm%m&Sit f yk pf u
k kd qef@usi=f uonf? ,if;udk e0wu +idr0f yf
oGm;atmiftwGuf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkw@dk tm; a&G;aumufyJG vkyaf y;rnf? tEdifk &f onfyh gwo D @kd
tm%mvJ$ajymif;ay;rnf[k *wday;onf? w+ydKifwnf;rS wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif
awmfvSefa&;tiftm;pkwkd@udkvnf; typftcwf&yfpJa&;/ +idrf;csrf;pGmtwlaexkdifa&;twGuf
urf;vSr;f zdwaf c: +yD; ygwtD awmfrsm;rsm;ESihf oabmwl vufrw S af &;xk;d jcif;ukd vkycf o
hJ nf?
,if;aemufyidk ;f wGif e0wppftpk;d &onf a&G;aumufyYJG tEkid &f &S&d onfh NLD ( trsKd ;om;
'Dru
dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf) ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDtif;tm;pkw@dk tm; tm%mv$aJ y&efjiif;qef+yD; ygwt D csKd @ukd
zsuo f rd ;f ypfonf? xk@d twl typftcwf&yfpcJ o hJ nfh ygww
D @dk tm;vnf; Ekid if aH &;vkyyf idk cf iG u
hf dk
80
ydwyf if+yD; vufeufcscikd ;f onf? ,if;a=umifh jrefrmEkid if . H Ekid if aH &;tajctaeonf wpwp

wif;rmvmcJo h nf? Tod@k wif;rmaer_a=umifh ukvor*~EiS hf Ekid if w H umtpk;d &wk@kd rS e0w.
*wdrwnfru _ kd jypfwif&w
_ cf s+y;D a&G;aumufct
H Ekid &f ygwD NLD ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkw@dk tm;
tm%mv$t J yfay;&ef awmif;qko d nf?
TtawmtwGi;f rSm xkid ;f -jrefrme,fpyfEiS fh ta0;a&mufwidk ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aygi;f pHrk S
tzG@J tpnf; (15) zJ@G EiS hf txl;zdw=f um;cH&aom wkid ;f &if;om;uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm;onf vuf&}dS uHK
awG@ae=u&aom Ekid if aH &;yÉdyuQukd ajz&Si;f Ekid rf nfh oabmxm;wck csrw S Ef ikd af &;twGuf 1997
ck ZEM0g&vD rSm KNU xde;f csKyfe,fajr r,foa&mxmwGif rsuEf mS pHn k ED ;DS aESmzvS,yf w
JG ckukd
usi;f ycJo
h nf? ,if; ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S
1? e0w(,ck etz) ppftyk pf rk S ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/
2? a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgi;f aqmifaom NLD ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkru S ,kd pf m;vS,rf sm;
3? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. uk,
d pf m;vS,rf sm; pHn
k yD g0ifaom oH;k yGiqhf idk f (oH;k OD;oH;k zuf) awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;r_jzifh ajz&Si;f &rnf[al om oabmxm;wckukd csrw S +f yD; xkwjf yefa=unmcJo h nf?
Toabmxm;onf ekid if aH &;jy\emudk Ekid if aH &;enf;jzifh +ird ;f csr;f pGm ajz&Si;f aomenf;jzpfI
urBmu h v k or*~tzG@J EiS hf jynfwiG ;f rS a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgi;f aqmifaom NLD tjyif (25)
zG@J jzihf zG@J pnf;xm;onfh UNLD (jynfaxmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; 'Dru
dk a&pD tzG@J csKyf) wk@d uyg
wnDw!Gww f nf;axmufc}H udKqkcd =hJ uonf?
od@k &mwGif ppftm%m&Sit
f yk pf rk S txufyg oH;k yGiq
hf idk af wG@qakH qG;aEG;tajz&Sma&;rludk vuf
rcHyJ jiif;qefonf? ,if;a=umifh jrefrmEkdifiHa&;tajctaeonf aomifrwifa&rus jzpf
ae&onf?
etzppftyk pf rk S vufrcHjcif;ta=umif;t&if;
oH;k yGi;f qkid af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk etzrS vufrcHjcif;. ta=umif;&if;rSm ‚if;wk@d onf
(u) jynfe,f - jynfr rcGjJ cm;a&;/ wef;wla&;udk tajccHonfh ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
wnfaqmufa&;udrk vkv d m;jcif;/
(c) ‚if;wk@d usL;vGex f m;aom &mz0wfrj_ ypf'g%u f kd a&SmifuiG ;f vkjd cif; ESihf
(*) tm%mudk vufrvGwv f jdk cif;wk@d a=umifjh zpfonf?
xk@d a=umifeh tzonf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pke@J wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuidk f awmfveS af &;tif
tm;pkw@dk tm; +zdKcGyJ pf&ef }udK;yrf;onf? od@k &mwGif ,if;}udK;yrf;r_ ratmifjrifonft h cg tm%m
udk qufvufqyk u f ikd xf m;Ekid af &;twGuf jrefrmhEidk if aH &;rSm wyfrawmfukd OD;aqmifru_ ¾rS
yg0ifciG ahf y;&rnf[k tckid t f rmawmif;qkv d monf? ,if;awmif;qkcd suo f nf tjynfjynfqidk &f m
'Dru
dk a&pDpEH iS hf rudu
k n f aD oma=umifh NLD ESifh UNLD wk@d uy,fcsonf? od@k jzpfI Ekid if aH &;
wif;rmr_onf ydrk jdk rifrh m;vmcJ+h yD; jynfow l @kd . pm;0wfaea&;/ pD;yGma&;b0onfvnf; tvGef
81
trif; t=uyftwnf; qku d v f mcJo h nf? TuJo h @kd jzpfvm&jcif;onf etz rS Ekid if aH &;jy\emudk
ekid if aH &;t& rajz&Si;f bJ t=urf;zufzEd ydS o f wfjzwfaevk@d jzpfw,f? ,if;a=umifh UN, USA,
EU, wk@d u Tjy\emonf etzrS wm0ef&o dS nf[k em;vnfojzifh etzukd zdtm;ay;onf?
txl;ojzifh tar&duefu pD;yGma&;ydwq f @dk ru
_ kd wk;d jr‡ihf vku
d +f yD; ukvor*~ twGi;f a&;rSL;csKyfu
ouU&mZf 2006 ckEpS rf mS jrefrmEkid if H 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if jH zpf&rnf[k tcsed u f dk uef@owfabmifcwf
vku d &f m etzppftm%m&Siw f @dk onf ukvor*~rS vufcx H m;aom oH;k yGiqhf idk af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ
ukd aysmufu, f mG ;atmif ‚if;. Road Map for Democracy jzifh zH;k v$r;f cif;vku
G o d of nf? 'gudk
ukvor*~e@J jynfwiG ;f jynfytcsKd @u vuQ%maumif;w&yftjzifh &_jrif+y;D axmufct H m; ay;=u
onf? ,if;a=umihf ok;H yGiq hf idk af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;rlonf tvdt k avsmufwrd jf r‡Kyf oGm;cJh onf?
etz. Road Map
ppftm%m&Sirf sm; a&;qGx J m;onfh tajccHrl (104) csuf tay:tajcjyKxm;aom Road
Map onf ppftyk cf sKyfa&;ukd w&m;0ifjzpfatmif zefw;D onft h wGuf 1996 ckEpS rf mS trsKd ;om;
nDvmcHrS NLD ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkw@dk Ekwx f u
G o
f mG ;cJv
h @dk &yfqidk ;f aeaom Ekid if aH wmf
zG@J pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'rl=urf; jzpfonf?
,cktcg TzG@J pnf;yHrk mS tjiif;yGm;zG,&f m tcsut f vufrsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDpepf od@k a&S@&r_ _
r&daS om tcsut f vuftcsKd @ukd xyfr+H yD;xnfo h iG ;f xm;aumif; xm;Ekid o f nf? tb,fa=umifh
qkad omf UN. USA, EU wd@k . jyif;xefaomzdtm;ESihf xkid ;f 0ef}uD;csKyf rpPwmwufqifrS
urf;vSr;f onfR h oad Map udzk efw;D &jcif;jzpf&m ‚if;wk@d ord ;f ,lxm;aom tm%mudk qufvuf
xdef;odrf;xm;a&;twGufom }udK;yrf;rnfjzpf+yD; 'Drdkua&pDpepf tjrefqHk;usifhoHk;a&;ESifh
ppfreS af om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;rnf r[kwaf y? ,if;a=umifh
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd &Sn=f umatmiftcsed q f u
JG si;f ya&;/ NLD ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkw@dk tm;
a&G;aumufyt JG opfrmS ryg0ifEidk af tmif tjypf&mS xkwyf ,fypfa&;ESihf }uHzh @HG EiS hf wpnwk@d ta&G;cH
&atmif jyif;xefaomxk;d ppfjzifh vufeufcsatmif enf;rsKd ;pHu k o
kd ;kH +yD; ppfa&;r[mrdwt f zG@J EiS hf
'Drukd a&pD tiftm;pkw@dk tm;+zdKcGrJ nf?
rnfo h @kd yifjzpfap etztaejzifh qufv f uftm%m&,la&;twGuf zefw;D r_reS o f r#onf
rdrud ,
dk u f kd owfaozk@d }udK;yrf;r_om jzpfygvrd rhf nf? tb,fa=umifq h adk omf toGit f rsKd ;rsKd ;
jzifh tkyfcsKyfaomppftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd &[ef;&SifvljynfolESifh EkdifiHa&;/ awmfvSef
a&;tiftm;pkw@dk u vufrcH qef@usio f nf? ,if;tjyif ukvor*~EiS hf 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if rH sm;u
'Dru
dk a&pDpepfukd rusio hf ;kH aom qef@usiaf om tpd;k &rsm;udk tultnD ray;aoma=umifh
wm&Sn&f yfwnfEidk rf nf r[kwaf y? xk@d twl etz trsKd ;om;nDvmcHEiS hf ,if;nDvmcHraS &;qGJ
rnfh zG@J pnf;yHv k nf; t+yD;od@k a&mufrnfr[kwaf y?
pmrsuEf mS (87) od@k qufzwfyg?
82
4;3? csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D (CNF) .tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm;pmwrf;
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if o H nf wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd tajccH

aomjynfaxmifpjk zpfa&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepfusio hf ;kH aom Edik if H
awmf}uD;jzpfa&;/ udk,fh=urRmudk,fzefwD;cGifh&&Sda&; ponfh
tajccHoabmwlcsurf sm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;aygi;f pHrk S pkpnf;
wnfaqmufxm;aom Edik if aH wmf}uD; jzpfayonf? od@k aomf
vGwv f yfa&; &&So
d nfEiS hf w+yKd ifeuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkw@kd .
trsdK;om;tcGifhta&;qHk;&H_;r_/ wef;wlnDr#a&;qHk;&H_;r_wdk@
a=umifh tkyfpdk;oltqufqufESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkwdk@
t=um; yÉdyuQjzpfvmcJo h nfrmS q,fpEk pS f (5) pk ausmv f m
Thomas Tang Noe cJ+h yDjzpfonf?
jrefrmEdik if .
H t&if;cHjy\emonf Edik if aH &;jy\emjzpfojzifh ,if;jy\emtm; ajz&Si;f &m
wGif awG@qakH qG;aEG;ndE‡ id_ ;f jcif;jzifo h m ajyvnfpmG ajz&Si;f Edik rf nf[k ,H=k unfxm;onf? ,if;od@k
awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGjJ yKvky&f mwGif ppftyk pf /k wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;ESihf 1990 jynfh a&G;aumufyJG
tEdik &f ygwrD sm; yg0ifaom “oH;k yGiq fh ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yG”J onf vuf&dS jrefrmEdik if . H jy\em
ajz&Si;f &mwGif toifah wmfq;kH ESihf trSeu f efq;kH enf;vrf;jzpfonf[k cH,o l nf? jrefrmhEikd if aH &;
jzpfpOfwiG f t"dutiftm;pkrsm;jzpfonfh txufaz: jyyg tiftm;pko;kH pkw@kd rygbJ jyKvkyo f nfh
aqG;aEG;yGoJ nf tajccHEidk if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk vH;k 0ajz&Si;f ay;Edik rf nf r[kw[ f k tcdik tf rm
,H=k unfxm;ayonf? “ESpyf iG q hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;” rS “oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;” qDo@kd
OD;wnfonfh awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_uv kd nf; }udKqdo k nf?
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f 'Dru kd a&pDxeG ;f um;vma&;ESihf ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnf
aqmufa&;twGuf awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_rsm; jyKvky&f ef a'oqdik &f mEkid if rH sm;tygt0if/ Edik if w H um
rdom;pkrS 0dik ;f 0ef;tm;ay;wdu k w f eG ;f r_rsm; jyKvkycf =hJ uayonf? Edik if w H umrS toGirf wlaom
csO;f uyfrr_ sKd ;jzifh ay:vpDcsrw S I f csO;f uyfc=hJ uaomfvnf; tESpo f m&rSmrl twlwjl zpfonf?
‚if;tjyif 1994 ckEpS f rSpwifI urBmu h vk or*~rS qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S I f jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f t"du
tiftm;pkrsm;. oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&;twGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G cf surf sm;
jyKvkycf &hJ m txl;oHwref Special Envoy apv$wI f ,ae@txd }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmifrr_ sm; jyK
vkyaf eayonf? xd@k a=umifh ,ae@tcsed cf gumvtxd oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vm
a&;onf Ekid if w H um.tjrifwiG f aomfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmhEikd if aH &;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh
wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ a&G;aumufyJG tEdik &f ygwrD sm;. tjrifwiG f aomfvnf;aumif;/
&Siof efq/J tm;aumif;qJ/ rSeu f efqjJ zpfaom r[mAsL[mw&yf jzpfayonf?
83
jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if w H nfaqmufpOfu ud, k rhf if;ud,

k chf si;f jzifh aexdik cf =hJ uaom vGwf
vyfonfh jynfrsm;pkaygif;I tajccHoabmwlnDcsufrsm; csrSwfonfh yifvHknDvmcH}uD;
usi;f yum Edik if aH wmfopf}uD;udk twlwuGxal xmifc=hJ uonf? ,cktcgwiG f wdik ;f jynftm;
yJhudkifxdef;ausmif;onfh zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya' r&Sdawmhojzifh EdkifiHawmfopf}uD; jyefvnf
wnfaqmuf&ef yifvn kH v D mcHuo hJ @kd nDvmcHw&yf usi;f y&efvt kd yfayonf? ,if;uJo h @kd nDvmcH
}uD;usi;f yEdik af &;twGuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;. qENoabmxm; wckwnf;ay:wGiv f nf;
aumif;/ 90 ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJtEdkif&ygwDrsm;. qENoabmxm; wckwnf;ay:wGifvnf;
aumif;/ ppftyk pf . k qENoabmxm; wckwnf;ay:wGiv f nf;aumif; vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; wnfae
jcif;rsKd ;r[kwb f J TtpktzG@J o;kH zG@J tm;vH;k awG@qakH qG;aEG;I tm;vH;k oabmwl vufco H nfh
taetxm;rsKd ;jzifh TuJo h @kd aom nDvmcH}uD;usi;f y&ef vdt k yfayonf? nDvmcH}uD;usi;f ya&;
twGuf zG@J pnf;&efvt kd yfonfh aumfr&Sirf sm;/ aumfrwDrsm;/ tvkyt f zG@J rsm;tay: wGiv f nf;
aumif;/ =um;umvtkycf sKyfa&;udk wm0ef,rl nfh tpd;k &wGif aomfvnf;aumif;/ nDvmcHwiG f
wufa&muf=urnfu h , kd pf m;vS,rf sm; a&G;cs,&f mwGif Ttpk tzG@J o;kH zG@J rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;
yg0ifoifo h nf[k xifjrif,q l onf?
ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf yÉdyuQjzpfygG ;jcif;a=umifh r,Ho
k uFmr_rsm;euf&i_d ;f pGm tjrpfw, G af ecJ&h m
t,Ht k =unfwnfaqmuf&eftwGuf txufaz: jyygtwdik ;f vkyaf qmif&efvt kd yfonf? rnf
onfhqHk;jzwfcsufudkrqdk tm;vHk;. oabmwlnDcsuf Consensus jzifhjyKvkyf&efvdktyf+yD;
wyfrawmftaejzifh =um;jzwftpd;k &. opPmukcd , H u l m bufrvdu k yf /J wdik ;f jynftusKd ;/ jynfo@l
tusKd ;twGuf rSerf eS u f efuef&yfwnf&rnfjzpfonf? nDvmcH. &vm'ftm;vH;k udk av;pm;vdu k f
emI jynfaxmifpo k pf}uD;wnfaqmufa&;twGuf nDvmcHrcS srw S of nfh zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'
ESit
hf nD us&mu¾rS opPm&Spd mG jynfaxmifp}k u;D tusKd ;twGuf wm0efxrf;aqmif =u&rnfjzpf
onf?
oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&; (Tripartite Dialogue) onf Regime Change [kac:qdk
aom tkycf sKyfa&;bkwt f zJ@G csucf si;f ajymif;vJ&efr[kwb
f J vuf&t
dS yk cf sKyfa&;tzJ@G EiS hf yl;aygi;f um
'Dru
kd a&pDpepfxeG ;f um;a&;/ 'Dru kd a&pDpepfjzifh a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;aom tpd;k &topf
ay:xGe;f vmapa&;ESihf ,if;wd@k . Edik if aH &;wGif yg0ifywfoufru _ kd wqif+h yD;wqifh csKyf+idr;f oGm;
apa&; enf;vrf;yifjzpfonf?
oH;k yGiqfh ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;r_ jzpfay:vma&;twGuf 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyt JG Edik &f ygwrD sm;/
vufeufuikd w f ikd ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;rS awmif;qkw d ukd w
f eG ;f r_rsm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf; ppf
tkyfpktaejzifh ,if;odk@ awG@qHkaqG;aEG;r_jyKvkyfa&;twGuf wcGef;wyg'rS ajym=um;jcif;
r&So
d nft h jyif ,if;od@k jyKvyk &f rnft h pDtpOfvJ &Syd rkH ay:acs? 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyw JG iG f trsm;pk
tEdik &f cJah om NLD ygw0D ifrsm;tm; zrf;qD;jcif;/ zdEydS jf cif;/ axmifoiG ;f tusO;f csjcif;rsm;ESihf
ygw&D ;kH rsm; cswd yf w d jf cif;rsm; jyKvkyo f nft
h jyif trsm;pkaom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;tm; w&m;r0if
ygwrD sm;tjzpf a=unmumjynfwiG ;f Y v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; rjyKvkyEf idk af tmif[ef@wm;v#u&f adS yonf?
84
wzufwiG f wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm; “ud, k v

hf ufeufuu kd ikd f a'ozG@H +zKd ;a&;vky”f
[laom r[mAsL[mtjzpf toGirf wlaomcsO;f uyfrE_ iS hf uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom oabmwlncD suf
rsm;jyKvkyaf pum typftcwf&yfpaJ &;[laom qdik ;f bkwaf tmufY ckcw H eG ;f vSevf pkd wd f wjznf;
jznf;avsmeh nf;apaom enf;emrsm;jzifh pepfwusoyfv#Kd +zdKcGJ v#u&f adS yonf? awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfay:vma&;twGuf t"dut[ef@twm;}uD;wckrmS ppftyk pf k yifjzpfonf? wzuf w G i f
q,fpk ESpw f pk=um ok;H yGiq
hf ikd af wGqaHk qG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyaf qmifc=hJ u
aomfvnf;,ae@txd taumiftxnfazmfEikd jf cif; r&Sad o;ay? xdo k kd jh zpf&jcif;rSm —
1? ppftm%m&Sifpepfzsufodrf;a&;/ 'Drdkua&pDa&;ESifh wef;wlnDr#r_&Sdum zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpw k nfaqmufa&;twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifaeaom jynfwiG ;f jynfytiftm;pkrsm; tm;vk;H
wlnaD om r[mAsL[mwckwnf;atmufwiG f pkpnf;I yl;aygi;f vkyaf qmifr_ r&Sjd cif;?
2? ok;H yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;r_ jzpfay:vma&; r[mAsL[mtm; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G f &m
wGif wufnv D ufnD nDn! D wG !
f w
G f vkyaf qmiftaumifxnfazmfr_ rjyKvkyEf ikd jf cif;?
3? vkyif ef;rsm; vufawG t h aumiftxnfazmf&mwGif b¾mawmfaiGvaHk vmufr_ r&Sjd cif;?
4? twwfoyd nm&Si/f todynm&Sirf sm; yg0ifap&ef rpGr;f aqmifEikd jf cif; wdak =umifjh zpfonf?
Ttm;enf;csurf sm;udk jznfq h nf;&efvt kd yfayonf?
ppftyk pf t k m; awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ pm;yG0J ikd ;f ay:od@k qG, J /l wGe;f yd@k Eikd jf cif; r&Sad o;oa&G@ awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;yGjJ zpfay:vmrnfh tvm;tvm rawG@&&dS ao;ay? od@k jzpfI wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k ESihf
jynfow l &yfv;kH rS awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGo J @kd a&muf&v dS ma&;twGuf ppftyk pf . k pDru H ed ;f ESihf vkyaf qmif
taumiftxnfaz:aer_wiG f tm;ay;axmufcrH r_ sm;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; rjyKvky&f ef/
1990 ckEpS f tEdik &f ygwrD sm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpaJ &;tzG@J rsm;rS ppftyk pf t k m; awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;
pm;yG0J ikd ;f qDo@kd a&muf&EdS ikd af &;twGuf nDn! D wG ! f wG ef @J rdrwd @kd rl0g'/ ay:vpDtwdik ;f rm;rm;rwf
rwf &yfwnfum Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGq J o
D @kd qGaJ qmiford ;f oGi;f &ef/ qufvufwu kd yf 0JG ifae=uaom
wkid ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm; ta&;ygaomypfrw S rf sm; a&G;cs,w f u kd cf u kd I f zdtm;ay;
&ef/ wku d yf 0JG iftiftm;pkrsm;ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;rS Edik if w H umod@k yef=um;r_rsm; jyKvkyI f
ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&; ydwq f @kd rr_ sm; rsm;Edik o
f r# rsm;vmap&efweG ;f tm; ay;vkyaf qmif
&efEiS hf urBmu h v k or*~wiG t f zG‹J 0iftjzpfrx S wk yf ,fa&;ESihf vk+H cKHa&;aumifpw D iG f jrefrmhta&;
aqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvyk +f y;D / ta&;,lrr_ sm; jyKvyk Ef ikd af &;twGu}f uKd ;yrf;aqmif &Gu&f efvt kd yfayonf?
csi;f trsK;d om;wyfO;D (CNF)
85
4;4? u&ifew
D ;kd wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) rS tjrifEiS o
hf abmxm;pmwrf;
jrefrmjynftwGi;f jzpfay:v#u&f adS om yÉdyuQrsm;udk

avhvm=unfrh nfqv kd #if wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tkypf Ek iS hf jrefrm
jynfukd tkycf sKyfaom tpd;k &tqufqufw@kd t=um; jzpfay:ae
aom yÉdyuQ/ 'Dru kd a&pDtyk pf Ek iS hf ppftyk pf rk sm;t=um; jzpfay:ae
aom yÉdyuQrsm; wd‹k ukd awG‹jrifo&d dS rnfjzpfonf// xdk yÉdyuQ
rsm;udk etzppftyk pf /k a':atmifqef;pk=unfacgi;f aqmifaom
'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pk ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; yg0if=uonfh
okH;yGifhqdkifawG‹qHkaqG;aEG;yGJ jzifhomajz&Sif; Edkifrnfjzpfonf?
urBmhukvor*~rSvnf; jrefrmjynfwGif jzpfay:aeaom
cGe;f &Drefx;l yÉdyuQrsm;udk ajz&Si;f +yD; trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;wnf
aqmuf&eftwGuf oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk vrf;!Gef
tjzpfcsrSwfay;cJhonf? oHk;yGifhqdkifawG‹qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk wdkif;&if;om;trsdK;om;tkyfpkESifh
'Dru kd a&pDtyk pf w
k ‹kd u vufc}H udKqd+k yD; taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G &f ef }udK;yrf;aomfvnf;
etzppftyk pf rk mS rl vufrcHyeJ nf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh qef‹usiw f u
kd zf suv f #u&f adS eonf? etzppftyk pf k
taejzifh rnfuo hJ ‹kd qef@usiw
f u kd zf suaf eumrl wdik ;f &if;om;trsKd ;om;tkypf Ek iS hf 'Dru kd a&pDtyk pf k
wd‹k onf urBmu h v k or*~EiS hf Edik if w
H umtultnDjzifh oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu
J kd qufvuf
taumiftxnfay:vmap&eftwGuf yl;aygi;f oifah =umif; KNPP taejzifh &_jrifygonf?
etzppftyk pf o k nf oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGu
J kd a&Smif&mS ;&eftwGuf tcsuf (7) csuf
ygonfh Edik if aH &;vrf;!Gef ac: Road Map udak &;qG+J yD; trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd wdu k &f u
kd af c:qk&d ef
pdik ;f jyif;v#u&f adS eonf? xdk trsKd ;om;nDvmcH ac:qdEk ikd &f eftwGuf Adv k cf if!eG o
hf nf etzppf
tkypf Ek iS hf typfcwf&yfpaJ &;&,lxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;wd@k ukd nDvmcHwuf&ef
twGuf twif;t"rRpnf;&Hk;v#uf&Sdaeonf? tcsdK@aom typfcwf&yfpJa&; &,lxm;onfh
wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;wd@k onf tqdyk gnv D mcHo@kd wufa&mufrnf[k uwday;=uonfukd
od&&dS onf? xd@k a=umifh etzppftyk pf Ek iS hf typfcwf&yfpaJ &;&,lxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om; tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;tm; etz. nDvmcHukd rwufa&muf&ef atmufaz: jyyg tcsut f vufrsm;udk
etzxHrS awmif;qd&k ef TES;DS aESmzv,fyrJG S t}uHjyKygonf?
tcsut
f vufrsm;rSm//
(1) wwdik ;f wjynfv;kH typftcwf&yfpaJ &;/
(2) jrefrmjynfEiS hf oufqikd af om nDvmcHtopfw&yfuakd c:,l+yD; ppfreS af om jynfo‹l u,
kd pf m;
vS,rf sm;apv$waf &;/
86
(3) nDvmcHwiG f etz. tcsuf (104) udk xyfrrH wifoiG ;f a&;/

(4) nDvmcHo‹kd rwufa&mufrDS wdik ;f &if;om;tzG‹J tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k / acgi;f aqmifrsm;tm;vH;k
vGwv
f yfpmG awG@qakH qG;aEG;cGi&hf adS &;/
(5) nDvmcHwiG f vGwv f yfpmG wifjyajymqdk Edik cf iG &hf adS &;/
(6) etzESihf typfcwf&yfpx J m;aom tzG@J rsm;tm; TES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S txufyg tcsuf
tvufrsm;ud0k ikd ;f 0ef;awmif;qdok mG ;&ef?
txufygtcsut f vufukd awmif;qd&k ef etzESihf typfcwf&yfpaJ &;,lxm;aom wdik ;f
&if;om;tzG@J pnf;rsm;udk arwWm&yfc&H jcif;rSm xdt k xufygtcsut f vufrsm;onf oH;k yGiq
hf ikd f
awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGEJ iS hf oufqikd yf wfoufaoma=umifh jzpfonf?
etzppftkyfpkonf ‚if;.nDvmcHtwGuf ‚if;ESifhtypftcwf&yfpJa&; r,lxm;aom
wdik ;f &if;om;tzG‹J tpnf;rsm;ESiv
hf nf; aqG;aEG;vmEdik yf gonf// xdo
k ‹kd aqG;aEG;vmv#iv
f nf; typf
tcwf&yfpaJ &; r,lxm;aom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J tpnf;wd@k onf txufyg tcsut f vufrsm;udk
awmif;qdo k ifo
h nf[ jk rifygonf//
TES;D aESmzvS,yf wJG iG f a=unmcsux f w
k jf yefaom tcgwiG v
f nf; txufyg tcsut
f vuf
rsm;udk xnfoh ifah =umif; jrifryd gonf?
2001 ckEpS wf iG f jyKvkyu
f si;f yaomwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG S zG‹J pnf;ay;
vdu
k af om ENSCC udk oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;yGEJ iS hf yifvpkH w
d "f gwjf zifh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
opfwnfaqmufa&;wd‹k ukd taumiftxnfaz:&ef wm0efay;tyfchJ ayonf? od‹k jzpfI wdik ;f &if;
om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS qufvuf+yD; oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yGJudk taumiftxnf az:
oifah =umif; KNPP taejzihf &_jrifygonf? Ò
u&ifet
D rsKd ;om;wd;k wufa&;ygwD (KNPP)
pmrsuEf mS (82) (ALP) Adv

k rf LS ;cdik rf sKd ;rif;rStquf
,if;a=umifh 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pke@J wkid ;f &if;om;awmfveS af &;tiftm;pkrsm;onf urBmh
ukvor*~rS vufcx H m;aom oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;rludk tcdik t
f rmqkyu
f idk +f yD; urBmh
ukvor*~. }uD;=uyfr_jzifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;oGm;a&;twGuf qufvufawmif;qkdoifh
a=umif; ALP . oabmxm;ukd wifjytyfygonf? Ò
&cdik jf ynfvw
G af jrmufa&;ygwD (ALP)
87
4;5? r&mjynfo@l ygwD (MPP-LA) .tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm; wifjyonfph mwrf;
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if aH wmfonf 'Dru dk a&pDusio hf ;kH

aom Ekid if aH wmfjzpfa&;/ wef;wlnrD #ru _ kd tajccHaom jynf
axmifpkjzpfa&;/ udk,fh=urRm udk,fzefwD;cGifh&&Sda&; ponfh
tajccHoabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;wnfaqmufxm;
aom Ekid if aH wmf jzpfygonf? od@k aomf vGwv f yfa&; &&So
d nfEiS f
w+yKd ief uf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pkw@kd . tcGit hf a&;/ wef;wlnrD #r_
qH;k &H;_ r_ wd@k a=umifh tkypf ;kd olppftpd;k &ESihf ttkycf sKyfcjH ynforl sm;
t=um; ,ae@xw d idk f yÉdyuQ jzpfaev#u&f ydS gonf?
jrefrmEkdifiH. EkdifiHa&;jy\emt&if;cHjy\emonf
ylxm[J
tkyfpkd;olvlwef;pm;ESifh ttkyfpdk;cH vlwef;pm;tv$mv$m&Jh
cH,lcsufrwlnDr_ jy\emjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm xkdjy\em}uD; ajz&Sif;Edkif&ef EkdifiHa&;t&
awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_uomv#if ajyvnfpmG ajz&Si;f Ekid v f rd rhf nf[k twdtvif; ,H=k unfonf? ,if;od@k
awG@qakH qG;aEG;&mwGif ppftyk pf /k wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk/ 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyJG tEkid &f ygwwD @dk
yg0ifaom oH;k yGiqhf idk af qG;aEG;yGjJ zifo
h m jrefrmEkid if aH &; jy\emajz&Si;f &mwGif atmifjrifr&_ &Sad p
rnf[k xifjrif,q l onf?
jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif; 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;ESifh ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnf
aqmufa&;twGuf Ekid if w H umrS 0kid ;f 0ef;zdtm;ay;wku d wf eG ;f r_rsm; jyKvkycf yhJ gonf? 1994 ckEpS rf S
pwifI urBmu h v k or*~rS qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S u f m jrefrmEkid if t H wGi;f oH;k yGiqhf idk af wG@qkH aqG;aEG;yGJ
jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf txl;oHwrefrsm; apv$w+f yD; ,ae@txd}udK;yrf; vkyaf qmifrr_ sm;
jyKvkyaf eonf? od@k jzpfI ,ae@txdo;kH yGiq hf idk f aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&;onf Ekid if w H umtjrif
wGiv f nf;aumif;/ wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;/ 1990 jynfah &G;aumufyt JG Ekid &f ygwrD sm;tjrif
wGiv f nf;aumif; &Sio f eftm;aumif;qJjzpfonf?
vGwv f yfa&;rwdik cf if 1947 ckEpS u f p+y;D zuf'&,fjynfxmifp}k u;D ay:ayguv f ma&;twGuf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u yifvHkpmcsKyfcsKyfqkd&ef wkdif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;udk t}udrf}udrf
n‡Ed i_d ;f wkid yf if+yD; vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHyk g0ifaom yifvn kH v
D mcH}uD;udk usi;f yEkid cf o
hJ nf? ,ae@usi;f y&ef
pDpOfaeaom trsdK;om;nDvmcHwGifvnf; wkdif;&if;om;aygif;pHkyg0ifaom nDvmcHjzpf&ef
ta&;}uD; ayonf? ppftyk pf . k qENoabmxm;wckwnf;ay: Y ‚if;/ 1990 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyJG
tEkid &f ygwrD sm. qENoabmxm; wckwnf;ay: Y‚if; vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm;&yfwnfjcif; r&Sb d J ,if;
oH;k zG@J pvH;k vufcEH idk rf nfh taetxm;rsKd ;jzifh nDvmcHusi;f y&ef vkt d yfonf?
88
oHk;yGifhqkdifaqG;aEG;yGJjzpfay:vma&;twGuf t[ef@twm;}uD;rSm ppftkyfpkjzpfojzifh

qufvufwkdufyGJ0ifaeaom tiftm;pkrsmESifh 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;rS EkdifiHwumodk@
yef=um;r_rsm; jyKvkyI f ppfa&;/ oHwrefa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f @dk rr_ sm; wwfEidk o
f r#rsm;vm&ef
wGe;f tm;ay;vkyaf qmif&efEiS hf urBmu h v
k or*~v+kH cKH a&;aumifpwD iG f jrefrmhta&; aqG;aEG;olrsm;
jyKvky+f yD; ta&;,lrr_ sm;jyKvky&f eftwGuf }udK;yrf;aqmif&u G &f ef vkt d yfygonf?
aemufqHk;taejzifh ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;twGuf tajccH
tusq;kH jzpfonfh oH;k yGiq hf idk af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ rjzpfrcsi;f rnfonft
h ajctaeod@k a&mufa&muf
ravsmah omvH@v k jzifh jynfaxmifpw k idk ;f &if;om;/ Xmaeom;rsm;ESifh twlwuG t+rJcsw
D ufrS
ar#mrf eS ;f csuyf ef;wkid o
f @kd a&mufEidk rf nfjzpfa=umif; wifjytyfygonf? Ò
r&mjynfo@l ygwD (MPP-LA)
89
4;6? rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP) . tjrifEiS o

hf abmxm;pmwrf;
EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;enf;t& ajz&Sif;jcif;onf taumif;qHk;enf;jzpfonf[k

trsm;u &_jrifxm;=uonfjzpfI xdo k ‹kd ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef Edik if aH &;tiftm;pkwidk ;f u }udK;yrf;=u&ef
wm0ef&o dS nf//
Edik if aH &;t& ajz&Si;f =urnfqykd gu u|Eykf w f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f tm%mud&k ,l csKyfuifkd x
f m;ol ppf
tpd;k &/ jynfov l x l . k axmufcrH t J rsm;pkukd &&Sxd m;ol trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG‹J csKyf (NLD)
ESifh vufeufudkifwdkufyGJjzifh ppftpdk;&udk t"du ,SOf+ydKifckcHwdkufcdkufaeol wkdif;&if;om;
tzG‹J tpnf;rsm;[lI tiftm;pk}uD; (3) ckux dk ifxif&mS ;&Sm; awG‹&adS e&onf// xdk tiftm;pk
(3) ckteuf wckcu k kd csev
f yS af b;z,fxm;ygu jy\emudak jz&Si;f I &Edik rf nfr[kwaf y// xd‹k twl
wckcu k kd aESmufcse+f yD;rS yg0ifapjcif;onfvnf; cHpm;csu/f ,H=k unfcsuf aumif;rnfr[kwaf y?
xd@k a=umifh oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;jcif;onf taumif;qH;k ESihf trSeu f efq;kH enf;vrf;jzpfonf?
oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk/ NLD ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDtiftm;pk/
UN tygt0if Edik if w H umtiftm;pkEiS hf jrefrmjynfEikd if aH &; tajctaeudk aumif;pGmem;vnf
avhvmxm;=uaom Edik if aH &;ynm&Sirf sm;wd@k u vkv d m;axmufcH awmif;qdak e=uonf//
tm%m&ppftpd;k &onf oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;a&;udk a=umufvef@ qef@usiaf eonf?
Ttaetxm;wGif ‚if;wd‹k vufcyH g0ifvmEdik &f efrmS ‚if;wd‹k twGuf tE &W m,fuif;a&;/ *k%o f ud mQ
rxdcu kd af &;ESihf wqif+h y;D wqifh qkwcf mG Edik af &;udk u|Eykf w
f ‹kd vuf cHwm0ef,+l y;D xdo k abmxm;udk
yGiyhf iG v fh if;vif; xkwjf yefa=unmay;&ef vdo k nf? Tudpu P kd wdik ;f &if;om; twGi;f wGivf nf;
aumif;/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkEiS fh vnf;aumif; ndE‡ i_d ;f &rnf//
rdrw d ‹kd .oabmxm;a=unmcsuu f kd xkwjf yef+yD;onfah emuf jynfwiG ;f jynfy v_y&f mS ;r_
aygi;f pHjk zifh jznfph u
G zf t
d m;ay;v_y&f mS ;r_awG jyKvkyaf y;&ef vdt k yfonf//
Tod‹k tqifq h ifvh yk af qmifomG ;ygu oH;k yGiqhf ikd af qG;aEG;yGJ (Tripartite Dialogue) od‹k
a&muf&EdS ikd rf nfjzpfyga=umif; rdrwd ‹kd tjrifuw
kd ifjyygonf// Ò
rGejf ynfopfygwD (NMSP)
90
4;7? NDF taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;rS oH;k oyfwifjycsuf

NDF taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; ZifusKH ;rS oH;k oyfwifjycsuf
usaemfw@dk Tripartite Dialogue ukd b,fvedk m;vnf=u

ovJqw dk m t&ifcs+y;D awmh enf;AsL[mydik ;f rSm ykrd &dk iS ;f &Si;f vif;
vif;jywfom;wJh vkyaf qmifra_ wG/ AsL[mawG csrw S Ef idk v
f rd hf
r,fvkd@ ,lqygw,f? okH;yGifhqkdifrSm usaemfwkd@bma=umifh
ukid pf o
JG vJq&dk if Ekid if aH &;jyomemukd awG@qaHk qG;aEG;tajz&Sm
jcif;enf;eJ@ ajz&Si;f rSomv#if jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk &Jh Ekid if aH &;jy\
emukd ajz&Sif;Ekdifr,fvdk@ tm;vkH;uoa0rwdrf; ukdifpGJxm;
=uw,f?
1997 ckEpS w f ek ;f uvkyw f hJ r,foa&mxmrSm ok;H yGiq hf idk Ef iS fh
Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; ZifusKH ; ywfoufwhJ tcsuyf gygw,f? tJ'rD mS b,fvydk govJqadk wmh
ok;H yGiq
hf idk af qG;aEG;yGwJ iG f NDF, UNLD, CF Groups ESihf
tjcm;wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;yg0ifaom tiftm;pk/ a':pkO;D aqmif aom 'Dru dk a&pDtiftm;pkEiS hf
e0w ppftkyfpkokH;ck yg0ifap&rnfvkd@ twdtusazmfjyxm;w,f? usaemfwkd@ 2001 ckESpf
avmcD;vmrSmvkyw f hJ xkwjf yefa=unmcsux f rJ mS ppftyk pf /k a':pk OD;aqmifaom 'Drudk a&pD
tiftm;pkEiS hf wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkw@dk ygygw,f?
aemufq;Hk 2003 =o*kwf (29) &ufuae pufwifbm (2) &uftxdusi;f y+yD; Ethnic
workshop rSm wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmif awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ygygw,f? usaemfw@dk b,fvdk
azmfjyxm;ovJqadk wmh ppftyk pf /k wkid ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkEiS hf 1990 a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEkid &f
xm;wJyh gwv D @dk azmfjyxm;ygw,f? tJ'rD mS (1) ESihf (2) uawmh ody+f yD;rSumG jcm;w,fv@dk rqkd
Ekid b
f ;l ? (3) ckajrmufrmS 1990 ckEpS rf mS tEkid &f xm;wJyh gwv D @dk twdtusygygw,f? usaemfw@dk
yxrae@rmS wifjyxm;wJh pmwrf;ukd tukev f ;Hk =unhv
f @dk &&dS if UNLD(LA), ALP, KNPP,
NMSP, PSLF 'DtzG@J uae+yD;rS awG@qaHk qG;aEG;yGJ vkyw f ahJ e&mrSm ppftyk pf &k ,f/ wkid ;f &if;om;
tiftm;pkESifh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;vkd@ twdtvif;azmfjyxm;ygw,f? CNF, MPP,
ENSCC usaemfw@dk pmwrf;ESpaf pmifuawmh ppftyk pf &k ,f/ 90 ckEpS f a&G;aumufyrJG mS tEkid &f
xm;wJhtiftm;pkESihf wkdif;&if;om;tiftm;pk&,fvdk@ azmfjyxm;ygw,f? 'Dwkdif;&if;om;awG
taeeJ@ b,fob l ,f0g[mjzifh ok;H yGiq
hf idk rf mS yg&r,fqw dk hJ udpu P t
dk wdtusazmfjyzk@d vkrd ,f?
bma=umifv h qJ adk wmh 'Dru
dk a&pDtiftm;pkv@dk ajymvku d w f meJ@ us,jf yef@ygw,f? aemuf 90
ckESpfa&G;aumufyGJrSm tEkdif&xm;wJhygwDeJ@ wu,fhukdwduswJhtpktzGJ@ukd vkyfvkdufwm
jzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh okH;yGifhqkdifaqG;aEG;a&;rSm b,folygrvJ qkdwJh[mukd&,l+yD;awmh
vkyo f ifw h ,fv@kd ,q l w,f?
91
aemuf 'kw, d t}udrf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;ED;S aESmzvS,yf JG vkyw f ek ;f u ENSCC ay:vm
wke;f u pmwrf;rSm wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;drsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG Mandate ay;wke;f u etzukd
Dialogue Partner taeeJ@vufcw H ,f? usaemfw@dk tukev f ;kH =unfvh udk v f @dk &&dS if ok;H yGiq
hf idk v
f @dk
atmfvu dk w
f meJ@ etz udk Dialogue partner taeeJ@vufcx H m;w,fv@dk a,bk,stm;jzifh
,lqxm;w,f?
aemufxyfwcsuf xyfqifhjyefpOf;pm;apcsifwmu tJ'Dvkd awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;vkyfwJh
ae&mrSm b,ftwkdif;twmtxd vkyfr,fqkdwJh[m tifrwefrSta&;}uD;ygw,f? wcsKd@u
ajymw,f usaemfw@dk etzeJ@ pmyG;J ay:rSm wcsK@d u wcgwnf;awG@r,f? tJ'h D aemufyidk ;f rSm usaemf
wck+yD;wckpDppf+yD; csvdkufwJhaemufykdif; etz rygawmhbl;? aemufwcsKd@ wkdif;&if;om;tzGJ@
tpnf;u etz Ekid if aH &;vkycf siv f @dk &&dS if ,leaD zmif;c|wyf g? wcsK@d awmh trsK;d om;nDvmcHtxd
yg0ifapcsiw f ,f? Bangkok Process uk=d unfv h @dk &v
dS nf; 'Dvdk csO;f uyfrr_ sK;d ukd awG@&w,f?
tJ'Dvkd csOf;uyfwJh tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd;awGukd enf;enf; cyf}uD;}uD;rm;rm; jyefaumufvkd@ &Sd&if
usaemfw@kd wyfaygi;f pkrmS ESpaf ygi;f q,fEpS af usmf OD;aqmifvmcJw h hJ NUCB &Jh ol@&hJ Road Map
xJrmS twdtus ygygw,f? Road Map &Jt h qifh (4) rSm =um;jzwf!eG @f aygi;f tpk;d &a=unm+yD;
aemufyidk ;f rSm SPDC u ppfwef;vsm;udk jyef&r,fv@kd ygygw,f?
'ga=umifh NCUB &Jh Road Map xJrmS =um;jzwftpd;k & xGuaf y:vmwJt h xd Dialogue
Partner taeeJ@ oabmxm;w,f? usaemfw@dk ajymqkv d @dk &ygw,f? aemuf usaemfw@dk taeeJ@
1994 ckESpfuwnf;u okH;yGifhqkdifaqG;aEG;yGJ ay:vmw,f? aemuf Razali Ismail ukdvJ
ay;vku
d wf hJ tajctaeukd =unfv h u
dk v
f @dk &&dS if usaemfw@dk wkid ;f &if;om;awG awG@q+Hk y;D rS usaemfw@dk &hJ
jy\emudk ajz&Sif;EkdifrSm jzpfw,f? aemuf usaemftuJcwf&oavmuf olwkd@&Jh pmom;
twdtusa&;xm;wmukd rawG@&bl;? 'gayrJh usaemfw@dk 'Dnv D mcHrmS awmifrS ok;H yGiqhf idk yf gvmwJh
tajctaersK;d / olw@dk rmS pmom;&Sv d rd rhf ,fv@dk ,lqygw,f? aemufwck tifrwefrS tjiif;yGm;
p&mvnf;jzpfwhJ usaemfw@dk wkid ;f &if;om; =um;rSmvnf; ajymajymaewJh wpdww f a'o twkid ;f
twmwcktxd tjiif;yGm;aewmu usaemfw@dk &hJ ENSCC Road Map ygb?J tJ't D xJrmS
Congress for National Unity qkw d m trsK;d om;nDvmcHe@J twlwyl g? ok;H yGiq hf idk &f hJ oabm
obm0ukd aqmifwt hJ oGirf sK;d awG@ygw,f?
aemufusaemfwkd@ tpkd;&zGJ@wJhae&mrSm vGwfvyfwJhzGJ@pnf;ykH tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;
aumfr&SifzGJ@wJhtcgrSm okH;yGifhqkdifoabmobm0ykHpHukd vkyfxm;ygw,f? tJh'ga=umifh
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;&Jh pOf;pm;csux f rJ mS ppftyk pf [
k m Dialogue Partner tjzpfe@J nDvmcH
txd a&mufomG ;w,fv@dk qkv d @kd &ygw,f? tJ'ga=umifrh @kd v@dk wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H xJrmS usaemfw@dk
tcsif;csif; wlnDwJhtjrifrsKd;r&Sdvkd@&Sd&if enf;AsL[mrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ vkyfief;taumiftxnf
azmfwahJ e&mrSmjzpfjzpf/ tcku usaemfw@dk pmom;a&G;wJah e&mrSm jzpfjzpf/ tJ'gawG a&mifjyef
[yfwmjzpfygw,f? tJ'v D rdk sK;d Dialogue Partner taetxm;rsK;d &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; &dv S @dk &&dS if
pmom;a&G;wJah e&mrSm jy\em rjzpfEidk b f ;l ? tJ'ga=umifh Dialogue Partner ukd b,ftwkid ;f
92
twmtxd usaemfw@dk etz ppftpk;d &ukd vufcx H m;w,fqw kd m twdtvif;csz@dk vkv d rd rfh ,f
vkd@ ,lqw,f? aemufusaemfwkd@ tJ'DpOf;pm;wJhae&mrSm wckpOf;pm;apcsifwJh tykdif;
tenf;tusOf;&Sdygw,f? usaemfwkd@ okH;yGifhqkdif jzpfay:vma&;twGuf etzukd usaemfwkd@
wGe;f tm;ay;Ekid w f ,f? 'Dreuf Akv d cf sKyfjr ajymoGm;ygw,f? usaemfw@dk qrD mS b,favmuftxd
tiftm;&So d vJ/ 'D etzukd pm;yGaJ y:xkid v f matmif usaemfw@dk rmS tiftm;b,favmuf&o dS vJ?
qGJiiftm;b,favmuf&SdovJ? tJvkdqkd&if jynfwGif;rSm jynfolawG&Sdw,f? tjyifrSm&SdwJh
tzG@J tpnf;awGvnf; b,favmuftxd olw@dk weG ;f Ekid w f ,fqw dk m usaemfw@dk rmS &Sw
d hJ tiftm;eJ@
tajctaet& tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? aemuf tiftm;}uD;wmu usaemfw@dk xrJ mS
KNU, NMSP, SSA ESihf KNPP olw@dk Base vkyaf ewJEh idk if aH wG[m xkid ;f Ekid if rH mS vkyw f m/ 'D
xkid ;f Ekid if uH a&m usaemfw@dk b,favmuftxd Base vkycf iG ahf y;ovJ?J aemufusaemfw@dk ALP,
CNF wk@d u tdE, dN Ekid if rH mS a&m b,favmuftxd Base vkyEf ikd o f vJ? aemuf w±kwjf ynf
rSma&m b,favmuftxdusaemfw@dk &yfwnfaeEdik w f mvJqw dk m odz@dk vydk gw,f? aemufjynf
wGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g'ukid pf w JG hJ Armppftyk pf /k etz bufrmS &Sw d ,fqw dk m odz@dk vt dk yfyg
w,f? tJ'ga=umifrh @dk v@kd usaemfw@dk etzukd Dialogue vkyEf idk rf vkyEf idk q f w
dk hJ tykid ;f ukd tav;
teufpOf;pm;+yD;rS usaemfw@dk &hJ Dialogue tay:rSm &Si;f &Si;f vifvif;tjrifcsrw S rf ,fqv dk ?dk &Sd
&if usaemfw@dk &ahJ &S@qufomG ;rJh ok;H yGiq hf idk af qG;aEG;oGm;rJh r[mAsL[m/ enf;AsL[mcsrw S w f ahJ e&mrSm
tifrwefrS vG,fulvdrhfr,fvkd@ usaemf,lqygw,f? wyfrawmftaeeJ@ olukdifpGJxm;wm
oluEkid if aH wmf&hJ OD;aqmifrt _ cef;u¾uae OD;aqmifcsiyf gw,f? olt+rJwrf; ajymygw,f?
wyfrawmftiftm;&SdrS wkdif;jynftiftm;&Sdr,fvkd@ ajymygw,f? wyfrawmfonfom trd/
wyfrawmfonfom tz qkw d mrsK;d aygah v/ 'gu ol@&&hJ yfwnfcsuf b,favmufcidk rf movJ
qkwd m odapcsiv f @dk jzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifrh @dk v@dk odro f rd af rG@arG@ eJ@ Dialogue Partner tae
txm;rsK;d eJ@ ol@udk pepfwusqaJG qmifow G of iG ;f zd@k vdyk gw,f? Ò
93
4;8? UNLD(LA) em,u}u;D Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe rS Dialogue tay:

aqG;aEG;wifjyjcif;?
usaemfajymvdkwmu vrf;jyajryHkeJ@ ygwfouf+yD;

ajymzd@k awmifrvdb k ;l ? 'gayrJh 'D Road Map udk jyefpOf;pm;
&r,f? 'D Road Map uae Dialogue Process jzpfatmif
vkyf&r,fqdkwm [kwfw,f? b,folvkyfrvJ´ b,fvdk
vkyrf vJ´ tJ'gu ar;cGe;f bJ? usaemfw@kd vufrcHwm rw&m;
wm aumufuspfw,fqdkwm vlwdkif;odw,f? 'gayrJh
Process }u;D u bmeJ@wo l vJqakd wmh “Edik if aH &;ppfqifa&;”
vkyfaewmeJ@wlygw,f? Flexible eJ@ EkdifiHa&;xdk;ppfqif
aew,f? 'Dvdk xdk;ppfqifaewJhtcgrSm usaemfwdk@b,fvdk
wefjyefxdk;ppfqifrvJ´ odk@r[kwf olwdk@armif;oGm;wJh
Dr. Chao Tzang
Yawnghwe avS}uD;udk olw@kd a&mufcsiw f ahJ e&m ra&mufbeJ @J usaemfw@kd
a&mufcsifwJhae&m a&mufatmifvkyfyg/ vkyfr,fqdk&if
b,fvv
kd yk rf vJ´ b,fov
l yk rf vJ´ tJ'gb?J
&efolzufu xdk;ppfqifwJhtcgrSm usaemfwkd@u cHppftaeeJ@cHrvm;? EdkifiHa&;rSm
cHppfqw kd mbmvJ´ cHppfawGe@J wefjyefr,fqw dk m bmvJqakd wmh — &efov l yk o
f r# raumif;bl;/
etzvkyfor# rw&m;bl;/ vufrcHbl;/ tJ'gawGu cHppfbJ? cHppftjrifeJ@pOf;pm;&if &efol
vdck siw
f t hJ csuaf wGukd vufcw H ,f qdvk u kd wf meJ@ &mZ0ifw&m;cHjzpfomG ;r,fqw kd mbJ jrifw,f?
etzt}udKufvyk o f mG ;&if &mZ0ifw&m;cHjzpfomG ;r,fqw kd m tm;vH;k uodw,f? uav;up
odw,f? tck pm&if;ay;xm;wJh tzG@J awmifr=S unfah v/ usaemfw@kd 'aD e&mrSmawmh nD!w G af e+yD/
usaemfw@kd tckvakd ewmu nD!w G rf u_ &kd ae+yD/ Cease-Fire vkyw f hJ tzG@J awGa&m/ rvkyw f thJ zG@J
awGa&m/ Ekid if aH &;tzG@J awGa&m/ usaemfw@kd wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J awGa&m/ Arm'Dru kd a&pD tzG@J awG
a&m/ tm;vH;k wlaew,f? vufccH siw f hJ vlwa,mufrrS &Sb d ;l ?
'gayrJh wufvmwJh xd;k ppfu etz wckwnf; r[kwb f ;l ? wyfpq
f ifvyJ gw,f? 'gwifru
bl;? w±kwv f yJ gaew,f? tdE, dN vnf;axmufcaH e+yD/ ukvor*~awmifrS axmufco H vdvk kd
jzpfae+yD? olw@dk u b,fv=kd unfo h vJq&kd if 'DtrsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd Edik if aH &;ppfyw
JG yGtJ jzpfe@J
jrifw,f? 'Dppfyu JG kd cifAsm;wd@k 0ifoifw
h ,fq+kd yD; t}uHOm%fay;wJh vlvnf;&Syd gw,f? 'Dppfyu JG kd
cif A sm;wd k @ b,f v d k w ef j yef r vJ ´ ajcusif e J @ wef j yef r vm;/ wef j yef w J h a e&mrS m
wefjyefx;kd ppfqifrvm;/ rqifb;l vm;? +yD;awmh wefjyefx;kd ppfqifaewmu ydt k usKd ;&Sod vm;/
cHppf Defend Strategy eJ@omG ;wmu ydt k usKd ;&Sod vm;/ b,f[mu tusKd ;yd&k rdS vJ? b,fvkd
tusK;d tjrwfxw k rf vJ´ 'gukd pOf;pm;xm;&r,f? rpOf;pm;bJe@J 'Dvrf;a=umif;raumif;bl;
94
qdk&kHeJ@ r&bl;? aemufwcsufuvnf; rwwfomvdk@wuf&wJh tzGJ@vnf;&Sdw,f? tJ'DtzJG@

awGuvnf; usaemfwdk@tzGJ@awGbJ? twGif;eJ@tjyif b,fvdkcsdwfqufr,f? b,fvdkwefjyef
Edik if aH &;xd;k ppf qifr,f qdw
k m&Sx
d m;&r,f?
1964 ckESpfrSm Peace Talk vkyfvmw,f? +yD;awmh 1974 ckESpfrSm zGJ@pnf;yHk udpP
vkyv f mw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd rygb;l ? vlxak wGu yg&w,f? }udKufvyJ g r}udKufvJ yg&w,f?
1974 zG@J pnf;yHvk yk af wmh rJy;kH awGcsawmh vlxak wGu cyfrsm;rsm;u uef@uu G rf J ay;wm bJ
axmufcHrJray;bl;? 'gayrJh axmufcHrJ jzpfoGm;wmbJ olwdk@uvkyfwwfw,f 'DEdkifiHa&;
xdk;ppfqifr_awGudkwefjyefzdk@ Strategy r&Sdbl;qdk&if b,fvdkjzpfoGm;rvJ? tJ'gudk pOf;pm;zdk@
vdwk ,f? 'Dae&mrSm apmapmydik ;f u vGecf w hJ hJ av;ig;ESpu f wnf;u usaemfw@kd vJ pdwyf rl w d ,f?
bmjzpfv@kd vqJ &kd if 1996§97 ckEpS u f wnf;u cif!eG @f om Dialogue ac:cJrh &d if usaemfw@kd
tm;vH;k oGm;=urSmbJ? trsKd ;om;nDvmcH r[kwb f J Dialogue ac:cJ&h if tm;vH;k oGm;=urSmyJ/
oGm;&if z&dkz&Jjzpfr,f? n‡dE_dif;r_r&Sd jyifqifr_r&Sd wa,mufwaygufpD [dkawmif; 'Dawmif;
&_yfaerSmyJ? 'DvdkeJ@om pm&if;csKyfcJh&ifawmh cif!Gef@eJ@etz u urBmudkajymEdkifw,f?
b,fvakd jymrvJqakd wmh — “olwŒkd awmif;qdw k hJ Dialogue udak c:ay;w,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd u
bmrSjyifqifr_r&dSbl;? nD!Gwfr_r&Sd=ubl;? 'ga=umifhrdk@ usaemf Dialogue rac:awmhbl;?
usaemhef nf;eJ@usaemh[ f efe@J bJ a&S@qufvyk o f mG ;r,f” —qd&k if+yD;+yDayg?h 'guakd =umufv@kd jyifqif
r_awGtwwfEikd q f ;kH vkyaf ewmjzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd u Dialogue ac:wm/ ud, k af c: +yD;awmh
udk,fujyifqifr_ r&Sdbl;qdk&if 'kuQa&mufr,f? uHaumif;vdk@ etzu 1997 uwnf;u
rac:wm? 'ga=umifh jyifqifra_ wG/ bmawGvyk v f mw,f?Dialogue qdw k m Edik if aH &;ppfqifa&;
vkyfzdk@ usaemfwdk@ac:aewm? usaemfwdk@ ac:aewmu wdwdusus pdefac:r_r&SdcJhbl;? 'gayrJh
jyifqifr_awmh&Sdw,f/ tjynfht0&Sdw,f/ wwfEdkifoavmufawmh jyifqifaewmbJ/ 'gayrJh
'Dvdkpdefac:zdk@ Initiative t& Specifically wdwdusus pdefac:zdk@qdkwm rjzpfvmbl;?
acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; wdu k w f eG ;f ygw,f? 'gayrJh tajctaetrsK;d rsKd ;a=umifh jzpfrvmbl;?
'gayrJh 'Dy,
J if; ta&;tcif;+yD;aemufyikd ;f wufpq f ifu pvkyv f mw,f/ pvkyv f m+yD;awmh
xwfqifajymvmwJhpum;udk cif!Gef@u tvdkufod+yD;awmh qufeif;wmvm; odk hr[kwf
t}uHOm%fwel @J vkyw f mvm;rodb;l ? wdwu d sus pdeaf c:vdu k af wmh xwfqifuajy;+y;D awmh
axmufcHwmbJ/ 'gwifrubl;? w&kwfvnf; axmufcHw,f? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf/ tdENd,vnf;
axmufcHw,f? tJvdkjzpfwJh tajctaersdK;rSm usaemfwdkŒ cHppfbJvkyfrvm;/ wefjyef
xd;k ppfbv
J yk rf vm; qdwk mudk qH;k jzwfz@kd b?J cHppfvyk rf ,fq&kd if &Si;f ae+yD/ odyv
f ,
G w
f ,f? tm;vH;k
oydwaf rSmuf=u/ vufrcHe@J / 'D Process udv k nf;r0ife@J / a=unm&if wurBmvH;k udk a=unm?
b,forl S rygb;l ? b,forl S pdwrf 0ifpm;bl;? tJ'g tvG,q f ;kH ? 'gayrJh tusKd ;u bmjzpfrvJ/
tjrwfu bm&Srd vJ? usaemfw@kd yck ;kH ay:rSm usaemfw@kd vrl sKd ; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH / 'Dwm0ef}uD; us
vmw,f? jynfwiG ;f rSm vlxb k ,favmuf 'kujQ zpfaevJ/ usaemfw@kd bmvkyrf vJqw kd m acgi;f
at;at;eJ@ pOf;pm;zd@k vw kd ,f? Strategy &Sv d m+yDq&kd if b,fou l 'D Strategy udk o,faqmif
95
oGm;rvJ? +yD;awmh vkyaf qmifomG ;wJeh nf;/ Edik if aH &;&S&d edS @J txufxyd o f ;D uae OD;aqmifomG ;
rvm;? tJ'v D kd OD;aqmifomG ;r,fq&kd if upm;zd@k / upm;wJah e&mrSm rvGwv f yfawmhb;l ? bmvd@k vJ
qd&k if xdyof ;D u oabmrwlb;l qd&k if tcsed q f v JG @kd r&bl;/ No ajym&if No bJ? Yes ajym&if
Yes bJ? usaemfw@kd aemufxyfwqifrh mS 'DvEkd ikd if aH &;upm;zd@k tzJ@G wck&&Sd r,f? Machanism
wrsKd ;&Sx
d m;r,fq&dk if Yes or No ajymvdu k /f tcsed q f v JG ukd /f tJ'gu usaemfwkd u
h pm;jcif;tm;jzifh
usaemfw@kd acgi;f aqmifawG/ wyfaygi;f pkawGukd wkycf snw f Jh oabmwlncD suf rjzpfEikd b
f ;l ? upm;
wJh tzG@J upm;wke;f yJ/ 'gayrJh 'Dupm;wJeh nf;udk wjcm;tzG@J u acgi;f aqmifawGu vufrcHb;l
qd&k if vufrcHb;l ?
ENSCC wifjywJh Road Map u cif!eG @f Road Map udk csKd ;wJo
h abmbJ? olwifwhJ
vrf;jyajryHu k usaemfw@kd wikd ;f &if;om; tzG@J tpnf;tm;vH;k acgi;f aqmiftzG@J tpnf; tm;vH;k &Jh
vrf;jyajryHv k @dk rajymbl;? r[kwb f ;l vd@k vrJ ajymbl;? tJ'gq&kd if wifjywJh vrf;jyajryHu k "rRwmbJ?
xl;qef;wm bmrSr&Sb d ;l ? wjcm;wdik ;f jynfawG toGiu f ;l ajymif;vmw,f/ 'Dtwdik ;f bJ oGm;wmyJ?
National Council vdrk sKd ; Body zG@J w,f? 'kw, d wqifq h &kd if National Accord vkyw f ,f?
wwd,tqifq h &kd if Interim Arrangement ESihf Transition Arrangement vkyw f ,f?
'Dvv kd yk +f yD;rSom National Convention. vkyo f ifw
h ,f? tJ'D National Convention rS
Constitution vmw,f? vlxk&Jhoabmudk,l+yD;rS vlxku}udKufw,fqdk&if 1974 cku
Referendum vdrk [kwb f eJ @J wu,fph pfreS w f hJ Referendum vkyo f mG ;+yD;rS a&G;aumufyv JG m
r,f? tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd ENSCC &Jh Road Map u xl;jcm;wJh vrf;jyajryHk vnf;r[kwb f ;l /
wenf;tm;jzifh cif!eG @f vkyw f mrrSeb f ;l / yxrtqifrh mS National Convention vkyaf ew,f?
b,forl yS gb;l / Inclusive rjzpfb;l ponfjzifah wmh axmufjyxm;ygw,f? ENSCC &Jh Road
Map u wjcm;tzG@J tpnf;/ wjcm;acgi;f aqmif vufcEH ikd w f vhJ rf;jyajryHk r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayrJh
wefjyefx;kd ppfqifwt hJ aeeJ@ — Edik if aH &;ppfqifa&; vufeufwcktaeeJ@ — Edik if aH &;t&wifjyjcif;
jzpfygw,f? Ò
96
tcef; (5)
vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tay: oH;k oyfcsurf sm;

KNU ESihf KNPP wd@k .tajctae
5;1? tvSnu
hf sobmywd Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;wmrvmabm. tzGirhf ed ‹f cGe;f
ºuGa&mufvm=uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pk acgi;f aqmif

}uD;rsm;ESifhwuG zdwf=um;xm;wJh r[mrdwfacgif;aqmif
rsm;wd@k ukd usaemfw@kd trsKd ;om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS awG@q&kH wJh
twGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f? 0rf;vnf; 0rf;omygw,f? tJ'D
awmh usaemfajymcsiw f muawmh usaemfw@kd tckvkd vky&f wJh
'D ES;D aESmzvS,yf [ JG m usaemfw@kd vrl sKd ;pkawG&hJ pnf;vH;k nD!w G f
a&;udk usaemfw@dk cdik cf ikd rf mrmwnfaqmufEikd zf @kd e@J usaemfw@kd &hJ
&nf&, G cf suaf wGukd pkppk nf;pnf;n‡Ed i_d ;f +yD; wckwnf;jzpfomG ;
atmif}udK;yrf;zdk@vdk@ usaemfwkd@em;vnfw,f? tJ'grSvnf;
k cf sKyf}uD;wmrvmabm usaemfw@kd 'Dvrl sKd ;pkawG&hJ &oif&h xdu
Adv k w f hJ w&m;r#wwJh tcGihf
ta&;udk &Edik rf ,fv@kd usaemft'J v D ykd J ,H=k unfw,f? usaemf
wd@k [mu tuGu J t
JG jym;jym;jzpfaer,fq&kd if usaemfw@kd &nfreS ;f xm;wJh vlrsKd ;pkawG&hJ w&m;r#w
wJh tcGit hf a&;/ wef;wla&;/ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiq
hf wkd hJ tcGithf a&;awG[m tvGeyf if cufco J mG ;rSm
jzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd nD!w G af &;wnfaqmufwahJ e&mrSm pOf;pm;p&mwck&w dS mu usaemfw@kd
'Dtajctae rwlwt hJ ydik ;f awGay:rSm wln&D atmif b,fvn dk E‡d id_ ;f vkyaf qmifomG ;=urvJqw kd m
udk n‡Ed i_d ;f vkyaf qmifomG ;zd‹k jzpfw,f// bmjzpfvq J akd wmh usaemfw‹kd vrl sKd ;pkawGrmS 'D etzeJ@
vGecf whJ hJ av;/ ig;/ q,fEpS w f ek ;f u typfcwf&yfpx J m;wJh tzG‹J tpnf;awGe‹J usaemfw‹kd vrl sKd ;pk
awGeJ‹ jyefqufpyfr_/ qufpyfwJhae&mrSm b,fvdkrsdK;qufpyfrvJ vlrsdK;pkawGtcGifhta&;udk
&efoq l uD usaemfw‹kd wckwnf;jzpfomG ;atmif b,fvakd wmif;qdk wdu k yf 0JG ifomG ;rvJ qdw k m
'Dae&mrSm vkyef nf;vky[ f ef ESprf sKd ; jzpfomG ;Edik w f ,f//
'Dawmh usaemfw‹kd twGi;f bufrmS &Sad ewJh vlrsKd ;pkawGe‹J usaemfw‹kd tjyifbufrmS &Sad ewJ‹
vlrsKd ;pkawGt=um; b,fvekd m;vnfrw _ nf aqmuf=urvJ qdw k mudk 'D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrSm nd‡+yD;vkyfoGm;=u&rSm jzpfw,f? usaemfwdk‹ vkyfenf;vkyf[ef/ pkpnf;yHk
pkpnf;enf; wjcm;pD&adS yrJh usaemfw‹kd 'v D v
kd m;wJh [mawGuawmh usaemfw‹kd wpD;xJ / woHxJ
jzpfz‹kd wdu
k w f eG ;f csiw
f ,f// tJ'gvyk v
f J vky=f u&r,f? tJ'ga=umifrh ‹kd 'Dae‹rmS usaemfw‹kd &nfreS ;f xm;
wJh vlrsKd ;pkawG&hJ tcGit hf a&;awGu&kd &Szd ‹kd twGif usaemfw‹kd wawG&hJ tajctaeawGrwlvifu h pm;/
wdkufyHkwdkufenf;uGJvifhupm; nD!$wfa&;ESifh pkpnf;a&;udk OD;wnfwnfaqmuf=uygvdkŒ
ajym=um;&if; ed*;Hk csKyfygw,f? Ò
99
5;2? KNU taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; y'drk ef;&SmrS vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;tajctaeudk

wifjy&Si;f vif;jcif;
av;pm;tyfaom obmywdEiS hf acgi;f aqmifrsm; cifAsm; —

'Dta=umif;t&mrSm olw‹kd a&;xm;wmu 'Dta=umif;t&m
udk KNU u OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;zd‹k jzpfygw,f? od‹k aomfvnf;
usaemfajymcsiw f muawmh 'Dta=umif;t&mudk usaemfw@kd u
OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;wm r[kwfbJeJ@ usaemfwdk‹oabmxm;
usaemfwdk‹jrifwmudk usaemfwdk‹jrifwJhtwdkif; wifjywJh
oabmyJ jzpfygw,f// aemufta=umif;t&meJ‹ ywfoufv‹kd
tus,t f 0ef;uvnf; b,favmufus,0f ef;w,f qdw k m
usaemfuodyrf odb;l // od‹k aomfvnf; ta=umif;w&m;tm;
y'drk ef;&Sm jzifh Picture xJrSm (yHkum;csyfwckxJrSmaygh) xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;&rJ‹upd w
P csKd ‹ukd enf;enf;av;wifjyoGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
wcku bmvJqakd wmh ,ae‹ArmjynfEikd if aH &;ZmwfcakH y:rSm&Sad ewJh t"duZmwfaumifjzpfwhJ
etz ta=umif;udk usaemfenf;enf; wifjycsiyf gw,f// tck etzeJ‹ ywfoufwmuawmh
tm;vHk;odwJh twkdif;yJ/ 'gu r[mArmvlrsdK;a&;0g'udk pGJpGJ+rJ+rJudkifaqmifvmwJh tm%m
&Sipf epfuvkd nf;yJ pGpJ +GJ rJ+J rJ udik af qmifvmwJh tzG‹J wckjzpfw,f// ,ae‹txd olw‹kd e‹J usaemfw‹kd
t=um;rSm &efbufjzpfaewJh taetxm;udk usaemfw‹kd u }udK;pm;yrf;pm;ajymif;zd‹k }udK;pm;ayrJh
,ae‹&efbuftaetxm;uae+yD;awmh tckxufxad jymif;vk‹d r&ao;bl;// &efbuf taexm;
uae+yD;awmh rdwb f uftaexm;jzpfatmifq&dk ifawmh Ekid if aH &;t&wlwhJ usaemfw‹kd t=um;rSm
wlnDwJht&m wckck&Sd&r,f// tJ'Dtaetxm; a&muf+yDqdk&ifawmh usaemfwdk‹u rdwfbuf
taetxm; a&mufomG ;r,f// od‹k aomfvnf;yJ ,ae‹ &efot l aetxm;uawmh e*drk v l twkid ;f
a&GŒvsm;jcif;r&Sb d ;l // usaemfw‹kd u Dialogue awmif;w,f? olw‹kd u Dialogue rvkycf sib f ;l ?
UNuaep+yD;awmh International Community eJ‹ jynfwiG ;f txd tm;vH;k u Dialogue
awmif;w,f? olwkd‹u wu,fh Dialogue rvkyfcsifbl;? Tripartite Dialogue qkdwm
om+yD;awmifa0;ao;w,f// usaemfwdk‹&wJh owif;t&qdk&if Tripartite Dialogue vHk;0
rvkycf sibf ;l ? tJ't D ajctae&Sw d ,f// olw‹dk u bmvJqakd wmh Edik if aH &;vkycf si&f if National
Convention rSm oGm;vkyf qkw d [hJ mrsKd ;awG ajymw,f// 'Dae‹o‹l Road Map eJ‹ NC qdw k m
Dialogue udak &Smif&mS ;vdu k zf ‹kd twGuf ykwcf svu kd zf ‹kd twGuf olw‹kd vyk x
f m;wJ[
h m jzpfw,f//
tJ'g olw‹dk tckomG ;aewJEh ikd if aH &;/ olw‹dk u tm%m&Sipf epf cdik +f rJa&;udk oGm;wke;f yJ tm%m&Sif
pepfw&m;0ifjzpfa&;udk oGm;aewmjzpfw,f//
100
aemufppfa&;eJ‹ ywfoufv‹kd uawmh olw‹dk taeeJ‹uawmh aoewfwcsurf S razguyf eJ ‹J

tzG‹J (17) zG‹J ukd olu ol@vufatmufuo dk iG ;f Edik w
f ,fqv kd nf; rrSm;ygb;l // bmjzpfv‹dk vq J akd wmh
tJ't D zG‹J tpnf;awGu ody+f yD;awmh Edik if aH &;t& vGwv f yfrr_ &Sb d ;l // ol‹=oZmudk odyrf vGeq f ef
Edik bf ;l ? ol‹uadk =umufae&wJh oabm&Sw d ,f// wcsKd ‹tzG‹J tpnf;qd&k if awmfawmfa=umufw,f?
ra=umufwhJ tzG‹J tpnf;u (1) zG‹J (2) zG‹J y&J w dS ,f? ra=umuf&ifawmifrS ae‹pOfcsO;f uyf&wJh
oabm&Sdw,f// 'ga=umihfrdk‹ olwdk@tJ'Dtajctae&Sdw,f? 'gwckaygh// aemufwckuawmh
usew f ‹J tydik ;f awGrmS ol‹ppfa&;tiftm;awGukd wd;k cs@J +y;D awmh usaemfw‹kd ukd wdu k af e&w,fqakd yrJh
wzufu =unfrh ,fq&kd if wyftiftm;}u;D w,fv‹dk ,q l &ayrJ‹v‹kd wyfawGu wtm;tvkyrf sm;
aew,f? ynma&;vkyif ef;awGvJ olw‹kd bv J yk &f w,f? use;f rma&;/ vlra_ &;/ Edik if aH &;utp
oHwrefa&;tqH;k ol‹wyfrLS ;a[mif;}uD;udyk J olwm0efay;+yD;awmh oHtrwfawG cef‹ae&w,f?
tJ'grsdK;awGjzpfaewJhtcgusawmh ppfa&;rSmolwdk‹u ppfajrjyifrSmbJjzpfjzpf olwdk‹u
usew f ‹J tvkyaf wGukd rEdik rf eif; jzpfaew,f? ,E &W m;udx k rd ;f odrf ;f zd‹k twGuf tcuftcJ &Sw d ,f?
tJ ' gwck usaemf w d k ‹ jrif & w,f ? aemuf ppf w yf q d k v d k ‹ &S d & if a wmh uav;ppf o m;awG
trsm;}uD;jzpfaew,f? rae‹waeŒ uav;ppfom;wa,muf xyfa&mufvmw,f? rESpw f ek ;f u
usaemfw‹kd qrD mS uav; (4) (5) (10) a,mufavmuf a&mufvmw,f? rae‹wae‹u a&muf
vmwJh uav;qk&d if awmfawmfi,fygao;w,f? olw‹kd oifwef;wufw‹J tcsed rf mS oifwef;om;
(250) avmuf[m w0ufavmufu uav;awGjzpfaew,f// ppfajrjyifrmS vnf;yJ (18) ESpf
atmufu w0ufe;D yg;avmuf&w Sd ,f? oH;k yHw
k yHak vmuf&w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh 'gawGu ppfa&;zufrmS
tJ'v D &kd w dS ,f// wyfawGuv kd nf; raxmufyEH ikd b f ;l ? wyfawGuvnf;a&SŒwef;rSm vkpm;ae&w,f?
wku d pf m; ae&w,f? 'grsKd ;awGjzpfaew,f? trde@f =oZmemcHrr_ mS vnf; awmfawmftm;enf;
vmwmudkvnf; usaemfwdk‹awG‹&w,f? 'gawGudk usaemfwdk‹ ppfa&;bufrSm zufwzufu
ol‹tiftm; ud, k ‹f tiftm;}uD;yGm;ygw,fqw kd hJ tajctaeudk jycsiv f ‹dk Edik if jH cm;u vufeuf}uD;
awG wifhum;awG av,OfysHawG oabFmawG trsm;}uD;yJ 0,fvmwmudkawG@&w,/f
tJ'guawmh olw‹kd ppfa&;wnfaqmufyaHk wG jzpfygw,f?
aemufw}udrf pD;yGg;a&;eJ‹ ygwo f ufv‹kd uawmh awmfawmfav; tajctaeqd;k ygw,f?
rae‹wae‹wek ;f u usaemfw‹kd p;D yg;G a&; vkyif ef;udvk yk w
f hJ vlwa,mufukd awG‹wt hJ cgusawmh
olajymwmu Gas Pipeline eJ‹ygwfoufvdk‹ wESpfudk a':vmaiG oef;aygif; (800)
avmuf&w,f? 'gu Edik if jH cm;0ifaiG pkpak ygi;f w0ufv‹kd ajymw,f? tJvjkd zpfwhJ tcgusawmh
EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG[m tm;vkH;aygif;rS ukefoG,fr_yrme[m a':vmoef;aygif; (1500-1600)
avmufyq J akd wmh Armjynfvkd wdik ;f jynfwjynftaeeJ‹tawmfu h kd tcufc&J ydS gw,f? usew f hJ
ukex f wk vf yk rf a_ wGuawmh awmfawmfav;udk jy\em&Syd gw,f? Investment awGrvkyzf Œkd
olrsm;awG Sanction vkyfwJhtcgusawmh EkdifiHjcm;0ifaiG&SdzdkŒ tcuftcJ&Sdaew,f?
v,form;awGvnf; tckpmwifae+yD wzGJ‹+yD;wzGJ‹ wokwf+yD;wokwf olwkd‹onf;rcH
Ekdifawmhbl;vkd‹ ajymw,f? tu,fI EdkifiHjcm;udk pyg;a&mif;cscGifh r&bl; qkdvkd‹&Sd&if
olwkd‹pyg;rpkdufawmhbl;? wjcm;ajymif;pkdufawmhr,fvdkŒajymvm=uw,f? 'gjy\em}uD;bJ
101
jzpfvmw,f? b%fjy\em 'Dae‹txd jyefaumif;vmao;wm r[kwb f ;l ? tJ't

D ajctaeawG
&Sw
d ,f? aiGa=u;vSEJ e_ ;f rSm t}uD;tus,f xk;d usroGm;atmif renf;xde;f xm;&w,f? 'g
pD;yGg;a&;bufrmS usaemfjrifae&wJh tykid ;f ayg?h
aemufow H refa&;eJ‹ ygwo f ufv‹dk vnf; tajccHtm;jzifah umif;vm+yDv‹dk ajymvk‹d vnf;
r&ao;bl;? b,fvb dk jJ zpfjzpfaygah v wzufu=unfrh ,fq&dk if tiftm;}uD;w,fv‹dk usaemf
,lq&ayrJh 1948 ckEpS u f ae+yD; 'Dae‹txd ArmjynfrmS wufvu dk jf yKwfusvu
dk f wufvu
dk jf yKwf
usvu dk q
f wdk hJ tzG‹J tpnf;tm;vk;H eJ‹ E_id ;f ,SOrf ,fq&dk if etzppftpd;k &[m tiftm;tenf;qH;k
vd‹k ajymvd‹k &ygw,f// 'guawmh usaemfw‹kd jrif&wJu h pd P wckaygah v//
aemufwcku 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pk tajctaeESiyhf wfoufv‹kd usaemfw‹kd jrif&wJu h pd P wckukd
wifjycsiyf gw,f// ,cku NLD ua&G;aumufyrJG mS tEdik &f xm;wJyh gwjD zpfygw,f// od‹k aomf
vnf;yJ pkyjf ywfoyfatmif wdu k cf aH e&qJyJ jzpfw,f? wckaumif;wmu bmvJqakd wmh NLD
awG pd w f " gwf r usbl ; jzpf a ew,f ? jyef v nf z G J ‹ pnf ; xm;onf h acgif ; aqmif r sm;[m
olw‹kd &yfwnfcsuaf wG[m aemufrqkwb f ;l ? &yfwnfcsuaf wGuawmh awmfawmfaumif;w,f
vli,ftzJG‹pnf;wdk‹awG trsdK;orD;awG[m awmfawmfav;udk &yfwnfcsuf cdkifrmw,f?
tJ'v D jkd zpfaewJch g=uawmh NLD tajctaeu wzufutwif;t=uyf wdu k cf aH e&ayrJ‹v‹kd
wzufu tawmfcidk cf ikd rf mrm&yfwnfaeygw,fqw dk m usaemfw‹dk awG‹&ygw,f? 'ge‹J qufpyf+yD;
awmh CRPP uvnf; tckid t f rm&yfwnfaeygw,f? OD;at;omatmifw‹dk tifwmAsL;vkyw f hJ
tcgrmS tH=h op&maumif; avmufatmif ol‹&yfwnfcsuu f ckid rf maewm usaemfw‹dk awG‹&w,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&orm;awG&Jh &yfwnfcsufawG =unfhr,fqkd&ifvnf; tifrwef
txku d tf avsmuf aumif;ygw,f? olw‹dk u etzeJ‹ yl;aygi;f a&;qkw d vhJ idk ;f r[kwb f eJ ‹J qef‹usiw f hJ
vkid ;f awG olw‹dk &yfwnf+y;D aew,f? aemufwcku ajratmuf tzG‹J tpnf;awG trsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f?
Ekid if aH &;ygwt D m;vk;H (200) ausm&f w dS ,f/ tJ't D xJrmS (10) ygwb D J w&m;0if use&f cdS +hJ yD;awmh
usefwJhygwDawG[m ajratmufygwDawGjzpfoGm;w,f? wcsKd‹uysufoGm;w,f? wcsKd‹u
ajratmufyo Hk ¾mefe‹J v_y&f mS ;aewmawG‹&w,f? tJ'v D jdk zpfawmh Ekid if aH &;ygwD tjzpfquf
vuf+yD;awmh wnf&adS ew,f? olw‹dk [m ajratmufygwaD jratmufwu dk yf JG ykpH v
H yk af ew,f?
olw‹dk u vlxv k w
l ef;pm; tzG‹J tpnf;awGe‹J qufo, G +f yD;awmh olwódk ud;pm;aewmawG‹&w,f?
aemufwcku 'DwvtwGi;f rSmbJ tvkyo f rm;awG/ v,form;awG/ ausmif;om;awG/
&[ef;oHCmawG tm;vkH;tzrf;cH&w,f? aemufwck ausmif;om;awGvnf;bJ olwkd‹&JŒ
v_yf&Sm;r_[m jyifzufrSm rawG‹&ayrJh ausmif;om;awG awmfawmfcGJxm;wm&Sdw,f? tck
wuUov dk af wGu c&kid t
f qif&h w
dS ahJ e&mawGrmS zGivhf pS x
f m;ygw,f? ausmif;om;awGudk cGx J m;
ypfvkdufw,f? olwkd‹ausmif;om;awGukd a=umufaew,f? Oyrm c&kdiftqifh&SdwJhae&mrSm
wuUov dk af qmufaew,f? tJ'v D jdk zpfaewJt
h cgqadk wmh ausmif;om;awGudk olw‹dk p;kd &drf ae&yg
w,f? aemufwckuawmh bmvJqadk wmh tvkyo f rm;awG v,form;awG qkv d ‹dk &&dS ifvnf;
102
'Dtwkid ;f bJ tvkyo f rm; v,form;awGudk wESppf m wESppf m &yfwnfEidk zf ‹dk baJ y;w,f? &efuek f
rSmoGm;r,f qkv d ‹k &d &dS ifvnf; wu,f&yfwnfwt hJ cgrmS yk+d yD;awmhowd ,f? tay:,Huawmh
usaemfw‹dk =unfwh t hJ cg r*Fvm'kaH v,mOfuiG ;f uae+yD;awmh &efuek +f rdK@txd t&ifwek ;f uvkd
r[kwfbl;? vrf;awGudk ususee cif;xm;w,f? xkH;awGbmawG okwfxm;w,f? }uD;}uD;
us,u f s,f tcrf;tem;awG wku d wf mtaqmufttkH wvk;H p ESpv f ;Hk pawG‹&w,f?
EkdifiHjcm;tjrifrSm aumif;atmifaygh? 'gayrJh twGif;bufrSmqkdvkd‹&Sd&if tifrwefrS
pdwyf suzf , G &f m aumif;ygw,f? txl;ojzifh usaemfw‹dk 'Dvyk if ef;awGvyk w f t
hJ cgrmS xGuv f mwJh
owif;awG vlxak wG wku d tf jrif}h uD;rSm aqmufxm;ayrJh a&wifv‹dk r&bl;/ v#ypf pfyg0g aumif;
aumif;r&bl;/ aemuf+yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk Email wk‹d / zke;f wk‹d qw dk muvnf; zke;f wvk;H wvk;H
qkvd ‹dk &&dS if ol‹uadk y;ae&wm enf;wmr[kwb f ;l ode;f eJ‹ cs+D y;D awmh ay;ae&w,f? wjcm;Edik if aH wG
rSm uav;awGutp zke;f awG ok;H Edik =f uw,f? tJ'v D dk jzpfaewJh tcgusawmh vlxak wG&hJ jrifuiG ;f
xJrmS vlxak wG&hJ todpw d xf rJ mS tJ'gawG&adS ew,f? aemufwcku v,form;awGu ckeajym
ovkb d J awmfawmftajctaeqk;d aew,f? tJ'D qefupd P qefu rESpu f usaemfw‹kd qefa&mif;wJh
tcgusawmh qefwif; (100) udw k ode;f cGaJ &mif;+yD; 'DEpS q f v kd ‹kd &&dS if ajcmufaomif;bJay;w,f?
wodef;cGJay;wm taºuG;awmifrausbl;? 'Dawmhv,form;awGrwfyJawGjyefpdkufw,f?
rwfyaJ wGjyefpu kd af wmh &wJah iGawGe‹J wm0efauspyg;zd;k ay;&w,f? 'DEpS rf mS tJ'v D vkd yk &f w,f?
'Dvq kd akd wmh v,form;wd‹k tkypf zk ‹JG +yD;awmh vufrw S x f ;kd vm wmrenf;awmhb;l / olw‹kd taeeJ‹
olw‹kd tajctaeu tifrwef qd;k aewmudk odae=u&w,f?
aemufwckuawmh omrefvx l ak wG&hJ tajctaeudk odwt hJ wkid ;f bJ awmfawmfq;kd w,f?
ck 'D xdkif;zufrSm ydwfyifwm;qD;wJh=um;xJrSm xdkif;zufrSmwdk;0ifvmwJholawG&Sdw,f?
wESpfwESpfysrf;r# OD;a& enf;wmr[kwfbl;? tJvdkoGm;aew,f tJawmh vlawGtowfcH
ae&w,f? rESpfwkef;uvnf; t}uD;tus,f towfcHae&w,f? tkyfpkvdkuf tkyfpkvdkuf
&Sdaew,f? 27a,mufwwGJ 17a,mufwwGJ [dk; uarBm'D;,m; e,fpyfzufrSm 17/ 18
a,mufwwGJ 'gawG[m rD', D mxJrmS xGuaf ewm awG‹&w,f? wcsKd ‹u towfc&H +yD;awmh
yifv,fxrJ mS arsmypfvu dk wf mawG&w dS ,f? tJ'gawGu jynfoal wG[m tajctaeawmfawmf
qk;d vk‹d &&mtvkyxf uG &f mS &if;eJŒ olw‹dk b0qk;H &_;H r_awGe‹J &ifqidk af e&wJh udpaP wGjzpfw,f? 'gu
'Dae‹ jynfolawG&Jh tajctaeawGjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolawGu tckvuf&Sd&SdaewJh
ppftm%m&Sipf epfudk axmufcrH _ vk;H 0r&Syd gb;l / tJ'D tajctaerSm &Sad ew,f? aemufwcku
bmvJqadk wmh jynfyrSma&muf&adS ewJh tzG‹J tpnf;awGuvnf; 'Dy, J if;udp+P yD;wJh aemufrmS
yk+d yD;awmh nD!w
G vf mw,f tpwke;f uawmh tzG‹J tpnf;awGu trsm; }uD;&Sw d ,f?
tzG‹J tpnf;awG[m ESpq f ,fo;Hk q,favmuf &Sw
d ,f? tJ'D tzG‹J tpnf;awG[m wzG‹J e‹J wzG‹J
ukw=f uuku d =f u wku
d =f ucku
d =f ueJ‹ tqifrajybl;? 'gayrJh aemufyidk ;f usawmh nDvmcHawG
vkyf=u&if;eJ‹ wlnDwJhtajccH EkdifiHa&;vkyfief;awGcsrSwf=ueJ‹ trsm;}uD;nD!Gwfvmw,f?
aemufwckuawmh tar&durSma&muf&adS ewJh tzG‹J tpnf;awGu rESpw f ek ;f u tpnf;ta0;
103
vkyw f ,f? tzG‹J tpnf;tm;vk;H aygi;f (33) zG‹J wufw,f? olwcdk svu dk w f hJ Resolution tifrwef
aumif;w,fv‹dk usaemfw‹dk xifw,f? tckqadk wmh jynfwiG ;f rSm NLD 0kid ;f &H aew,f? awmfveS f
a&;e,fy,frmS qkv d ‹dk &&dS ifawmh NCGUB eJ‹ NCUB 0kid ;f &Haew,f? tJ't D ay:rSm tajccH+yD;
awmh vuf&w dS u dk yf aJG wGudk a&mufaewJah e&muae+yD;awmh vkyaf qmifEidk zf ‹dk +yD;awmh tpDtpOf
awG csrw S Ef idk zf ‹dk vkyv f mwm&Sw d ,f? wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkawG&hJ v_y&f mS ;r_udk olw‹dk twwfEidk qf ;Hk
ulnDr,fqkdwJh Resolution csw,f? tJ'g tifrwefaumif;w,fvkd‹ ,lqw,f? 'g[m
'Drudk a&pDtiftm;pkawG&t hJ ajctaeawGjzpfw,f? aemufwck usaemfw‹dk vlrsK;d pkawGe‹J ygwo f uf
wmuawmh trsm;}uD; usaemfwkd‹uGJaew,f? wckuawmh bmvJqkdawmh twGif;rSm&SdwJh
tiftm;pk Oyrm UNLD olbmrS odyfrvkyfEkdifbl;? 'gayrJh EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufawmh
rpGe‹f vwG b f ;l ? aemufwck UNA, SNLD, ZNC 'Dvdk tzG‹J awGayg/h 'Dvt dk zG‹J tpnf; awG[m
EkdifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awG rsm;rsm;rvkyfEkdifbl;? okd‹aomfvnf;bJ EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsufawG
odyaf umif;w,f? rae‹wae‹wek ;f u vuf&dS Ekid if aH &;tajctaeeJ‹ ygwo f uf+yD; UNLD u
xkwv f u dk wf hJ xkwjf yefcsuaf wG tifrwefaumif;w,f? vuf&dS etz&Jh vrf;jyajryku H dk wcsurf S
vufrcHb;l ? aemuftrsK;d om;nDvmcH vk;H 0vufrcHb;l ? 'gtwdtvif;bJ? 'gu etz vuf
atmufrmS a&mufaewJh tzG@J awGukd tcsed rf a&G;zrf;qD;+yD;awmh tcsed rf a&G;owfypfv@kd &w,f//
rae‹wae‹wkef;u tm;upm;*sme,fwckrSm tvkyfvkyfwJh vlwa,mufuae+yD;awmh
olrsm;awGu tm;upm;twGuf a':vm av;oef; vmulnw D ,f? 'D a':vmav;oef;ukd
tm;upm;zufrmS ra&mufbJ b,frmS a&mufovJq+dk y;D awmh enf;enf;pma&;rdwmeJ‹ ao'%fus
oGm;w,f? 'ga=umifrh ‹dk v‹dk jynfwiG ;f rSmqk&d if tcsed rf a&G; towfcEH idk w f ,f? tcsed rf a&G; tzrf;
tqD;cH &Ekid w f ,f? tcsed rf a&G;zrf;qD;+yD;awmh ESyd pf ufc&H Ekid w f ,f? ESyd pf ufcH &&ifvnf; wd&p>mef
vkb d J ESyd pf ufc&H w,f? odyq f ;dk w,f? =um;uae+yD;awmh ckevkrd sK;d UNLD wk‹d olw‹dk &J&&J if&h ifh
xkwjf yefwu dk w f ,f? Ekid if aH &;tjrwf&&Sw d ,f? aemufwck UNA vJ tJ't D wkid ;f bJ &yfwnf
csuv f J tJ't D wkid ;f bJ vrf;jyajrykw H ‹dk trsK;d om;nDvmcHw‹dk vufrcHEidk b f ;l qkwd m xkwjf yefw,f?
SNLD vnf;'Dwkdif;bJ cGefxGef;OD; qkd&ifvnf; ar;jref;cef;vkyfwm okH;}udrfwkdifwkdif&Sd+yD?
xyfcgwvJvaJ jymw,f? 'DrmS wuf&if usaemfw‹dk orkid ;f w&m;cH jzpfr,f? 'g twGi;f rSm&Sw d hJ
usaemfwkd‹vlrsKd;pkawG&Jh EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuf awGjzpfw,f? aemufwcku bmvJqkdawmh
OD;usif;&Sefxefqkdwm cGef;rmwf&fukdbef aumif;aumif;odw,f? 'Dyk*~dKvf[m tifrwefrSbJ
EkdifiHa&;&yfwnfcsuf aumif;w,f? tJ'DtzGJŒtpnf;awG&Jh &yfwnfcsufawG aumif;w,f?
vlxak wGe‹J ygwo f ufvm&if tckusaemfw‹dk o&d wJh vlxak wGuyk+d yD;awmh &J&ifv h mw,f? rae‹
wae‹wkef;u u&ifawG usaemfwkd‹[kdrSm acgif;aqmifwtkyfvmw,f? olwkd‹taeeJ‹u
usaemfw‹dk udk vmaqG;aEG;w,f? olw‹dk vyk w f thJ vkyaf wG olw‹dk &hJ tajctaeawG vm&Si;f jyw,f?
&Sif;jywJhtxJrSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm;ayghav u&ifqkdwmodyf+yD;awmh tzdESdyfcH&wmygw,f?
tJ'D=um;xJu u&ifacgif;aqmifawG u&ifvlxkawG awmfawmf&J&J&ifh&ifh jzpfvmw,f?
usaemfw‹dk udk tJ'v D dk ajymvmw,f? olw‹dk &hJ xl;jcm;csuw f ckbv J ‹dk ajymcsiw f ,f? bmvJqadk wmh
u&ifawGruygb;l usew f v hJ xl ak wGvnf; tJ't D wkid ;f bJ olw‹dk &ifxu J awmh olw‹dk 't D wkid ;f
104
qufaevk‹d r&bl; wckcak wmhvyk &f r,f? vkyEf idk w f thJ vkyu
f dk xvkyw
f ,f? olw‹dk ta&;ukd pOf;pm;
vmw,f? Ekid if aH &; ykrd Ekd ;dk =um;vmw,fqw dk maz: jyw,f? usaemfw‹dk =unfw
h t
hJ cgrmS usaemfw‹dk
twGi;f rSm&Sw
d hJ jynfoal wG vlrsK;d pkEidk if aH &;ygwaD wG tifrwef aumif;ygw,f?
aemufwcku EdkifiHwumeJ‹ ygwfoufqufpyf+yD;awmh wifjycsifw,f? EkdifiHwumrSm
uawmh ESpyf idk ;f &Sw d ,f? Constructive Engagement ay:vpDusio hf ;Hk wJt
h ykid ;f / aemufwykid ;f
uzdtm;ukd usio hf ;Hk aewJh tykid ;f / zdtm;ukd usio hf ;Hk wJt
h ykid ;f uawmh tar&duefw‹dk vyk af ewJh
tykid ;f Constructive Engagement usio hf ;Hk aewJh tykid ;f uawmh tmpD,eH ‹J tdref ;D em;csi;f Ekid if H
w&kwaf wGygw,f? w&kwaf wGq&dk if Contract wifruygb;l / e0wukd 0if+yD;awmh xrf;awmh
rvkdvkd jzpfaew,f? tJ'Dtajctae&Sdygw,f? b,fvkdbJ jzpfjzpfayghav/ Constructive
Engagement vk d ‹ qk d = uygpk d ‹ ? tJ ' D t yk d i f ; uvnf ; tm;+yd K if a ew,f ? Constructive
Engagement ay:vpDudk usio hf ;Hk &wm t&ifwek ;f u t=um}uD;ygb?J txl;ojzifh tmqD,H
wkid ;f jynfwiG rf mS tdref ;D csi;f wkid ;f jynfawGrmS r[moD,mwk‹d usio hf ;Hk aewJh Engagement udk
olw‹dk tm;r&awmhb;l ? tJ't D cgusawmh reDvm tpnf;ta0;rSm rD', D mwckrmS Constructive
Engagement ukd jyefjyif&ifaumif;r,fv‹dk tmqD,t H zG‹J 0ifawGu wifjyvmw,f? 'Day:vpD
awG[m [kwrf [ S w k &f v hJ m;vk‹d tJovkjd zpf&adS ewJu h mvrSm International involvement tjyK
oabmaqmifwhJ yg0ifvyk u f idk rf _ yg0ifpzJG ufra_ wG[m vky&f ifaumif;rvm;vk‹d olw‹dk pOf;pm;
vmw,f? 'Dupd aP wG[m tmqD,x H rJ mS awmfawmfajymvm=uw,f? aemufyidk ;f usawmh e0w
vrf;jyajrykHukdxkwfvkdufwJhtcg txl;ojzifh usaemfwkd‹tmqD,HESifh xkdif;tzGJ‹awGu e0w
xkww f hJ vrf;jyajryku H dk axmufc=H uw,f? olw‹dk rv l twkid ;f 'k&H if;'k&H if; jyefomG ;=uw,f?
w&kwu f awmh e*kt d wkid ;f bJ? xkid ;f uawmh 'Day:vpDtwkid ;f ygb?J tdE, dN vnf; 'Day:vpD
twkdif;ygbJ? 'ga=umifhrdk@ International ukdusaemfwkd‹=unfhr,fqkd&if usaemfwkd‹jrif&wm
zdtm;ay;wJhwkdif;jynfeJ@ 'D Constructive Engagement ay:vDpDusifhokH;wJhwdkif;jynf=um;
tm;+yKd ifaewmukd awG‹ae&ygw,f? aemufwckuawmh UN utm;&p&m r&Sb d ;l qdw k m vGecf w hJ hJ
3-4 ESpt f ajctaeudk =unf&h if odygw,f? 'gayrJah emufyikd ;f UN taeeJŒol‹u, kd pf m;vS,af wG
u pdw"f gwu f svmw,f? pdw"f gwu f svmwJt h cgusawmh bmjzpfvmovJqakd wm 'h ikd , f mavmh
vnf;bmrSjzpfrvmbl;? oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG‹qakH qG;aEG;a&;vnf; bmrSjzpfrvmbl;? tJ'v D jkd zpfvmwJh
tcgusawmh olw‹kd taeeJŒpdwyf suv f mwmbJ &Sw d ,f? aemufyikd ;f rSmqdv
k ‹kd &&dS if 'Dy, J if;udpP
jzpfvmw,f? +yD;cJw h EhJ pS f arv (30) &ufae‹jzpfw,f? 'Dy, J if;udpjP zpfvmwJh tcgusawmh UN
taeeJ@}u;D us,&f w _ cf svmw,f? od‹k aomfvnf;bJ rae‹wae‹utoHjyef=um;wmu udzk t D meef
ud,k w f idk uf u kd cif!eG ‹f ukd tcsed af y;zk‹d qw dk m ajymqkv d mw,f? usaemfw‹dk =unfw h thJ cgusawmh
UN u ody+f yD; ckid rf mjywfom;r_r&Sb d ;l vk‹d usaemfw‹dk jrifae&w,f? 'ga=umifh Armjynfuae
tjyifukd a&mufaewJh tzGJ‹tpnf;tm;vkH;uae wcsKd‹upma&;vkdufw,f? UN u UN
Resolution ay:rSm quf+yD;awmhta&;,lzŒkd pma&;cJw h mawG&w dS ,f? 'guvkd nf; olw‹kd quf+yD;
&Si;f xm;w,f// e*dw k ek ;f u UN Resolution ay:rSmolu raoGzyD gb;l qk+d yD;awmh udzk t D meef
105
ujyef&iS ;f xm;wmawG &Sw d ,f// b,fvb kd jJ zpfjzpfaygah v UN uawmh bmrStm;&p&m odyrf &Sd
bl;// aemufwcku vkyfief;&SifawGeJ‹ywfoufwJh udpPawGudkaygh &if;ESD;jr‡KyfESHr_ Investment
0ifvyk w f v hJ al wGu olw@kd jyef+yD;awmh &kyo f rd ;f oGm; wJv h al wGvnf;&Syd gw,f? &S+d yD;om;vlawGu
vnf; wcsKd @w;kd csŒJ +yD;awmh vkyv f mwmvnf;&Sw d ,f? Oyrm rav;&Sm;ukr% ` /D xdik ;f ukr% ` w D @kd ayhg/
tckurk % ` D awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u International ukr% ` aD wGu olw@kd Invest vkyv f u kd wf hJ tcg
usawmh Export vkyrf nfh ypPn;f awGwify@kd a&mif;csryhJ pPn;f awG trsm;}uD;enf;vmw,f? tJ'g
olw l @kd &ifqikd &f wJt h cufcahJ wGyg? 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd tckqv kd ‹kd &&dS if tm;vH;k odwt hJ wdik ;f yJ? aemufq;kH
rSm b,favmufxjd zpfw,fqv kd ‹dk &&dS if tcka':vmeJ‹ qufpyfaewJu h pd aP wGtm;vH;k tar&duefu
jzwfxw k v f ukd w
f hJ tcgusawmh olw‹kd ubmrSrwwfEikd af wmhb;l // EU eJ‹ qufpyfjyefw,f//
EU eJ‹ qufpyfzdk‹uvJ tcuftcJ&Sdw,f// Euro aiGeJ‹qufpyfwJh tcgtcuftcJ&Sdw,f//
tckb,favmufxdjzpfvmvJqkd&if raeŒwaeŒwkef;u yk*HrSmtpnf;ta0;wck vkyfw,f//
yk*t H pnf;ta0;rSm xdik ;f rSmt&HaiGawG &Sw d ,f// tJ'D t&HaiGwcsK@d ukd uarBm'D;,m;/ avm ESihf
jrefrm udx k w k af cs;w,f// tJvkd xkwaf cs;wmeJŒ w+ydKifxrJ mS bmvkyo f vJqakd wmh 'DaiGawGu
xdkif;rSm&SdwJh ukefypPnf;awGudk jyef0,f&rJh tajctae&Sdw,f// wcsufxJrSm bmjzpfoGm;vJ
qdkvdk‹&Sd&if xdkif;udk A[kdjyKwJh pD;yGm;a&;udk xdkif;u Initiate ,l+yD;awmh vkyfvmw,f?
tckaemufq;kH b,favmuftxd jzpfaeovJq&kd if xdik ;f aiGukd 'D Edik if aH v;Edik if rH mS oH;k wJah iG
tjzpfeŒJ tok;H jyK&avmufatmif xdik ;f &Jh Initiate u tJ'aD vmuf tqifx h jd zpfvmw,f//
Europe wckv;kH u Euro aiGo;kH ovdak ygAh sm? tJ't D qifah wG jzpfvmw,f// 'gu xdik ;f Initiate
wcsKd ‹aygah v// tckow l ‹kd Euro aiGeŒJ tvJtvnf vkyzf ‹kd upd q P w
kd mvJ rvG,yf gb;l // aemuf+yD;
awmh xdik ;f u A[djk yKwJh pD;yGm;a&;pepfqw kd mvJ tcuftcJ&ydS gw,f? vG,v f , G u
f u l jl zpfEikd wf ,f
qdwk u hJ pd uP awmh rjzpfEikd b f ;l vd‹k ,q l w,f// tJ'gawGuawmh usaemfw‹kd jrifawG‹& wJu h pd aP wG
aygah v? awmfveS af &;tzG‹J tpnf;awGe‹J ywfoufv‹kd usaemf us,u f s,0f ef;0ef;awmh rajymawmh
bl;// usaemfw‹kd rmS tcuftcJ trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f// qufvuf+yD;awmh zdtm;awG trsm;}uD;&Sd
w,f? zdtm;awGu yHpk t H rsKd ;rsKd ;eJ‹ &Sw d ,f? tJ't D ajctaeatmufrmS usaemfw‹kd ud, k ahf jc
axmufay:rSmud, k &f yfwnfae&+yD;/ }udK;yrf;ae&wJt h ydik ;f &Sw d ,f// }udK;yrf;wJ‹tydik ;f rSm NDF
vJ NDF tav#muf aygAh sm// NCUB vJ NCUB tav#mufaygAh sm?
usaemfw‹kd wzG‹J csi;f wzG‹J csi;f uvJ tJ'tD wkid ;f yJ }udK;pm;+yD;&yfwnfae&wJh tydik ;f &Sw d ,f?
aemuf+yD;awmh etz bufu Pressure ay;wmawG&w dS ,f? tjcm;Ekid if wH umtzG‹J tpnf;awG
uvJ Pressure ay;wmawG &Sdw,f// tJ'D PressureawGuvJ tuef@towf&Sdw,f?
tajccHuawmh Edik if aH &;t& cdik cf ikd rf mrm&yfwnfaewJh tcg=uawmh usaemfw‹kd t*F gysu, f iG ;f
roGm;ao;bl;? 'kuw dQ rjzpfomG ;ao;bl;? tJ'D tajctaeawG &Sw d ,f usaemfw‹dk tajccHa'o
awG tajccHvx l ak wG usaemfw‹dk &hJ ppfwyfawG usaemfw‹dk &v hJ w
G v f yfra_ wG xde;f odr;f xm;Ekid f
a&;bJ? wyfaygi;f pkawGtm;vk;H tckvadk qG;aEG;Ekid w f t hJ ajctaeawG&w dS ,f? tJ'gu usaemfw‹dk
bufu tajctaeawGbJ aemufwcku bmvJqadk wmh 'gawGu usaemfw‹dk &ifqidk af e&wJh
106
twkid ;f usaemfw‹dk wifjywm jzpfw,f? 'Dae‹ usaemfw‹dk vlrsK;d pkawG ta&;}uD;wJh u¾wck[m
bmvJqadk wmh 'Dae‹wu dk yf &GJ hJ qkcH sub f jJ zpfw,f? Ekid if aH &;bufuae=unfrh ,fq&dk ifawmh etz&Jh
vrf;jyajrykt H ay: usaemfw‹dk b,fvw dk ek Œf jyefrvJqw dk m t"du qkcH suw f ckjzpfw,f? t"du
wku d yf w JG ck jzpfw,f? tJ'v D jdk zpfwt hJ cgusawmh etz &Jv h rf;jyajryk[
H m usaemfw‹dk &ŒJ t"du
wku d yf jJG zpfw,f? tJ'w D u dk yf u JG dk usaemfw‹dk wu dk w
f t
hJ cgrmS awmh twGi;f buf uae wku d wf hJ
wku d yf eJG ‹J usaemfw‹dk wu dk w f w hJ u dk yf JG aemuf+yD;awmh Ekid if w H umrSm wku d w f w hJ u dk yf /JG tJ'gawG[m
xyfwx l yfr# jzpfvrd rfh ,fv‹dk ,lqygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'[ D mukd usaemfw‹dk pk+yD;wku d o f vkd jzpfae
w,f? tJ'ga=umifh rae‹u usaemfw‹dk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;jzpfatmif ar;csiw f mu tJ'gygb/J
vrf;jyajryku H dk vrf;jyajrykeH ‹J wku d &f r,f qkw d ahJ e&mrSm etz&Jh vrf;jyajryk[ H m ppftm%m&Sipf epf
ckid +f rJa&;twGuef ŒJ r[mArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g' ckid +f rJa&;twGuf jzpfw,f? tJ'v D jkd zpfwt hJ cgusawmh
usaemfw@kd taeeJ@ 'D Road Map xJrmS bJ Constitution a&;qG&J r,f qdw k t hJ cgusawmh rdrw d @kd
owdxm;zd@k trsm;}u;D vdt k yfygw,f? 1947 Constitution [m usaemfw@kd =unfw h mawmfawm
jf rifw h ,f? wae@ae@rmS cGx J u G cf si&f if cGx J u G Ef ikd w
f ,f? 'g[m Referendum vkyk +f y;D cGx J u G Ef ikd w
f ,f?
'guusaemfw@kd bufu Advantage &xm;w,f? 'Dae‹ Constitution a&;wJt h cgrmS
usaemfw@dk taeeJ@ vufO;D r_ aoaocsmcsm &xm;zk‹d vw dk ,f? Constitution ukd usaemfw‹kd
tavsmhtwif;vkyfvGef;tm;}uD;&if usaemfwkd‹b0[mvnf; a&pkefarsm+yDvkd‹ usaemfwdk‹
,lqygw,f? usefwJhwjcm; xD;&dyfeef;&dyfawGeJ‹qkd&if usaemfwkd‹ b,fawmhrS aumif;pGm
ae&awmhrmS r[kwb f ;l ? 'ga=umifrh ‹dk v‹dk 'Dupd u P awmh vuf&dS NC eJ‹ ygwo f ufI vrf;jyaajrykeH ‹J
ywfoufwu hJ pd [
P m usaemfw‹dk wku d yf &JG q
hJ cHk suw f ckjzpfw,f? twGi;f rSm &Sw
d hJ tzG‹J tpnf;awG
vnf; typftcwf&yfpx J m;wJh tzG‹J (17) zG‹J &w dS ,fv‹dk owif;=um;w,f? NC rSm (8) zG‹J wuf
r,fv‹dk vnf; pm&if;ay;xm;w,f? olw‹dk wuf+y;D txJu ar$Eidk rf ,fv‹dk ajymwmbJ? wku d zf surf ,f
vk‹d vnf;ajymw,f? tajctaewck 180 'D*&D ajymif;oGm;r,fv‹dk vaJ jymw,f? taetxm;wck
ajymif;oGm;atmif wk‹d wku d yf pfr,f? wck&w dS mu olw‹dk tajctaeeJ‹ olw‹dk vyk o f vkd usaemfw‹dk
vkdufrvkyfrdzkd‹ ta&;}uD;r,f? tJ'Dtajctaeukd ol‹tajctaeeJ‹ol rwlwJh Direction
uae+yD;awmh 0dik ;f wdu k w f mjzpfw,f? usaemfw@kd Position awGu odyw f =l uwm r[kwb f ;l /
tJ'v D jkd zpfwt hJ cgusawmhrwlwhJ Position uaeolwŒkd u Nation Convention ud0k ifwu kd af e
wmjzpfw,f?
NC [m etz&Jh yvufazmif;yJ? ol@yvufazmif;ay:rSm cifAsm;wdk@b,fvdkwdkufrvJ?
ol@twGuf tcdik tf rmjyKxm;wJh yvufazmif;[m ol@uwkwv f nf; jzpfw,f? tJ't D ay:rSm
usaemfw@kd qufwu kd rf ,fq&kd if usaemfw@kd owdu W ppfo}l uD;r[mAE<Kv&Jo h wWrd sKd ;avmuf &S&d if
xm;tk;H awmh tJ'D yvufazmif;rSmwdu k +f y;D awmh tEdik &f zd@k qw
kd mrvG,uf b l ;l ? tJ't D ajcaeawG&dS
w,f? 'g[musaemfw@kd pOf;pm;&rJu h pd ?P od@k aomfvnf;yJ olw@kd taeeJ@u 'Dyvufazmif;yJ&w dS ,f?
pmrsuEf mS (110) od@k qufyg
107
5;3? KNPP 'k-OuUX Advk cf sKyfref;atmifoef;av;rS vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;jzpfay:

ajymif;vJrt
_ ajctaeudw k ifjyjcif;
obmywdEiS w hf uG ºuaG &mufvm=uaom tzG@J tpnf;

toD;oD;rS ud, k pf m;vS,af wmf}u;D rsm; tm;vH;k ukd av;pm;yg
w,f? usaemfw@kd 'Dae@ KNPP &Jo h abmxm;tjrifukd
aqG;aEG;wJah e&mrSm jzpfysuaf eaom tajctae t&yf&yfukd
awmhtzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;u aqG;aEG;wifjy oGm;+yD; jzpfwhJ
twGuf u&ifet D aeeJ@ wjcm;vkt d yfaom udp&P yfrsm;udk bJ
OD;pm;ay; aqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
u&ife&D hJ tjrifoabmxm;u rae@uajymoGm;+y;D yg+y?D
wkid ;f &if;om;awG pkpnf;=uzk@d qw dk m tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;u
Advk cf sKyrf ef;atmifoef;av; ajym=uygw,f? b,fvydk eHk @J pkpnf;=urSmvJ? vufawG@jyef
vnf p Of ; pm;zk d @ usaemf w d k @ u&if e D t aeeJ @ vuf a wG @
wkid ;f &ifom;toD;oD;pkpnf;=uzd@k [m Federal Council zG@J pnf;csiw f hJ qEN&w dS ,f? tJ'D Federal
Council udkusaemfwdk@ jyifqifxm;wmu tzGJ@tpnf; toD;oD;u odk@r[kwf jynfe,f
&,fv@dk &adS ewJh jynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,f toD;oD;u uk, d pf m;vS,f awG tm;vH;k [m 'D Federal
Council rSm usaemfw@dk vmpk=ur,f? r'w wcsed w f cgwek ;f u vkycf w hJ hJ jzpf&yfwck &Syd gw,f?
r'w xJrmS tzG@J 0ifwzG@J jzpfae+yDqv dk @dk &S&d ifvJ vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;xJrmS usew f t hJ zG@J 0ifawG usaemfw@kd
vufrcH=uawmhb;l ? tJ'g[m tiftm;pkwahJ e&mrSm aysmu h uG f jzpfw,fv@dk usaemfw@dk o;kH oyf
rdygw,f? 'Dae@usaemfw@dk u&ifeu D jyifqifxm;wJh Federal Council u vlrsKd ;wrsKd ; twGi;f rSm
aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,fwjynfe,f twGif;rSmaomf vnf;aumif;/ b,fvkdbJEkdifiHa&;
tzG@J tpnf; rwlaomfvnf;bJ &efou l w kd u
dk w f ahJ e&mrSm wlncD ahJ omf 'D Federal Council
rSm usaemfw@kd tm;vH;k pkchJ =uw,f? 'D Federal Council rSm pk+yD;awmhrS Federal Council &Jh
vGwv f yfr,fh XmetoD;oD;rSm wm0efc+JG yD;awmh tvkyv f yk =f ur,f? tJ'v D vdk yk jf cif;tm;jzifh
usaemfw@dk &hJ pkpnf;r_[m yd+k yD;awmhvJ yDjyif+yD; wk;d wufr_ vnf; &Sv d mr,fv@dk jrifwt hJ wGuf
Federal Council udk usaemfw@dk jyifqifvu kd wf m jzpfygw,f?
b,fvkdbJ ajymajym 'Dae@&efoludk &ifqkdif&mrSm tm;&Sdzkd@vkdw,f? tm;qdkwJhae&mrSm
Ekid if aH &;tiftm;/ ppfa&;tiftm; jzpfygw,f?
Oyrm ajymr,fqkdvkd@&Sd&if 1988 ckESpfwkef;u jynfwGif;rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkawG
e,fpyfa'oudk a&mufvmw,f? tJ't D csed rf mS tdr&f iS Ef idk if u
H ausmif;om;awGzrf;+yD; jyefy@kd
vku
d w
f ,f? Ekid if aH &;vkyif ef;awGrmS trsKd ;rsKd ;aESmuf,u S cf w hJ ,f? tJ'aD wmh twku d t
f cHtzG@J
tpnf;awGu tpd;k &udk twdu k t
f cHvyk af ewm tdr&f iS Ef idk if uH a0zefw,f? xkid ;f u bmawGajym
108
ovJqakd wmh tvkyv f yk wf ahJ e&mrSm w&m;0ifoal wGe@J w+JG yD; vkyw f mrSew f ,f? [dvk al wG[m
w&m;0ifwv hJ al wG r[kwb f ;l ? tJ'aD wmh w&m;0ifwv hJ al wGe@J vky&f r,f? qkv d w
dk mu usaemfw@kd
vkd vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;awG[m w&m;0ifwhJ vlawGr[kwb f ;l ? w&m;0ifwmu e0w
tJ'aD wmh e0weJ@ vufw+JG yD;vky&f rnf qdw k t
hJ ajymtqkad wG ajymvmw,f? tJ't D csed w
f ek ;f u
e0wu tm%mvkxm;wJh vl jzpfw,f? ppftiftm;udk tm;udk;+yD; tm%mvkaewJh vl
jzpfw,f? jynfov l xl u k wifajrmufxm;wJh tzG@J tpnf;r[kwb f ;l ? od@k aomfvnf;bJ w&m;0if
w,fv@dk olu ajymawmhjyefpOf;pm;=unfah wmh bma=umifw h &m;0if&ovJ? ol@rmS tm;&Sw d ,f
tm;ubmvJ ppftiftm;bJ? EkdifiHa&;tm; r[kwfbl;? ppftiftm;&Sdaevkd@ w&m;0if
w,fvkd@ajym=uw,f? aemufwcg odyfr=umao;ygbl;? vGefcJhaom (2) v (3) v u
befaumufrmS (12) od@k (13) Ekid if aH ygi;f +y;D tpnf;ta0;vkyw f thJ cg pme,fZif;awGu ar;w,f?
tJ't D zG@J tpnf;rSm twdu k t f cH tzG@J tpnf;awGyg0ifciG rhf &Sbd ;l vm;? r=umcifawmhygvmrSmyg?
tckavmavmq,fuawmh tpk;d &tppfawGe@J baJ qG;aEG;wkid yf if ygao;w,f? tJ'aD wmh tJ'D
tpnf;ta0;rSm etzudv k nf;zdwaf c:awmhwufw,f? etz[m w&m;0ifa&G;aumufc&H wJh
tpkd;&r[kwfayr,fh tpdk;& tac:cH&vkd@ol@rSm tm;&Sdw,f? ol@&JŒtm;u EkdifiHa&;tiftm;
r[kwb f ;l ? ppftiftm;bJ? tJ'v D dk erlemawG&adS wmh ,ae@usaemfw@kd rmS vJbJ ol@ukd wdu k zf suw f hJ
ae&mrSm Ekid if aH &;tm;a&m/ ppfa&;tm;a&m &Szd @dk vw dk ,fv@dk jrifw,f?
usaemfwkd@rSm rvkyfvkd@om ppftiftm;r&Sdwm/ ppftiftm;&SdEkdifw,f? vuf&Sd etz&Jh
ppftiftm;udk rrSo D nfwh idk af tmif olrsm;txifrao;Ekid w f hJ tiftm; usaemfw@dk &Ekid w f ,f?
'ga=umifrh ‹kd v@dk 'Dae@'tD csed t
f cgrmS usaemfw@dk &hJ ppfa&;tiftm;udk usaemfw@kd pzk @dk vw
dk ,f? usaemf
vkyif ef;awGw;dk wufapcsiw f ,f? ywf0ef;usiu f av;pm;r_uckd cH si&f if usaemfw@kd ppftiftm;udk
usaemfw@kd pk&r,f?
'Dvdk pkwahJ e&mrSm (8) jynfaxmifpu k kd tajccH+yD;usaemfw@dk p+yD;vky=f upd@k q+dk yD; RCSS u
acgi;f aqmifwOD; wifjyoGm;wm rSew f ,fv@kd ,lqw,f? qkad wmh (8) jynfaxmif qkw d ahJ e&mrSm
(8) jynfaxmifr&&if (aomwD) Federation vkyrf ,f? 'Duae oH;k yGiq hf idk v
f @dk ajymae=uw,f?
usaemfw@kd u&ife&D hJ oabmxm;u oH;k yGiq hf idk rf &&if ESpyf iG v
hf yk rf ,f? tiftm;pkawGe@J EpS yf iG /hf
tvkyrf jzpf&if wyGiv hf yk rf ,f? wyGiq
hf w
dk mu rwlwhJ wkid ;f &if;om;awG tm;vH;k pkpnf;zk@d b?J
tJ'D wyGirhf &&ifvb J J aomwD Federation vkyrf ,f?
aomwD Federation qkw d mbmvJ? usaemfenf;enf; &Si;f jyyg&ap? [dak 'geawmifwef;
uae wqifhwqifhwufvkdufvkd@&Sd&if ay (8000) avmufjrifhwJh tjrifhqHk;ae&mrSm
“aomwDawmif” &Sw d ,f? tJ'D ywfywfvnfrmS u&ifvrl sKd ;awGb&J w dS ,f? aomwDawmif[m
u&ifeu D wydik ;f / u&ifuwydik ;f ykid wf ,f? tJ'aD wmh wjcm;rsKd ;EG,pf ak wGe@J tiftm;pkz@JG v@dk r&&if
aomwD Federation vkyrf ,f? qdv k wdk muawmh u&ifrsKd ;EG,pf ak wGvdk r[kwb f eJ @J te,fe,f
t&yf&yfu&Sw d hJ u&ifvrl sKd ;awG trsKd ;om;a&m/ trsKd ;orD;a&mtm;vH;k aomwDawmifwef;udk
0dik ;f &Hz@dk tm;ay;=uzk@d 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf u JG ae+yD;awmh zdwaf c:ygw,f?
109
[dkwkef;u OD;Eku ajymzl;w,f? u&ifvlrsdK;awG[m udk,f[mudk u&ifvlrsdK;awGvkd@

od+yD;pkpnf;wJh ae@[m wku d zf @kd rvG,af wmhb;l ? 'Dae@vnf; usaemfw@kd aomwD Federation
vkyvf @dk u&ifawGjyefpv
k u
dk &f if usew f hJ rsKd ;EG,pf ak wGtaeeJ@ pd;k &drpf w
d rf &S=d uyge@J v@dk usaemfajymvkd
ygw,f? wavmu vlwa,muf tvgy ovgy ajymoGm;w,f? u&ifawG r[m jzpfawmhr,f
xifw,fw?hJ usaemfw@kd r[m rvkyyf gb;l vk@d tm;vH;k udu k saemfajymvkyd gw,f?
ed*;kH taeeJ‹ ajymcsiw
f mu obmywdtaeeJ‹ OD;aqmif+yD;ajymoGm;wJt h xJrmS usaemfw@kd
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vk;H [m pkpnf;+yD; nD!w G af &;udk OD;aqmifajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'aD wmh
usaemfw@kd [m pkpnf;a&;/ nD!w G af &;qdw
k thJ ykid ;f ukd tajymeJ@r[kwb f J vufawG@vyk w
f ahJ e&mrSm
usaemfwkdjyh ifqifxm;wmu Federal Council qdw k t
hJ rnfemratmufrmS tm;vH;k pk;pnf;=uzk@d
vufawG@taumift xnfazmfaqmif&GufEkdif&ef ajym=um;&if; &yfem;ygw,f? tm;vHk;udk
aus;Zl;wifygw,fcifAsm;? Ò
pmrsuEf mS (107) KNU y'drk ef;&Sm rStquf

wjcm;tzG@J (7) zG@J (8) zG@J (15) zG@J usaemfw@kd Ceasefire Alliance qdw k yhJ vufazmif;wckom&&if/
olw@kd trsm;}uD;vkyv f @kd &w,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D yvufazmif;udk olw@kd r&bl;/ tJ'gvnf; usaemfw@kd
pOf;pm;p&myJ? 'gayrJo h w l @kd rmS tJ'gy&J adS wmh tJ'gbJ oGm;wdu k &f rSmayg/h wdu k yf gap/udprP &Sb
d ;l /
usaemfwdk@u t}uH^m%fay;oifhwmawGay;rSmyJ? okd@aomfvnf; usaemfwdk@zufuwdkufwJh
yvufazmif;uawmh olw@kd eŒJ uGmvdrrfh ,fv@kd xifygw,f? usaemfw@kd ykpH eH @J usaemfw@kd yvuf
azmif;uawmh yd+k y;D awmh vGwv f yfwhJ yvufazmif;jzpfw,f? yd+k y;D awmhvw G v
f yfwhJ yvufazmif;
udka&G;cs,f&r,f? tJ'Dtajctae&Sdw,f? usaemfwdk@rSm vGwfvyfwJhvljzpf&if;om;eJ@
ud,
k yhf vufazmif;udk vGwv f yfpmG ra&G;cs,Ef ikd b f ;l qd&k if usaemfw@kd nw hH myJv@kd xifw,f? usaemf
wd@k uawmh etz=oZmcH r[kwb f ;l vdŒk ajym=um;&if; ed*;Hk csKyftyfygw,f? Ò
110
5;4? KNPP wJzG uftwGi;f a&;rSL; clO;D &,frS u&ifejD ynftwGi;f

vuf&jdS zpfay:aeaom Edik if aH &;tajctaewifjycsu?f
u&ifejD ynf. vlO;D a& 4 yHt k euf 3 yHok nf ,cif 15

ESpf rwdik cf iftcsed u f ESifh pmv#if 'kuq Q if;&J}uD;pGmjzifh tcuf
tcJrsKd ;pHak tmifwiG f vkyu f ikd pf m;aomufae&v#uf &Syd gonf?
txl;ojzihf aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aexkdifaomjynfol
rsm;. b0rSmtxl;pdk;&drf&v#uf &Sdygonf? v,f,m
ajrrsm;wGif tcsdefjynfhvkyfukdifrSom avmufiSatmif
pm;aomuf&onfh vlxrk sm;rSm tcsed t f uef@towfjzifo h m
vkyu f idk cf sed &f &S+d y;D ae@pOfEiS thf r# etzppfwyfrsm;. wyfpcef;
rsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;jcif;/ wyfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf
clO;D &,f opf0g;rsm;udk &Sm;yg;vSonfh=um;u cufcpJ mG &SmazG ckw, f +l y;D
tcsdefrSDay;ydk@=u &ygonf? ‚if;wdk@v,f,m+cHajrrSxGuf&Sd
aom oD;ESHrsm;udk wyfurnfr#ay;aqmif&rnfqdkonfh etzwyfrsm;. awmif;cHr_rsm;ukd
rvGrJ aoG ay;aqmif=u&ojzifh rdom;pktrsm;pkrmS tpm;tpmavmufijS cif; r&Sad wmhay?
xk@d tjyif tcsKŒd a'orsm;wGif rawmfrw&m;pGypf +JG yD;zrf;qD;n‡i;f qJum csKyfaESmif;jcif;ESihf
owfjzwfjcif;rsm;udk typftcwf&yfpx J m;aom vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;rS wqifh vkyaf qmifap
v#u&f ydS gonf? tdro f m;csi;f rsuEf mS tk;d rnf;okw+f yD; &efwu
dk af y;aeygonf? aiGa=u;tqifajy
olrsm;rSm etz wyfrLS ;/ axmufvrS ;f a&;rSL;rsm;ESihf vm'fay;r_jyKvky+f yD; pD;yGm;&Sm=u&ygonf?
+rdK@wGif;aexkdifolrsm;rSm etz axmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. t+rJwrf;apmifh=unfhr_ atmufwGif
v_y&f mS ;ae&ouJo h @kd u&ifejD ynf. ajrmufyidk ;f / awmifyikd ;f ESifh ta&SŒykid ;f wGif aexkid =f uaom
jynforl sm;rSm etzwyfrsm;. twif;t=uyf aus;&Gma&GŒajymif;apjcif;ESihf r=umc% ppfqifa&;
jyKvkyrf r_ sm;a=umifh awmwGi;f wGiaf omfvnf;aumif;/ tdref eD m;csi;f jynfe,frsm;wGiaf omfvnf;
aumif; xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifae=u&qJ jzpfygonf? Todk@ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifae&r_a=umifh
tpma&pm jywfvwf+yD; tiftm;csed @J jcif; aoqH;k jcif;rsm; jzpfay: v#u&f adS eygonf?
2003 ckEpS f Ek0d ifbmv (15) &ufae@wiG f armfcs;D tajcpdu k f etz cr& (427) rS aus;&Gm
(15) &Gmtm; armfcsD;-awmifilESifh armfcsD;-vGdKifaumfvrf;ray:odk@ 'DZifbmvukeft+yD;
a&G@ajymif;=u&ef trde@f xw k cf yhJ gonf? xkt
d rde@f pmxkwjf yef+yD; r=umrDwiG f wku d yf rJG sm; tqdyk g
a'owGif qufwu dk jf zpfymG ;cJu
h m a'owckv;kH &Sd aus;&Gmrsm;tm; tuef@towfr&Sd twif;
t=uyf a&G@ajymif;apygonf? armfcs;D teD;w0ku d &f dS aus;&Gmom;rsm;udk twif;t=uyf ay:wm
qGaJ c: +yD; ppfajrjyifo@kd xu G af pojzifh &Gmom;tcsKŒd ajrjrKyfridk ;f eif;rd+yD; 'g%&f m&jcif;/ aoqH;k jcif;
&Scd yhJ gonf? vlrr,fE@dk q@kd rdcifrsm;yif ay:wmtjzpf twif;t=uyf qGaJ c:ygonf? u&ife,fpyfEiS hf
111
eD;pyfonfh aus;&Gmom;rsm;rSm u&ife,fajrwGi;f od@k xu G af jy;wdr;f a&Smifaomfvnf; u&ife,fajr

wGiv f nf; wku d yf rJG sm;ul;pufjzpfymG ;ojzifh u&ifev D x l yk gru u&ifvx l rk sm;yg twlwrd ;f a&Smif
ae=u&ygonf? aus;&Gmrsm; rD;&_Œd zsuq f ;D jcif; cHae&ygonf? ouf}u;D &G,t f tdk csKd @rmS vku d yf gEidk jf cif;
r&Sb d J cse&f pfxm;cH&+yD; tpmiwfjywfaoqH;k =u&ygonf? tcsKd @rmS awmwGi;f wGif ajy;v$m;
ykeaf tmif; aexkid af e=uqJyifjzpfygonf? e,fajrta&S@jcrf;wGif aexkid af om aus;&Gmom;rsm;rSm
awmwGi;f ajy;v$m;ykeaf tmif;aexdik &f if; xkid ;f e,fajrtwGi;f 'kuo Q nftjzpf0ifa&muf tajccs
aexkid v f #u&f o dS nfrmS ,ae@widk yf ifjzpfonf? &Sr;f e,fajrtwGi;f xGuaf jy;aexkid o f rl sm;rSm tcsK‹d
&vvzxde;f csKyfe,fajrwGif a'ocHvx l rk sm;ESihf aexkid &f if; &vvzxH tcGeaf y;aqmif&if;
aexkdif=u&ygonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf etz aESmuf,Sufr_rS vGwfuif;apa&;twGuf
&vvz. tumtuG,fay;r_udk,l&onfhtwGuf a'ocHxH tvkyf&SmazGvkyfudkif&if;
touf&iS &f onf=h um;u ‚if;wkŒd udk tcGeaf y; aqmifae&ygonf? tcsKd @rmS ae&yf&if;od@k jyefvnf
tajccsaexkdif&ef jyifqifv#uf&Sdygonf? tb,fa=umifhqkdaomf uvvw rS ‚if;wdk@tm;
rjyefvmygu tjcm;e,fajrrS jynfolrsm;ukd ac:aqmifvm+yD; tajccsaexkdifaprnf [k
+cdr;f ajcmufaoma=umifh jzpfonf? aus;vufa'orsm;wGif aexkid af omjynforl sm;udk Tod@k
etzrS enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh zdEydS +f yD;/ +rdK@wiG f aexkid af omjynforl sm;ukrd l oGm;vmaexkid f vkyu f ikd pf m;
aomufru _ kd csKyfuidk +f yD; ‚if;wd@k .vkyaf qmifru _ kd tm;ay;axmufcv H matmif zdtm;ay;aeyg
onf? pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf; vmatmif yGv J rf;obmiftvSLyG/J }udKqkyd /JG tcef;tem; trsKd ;rsKd ;
zefw;D +yD; pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;}uD;i,f[o l r# vkyu f idk af eolrsm;ukd tvSLaiG tqrwefrjzpfrae
ay;vSLapygonf? +rKd @&mG pnfyifom,ma&;ESihf zH@G +zKd ;a&;twGuf vkyt f m;ay;r_trsKd ;rsKd ;wGif wtdrf
wa,mufroGm;rae& vkyt f m;ay;apygonf?
Tenf;jzifh +rdK@wiG ;f aevlxrk u aus;vufae vlxrk sm;yg toufcsr;f omr&Sb
d J ae@w"l0
etz ppfwyf. zdEydS rf a_ tmufwiG f toufyif r&SL&Javmufatmifyif a=umif&ŒHG r_atmufrS
&ke;f xGurf &atmif &Sad eygonf?
etz. 'Dru
dk a&pDvrf;jyajryHk pDru
H ed ;f v_y&f mS ;r_
etzwdk@onf ‚if;wdk@. 'Drkdua&pDqDodk@ OD;wnfonf[k qkdaomtcsuf (7) csufyg
vrf;jyajrykH tpDtpOf udk u&ifev D x l rk sm;oabmayguef m;vnf+yD; axmufcrH a_ y;vmatmif
enf;rsKd ;pHjk zifh pnf;&H;k a[majym rJq, G v f #u&f ydS gonf? wzufrmS vnf; jynforl sm;xJrS trsm;&dak o
r_ ydkrdk&&Sdonf[k ,lq&olrsm;ukd csnf;uyfum autJefyDyDtm; typftcwf&yfpJa&;
jyKvkyv f matmif qGaJ qmif pnf;&H;k apygonf? ‚if;wk@d tm; etzrS zdtm;ay;r_a=umifh r[kwb f J
‚if;wd@k qENoabmxm;tav#muf vma&mufawG@qjkH cif;om jzpfonf[ak jym qdak pygonf?
tjcm;wzufwGifrl typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJ@rsm;ESifh rdrdwdk@xHtnHhcHoGm;olrsm;tm;
ajr‡mufxkd;yifhaumfvkyf+yD; autJefyDyDtm; tjywfacsr_ef;a&;udk aiGa=u;ay;jcif;/ vufeuf
wyfqifay;jcif;ESihf pD;yGm;vkyu f uG rf sm;ay;jcif;wk@d jzifh jrLqG,af eygonf? tqdyk g tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS
acgi;f aqmifvyk af eolrsm;ukd jyefvnfusi;f yawmhrnfh nDvmcHo@kd rdrw d @kd . jynfe,fu,kd pf m;jyK
112
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;taejzifh wufa&muf&ef zdwaf c:xm;ygonf? vlxrk sm;t=um;/ tzG@J wckEiS hf
wckt=um; roifhrjrwfjzpfatmif pnf;jcm;+yD; tuGufususudkifwG,fum oyfv#dKpnf;&Hk;
v#uf&Sdaeygonf? nDtpfudk aqGrsdK;csif;yifv#if roifhrjrwf=uatmif ajr‡mufxkd;yifhaumfr_
jyKvkyyf gonf?
autJeyf yD t D m; Oya'abmiftwGi;f jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmatmif qGaJ qmifpnf;&H;k +yD;
nDvmcH wufa&mufonftxd vlxkrsm;ukd pnf;&Hk;apygonf? nDvmcHodk@ wufa&muf+yD;
rdrv d v kd m;r_rsm;ukd awmif;cHv#if &rnf[al om rufv;kH rsm; ajymqkad pygonf? ‚if;wk@d jyKvkyrf nfh
tcsuf (7) csuyf g vrf;jyajryHk tpDtpOfukd nDvmcHwiG f t+yD;owf twnfjyKa&;qGEJ idk v f #if
jynfow l &yfv;kH vkvd m;awmif;wonfh 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if aH wmfqo D @kd ta&muf wufvrS ;f Ekid rf nf[k
vlxu k kd pnf;&H;k ajymqkad eygonf? autJeyf yD t D aejzifh wxpfcs,=Hk unf onfrmS jyefvnfjyK
vkyrf nfh nDvmcHonf [dv k yl grS 'Dvyl grq
S +kd yD;awmh apmifah ernfr[kwb f J ‚if;wd@k rlvtpDtpOf
twkdif; jzpfajrmufatmif qufvkyfrnfomjzpfonf? nDvmcHrS xGufvmrnfh &v'fonf
etztm; w&m;0ifr&_ &Sad tmif axmufcv H u kd of nfh tajzwcktjzpf urBmtm; jyvkjd cif;om
jzpfonf[k ,lqonf? jynforl sm;ar#mv f ifah eaom 'Dru dk a&pDzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpEk iS hf wnfwhH
ckid jf rJrnfh ppfreS o f nf+h idr;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufEikd rf nf r[kw[ f k wxpfcs ,k=H unfonf?
etz.ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_
2003 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvukecf sed rf pS +yD; etzonf wyfr (55) vufatmuf&dS wyf&if; (10)
&if;ukd u&ifejD ynfe,fo@kd xyfrt H iftm;jznfq h nf;cJyh gonf? Twyf&if;opfrsm;tm; armfcs;D
aemufzufa'owGif typf&yftzG@J 0ifrsm;. tultnDjzifh wyfpcef;topfrsm;zGiv hf pS w
f ;dk csŒJ
xm;ygonf? typf&yftzG@J 0ifrsm;tm; jynforl sm;udk pnf;&H;k apI wrsKd ;/ ajcmufveS ‹f I wzHk
jyKvkyaf pygonf? u&ifeED iS hf u&ife,fpyfwav#mufwu dk yf JG t&Sed jf rifrh m;aeouJo
h @kd ajrmufyidk ;f
&Sr;f jynfe,fpyfa'orsm;wGiv f nf; ppfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; jyKvkyaf eygonf? wku d yf }JG uD;i,frsm;
jzpfymG ;v#u&f adS eygonf? xkid ;f u&ifeD e,fpyfwav#mufwiG v f n;f ajcmufaoG@&moDtwGi;f
xk;d ppfrsm; jyKvky&f ef t&Sed ,
f vl #u&f adS eygonf?
autJeyf yD .
D tajccH&yfwnfr_
autJeyf yD o D nf ppfa&;r[mrdwtf zG@J 0if tiftm;pkjzpfouJo h @kd wjcm;aomArmtygt0if
wkdif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh ppfa&;t&aomfvnf;aumif;/ EkdifiHa&;t&
aomfvnf;aumif;/ teD;uyfy;l aygi;f wku d yf 0JG ifv#u&f ydS gonf? xko
d @kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af eonfh
tay: Ekid if aH &;t&jzpfap/ ppfaa&;t&jzpfap wyfaygi;f pk/ r[mrdwjf yKvkyx f m;aom tzG@J rsm;ESihf
113
5;5? ENSCC twGi;f a&;rSL;a'guw

f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f . =um;jzwfarwWm&yfccH suf
obmywdrSwqifh usaemf aqG;aEG;wifjycsifwmu

awmh cke KNPP 0ef}uD;csKyfe‹J KNPP wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
wifjywJt h ay:rSm usaemfxyfqifh aqG;aEG;&if;eJ‹ arwWm&yfcH
csuaf wG/ +yD;awmhar;cGe;f awG usaemfvyk cf siyf gw,f? usaemf
ajymqkwd t hJ cgus&if usaemfwa,mufxt J aeeJ@r[kwb f eJ ‹J
usi;f ya&;aumfrw D D uk,
d pf m;taeeJ‹ wifjycsiyf gw,f?
usaemfw‹dk usi;f ya&;aumfrw D D tcrf;tem; tpDtpOf
awG a&;qGw J ek ;f u bmjzpfv‹dk 'DreuftpDtpOfrmS KNU eJ‹
KNPP ESpcf x k u J b
dk xJ nfo
h iG ;f +yD;awmh aqG;aEG;wifjyapcsif
ovJ qkdvkd‹&Sd&if usaemfwkd‹tm;vkH; od&Sdxm;onfhtwkdif;
a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f
EkdifiHa&;tajctae[m usaemfwkd@wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pk
tm;vk;H &Jh vufeufuidk af wmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrmS usaemfw‹dk tm;uk;d tm;xm;jyKaewJh KNU
&Jh taetxm;[m usaemfw‹dk twGuf trsm;}u;D ta&;}u;D ygw,f? tJ't D wGuaf =umifh tm;vk;H
od&x dS m;wJt
h wkid ;f vuf&dS KNU twGi;f rSmjzpfay: wk;d wufaewJh Ekid if aH &;eJ‹ ygwo f uf+yD;awmh
usaemfw‹dk 'DE;DS aESmzvS,yf rJG mS ºuGa&mufvmwJh acgi;f aqmifawGtm;vk;H u vuf&adS emufq;Hk
tajctaeawGukd usaemfwkd‹ od&Sdxm;jcif;tm;jzifh reufjzef obufcgawGrSm qufvuf
aqG;aEG;rnfh udpaP wGrmS usaemfw‹dk aqG;aEG;ok;H oyfz‹dk e‹J r[mAsL[m/ enf;AsL[m csrw S w
f hJ
tcgusv‹dk &&dS if yk+d yD;awmh tjrif&iS ;f &Si;f vif;vif;eJ@vyk af qmifEidk rf ,fv‹dk usaemfo;Hk oyfygw,f?
tJ'D twGuaf =umifh 'Du¾ukd usaemfw@dk jyefxnfjh cif;jzpfygw,f?
'Dreuf wifjyoGm;ay;wJh KNU u y'krd ef;&Sma&m KNPP u Akv d cf sKyfatmifoef;av;a&m
txl;aus;Zl;wifygw,f? ok‹d aomf usaemfw‹dk usi;f ya&;aumfrw D u
D ae+yD;awmh 'D tcef;u¾
xnfo h iG ;f &jcif; ta=umif;&if;udp[
P m vl}u;D rif;wk‹d . wifjyaqG;aEG;r_txJrmS ay:rvmao;wm
ukad wG‹&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh 'Du¾ukd aus;Zl;jyK+yD;awmh aemufq;Hk KNU taeeJ‹ jzpfay:
ajymif;vJaewJh &efuek cf &D;pOftygt0if usaemfw‹dk tao;pdwrf qkv d ydk gb;l ? usaemfw‹dk quf+yD;
aqG;aEG;&rJh etz&Jh NC ukd b,fvdk wke‹f jyef&rvJ? etz&Jh Road Map ukd usaemfw‹dk b,fvdk
ok;H oyf&rvJ? tJ'aD y:rSm usaemfw‹kd o;kH oyfcsuaf y:rSm b,fvkd Strategies awGb,fvakd &;qGJ
&rvJ Tactics awG b,fvkd vky&f rvJ? yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf a_ wG b,fvv kd yk &f r,fqw
kd hJ tydik ;f u
usaemfw@kd taeeJ‹ &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; jrifxm;zd‹k vykd gw,f? usaemfw‹kd tydik ;f rSm tm;enf;csuv f @kd
ajym&rvm;rodb;l ? usaemfw‹dk tcrf;tem;awG pDpOfwahJ e&mrSm usaemfw‹kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;
rsm;wd‹k . Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf vufeufawmfveS af &; tiftm;pkw‹kd . vuf&dS awG‹}uHKae&aom
Edik if aH &;tajctaersm;qd+k yD;awmh 'Dvykd J a,bk,sa&;xm;ygw,f? 'Dvadk &;xm;&wJh ta=umif;
114
&if;uvJ ckeuusaemfajymovdk KNU uae+yD;awmh olw‹kd &hJ aemufq;kH tajctaeawGukd

wifjy&ef qd+k y;D a&;vdu k v
f @kd &&dS if ES;D aESmzvS,yf t JG pDtpOfawG tjyifa&mufomG ;vd‹k &&dS if usaemfw‹kd
twGuf vH+k cHKa&;t& raumif;rSmpd;k &dryf gw,f? tE &W ,fvJ jzpfvmEkid yf gw,f? t'DtwGuf
a=umifh usaemfw‹kd usi;f ya&;aumfrwDtwGi;f rSmvJ KNU acgi;f aqmifawG &Syd gw,f// +yD;vd@k &&dS if
usi;f ya&;aumfrw D D OuUX ud, k w f vJ KNPP jzpfygw,f? tJ't
f ikd u D wGuaf =umifh usi;f ya&;
aumfrw D t D wGi;f em;vnfrE_ iS hf usi;f ya&;aumfrw D rD mS yg0ifwhJ acgi;f aqmifawGuae+yD;awmh
rdrw
d ‹dk &thJ zG‹J tpnf; txl;ojzifh KNU eJ‹ KNPP &Jh tajctae udk aus;Zl;jyK+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;
ay;=uzd@k arwWm&yfcw H mjzpfygw,f?? tJ'grb S J usaemfw‹dk a&SŒqufvyk if ef;ukd qufvyk v f ‹dk &r,fv‹dk
usaemfw@dk usi;f ya&;aumfrw D uD ae+yD;awmh aqG;aEG;xm;wm&Syd gw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'D aqG;aEG;
xm;wJt h wkid ;f usaemfw‹dk ar#mrf eS ;f xm;wJt h wkid ;f 'Dae‹aqG;aEG;csuu f jzpfrvmao;wJt h wGuf
usaemfwdk@usif;ya&; aumfrDwDtaeeJ‹ xyfqifh+yD;awmh arwWm&yfcHvkdwmu usaemfwkd‹
ar#mfrSef;xm;wJh u¾av;ukdjzpfEkdifvkd‹&Sd&if txl;ojzifh KNU zufu ESpfrdepf/ okH;rdepf
avmufjzpfjzpf/ 5 rdepf/ 10 rdepf avmufbJ jzpfjzpfxyfqif+h yD;awmh &Si;f jyEkid v f ‹dk &&dS if a&SŒquf
aqG;aEG;&rJu h ¾rSm tusK;d &Srd ,fv‹dk usaemfar#mv f ifyh gw,f?
'Dreuf wifjyay;wJh KNU taxGaxG twGi;f a&;rSL; z'krd ef;&Sm ukd txl;bJaus;Zl;wif
ygw,f? 'gayrJh taxGaxGaqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfwJhtwGuf usaemfwkd‹vkdcsifwJht"du yGdKifhu
ra&mufao;bl;/ tJ't D wGuaf =umifh 'Du¾ukd KNU zufu acgi;f aqmif wOD;OD;uae+y;D awmh
xyfqifjh yD;awmh&iS ;f jyay;ygv@kd tEl;t!Gwbf J arwWm&yfcv
H ydk gw,f? Ò
pmrsuEf mS (113) KNPP clO;D &,frt

S quf
oabmwlncD srw S xf m;onfh tajccH&yfwnfcsurf sm;tjyif rdrw d @kd ,cifygw.
D tajccHEidk if aH &;
&yfwnfcsut f ay: rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnf+yD; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k wd@k . wef;wlnrD #a&;/
+ird ;f csr;f om,mwk;d wufa&;/ ud,
k yf idk jf yXmef;cGihf tcGit
hf a&;/ zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmuf
a&;ESihf 'Dru dk a&pDta&;wd@k taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&u G Ef idk o
f nftxd qufvufwu dk yf 0JG if
oGm;rnfom jzpfyga=umif; wifjytyfygonf? Ò
115
5;6? KNU 'k-OuUX Adv k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r. KNU ESihf etzppftpd;k &

awG@qHak qG;aEG;yJt
G ay: &Si;f vif;wifjyjcif;
av;pm;tyfwhJ wkid ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;cifAsm;-

'Dae‹[m usaemfwkd‹ wkdif;&if;om;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJjzpf
w,f? 'ga=umifh usaemfajymcsiw f mu u&ifah wmfveS af &;
[m 1946 ckEpS rf S pwif+yD;awmh awmfveS af &; vkycf yhJ gw,f?
usaemfw‹dk pwifwm u&ifwOD;xJ r[kwb f ;l ? u&ifeD ygw,f?
rGef ygw,f? usaemfw‹dk ok;H zG‹J w+ydKifxJ awmfveS af &; wif+yD;
awmh tpkd;&ukdawmfvSefw,f? tpkd;&ukdawmfvSefwmu
usaemf wkd‹wkdif;&if;om;awG &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;
r&&SdwJhtwGuf usaemfwkd@awmfvSefwmjzpfw,f? +yD;awmh
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r u&ifjynfwkd‹/ rGefjynfwkd‹/ u&ifeDjynf jyefawmif;wmbJ
jzpfw,f? olw‹dk u tykid pf ;D awmh zqyv tzG‹J tpnf;taeeJ@
vlrsKd;pktcGifhta&; tukefvkH;ydwfyifw,f? pmvnf; roif&bl;/ vlrsKd;pkbmomawGvnf;
roif&bl;/ tukev f ;Hk ydwxf m;w,f? vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;ukd tukev f ;Hk ydwx
f m;w,f? ydwx f m;
wJth wGuf usaemfw‹dk [m usaemfw‹dk vcdk siw f hJ usaemfw‹dk jynfujdk yefawmif;w,f? awmif;&if
vnf; olw‹dk ray;bl;? ray;awmh wku d yf jJG zpfw,f? wku d yf jJG zpfawmh wqifw h qifh usaemfw@dk
awmfvSefa&;wav#mufvkH;rSmqkd&if usaemfwkd‹od&wmu usaemfwkd‹ArmEkdifiHa&;orm;eJ@
yl;aygi;f w,f/ qufo, G w
f ,f? wyfaygi;f pkvyk cf w hJ ,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw@dk awG‹&wm tm;vk;H
ArmEkid if aH &;orm;[m tukev f ;Hk r[mvlrsKd ;}uD;0g'ukd udik pf w JG t
hJ zG‹J tpnf;awG jzpfw,f?
usaemfw‹dk jyef=unfv h udk rf ,fq&dk if t&if tpk;d &vnf; r[mvlrsK;d }uD;pepfudk ukid pf w JG ,f?
+yD;awmh Armuvnf; r[mvlrsKd;}uD;pepfukd ukdifpGJwmbJ/ wjcm;tzGJ‹vnf; 'Dtwkdif;bJ?
'ga=umifrh @kd v‹dk usaemfw‹dk awG‹w,f? 'D r[mawG[m tukev f ;Hk bJ/ 'DArmawG[m tukev f ;Hk
r[mvlrsK;d }uD;0g' ukid pf w
JG ,f? usaemfw‹dk vlrsK;d pktcGit hf a&;ukd vk;H 0ray;csib f ;l ? ray;csiw f hJ
twGuf usaemfw‹dk u&ifejD ynfrmS oGm;+yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk NDF oGm;zG‹J w,f? tJ'w D ek ;f u
y'krd ef;bZH ygw,f? usaemfw‹dk zG‹J pnf;xm;wJh NDF [m usaemfw‹dk [kw d ek ;f u owfrw S w f ,f?
tJ'OD pPm[m vlrsK;d pkawG&hJ Ekid if aH &;tajccH pcef;bJ? 'ga=umifh usaemfw‹dk vlrsK;d pk[m 'D NDF
rSm pkpnf;+yD;awmh 'D&efou l dk qef‹usizf ‹dk / 'D&efou
l dk wku
d cf udk zf ‹dk jzpfw,f? +yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk [m
'D NDF rSm ArmawG 0ifyidk cf iG rhf &Sb d ;l / Arm0ifciG v hf nf; ray;bl;? vlrsK;d pkcsi;f awGbJ usaemfw‹dk
0ifciG ahf y;w,f? +yD;awmh ArmawGwufvmawmh usaemfw‹dk uvnf; olw‹dk e‹J vnf; wyfaygi;f pk
vkyrf ,f? olw‹dk udk rypfxm;bl;/ usaemfw‹dk DAB zG‹J w,f? zG‹J awmh vlrsK;d pkawG tukev f ;Hk ygw,f?
ArmtzGJ‹tpnf;awGvnf; trsm;}uD;ygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfwkd‹awG‹&wm ArmtzGJ‹tpnf;
116
awG[m tukev f ;Hk r[mqefqefawGb?J usaemfw‹dk wyfaygi;f pk vkycf w hJ hJ ArmtzG‹J awG[m OD;Ek
tzG‹J / OD;Ekvnf; oltm%mjyKwaf yrJv h ‹dk ol‹r[muawmh rjyKwb f ;l ? olqufvuf+y;D ukid pf w JG mbJ?
'ge‹J aemufq;Hk r[mvlrsK;d }uD;ukd ukid pf w JG thJ wGuf oltvkyaf tmifjrifatmif taumiftxnf
azmfv‹dk r&bl;? xked nf;wl usaemfawG‹w,f? AuAvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f bJ AuAukw d ±kwjf ynfu
tultnDtrsm; }uD;ay;cJyh gw,f? tultnDtrsm;}uD; ay;cJah yrJv h ‹dk ol[mr[mvlrsK;d }uD;
pepfudk ukid pf w JG thJ wGuf ol&wJv h ufeuf[m vlrsK;d pkurdk ay;csib f ;l ? wcsK‹d ay;wmawmifrS pdwcf s
vufcs ray;bl;? ,k, H =Hk unf=unfe‹J ay;wmr[kwb f ;l ? usaemfo&d wm ucsiu f dk ay;w,f?
&Sr;f ukd ay;w,f? 'gayrJh cJ,rf;rD;ausmuf tjynft h pkH ray;bl;? vkv H aHk vmufavmuf ray;bl;?
wkdufyGJ wcgpmwcgpm omay;w,f? wkdufyGJukef&if oGm;jyefawmif; tJ'DvkdbJ? 'ga=umifh
vlrsK;d pkawG[m &efou l dk jyefrwku
d Ef idk b
f ;l ? +yD;awmh usaemfawG‹&wm usaemfw‹dk u&ifawG[m
r&bl;? trSeo f w l ‹dk r[mvlrsK;d }uD;pepfudk rukid pf JG vk‹d &&dS if vlrsK;d pktm;vk;H vufeufjzef‹ay;r,f
qkvd ‹dk &&Sd if &efuek t f pk;d & jyKwfatmif wku d Ef idk w
f ,f/ jyKwfatmif wku d Ef idk w
f hJ taetxm;rSm
&Sw
d ,f?
'gayrhJ r[mvlrsKd;}uD;a=umifh Armjynftpkd;&ukd wkdufvkd‹r&bl;/ +yD;awmh usaemfwkd‹
}udKwifox d m;w,f? usaemfw‹dk wGuw f ,f/ usaemfw‹dk wyfaygi;f pkawG tm;vk;H [m tu,fI
awG‹q;Hk aqG;aEG;yGaJ y:vmvd@k &&dS if wzG‹J wpnf; usaemfw‹dk roGm;bJe‹J usaemfw‹dk wyfaygi;f pktaeeJ‹
usaemfw‹dk ppk pk nf;pnf; ckid cf idk rf mrmeJ‹ usaemfw‹dk omG ;&if yk+d yD;awmh tusK;d &Srd ,f? wyfaygi;f pk
taeeJ@omG ;&if usaemfw‹dk ykrd t dk iftm;}uD;+yD;awmh &efou l ydk +dk yD;awmh wku d Ef idk rf ,f? Ekid if aH &;t&
bJjzpfjzpf ppfa&;t&bJjzpfjzpf tukev f ;Hk wku
d Ef idk w
f ,f? 'gayrJ[ h w
dk ek ;f u usaemfw‹dk vyk x f m;
wJph mcsKyf[m DAB vnf; 'Dtwkid ;f &Sw d ,f? +y;D awmh NDF vnf; 'Dtwkid ;f jzpfw,f? vkv d m;wJh
awG‹qjHk cif;ay:vm&if usaemfw‹dk oD;jcm;oD;jcm;oGm;rawG‹beJ ‹J usaemfw‹dk wyfaygi;f pktaeeJ‹
oGm;awG‹=uygp‹dk v‹dk tJ'v D dk oabmwlpmcsKyfvyk x f m;w,f? tukev f ;Hk wyfaygi;f pk acgi;f aqmif
awGvnf; vufrw S x
f ;dk w,f? 'gayrJh awG‹qaHk qG;aEG;zdŒk ac:vmwJt h cg usawmh em;raxmifawmh
bl;? olomG ;csio f mG ;/ uk, d o f mG ;csiof mG ;jzpfae=uw,f?
'gayrJh usaemfw@dk u&ifawmfveS af &;uawmh 'Dae‹txdbJ &Sad eygao;w,f? usaemfw‹dk
&efoel ‹J omG ;awG‹wm tckbJ oGm;awG‹w,f? t&ifwek ;f u usaemfw‹dk u ckid cf idk b f J 'D&efou l dk
wkud wf ,f? 'D&efou l dk tckid t f rmukd wku d w f ,f? +yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk pmcsKyfudk jynf=unfrh ,f
qkdvkd@&Sd&if usaemfwkd‹r[mrdwfawG/ wyfaygif;pkacgif;aqmifawG/ &efolawG‹qkHaqG;aEG;yGJ
ac:vmoa&G‹ oD;jcm;oD;jcm;roGm;ygapeJ‹qw dk hJ oabmwlncD suef ŒJ tnD usaemfw‹dk e‹J twlwl
t=umqk;H [m rGef &Sw d ,f? rGeaf cgi;f aqmif Ekid af &$usif olroGm;bl;/ ol‹tzG‹J tukev f ;Hk oGm;ayrJh
olroGm;bl;? rme,fyavmrSmusecf w hJ ,f? aemufq;Hk awmh olomG ;&wmbJ/ olwa,mufxJ
usew f muk;d +y;D awmh usaemfw‹dk u&ifawmfveS af &; ajym&r,fq&dk if usaemfw‹dk tcuftcJ trsK;d rsK;d
&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfwkd‹cHEkdifwmbJ/ usaemfwkd‹ &ifqkdifwmbJ/ 'D&efolawG[m usaemfwkd‹
u&if&mG awGudk tukev f ;Hk rD;±_Œd / tukevf ;Hk zsuq f ;D / 'gayrJh usaemfw‹dk u&ifawG[m cHEidk w
f mbJ?
117
t±_;H ray;bl;/ +yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk u&ifvx l v

k nf; 'Dtwkid ;f bJ KNU vkb d J cHwu dk w f mbJ/
txl;ojzifh zgyGefc&kdifrSm vlxkawGuaoewfukdif+yD; &efolukdwkdufwmbJ/ &efolukd AkH;eJ‹
axmifw f mbJ? wcsK‹d u 'kuo Q nftjzpfroGm;csib f ;l / 'kuo Q nf oGm;&if bmoGm;vkyrf vJ/ 'g[m
wk‹d widk ;f jynf r[kwb f ;l vk‹d tJ'v D dk oabmxm;w,f? tJ'D cH,cl su&f w dS ,f? ao&ifw‹dk widk ;f jynf
rSmbJ aor,f? 'Dvdk vlpm;trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f? +yD;awmh vlxv k nf; &efou l x dk x d ad &mufa&muf
wku d wf ,f? 'D&efou l dk xdxad &mufa&muf wku d w f t hJ wGuf usaemfw‹dk &GmawGudk tukev f ;Hk
rD;&_Œd ypfw,f? &_Œd ypf&ifvnf; usaemfw‹dk t&_;H ray;bl;/ 'Dae‹txd&w dS mbJ/ +yD;awmh &efov l nf;
odw,f? ol‹uw dk u dk w f m u&if[m t=umqk;H bJ/ ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm=umw,f? +yD;awmh etz
Akv
d cf sKyfxu J wa,mufuajymw,f? u&ifawmfveS af &;[m olwŒdk todtrSwjf yKw,f? bmjzpf
vJqadk wmh u&ifah wmfveS af &;[m ol‹trsK;d om;awGtwGuf olwu dk w f ,f? ol‹trsK;d om;twGuf
wku d yf 0JG ifw,f? 'ga=umifh olw‹dk todtrSwjf yKw,f? +yD;awmh aemufq;Hk olw‹dk awG‹qaHk qG;aEG;zdŒk
ac:w,f? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;ac:w,f? wjcm;tzG‹J tpnf;awG oGm;w,f? usaemfw‹dk roGm;bl;/
&efou l ajymw,f/ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vmvky/f Oya'abmifwiG ;f rSm0if vufeufuidk v f rf;pOf
pGe‹f / Ekid if aH &;pum;rajymeJ‹ a'ozH@G +zdK;a&;vkyyf gv‹dk 'Dvadk jymw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfw‹dk u&if
uawmhrvkyb f ;l / usaemfw‹dk ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm wku d af ewm pD;yGm;a&;vkyzf ‹dk r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfw‹dk
trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;/ vGwaf jrmufz‹dk twGuf wku d w
f ,f? 'ga=umifh olw‹dk ajymwm usaemf
wk‹d vufrcHb;l / vufrcHawmh usaemfw‹dk u olw‹dk uEdk pS af ygi;f rsm;pGm jyefvnfwu dk cf udk w f ,f?
wku d af e&awmh aemufq;Hk u 'DZifbmvrSm pef;yGiu hf vmw,f? vmawmh [kw d ek ;f u owfrw S f
csuaf wG tukev f ;Hk jzKwfvu dk +f yD/ r&Sad wmhb;l wJ/h bmrS rvkad wmhb;l wJ/h vufeufuidk f vrf;pOf
pGe‹f vw G w f mvnf; r&Sad wmhb;l / Oya'abmiftwGi;f ok‹d 0ifwmvnf; rygawmhb;l / +yD;awmh
r,foa&mxmvnf; rygawmhbl;/ vm+yD;awmh awG‹qkHaqG;aEG;Ekdifw,f? usaemfajymwm
wu,f[w k vf m;/ olu [kww f ,fw/hJ wu,f[w k &f ifawmh usaemfw‹dk pOf;pm;rSmaygah v/ 'gqdk
&if usaemfw‹dk jyefvnfaqG;aEG;&tk;H rSmaygh wa,mufxu J bmjzpfEidk rf mS vJ/ 'ge‹J usaemfw‹dk
jyefvmw,f/ jyefvmawmh A[krd mS usaemfw‹dk vlig;OD; v$ww f ,f? v$waf wmh ,k=H unfrt _ wGuf
wnfaqmufzkd‹ v$wfygw,f? usaemfajymw,f/ cifAsm;wkd‹vkyfwm rSefvm;/ rrSefbl;vm;/
&k;d om;r_&v dS m;/ r&Sv d m;/ olu &k;d om;r_&w dS mr&Sw d m olrajymwwfb;l wJ/h cifAsm;wk‹d bJ oGm;
=unfw h /hJ 'geŒJ usaemfw‹dk vlvw $ w f ,f/ jyefvmw,f/ jyefvmawmh aemufawG‹qEHk idk af &;twGuf
usaemfw‹dk omG ;w,f? oGm;awmh usaemfo‹l udk ajymwmbJ/ tck usaemfw‹dk vmwm wjcm;tzG‹J
awGe‹J rwlb;l / usaemfw@dk vmwmu Oya'abmiftwGi;f xJrmS 0if vufeufuidk v f rf;pOfpeG ‹f /
usaemfw‹dk vufrcHwt hJ wGuf cifAsm;wk‹d t&ifwek ;f uac:w,f? usaemfw‹dk rvmbl;/ vufeuf
ukid v f rf;pOfpeG ‹f qw dk mu vufeufcsb/J usaemfw‹dk vufeufrcsEidk b f ;l / +yD;awmh Oya'abmif
twGi;f xJrmS 0ifqw dk mu uk, d u hf ,dk u
f dk e0w qDvm+yD; todtrSwjf yKckid ;f wmbJ/ 'k‹d ut dk od
trSwjf yKyg/ tJ'v D dk oabm&Sw d ,f? &Sw d thJ wGuaf =umifv h nf; vufrcHEidk b f ;l / vufrcHawmh
rvmbl;/ tu,fI usaemfw‹dk vmr,fq&dk if usaemfw‹dk udk usaemfw‹dk vm+yD; todtrSwjf yK
wJ h t wG u f usaemf w k d ‹ [m e0wvl j zpf o G m ;+yD / e0wvl j zpf o G m ;awmh usaemf w k d ‹ [m
118
bmrSajymp&mrvkdbl;/ awmif;p&mvnf; rvkdawmhbl;/ usaemfol‹ukd 'Dvkdajymw,f?

tckusaemfvmwm 'Dvrdk [kwb f ;l / tck usaemfw‹dk vmvkyw f hJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &;[m vufeuf
csz‹dk r[kwb f ;l / Oya'abmiftwGi;f rSm 0ifz‹dk vnf;r[kwb f ;l / usaemfw‹dk vyk rf hJ typftcwf&yfpJ
a&;[m typftcwf&yfpaJ &;vky+f yD; aemufyidk ;f rSm Ekid if aH &;pum; ajym&r,f? Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;
&r,f? tJ'g oabmwlnrD _ &S&d dS / oabmwlnrD _ r&Sb d ;l qkv d ‹dk &&dS if uk, d ahf e&muk, d jf yefb/J
jyefwu dk rf mS bJ/ 'gbJ usaemfvcdk siw f ,f? 'ga=umifh cifAsm;wk‹d +idr;f csr;f a&;vky&f if aumif;aumif;
rGerf eG v
f yk /f cif!eG ‹f u ol‹vu l dk ajymw,f? usaemfajymw,f cifAsm; +ird ;f csr;f a&;[m rrSeaf o;bl;/
pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_eJ‹ +idrf;csrf;a&;qdk&kHeJ@qdk&if usaemfoabmrusbl;/ rrSefbl;/ cifAsm;wkd‹
tJ'v D adk &;yg? ppfreS w f +hJ ird ;f csr;f a&;eJ‹ ppfreS w f nhJ ! D wG af &; jzpf&r,f? cif!eG ‹f u ol‹vu l dk ajymw,f/
em;axmifyg tJ'Dvkd jyefa&;ygwJh/ aemufwae‹ olwkd‹u ppfrSefwJh+idrf;csrf;a&;eJ‹ ppfrSefwJh
nD!Gwfa&;vkd‹ jyefxnfhw,f? +yD;awmh cif!Gef‹u usaemhukdajymw,f/ reufjzefvkyfrJh
tpnf;ta0;u usaemfe‹J cifAsm;u yg0ifp&mrvkb d ;l wJ/h atmufajcu aqG;aEG;ygapwJ/h olajym
w,f OD;av;uodyftkd+yD em;zkd‹vkd+yDwJh/ usaemfvnf;em;vkdufw,f? usaemfwkd‹ vlawGu
aqG;aEG;w,f? aqG;aEG;awmh olw‹dk u typftcwf&yfpaJ &; vufrw S rf xk;d bl;/ usaemfajymw,f?
tck usaemfwkd‹vmwm typftcwf&yfpJa&; udpPbJ/ cifAsm;vufrSwfrxkd;&if usaemfwkd‹
jyefomG ;&if usaemfw‹dk val wG usaemfw‹dk udk b,f,rHk mS vJ/ cifAsm;wk‹d 'Dvv dk yk wf mbmjzpfovJ/
rxk;d &ifawmh usaemfw‹dk 'Dvb dk J jyefomG ;&awmhrmS ayg?h aemufq;Hk olw‹dk u b,fvadk jymovJ
qkad wmh usaemfw‹dk u cifAsm;wk‹d udk tjynft h pkH r,k=H unfao;bl;? cifAsm;wk‹d vnf; usaemfw‹dk udk
tjynft h pkH r,kaH o;bl;qkw d m usaemfw‹dk odygw,fw?hJ 'gayrJh aemufwqif+h yD;wqifh aqG;aEG;
+yD;awmh ,kH=unfr_}uD;xGm;vmwJhtcg usrSbJ usaemfwkd‹vufrSwfxkd;r,fwJh? tu,fI
usaemfw‹dk tckvufrw S x f ;dk r,fq&dk if ysuo f mG ;&ifraumif;bl;/ ysuo f mG ;&if emrnfysuw f ,f?
'ga=umifh vufrw S rf xk;d ao;bl;vk‹d oluajymoGm;w,f? usaemfw‹dk vkcd siw f mr&bl;qkv d ‹dk &&dS if
aemufqkH; usaemfwkd‹ jyefwkduf&rSmbJ? usaemfwkd‹t+yD;tykdifr[kwfbl;/ 'gayrJh +idrf;csrf;a&;
jzpfvmEkid af tmif }udK;pm;&rSm jzpfw,f? ESpzf ufpvk;H bJayg/h usaemfw‹dk uwzufwnf;r[kw/f
olw@dk vnf;}udK;pm;&r,f? bmjzpfvq J adk wmh tckjynfoal wGvnf; tawmf'u k aQ &mufw,f?
+yD;awmh usaemfw‹dk wyfrLS ;/ &JabmfawGvnf; wku d yf rJG mS trsm;}uD;usq;Hk oGm;wm&Sw d ,f? olw‹dk
vlawGvnf; 'Dtwkid ;f bJ/ olw‹dk ajcjywfwmtrsm;}u;D bJ axmife‹J cs+D y;D ajcjywfw,f? olw‹dk vnf;
tJ'gudk a=umufwmbJ? olw‹dk vnf;vky&f &J if usaemfw‹dk vnf; vky&f yJ gw,f? olw‹dk &;dk om;&if
usaemfwkd‹vnf; &kd;om;rSmbJav? 'gayrJh usaemfwkd‹vlrsKd;pk[m nD!Gwfzkd‹ vkdtyfygw,f?
pnf;vkH;nD!Gwfr_[m ta&;}uD;w,f? pnf;vkH;r_r&Sd&if &efolu tjrwfxkwfoGm;rSmbJ/
usaemfw‹dk pnf;vk;H w,fqw dk m yg;pyfeŒJ bJ ajymzdŒk r[kwb f ;l / uk,d af &mpdwyf g&&dS r,f? vufawG‹
&S&d r,f? &efou l usaemfw‹dk udk rcs,v f ,S Ef idk af tmif usaemfw‹dk vky&f rSmjzpfw,f? tJ'v D v dk yk rf S
om vlrsKd;pkawG&Jh &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;awG &&SdrSmjzpfw,f? okd‹r[kwf&if r&Ekdifbl;/
t&ifwek ;f u usaemfw‹dk trsK;d rsK;d ajym=uw,f? aºuG;a=umfoaH wG awmfveS af &;qkw d m wzGŒJ
wnf;eJ‹ atmifyrJG cHEidk b f ;l // wyfaygi;f pke‹J om atmifycJG EH idk w f ,f? usaemfu [kw d ek ;f uvufrcHb;l /
119
bmjzpfv‹dk vufrcHovJ/ usaemfawG‹&wm awmfveS af &;wav#mufv;Hk wyfaygi;f pkrS rwk;d wufb/J

wyfaygi;f pk rwk;d wufawmh awmfveS af &;b,fvadk tmifycGJ rH vJ? wyfaygi;f pku tpnf;ta0;
vkyw
f ,f? wufw,f nD!w G w
f ,f tm;&r_&w dS ,f?
'gayrJh wyfaygi;f pkupdk epfwusjzpfz‹dk uk, d pf m;vS,af y;=uyg? wzG‹J ub dk ,favmuf/ b,fo‹l rS
ray;Ekdifbl;/ b,fol‹rSray;Ekdifawmh ray;csifawmhbl;/ usaemfwkd‹ vlrtm;bl;? tJ'DvkdbJ
ajym=uw,f? +yD;awmh wyfaygi;f pk0ifa=u; xnfyh g? tJ'gvnf; b,fo‹l rS rxnfch sib f ;l / olvnf;
tcuftcJ&w dS ,f? uk, d v f nf; tcuftcJ&w dS ,f? 'ga=umifh awmfveS af &;[m wyfaygi;f pke‹J
atmifycJG w H ,fqw kd m usaemfvufrcHb;l / usaemfvnf; rjrifygb;l / 'ga=umifh usaemfw‹dk ajymovkd
usaemfw‹dk vyk &f r,f? usaemfw‹dk ajymovkv d yk &f if atmifycJG H Ekid w f ,f? usaemfw‹dk tajym}uD;bJ&dS
+yD;/ tvkyrf &S&d if tvum;bJ/ usaemf 'Dtwkid ;f bJawG‹w,f? 'Dtwkid ;f jrif w,f? 'Dtwkid ;f
bJajymw,f? &efov l nf; usaemf&iS ;f &Si;f bJajymwmbJ/ tck usaemfw‹dk vmwm cifAsm;wk‹d udk
a=umufv‹dk vmwm r[kwb f ;l / &Si;f &Si;f ajym&if cifAsm;wk‹d udk cspzf ‹dk vmwm/ 'ga=umifh cifAsm;wk‹d
ppfreS wf hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&;ukv d yk /f cifAsm;rvky&f if usaemfw‹dk rvufcEH idk b f ;l / +y;D awmh usaemfajymw,f/
wcsKd‹wkdif;jynfrSm ppftm%m&SifpepfusifhokH;awmh tm%mr&SdwJhwae‹ ol‹ukdw&m;pGJw,f?
axmifcswv hJ v l &J rdS ,f/ ao'%f&w dS v hJ vl J &Srd mS ayg/h tJ'g cifAsm;wk‹d ra=umufe‹J / usaemf&w dS ,f?
cifAsm;wk‹d udk usaemfwm0efcw H ,f? tu,fI cifAsm;wk‹d rSerf eS u f efuefe‹J vkyrf ,fq&dk if cifAsm;
tm%mr&SdwJhwae‹ cifAsm;ukd vlrsm;w&m;pGJ&if usaemfu cifAsm;wkd‹twGufwm0efcHr,f?
usaemfajymr,f/ cH&wm u&ifu trsm;qk;H cHw,f? 'gayrJh u&ifu cGiv hf w$ Ef idk &f if wjcm;tzG‹J
awGvnf; cGiv hf w$ &f rSmayg/h cifAsm;wk‹d tJ'v D dk w&m;pGw J mwk‹d bmwk‹d rvkyef ‹J usaemf ajymr,f/
cifAsm;,kHyg? olwkd‹AkdvfcsKyfwcsKd‹u tJ'gqkd+yD;+yDayghvkd‹ ajymw,f? usaemfoGm;wm &efolvkd‹
usaemfrxifb;l ? 'Dvb dk J usaemfxifw,f? oli,fcsi;f vkd rdwaf qGvadk yg/h usaemfajymw,f/ cifAsm;
aumif;aumif;vkyfyg? aumif;aumif;rvkyf&if vlxk'kuQa&mufw,f? cifAsm;wkd‹[m
acgi;f aqmifraumif;vk‹d vx l ak wG 'kuaQ &mufw,f? acgi;f aqmifaumif;&ifvx l k 'kurQ a&mufb;l /
'ga=umifh cifAsm;wkd‹ &mZ0ifaumif;atmifvkyfyg? olajymw,fvkyfygr,f/ vkyfygr,fwJh/
usaemfajymw,f/ u&if- Armppfy[ JG m cifAsm;wk‹d r[mArmusio hf ;Hk wJt h wGuf usaemfw‹dk e‹J
qef‹usib f ufjzpfw,f? +yD;awmh ppftm%m&Sipf epf usio hf ;Hk wJth wGuf ppftm%m&Sif jzpfw,f?
usaemfEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGm ArmeJ‹ppfwu dk w f ,f? Armtpk;d &eJ‹ ppfwu dk w f ,f? 'gayrJh usaemfh &efo[ l m
Armr[kwb f ;l / r[mvlrsK;d }u;D pepfe‹J ppftm%m&Sipf epfb?J tJ'[ D m r&S&d if usaemfw‹dk wku d pf &m
bmrSr&Sb d ;l ? olajymw,f? aemufqdk ppftm%m&Sif r&Sad wmhygb;l / aemufqdk 'Dru dk a&pDbJ
oGm;awmhrSmyg? usaemfol@ukdajymw,f/ usaemf[m &Sif;&Sif;yJajymwwfw,f? r[kwfwm
usaemfrajymbl;/ usaemfw‹dk u&if[m &k;d &k;d bJ ajymw,f? cifAsm;wk‹d u ajymw,f? Ekid if jH cm;
tm;ruk;d eJ‹? Ekid if jH cm;tm;uk;d wm b,fov l J cifAsm;wk‹d b/J cifAsm;wk‹d w&kwq f rD S vufeufrsK;d pk/H
pmrsuEf mS (126) od@k
120
tcef; (6)
Edik if w
H umtajctaersm;udak qG;aEG;oH;k oyfcsujf cif;
6;1? tvSnu
hf sobmywd Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r.tzGirhf ed @f ceG ;f
av;pm;tyfaomacgif;aqmifrsm;/ udk,fpm;vS,f
awmf}uD;rsm; tm;vk;H - 'Dae@ ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG mS pum;ajym
cGi&hf wJt h wGuf rsm;pGmaus;Zl;wifygw,f? 'Dae@ usaemfw@kd
trsdK;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;tcGifhta&; jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf
wdik yf ifaqG;aEG;=uygw,f? 'gayrJh usaemfajymvdw k mu &efol
udk tajctaeok;H oyfwahJ e&mrSm rSeu f efr&_ zdS @kd vw kd ,f/ &k;d om;
r_/ rSefuefr_r&Sd&if usaemfwdk@twGufbmrS tusdK;r&Sdbl;?
rSeu f efr&_ rdS S &efou l wkd ukd Ef ikd rf mS jzpfw,f? wpHw k cku qH;k jzwf
r_ rrSeu f efv@kd &&dS if usaemfw@kd &efou l w kd u
kd w f m xda&mufr_
r&Sb d ;l // wcsKd @acgi;f aqmifawG usaemfawG@cw hJ ,f? rSeu f efr_
Adv
k cf sKyf}uD;apmbdjk r r&Sbd ;l ? &efou l v kd ,G v f , G ef @J bw J u
G wf ,f// &efo[ l m tajcae
raumif;bl;? pD;yGm;a&; usqif;aew,f// &efo[ l m jyKwfus awmhr,f? 'gayr,fh usaemfuawmh
tJ'v D rkd xifygb;l ? &efou l kd txif}u;D p&mrvdb k ;l ? usaemfw@kd vyk if ef;udk rSerf eS u f efuef vkyo f mG ;
zd k @ bJ v d k w ,f ? tck usaemf w d k @ oH k ; oyf = uwm &ef o l [ m tajctaeraumif ; bl ; ?
&efo[ l mr=umawmhwhJ tcsed t f wGi;f rSmbJ jyKwfusawmhr,f? usaemfuawmh 'Dvrkd xifb;l ?
&efo[ l m b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf/ Edik if w
H umu ol@uzkd t d m;ay;ovd/k qef@usio f vdk ol@uakd xmufcrH hJ
vlawG trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f?
usaemfw@kd awG@&wm xdik ;f Edik if u H vnf; ol@uakd xmufcw H ,f? tdE, dN Edik if u
H vnf; axmufcH
w,f? 'ga=umifhrdk@ oljyKwfusrSmr[kwfao;bl;/ usaemfwdk@u &efoludkwdkufwJh ae&mrSm
pnf;vk;H nD!w G rf &_ zdS @kd vwkd ,f? owWv d nf;&Szd @kd vw
kd ,f? &efou l kd rok;H oyfwwf&if usaemfw@kd
twGut f usKd ;r&Sbd ;l ? tckEikd if wH umuvnf; &efou l zkd t
d m;ay;w,f? qef@usiw f ,f? urBmrSm
jyef=unf&h r,fq&kd if 'Dae@tar&duefO;D aqmifwhJ ukvor*~xrJ mS etzvnf;tzG@J 0ifjzpfygw,f?
olb,fvydk J etzudk zdtm;ay;ay; etzudk ukvor*~tzG@J 0ifxu J rxkwyf ,fEikd b f ;l ? qufvuf
+y;D awmh wnf&adS ewmyJ? +y;D awmh atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; ol@vyl ?J 'gayrJh atmifqef;pk=unfukd
vG w f a y;ygqd k a yrJ h v d k @ etzrvG w f a y;awmh ol b mrS r wwf E d k i f b l ; ? 'D v d k y J & S d a ew,f ?
atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; ol@vyl ?J etzvnf; ol@vyl ?J +yD;awmh urBmay:rSm rl;,pfaq;0g;
qef@usifa&;/ ESdrfESif;a&;udk tar&duefu oGm;vkyfw,f? tar&duef bmvkyfovJqkdwm
cifAsm;wd@k ov
d m;/ usaemf uawmhow d ,f/ rl;,pfaq;0g;udk vkyaf ewJo h al wG udk usaemfw@kd
KNU u awmufav#mufyJ qef@usiw f ,f/ usaemfw@kd rvkyb f ;l / rwduk w f eG ;f ay;bl;? 'gayrJh
tar&duefu usaemfw@kd ut kd m;ray;bl;? ray;wJt h jyif rl;,pfaq;0g;xkwaf ewJh etzukad wmif
rSolu ulnDay;ao;w,f? bdef;ESdrfESif;a&; twGufqdk+yD;awmhay;w,f? +yD;awmh aiGawGyg
123
tajrmuftrsm;ay;wmudk usaemfow d ,f? 'gayrJh etzu 'DaiGawGukd ,l+y;D awmh rl;,pfaq;0g;

udk ESdrfESif;wmr[kwfbl;? [,fvDaumfywmawG/ av,mOfysHawG0,f+yD; usaemfwdk@
u&ifawmfveS af &;udk vmwdu k w f m? olw@kd vufeufukd [,fvaD umfywmeJ@ vmyd@k ay;w,f?
tJ ' g usaemf w d k @ ud k qef @ usif w myJ ? usaemf w k d @ tay:rS m tar&d u ef ol w d k @ b,f v d k
oabmxm;ovJ/ awmfawmfru kd wf hJ KNU yJ/ olrsm;rl;,pfaq;0g; vkyw f vhJ al wGawmifrS
ol w d k @ bmrS r vk y f b l ; ? usaemf w d k @ u rl ; ,pf a q;0g;ud k ES d r f E S i f ; w,f / / 'gayrJ h ol w d k @ u
rl;,pfaq;0g;vkyfwJhvludk tulnDay;w,f// usaemfwdk@ KNU u 'Davmuf uif;uif;
aewmawmifrS olwŒkd bmrSray;bl;? tJ'g cifAsm;wdŒk pOf;pm;=unf/h tar&duefu ajymw,f?
t=urf;zuf&SdwJh ae&molvdkufwdkufr,f? etzt=urf;zuform;yJ? 'gayrJh tar&duefu
rwdu k b f ;l ? ol@twGuf tusKd ;r&Sw d o hJ u l ykd J olw@dk wu kd w f ,f// 'gayrJh rl;,pfaq;0g;a&mif;0,fwhJ
ae&mrSm olvnf;ygwmbJ? rl;,pfaq;0g;u ArmjynfuxGufw,f? tar&duefudkawmh
av,mOfe@J oGm;w,f? tJ'g ol@twGuf tusKd ;&Sw d ,f? usaemfw@kd u&ifuawmh rl;,pfaq;0g;
twGuu f tar&duef bmrStjrwfr&bl;? tjrwfr&wJt h wGuf e0wudk vufeufay;w,f/
aiGay;w,f/ u&ifukd vmwdu k cf ikd ;f w,f? wdu k ±f u kd rf ajymayrJh oG,0f u S w f ehJ nf;awGe@J ajymw,f?
tJ'ga=umifh usaemfw@kd u &efou l /kd rSerf eS u f efuef oH;k oyfz@kd vw kd ,f// wcsKd @u xifw,f/ e0w
r=umcifjyKwfusawmhr,fw/hJ vG,v f , G ef @J rjyKwfb;l / 'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd usaemfw@kd awmfveS af &;u
vnf; udk,fhtm;udk udk,fudk;w,f// b,folrS usaemfwdk@udkvm+yD;awmh awmfvSefa&;vm
vkyfay;rSmr[kwfbl;? usaemfwdk@[m usaemfwdk@vkyf&r,f// usaemfwdk@vkyfwwf&if&r,f/
rvkyw f wf&if r&bl;// 'Dvb kd J em;axmif+y;D awmh tar&duef zdtm;ay;&ifawmh e0wu r=umcif
jyKwfoGm;Edkifw,f// usaemfu 'Dvdkrxifbl;? usaemfwdk@u pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;&&Sdzdk@twGuf
e0wudk wdu k w f ahJ e&mrSm a'goxGuw f yhJ pkH rH sKd ;eJ@ wdu k zf @kd rvdb k ;l ? tJ'v D kd &efjzpfwyhJ pkH rH sKd ; a'go
xGuw f hJ yHpk rH sKd ;wdu k v f @kd &&dS if 'DArmjynfrmS pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; b,fawmhr&S rSm r[kwb f ;l ?
usaemfwdk@u wdkufwJhae&mrSm =urf;=urf;wrf;wrf; ajymqdkrJhtpm; aysmhaysmhaysmif;aysmif;
ajymqdv k @kd &&dS if yd+k yD;awmhtusKd ;&Srd ,fv@kd usaemfxifw,f// wcsKd @vu l awmhajymwmyJ etzudk
tjyKwfwu kd rf ,f/ e0wudk vH;k 0qef@usirf ,f/ aemuf nDvmcHukd vH;k 0qef@usirf ,f/ e0wjyKwf
wJth xd ajymwmbJ/ yg;pyfyJ ajymw,f/ vufawG@usawmh bmrSrvkyb f ;l ? +y;D awmh usaemfw@kd u
aveJ@yw J u kd w f ,f? usaemfw@kd u e0wudk aveJ@wu kd v f @kd r&bl;? urBmrSm tiftm;t}uD;qH;k [m
tar&duefbJjzpfaew,f? 'gayrJh e0wudk olqefŒusifwJhae&mrSm jyKjyifwJhae&mrSm
aveJ@bjJ yKjyifw,f// b,fvykd jJ yKjyifjyKjyif usaemfw@kd u usaemfw@kd awmfveS af &;twGuf qH;k atmif
vkyf&rSmbJ/ tusdK;&Sdatmif usaemfwdk@vkyf&r,f/ tusdK;r&SdbJeJ@awmh usaemfwdk@vkyfvnf;
tvum;bJ// usaemfw@kd uajymovdv k yk /f wdu k q f v kd nf;wdu k /f tJ'v D v kd yk rf jS zpfr,f// usaemfw@kd u
wdu k wf ,f/ usaemfw@kd twGuf ajymawmhaumif;w,f? todw&m;aumif;w,f? pDpOfwmbJ
&Sw
d ,f? tvkyrf &Sb d ;l ? tquftpyfr&Sb d ;l ? tquftpyfr&Sw d t hJ wGuf &efou l kd wduk wf ahJ e&mrSm
xda&mufrf r_ &Sb d ;l // usaemfw@kd u&ifuawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh uwdb}J udKufw,f? usaemfw@kd u
usaemfwdk@vlrsdK;twGuf ppfwdkufw,f/ usaemfwdk@vlrsdK; udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&&Sda&; twGuf
124
bJjzpfw,f// usaemfw@kd wu kd w f mESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmo f mG ;+yD? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd t&_;H ray;bl;/
usaemft+rJwrf;ajymw,f? awmfveS af &;qdw k m t&_;H ray;&if b,fawmhrS &_;H rSmr[kwb f ;l ?
+y;D awmh e,fpyfrmS &Sw d hJ usaemfw@kd pcef;awGukd &efou l tukev f ;kH odr;f ydu k w f ,f// olwŒkd ajymw,f/
KNU awmh&_H;+yD? wcsdK@owif;pm*sme,fxJrSm a0zefr_awG trsm;}u;D&Sdw,f// usaemfu
ajymw,f/ usaemfw@kd r&_;H ygb;l ? usaemfw@kd u&ifawmfveS af &;[m b,fawmhrrS &_;H bl;? tcuftcJ
b,favmufy&J &dS dS usaemfw@kd qufwu kd rf mS bJ? usaemfw@kd r[mrdwaf wGtm;vH;k &efoel ‹J aygi;f +yD;
awmh typfcwf&f yfpaJ &;vkyv f yk /f usaemfw@kd u&ifuawmh rvkyb f ;l ? rvkyw f mu bma=umifv h J
usaemfow d ,f/ usaemfw‹kd oGm;vky&f if usaemfw‹kd twGuf tusK;d r&Sb d ;l ? &efoul [dw k ek ;f u
ajymwmbJ/ &efou l vdrw f mr[kwb f ;l ? &efou l ajymifbaJ jymw,f? cifAsm;wd‹k typftcwf&yfpJ
a&;vky/f Oya'abmiftwGi;f udk 0if/ vufeufuikd v f rf;pOfupkd eG ‹f / Edik if aH &;pum; rajymeJ‹/ a'o
zG‹H +zdK;a&;vkyyf g/ tzG‹J tpnf;udk rpGuzf ufe‹J / ppfwyfurkd wd;k csŒJ eJ‹/ oifwef;ray;eJ@ ukeaf e+yDb?J
cifAsm;wd@k omG ;vnf; tusKd ;&Srd mS r[kub f ;l vd@k usaemf r[mrdwaf wGukd ajymw,f// r[mrdwf
awGu usaemfu h rkd ,Hbk ;l / r,Hak wmh usaemfw@kd u qufwu kd wf ,f// usaemfw@kd pcef;r&Sad yrJv h @kd
usaemfw@kd u qufwu kd w
f ,f? wdu k &f if;eJ@ usaemfw@kd e,fpyfpcef;udk usaemfw@kd jyefxal xmif
Edik wf ,f// 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd rmS tjcm;aom vsKdS @0u S pf cef;wck&adS o;w,f/ 'gayrJh tJ'D pcef;udk
ajAmifbJ xm;w,f? tJ'g (202) pcef;jzpfw,f// +yD;awmh (201) pcef; usaemfw@kd xal xmif
wmawmfawmf=umoGm;+yD? oH;k ESpaf vmuf&+dS yD/ &efou l vmwdu k w f ,f r&bl;? usaemfw@kd u
cHwu kd af wmh &efou l jyefqw k of mG ;w,f// 'Dv=kd um=um usaemfw@kd cHwu kd af wmh olw@kd uvnf;
odw,f// KNU u ol@vrl sKd ;udk olow d wfw,f?
'ga=umifr@kd v@kd oltodrw S f jyKw,f// etza=ujimwmawmh tm;vk;H =um;rSmbJ? e0wawG
u olw@kd owfrw S cf suaf wGukd tm;vH;k jzKwfypf+yD; usaemfw@kd ukd qufo, G w f ,f// usaemfw@kd u
awmh prf;=unfw h mbJ/ olw@kd ukd ,Hw k mr[kwb f ;l ? jzpfrvm;/ rjzpfb;l vm;/ olu ajymovdk
vkyrf vm;/ rvkyb f ;l qd&k if usaemfw@kd vnf; vufcrH mS r[kwb f ;l // usaemfw@kd awmfveS af &;vkyf
aewm usaemfw@kd jynfow l &yfv;kH twGujf zpfw,f? usaemfw@kd wa,mufwnf;tusKd ;twGuf
r[kwfbl;/ usaemfwdk@awmfvSefa&;vkyfaewm/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfwmr[kwfbl;/ usaemfwkd@
awmfveS af &;vkyw f m usaemfw@kd u&ifvrl sKd ;tm;vH;k u|eb f 0u vGwaf jrmufz@kd bJ jzpfw,f// 'g
a=umifrh @kd v@kd tjcm;rdwaf qGawG &efoel @J em;vnfr, _ al yrJh usaemfw@kd r,lb;l ? usaemfw@kd ,&l if
vnf; wjcm;tzGJ@xufxl;jcm;r_&Sd&r,f? usaemfwdk@u awG@qHkaqG;aEG;w,f? 'gayrJh
usaemfw@kd t&_;H ay;wmr[kwb f ;l / usaemfw@kd u &yfwnf+rJ&yfwnfaewmbJ/ wjcm;tzG@J awG
typfcuf&yfpaJ &;oGm;vkyw f m vufeufpm&if;ay;&w,f/ vlpm&if;ay;&w,f/ usaemfw@kd KNU
u vufeufpm&if;vnf; ray;&bl;/ vlpm&if;vnf; ray;&bl;? &efou l vnf; rawmif;bl;/
'ga=umifrh @kd v@kd wjcm;tzG@J awGxuf xl;jcm;r_&w dS ,f// 'gayrJh usaemf=um;&wm wcsKd @tzG@J awG
u pd;k &drw
f ,f? usaemfw@kd ukd &efoal wG vdrrf vm;/ tvdrcf H &rvm;? usaemfw@kd uvnf; tvdrf
rcHygb;l / tvdrcf zH @kd vnf; usaemfw@kd vyk w f m r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfw@kd wukd w f m usaemfw@kd u&if
125
twGuf wdu k wf ,f/ wdu k w f thJ wGuaf =umifh usaemfw@kd vlrsKd ;awG&ŒJ ta&SŒrSm atmifycJG w H thJ xd
wdu k rf ,fv@kd uwdcx H m;w,f? usaemfw@dk b,fawmhrS t&_;H ray;bl;/ usaemfw@kd &JabmfawGu
vnf; em;vnfra_ y;w,f? ppfwu kd w f ,fqw kd m aowJh vlvnf;aorSmbJ/ 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd u
t&_;H ray;bl;/ tJ'ga=umifh aowJv h v l nf; tusKd ;&Sw d ,f? wdu k yf rJG mS aoqk;H wJh &JabmfawGukd
usaemfw@kd opPmrazmufEikd b f ;l ? 'ga=umifrh @kd usaemfw@kd tckxufxd tvkyv f yk af ewmjzpfw,f?
usaemfw@kd tcufcv J nf;&Srd mS yJ/ tusyt f wnf;vnf;&Srd mS yJ/ 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd qufvyk af ew,f?
usaemfw@kd atmifycJG w H thJ xd wdu k rf ,fv@kd jynfoal wGukd ajymxm;w,f? ppfwu kd wf ahJ e&mrSm
owW&d &dS r,f? jzwfvwfr&_ &dS r,f/ usaemf r[mrdwaf wGuakd jymcsiw f mu pnf;vk;H nD!w G pf mG eJ@
wdu k &f r,f? usaemfw@kd awmif;qdw k ahJ e&mrSm vlrsKd ;pktcGiahf &;udk tjynft h 0ay;yg/ usaemfw@kd u
&wJt h xdvyk af y;&r,f? usaemf Edik if aH &;orm; r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfawmfveS af &;orm; jzpfw,f?
Edik if aH &;ta=umif;t&mawGukd ajyajyvnfvnfajymwwfwhJ vlr[kwb f ;l ? tJ'aD wmh 'DtxJrmS
Edik if aH &;orm;awGvnf;ygw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd usaemfw@kd wikd ;f jynf&&Szd @kd twGuf wdu k =f u&r,f
vd@k ajym&if;eJ@ ed*;Hk csKyfygw,f? Ò
pmrsuEf mS (120) Adv

k cf sKyf}uD; apmbdjk rrStquf
ppfoabFm/ wdkufav,mOfwdk@ tajrmufwdk@,l+yD;awmh usaemfwdk@udkwdkufw,ffr[kwfvm;?

jynfov l x l u
k kd ESyd pf ufw,fr[kwvf m;? olw@kd ujyefajymw,f 'g[mvGeo f mG ;+yDw?hJ vGeo f mG ;
awmhvnf; 'g[m&mZ0ifrmS awmh xm;&rSmaygv h @kd usaemfuajymw,f? usaemfajymcsiw f mu
awmh'gb?J usaemfw@kd t&H;_ ay;wm r[kwb f ;l ? usaemfvrd w f mr[kwb f ;l ? wcsKd @uajymw,f &efol
uolw@kd ukd wjznf;jznf;qJw G ,f? usaemfw@kd ukd qJv G @kd r&ygb;l ? usaemfw@kd ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi/hf
u&ifjynfukd ay;&r,f? Edik if aH &;aqG;aEG;r,f? olajymw,f/ ajz;ajz;ayg/h ajz;ajz;qdv k nf; ajz;ajz;
ayg/h 'gb?J Ò
126
6;2? ENSCC t}uHay;yk*K~d vf Sao Harn Yawnghwe rS International ESihf

Bangkok Process tay:aqG;aEG;jcif;
av;pm;tyfwo
hJ bmywdrsm;ESihf acgi;f aqmif}u;D rsm;cifAsm;
yxrqH;k ajymcsiw f mawmh usaemfwŒkd ESp&f ufwikd w f ikd f aqG;
aEG;vmcJhwJhtcsufawGudk usaemfaxmufcHygw,f? etzu
b,favmufq;kd w,f? usaemfw@kd u b,favmuf trSezf ufrmS
aew,fqdkwJhudpPudk jiif;p&mr&Sdbl;? usaemfwdk@ twdwfudk
jyef=unf&h ifawmh bmjrifovJqadk wmh usaemfw@kd trSezf ufu
aeayrJh trSm;jzpfaew,f? usaemfwdk@ vGwfvyfa&;&wJh
acwfwkef;uqdk&if udkvdkeDudkcHwdkufwJhacwf urBmppf+yD;wJh
tcsed af yg?h tJ't D csed rf mS jzpfvmwJEh ikd if t H opfawGukd olrsm;
Sao Harn Yawnghwe tm;ay;csiw f ,f? udv k ekd u
D q kd ef@usiv f @kd jzpfvmwJh OD;Ek tpk;d &udk
tukev f ;kH 0dik ;f &Hwukd cf u kd af ewJt h csed f udv k ekd ED ikd if tH opfukd jyef
+zdKcGJrnfhoabmvdk@ urBmu,lqwJhtwGuf usaemfwdk@rSefayrJh vlqdk;jzpfcJhw,f? jzpfvmwJh
Edik if o
H pfawGukd tm;ay; csiw f ,f? aemufxyfw}urd f Adv k cf sKyfae0if;u tm%modr;f wJt h csed rf mS
wu,fq&kd if olu vlq;kd ygb?J tajccHOya'udk olzsuo f rd ;f vdu k wf ,f? 'gayrJh ol@ukd b,fou l rS
vlq;kd vd@k rac:bl;? usaemfw@kd ubJ vlq;kd jzpfaew,f? bma=umifv h q J akd wmh tJ't D cdseu f vnf;
ppfat;umv/ ppfat;umvwkef;uvnf; tm%m&Sifu uGefjrLepfudk wdkufae&w,f?
uGejf rLepfukd qef@usiw f ,f? qdak wmh b,forl t S m%m&Siu f kd *&krpdu
k b f ;l ? ol@ukd wdu k af ewmu
vlq;kd bJ? bmjzpfv@kd vJ qdak wmh olw@kd utiftm;awmifw h if;wJh tpd;k &udk olw@kd vckd siw f ,f?
uGejf rLepfukd wdu k w
f v
hJ ul kd vdck siw
f ,f?
1974 ckEpS u f vdr+f yD;awmh rqv pepfwnfaqmufvmcJw h ,f? tJ'aD cwfu ppfat;
umvjzpfayrJh olw@kd uvnf; ae0if;wk@d e@J quf+yD;oGm;vd@k r&awmhb;l ? pepfwckajymif;rSjzpfr,f
qdw k modayrJh wdik ;f jynfuquf+yD;wnf+idraf ew,f qdw k o
hJ abmbJ? 'ga=umifrh @kd vJ olw@kd u
quf+y;D vufcw H ,f? usaemfw@kd taeeJ@=unf&h ifawmh rw&m;bl;/ rjzpfoifb h ;l / rcHcsib
f ;l ajymay
rJh Edik if w
H umu=unf&h ifawmh olw@kd ta=umif;t&mawG &dw S ,f? tJ'ga=umifv h J usaemfw@kd u
wd;k vd@k r&bl;? u&if/ ucsi/f &Sr;f ta=umif;awGajym&ifvnf; b,forl S em;raxmifcsib f ;l ?
ykeu f efwv hJ al wG/ olyek af wGv@kdf ajymw,f? tpd;k &udb
k J axmufc&H r,f?
'gayrJh wyfrawmfu 1962/ 1974/ 1988 olw@kd rajymif;bl;? 1988 ckEpS rf mS 'Dru kd a&pD
xGe;f um;wJah cwfjzpfvm+y?D vlŒtcGit
hf a&;xGe;f um;wJh acwfjzpfvm+y?D 'gayrJh etzu rajymif;
bl;? 'gayrJh 88 rSm e0wu vlq;kd jzpfomG ;w,f? bmjzpfv@kd vq J &kd if urBmuajymif;oGm;+yD?
127
ppfat;acwfvnf; +y;D oGm;+y?D 'Dru kd a&pDacwfjzpfaeawmh 'Dru kd a&pDukd zdEySd wf ,f? vl@tcGit hf a&;
udk csK;d azmufw,f? 'ga=umifh oluvlq;kd jzpfomG ;w,f? 'Dru kd a&pDacwfu xGuaf jy;vmwJh
vlawGu ol&aJ umif; jzpfomG ;w,f? olw@kd ukd ul&r,f? tJ'v D kd jzpfvmw,f? xGuaf jy;vmwJh
'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pke@J aygi;f +y;D tvkyv f yk af wmh Edik if w
H umuvnf; jznf;jznf;csi;f wdik ;f &if;om;
u¾udk vufcv H mw,f? olw@kd u vl@tcGit hf a&; &_axmifu h =unfw h ,f? olw@kd u vl@tcGihf
ta&;av;pm;zd@k olw@kd vckd siw f ,f? 'DrmS awmhenf;enf; usaemfw@kd zufu ygvmw,f? urBmu
usaemfw@kd tusK;d udv k ukd =f unfh aewmr[kwb f ;l ? etzvnf; rajymif;bl;? usaemfw@kd vyk f
aewmuvnf; rajymif;bl;? 'gayrJh urBmuajymif;aew,f Globalization jzpfae+yD? tcku
urBmph ;D yg;G a&;acwf jzpfvmayrJh aemufxyfacwftop af y:vmw,f? tar&duefO;D aqmifwhJ
Terrorist ayg?h t=urf;zuf qef@usiaf &;ppfyJG jzpfaew,f? tJ'gukd etzu olw@kd tusKd ;jzpf
atmif }uKd ;pm;cJyh gw,f? bmvJqakd wmh tar&duefzufukd aecsiw f ,f? t=urf;zuform;awGukd
wduk rf ,f? t=urf;zuform;u KNU, SSA, KNPP wd@k jzpfygw,fv@kd ow l @kd u }uKd ;pm;cJwh ,f?
'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;? tJ'gudk usaemfwdkŒu owdxm;&r,f? 'ga=umifhvJ olwdk@u
&efuek +f rdK@rmS c%c% Ak;H cGw J ,f? 'gukd KNU vkyyf gw,f vd@k pyG pf yJG gw,f?
usaemfw@kd ukd tJ'zD uf oGwo f iG ;f csiw
f ,f? usaemfw@kd uvnf; [dzk uf r0ifomG ;atmif
pOf;pm;xm;&r,f? tcktxdawmh etzu vlaumif;/ t=urf;zuform;awGukd wdu k cf u
kd af e
w,fv@kd ajymwm b,forl S r,Hyk gb;l ? 'gayrJo h w
l @dk u 'gu}kd uKd ;pm;aewmudk odxm;&r,f? 'gayrJh
'Dacwfay:vmawmh etz uwzuf/ 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkuwzuf/ usaemfwŒkd wdik ;f &if;om;awG
uwzuf b,fou l urBmph ;D yGg;a&;udk taxmuftuljyKEdik rf vJ/ b,fou l jrefrmjynf&t hJ usKd ;ukd
vkyEf ikd rf vJ? tJ'ga=umifb h J e0w wufvmwke;f u 'Dval wGu vl@tcGit hf a&;udk csK;d azmufwv hJ l
'Dru
kd a&pDuzkd Ed ydS w
f v hJ l qd+k yD;rS tar&duefu &_wcf sw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSmyJ xdik ;f wd@k / tmqD,w H @kd /
w&kww f @kd vnf; etzu wdik ;f jynfuq kd ufxrd ;f +yD;awmh pD;yGg;a&;vkyEf ikd rf ,f xifw,f? olwŒkd u
urBmxJrmS pD;yGg;a&;+ydKifEikd rf ,fq+kd yD; quf+yD;tm;ay;oifw h ,fv@kd cH,=l uw,f? cyfrsm;rsm;u
aiGa&;a=u;a&; ay;=uygw,f? Investment rsm;rsm;vkyaf y;=uw,f? 'gayrJh (10) ESpaf usmf
vmwJt h csed x
f d wd;k wufrr_ &Syd gb;l ?
aemufxyfwzufu =unf+h yD;ajymcsiw f ,f? Bangkok Process u tckrjS zpfwm r[kwf
ygbl;? 1997 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHu tmqD,HxJ0ifwJhtcsdefrSm EdkifiHwumrSm jy\em
t}uD;tus,fwufw,f? t&ifwkef;uqdk&if tmqD,HESifh tD;,leJ@qdk&if qufoG,fa&;/
ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;awG tm;vHk;tqifajyw,f? jrefrm0ifvmrS jy\emt}uD;tus,f
wufw,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh tD;,lzufu vl@tcGit hf a&;udk csK;d azmufwhJ tpd;k &udk vufrcHEidk f
bl;qdkawmh jy\emwufw,f? tar&duefwdk@uvnf; jy\emwufw,f? e0w eJ@aygh?
Oa&myor*~zufu olw@kd }udK;pm;wm/ tmqD,u H akd jymwm bmvJqakd wmh cifAsm;wd@k tzG@J 0if
jzpfwEhJ ikd if u
H kd cifAsm;wd@k qH;k roifw
h ,f? cifAsm;wd@k vkyyf g? tar&duefuvnf; xdik ;f udw k u kd w
f eG ;f
wm teD;tem;Edik if u H kd vkyyf g? tJ't
D csed u
f xdik ;f wd@k tmqD,w H @kd rvufcb
H ;l ? olw@kd uawmh
128
olwdk@&JhtzGJ@0ifjzpfvdkŒ umuG,fay;&r,fqdkwJh oabmbJ&dSw,f? 0ifvm+yD;aemuf 1997

aemufyikd ;f ESpw f ikd ;f vdyk J ukvor*~jzpfjzpf/ tar&duef jzpfjzpf/ tD;,ljzpfjzpf/ tJ'ED ikd if aH wGu
wcsed v f ;kH wdu
k w
f eG ;f aew,f? vkyyf gvyk yf g/ cifAsm;wkŒd rvGwx f m;yge@J ? 'gayrJh rjzpfvmbl;? yxr
qH;k jzpfvmwmu rav;&Sm; r[moD,mu 2001 ckEpS rf mS yg0ifvmw,f? jrefrmjynf ta=umif;
'gayrJu h saemfw@kd u ta=umif;t&mrodbeJ @J 0dik ;f qJ=uw,f? jrefrmjynf&hJ pD;yGg;a&;udk &csiv f @kd
etzudk tm;ay;w,fv@kd 0ikd ;f +yD; jrif=uw,f? wu,fuawmh r[moD,mu b,fvv kd q J &kd if
urBmph ;D yGg;a&;rSm rav;&Sm;u tmqD,x H rJ mS &Svd mw,f? wk;d wufcsi&f if tmqD,u H urBmrSm
òydiEf ikd &f rnf? pD;yg;G a&;zuf Edik if aH &;zuf tukev f ;kH ayg?h 'gayrJh jy\emjzpfae&if tmqD,t H aeeJ@
b,fvrkd +S ydKifv@kd r&bl;? qdak wmh 'Djy\emudk &Si;f &r,fqw kd o hJ abmyJ? r[moD,mu etzudk
csO;f uyfyakH wGuawmh “'Dru kd a&pDukd cifAsm;wd@k ra=umufe@J usaemfw@kd Edik if v H nf; 'Dru
kd a&pDbJ
usaemfwdk@xdef;xm;Edkifw,f” vdk@wifjycsifw,f? rav;&Sm;rSmqdk&if r[moD,m&Jh ygwDu
wcsed v f ;kH tm%mudk xde;f xm;Edik w f ,f? 'kw, d tcsuf olpOf;pm;wm uawmh etzudak jymawmh
'Dru kd a&pDjzpfvm&if pD;yGg;a&;aumif;vmr,f? cifAsm;wd@k vx l tk wGuv f nf; aumif;vmr,f
qdk+yD;awmh rav;&Sm;pD;yGg;a&;orm;awGukd ol&efukefudk ac:oGm;w,f? tquftoG,f
vkyaf y;w,f? 'gayrJh etzu odwt hJ wkid ;f bJ? olu tm%mbJ? aemufwcsuf r[moD,m
tajymrSm;oGm;wmu bmvJq&kd if oluoef;a&$uakd jymwmu jrefrmEdik if rH mS vlrsKd ; (135) &Sw d m
ra=umufe@J usaemfw@kd vnf;&Sw d myJ/ w±kw/f ukvm;/ cwf'efpef qdw k hJ vlrsKd ;trsm;}uD;&Sw d ,f?
usaemfw@dk qDrmS vlrsKd ;jy\emr&Sb d ;l ? b,fvakd jz&Si;f ovJq&dk if “zuf'&,fpepf” eJŒvkyw f ,fv@kd
ol ajymrdw,f? tJ'g ol@trSm;yJ? tJ'gukd olomG ;ajymrdvŒkd oef;a&$u b,fvrkd v S ufrcHEikd b f ;l ?
wu,fv@kd usaemfw@kd u r[moD,m&Jh tpDtpOfuo kd &d if r[moD,mudk tm;ay;oifw h ,f?
jrefrmawGajym wmuawmh r[moD,mu usaemfw@kd &hJ pD;yg;G a&;udyk J vdck siw f ,fxif+yD; ol@ukd
qef@usi&f r,fq+kd yD; etzeJ@aygi;f aer,fq+kd yD; ,H=k unfv@kd wu dk w f m/ trSerf mS zuf'&,fjzpfae&if
cifAsm;wd@k jy\emudk ajz&Si;f Edik rf ,f? wcgwavusaemfw@dk u tJ'jD y\emudk rodv@kd rmS ;+yD;
wku d af ewm jzpfw,f?
tckvnf; wcsKŒd u ukvor*~ukd wdu k af ew,f? raumif;bl;/ udzk t D meefu bmrSrvkyb f ;l
qdk+yD;wkdufaew,f? 'gvnf;rSm;w,fvdk@ usaemfjrifw,f? wcsKdŒuajymwmu xwfqifu
cif!eG @f w@kd e@J aygi;f oGm;+yD? etzudk tm;ay;ae+yDv@kd ajym=u+yD? usaemfajymcsiw f mu enf;enf;
owdxm;zd@k vrkd ,f? xwfpifu etzeJŒ wu,faygi;f ae+yDvm;? bma=umifv h @kd aygi;f aewmvJ?
ol etz eJ@bmvkyo f vJqw kd mudk odz@kd vrkd ,f? xdik ;f tpd;k &u 2003 ckEpS rf mS qH;k jzwfwmwck
&S d y gw,f ? jref r mjynf & J h vuf & S d t ajctae[m xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H t wG u f tusd K ;r&d S b l ; vd k @
olwdk@qHk;jzwfvdkufygw,f? tJ'gbmvJqdkawmh rl;,pfaq;0g;a&m/ 'kuQonfawGa&m/ cdk;0if
vmolawGa&m jy\emaygi;f pHak yg?h r[moD,m pOf;pm;ovdb k J xwfqifpOf;pm;aeovdyk gb?J
urBmxJrSm r+ydKifEdkifbl;? urBmrSm +ydKifr,fqdk&if 'Djy\emudk t&ifpOf;pm;&r,f? vuf&Sdf
tajctaeudk 'Dwidk ;f xm;vd@k r&bl;? ajymif;&r,f? 'Dajymif;wJjh y\emudk b,fvakd jymif;&rvJ
qd&k if trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; qdw k mjzpf&r,fv@kd olwŒkd vufcw H ,f? trsKd ;om; jyefvnf
129
oifjh rwfa&;qdv k J wdik ;f &if;om;ryg&if r+y;D Edik b f ;l ? 'g[musaemfw@kd twGuf wu,faumif; w,f?
xdik ;f tpd;k & vufcx H m;wmu etzu jrefrmEdik if &H jhJ y\emudk rajz&Si;f Edik b f ;l ? jrefrmEdik if &H hJ
jy\emudak jz&Si;f r,fq&kd if wkid ;f &if;om;yg&r,f? wdik ;f &if;om;ryg&if jy\emr&Si;f Edik b f ;l vd@k
xdkif;tpdk;&u ,Hk=unfw,f? wu,fqdk&if xwfqifudk tm;ay;&r,f? olujrifae+yDav/
usaemfw@kd ryg&if jy\emr&Si;f Edik b f ;l ? wdik ;f jynfjy\em r&Si;f &if xkid ;f twGuf tusKd ;r&Sb d ;l vd@k
olw@kd ,w kH ,f? olw@kd bma=umifv h yk w f ,fqw kd m yk*q H u kd b
f mqdu k ef @J tvkyw
f v JG yk wf ,f? 'gav;udk
wcsKd @u jrif+yD;ajymw,f? 'gayrJh xwfqif jrefrmjynfu&wm eJeaJ v;bJ/ olu wurBmvH;k udk
awmifpm;csiw f ,f? urBmrSmwd;k wufcsiw f ,f? yk*rH mS pm;wmrvHak vmufb;l qk&d if jy\emudk
t&if&iS ;f &r,f? qdak wmhou l tJ'rD mS t"dujzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umifh Bangkok Process [m
usaemfw@kd twGuf tusKd ;&Srd &Sd usaemfw@kd =unfo h ifwh ,f? usaemht f jrifuawmh usaemfw@kd vyk f
wwf&if tusK;d &SEd ikd wf ,f? rvkyw f wf&if usaemfw@dk vckd siw f thJ wdik ;f rjzpfEikd b
f ;l &_;H oGm;Edik w f ,f?
Bangkok Process rvkycf if usaemft h aeeJ@ xdik ;f zufuenf;enf;ajymp&m&Sw d ,f? 'gayrJh
aemufxyfwrsKd ; usaemfajym=unfch siw f ,f? acgi;f aqmifrsm;vufcEH ikd f vufrcHEikd af wmhrodb;l ?
'gu etz&_axmifu h ae ajymcsiw f ,f? olw@kd u Bangkok udk 0ifvmw,f? t&ifwek ;f u
olwdk@ yxrtcsufolwdk@ jiif;wmu jrefrmjynfrSm jy\emr&dSbl;/ ajymif;p&mrvdkbl;/
'kw, d tcsuf olw@kd ajymwmu Edik if w H um 0if&w _ zf @kd rvdb k ;l ? igw@dk [m igw@kd &iS ;f Edik w
f ,f? 'gayrJh
Bangkok Process qdw k uhJ pd rP mS olw@kd todtrSwjf yKw,fæ jyif&r,f// 'kw, d tcsuu f
Edik if wH umyg0ifz@kd olw@kd rjiif;Edik b f ;l ? qdak wmh bmvd@k tck 'Davmufajymif;vJvmovJ? KNU
eJ@pum;ajymwmvJ ajymif;vmw,f? tpwke;f uqd&k if vufeufcs&r,fq+kd y;D trsKd ;rsKd ;uef@owf
xm;w,f? tckr&daS wmhb;l ? bm a=umifv h J olw@kd u tckxo d yd af umif;vmwm r[kwb f ;l ?
'gayrJh ta=umif;t&m&Syd gw,f? bmawGvv J @kd usaemfw@kd pOf;pm;oifwh ,fv@kd usaemfxif
w,f? tck acgi;f aqmifawGow d thJ wkid ;f 88 tm%modr;f +yD;aemuf etz uvH;k 0rajymif;
wmr[kwb f ;l ajymif;ygw,f? qd&k , S v f pfuae t&if;&Sijf zpfomG ;w,f? Edik if jH cm;udk pD;yGg;a&;vkyzf @kd
zdwaf c:w,f? 1974 uae 1988 txd qd&k , S v f pfpepf/ t&if;&Siaf wGukd r}udKufcw hJ o
hJ al wGu
1989 rSm Edik if w H umudk pD;yGm;a&;vkyzf @kd / jrefrmEdik if rH mS &if;ES;D jr‡KyfEzHS @kd zdwaf c:w,f? 'g[m olw@kd
ajymif;vJaewmyJ jzpfygw,f? olw@kd tm%mxdr;f odr;f Edik af tmif olw@kd ajymif;w,f? usaemfajym
csiw f muawmh olw@kd rajymif;wmr[kwb f ;l / olw@kd ajymif;w,f? olw@kd ajymif;wmu usaemfw@kd
twGuf r[kwfbl;? olwdk@tm%mwnf+rJatmif olwdk@ajymif;w,f? usaemfwdk@u b,fvdk
usaemfw@kd vckd siw f yhJ pkH jH zpfatmif vkyEf ikd rf ,fqw kd mpOf;pm;&r,f? yxr olw@kd t'J rD mS ajymif;w,f/
t&if;&Sit f jzpfukd ajymif;w,f? 'kw, d olw@kd a&G;aumufyJG ac:w,f? usaemfajymcsiw f muawmh
olwdk@touf&Sifzdk@twGuf enf;vrf;awG&Smygw,f? a&G;aumufyGJac:wmvJ 'Drdkua&pDudk
tm;ay;csiv f @kd r[kwb f ;l ? olw@kd &nfreS ;f xm;wmu olw@dk a&G;aumufyEJG ikd rf ,f? olw@kd a&G;aumuf
yGEJ ikd w
f ,fq&kd if 'Dru kd a&pDukd [efaqmifvyk Ef ikd w f ,f? olw@kd touf&iS zf @kd olw@kd tm%mwnf+rJz@kd
jzpfomG ;w,f? 'ga=umihf a&G;aumufyu GJ si;f y&jcif; jzpfw,f? olw@kd om a&G;aumufyEJG ikd cf w hJ ,f
qd&k if 'Dru kd a&pD[efaqmifvyk Ef ikd w f ,f? olw@kd touf&iS zf @kd olw@kd tm%mwnf+rJz@kd jzpfomG ;
130
Edik w
f ,f? qdak wmh olw@kd ua&G;aumufycJG v
hJ yk w
f ,f/ ratmifjrifb;l ? olw@dk wGucf surf mS ;oGm;
w,f? NLD wufvmw,f? olw@kd aemufjyefqw k o f mG ;w,f?
aemufwqifh 1993 ckESpfrSm trsdK;om;nDvmcHudkac:w,f? tJ'DrSmuvnf; olwdk@&Jh
tm%mwnf+rJz@kd tajccHOya'a&;qGrJ ,f ponfjzifah yg?h 1994 ckEpS rf mS atmifqef;pk=unfudk
wDAGD awGrmS jyw,f? Adv k cf if!eG @f Adv
k cf sKyfoef;a&$w@kd atmifqef;pk=unfw@kd awG@wyhJ aHk wGjyw,f?
1995 ckEpS rf mS atmifqef;pk=unfukd v$waf y;vdu k w f ,f? olw@kd &nfreS ;f xm;wmu tJ'v D rkd sKd ;
vky+f y;D awmh trsK;d om;nDvmcHuae tm%mvufeufuidk pf EJG ikd af tmif }uKd ;pm;ay;rJh ratmifjrif
cJb
h ;l ? usaemfjrifwmuawmh etz}udK;pm;aewJh tcsuaf wGxrJ mS olw@kd &hJ pOf;pm;+yD;vkyaf ewm
usaemfjrifwmu Adv k cf sKyfcif!eG @f jzpfaew,f? bmvd@k vq J akd wmh olw@kd xrJ mS pOf;pm;Edik w f m
'Dwa,mufbJ &drS ,f? 1989/ 90/ 93 / 1996 ckEpS /f txdu olw@kd touf&iS Ef ikd af tmif upm;+yD;
OD;aqmifcw hJ mu cif!eG @f ygb?J 1997 up+yD; Adv k cf sKyfoef;a&$ wufvmw,f? vrf;ajymif;+yD;
enf;vrf;ud&k mS w,f? ouU&mZf 2000 ckEpS rf mS NLD ukd tjyKwfwu kd zf @kd olw@kd }udK;pm;w,f?
'gayrJh ratmifjrifb;l ? =o*kwv f rSm atmifqef;pk=unfukd zrf;vdu k wf ,f? tJ't D csed rf mS Edik if H
wumu zdtm;ay;+yD;awmh olwdk@vnf; ratmifjrifjyefbl;? 'ga=umifh atmifqef;pk=unf
eJ@pum;ajymvmw,f? tJvpkd um;ajymwJah e&mrSm cif!eG @f jyefygvmw,f? t=urf;eJ@ ratmif
jrif&if tEkenf;eJ@omG ;r,fq+kd yD; jzpfvmw,f?
2001 uae 2002 txd Edik if w H umu vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;wJh taxmuftulukd
vlxu k kd ay;zd@k ajymvm=uw,f? Edik if w H umu ulcsiw f m/ ay;csiw f mudk etz odw,f? qdak wmh
etzu rl;,pfaq;0g;wdu k zf suzf @kd tultnDukd tar&duefxaH wmif;vmw,f? tckxufxd
tar&duefu 'DtultnDukd ray;Edik b f ;l ? rl;,pfaq;0g;rwdu k wf hJ pm&if;xJrmS etzu pm&if;0if
aew,f? atmifqef;pk=unfe@J pum;ajymwJt h csed rf mS 'Dpm&if;xJu olw@kd emrnfukd zsuaf y;zd@k
}udK;pm;w,f? 'grS olw@kd u rl;,pfaq;0g;tultnD&Edik rf mS jzpfw,f? rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf suzf @kd
tultnDu olw@kd vufxb J J tyf&r,f? olw@kd vw kd m tultnDbjJ zpfw,f? vlra_ &;tultnD
vH;k 0rpOf;pm;bl;? vlxu k kd vH;k 0r&apcsib f ;l ? olw@kd vufx0J ifvmwJh tultnDukd olw@kd vckd sif
w,f? tar&duefu a=unmvdkufwmeJ@ atmifqef;pk=unfeJ@ vHk;0pum;rajymawmhbl;?
tEkenf;eJ@r&awmh oef;a&$w@kd u ae0if;rdom;pkudk jyefuikd w f ,f/ aemufq;kH 'Dy, J if;ta&;tcif;
txdjzpfvmw,f? usaemfxifwmuawmh etzrSmvnf; t}uD;tus,f jy\emwufw,f?
jy\emjzpfvmwJh aemufyikd ;f rSm cif!eG @f ukd 0ef}uD;csKyfvyk cf ikd ;f w,f? cif!eG @f EiS hf oef;a&$w@dk
wvSnphf D tEkenf;/ t=urf;enf; udik =f uayrJh ratmifjrifb;l ? 'gayrJh 'Dwcg ol@uv kd yk cf ikd ;f vdu
k f
wmu etztm%mwnf+rJatmifvyk yf g? atmifjrif&ifaumif;r,f/ ratmifjrif&if cif!eG @f
u¾u+yD;+yD? Ekid if w H umuvnf; 'D[mawG rygb;l qk&d if atmifjrifp&mvrf;r&Sb d ;l ? etzu
typftcwf&yfpcJ w hJ hJ tzG@J awGukd t&ifcsO;f uyfw,f? tck KNU, KNPP +yD;rS SSA udk
jyef+y;D csO;f uyfr,f? usaemfjrifw,f 'D etzuvkyrf ,fh nDvmcHu cif!eG @f twGuf odyt f a&;}u;D
w,f? oluvJ atmifjrifcsiw f ,f? ol@&t hJ usKd ;/ etz&Jt h usKd ;vJygw,f? xwfpifzufuvnf;
xdik ;f Ekid if t
H usK;d / ol@tusKd ;a&mygw,f?
131
tmqD,Hzufu=unfh&ifvnf; 2006 rwkdifcif tajymif;tvJ&Sdzkd@ odyfta&;}uD;ae+yD?

rajymif;vJbeJ @J etzu tmqD,OH uUX vkyrf ,fq&dk if b,forl v S ufrcHb;l ? tmqD,t H wGuf
vnf; 'D[matmifjrifz@dk odyt f a&;}uD;ae+yD? tajymif;tvJjzpf apcsiw f ,f? etzuawmh
ol}udKufwt hJ wdik ;f trsKd ;omnDvmcHjzpfapcsiw f ,f? xkid ;f uawmh wkid ;f &if;om;ryg&if tusKd ;
tjrwfr&Sb d ;l vk@d vufcx H m;w,f? tckusaemfw@kd tajymif;tvJ vkad e+yD? tajymif;tvJjzpfap
csiw f ,f? etzu aemufuv kd u
dk +f y;D ajymif;vJ 'grrS [kwf zdtm;a=umifh usaemfw@dk vkcd siwf zhJ ufukd
qGEJ idk rf vm;? t&ifwek ;f u vlwidk ;f u a':atmifqef;pk=unfe@J etzudyk =J unfah ew,f? tck
etz&Jt h wGi;f rSm cif!eG @f tiftm;wpkwck ay:aew,f? ol@tusKd ;vm;/ wkid ;f &if;om;awGukd
tcGit hf a&;ay;Ekid &f if jrefrmjynfopfujkd yefwnfaqmuf+yD;rS urBm&h ifabmifwef; Edik rf vm;?
wkid ;f &if;om;awGwufvm+yD;awmh jrefrmjynf aemufjyefqJG rvm;? 'gawGu pOf;pm;p&mawGyg?
tm%m&Sifu pD;yGm;a&;vkyfwwf&if atmifjrifw,f? ol}udKufovkd ckdif;wmudk;? 'gayrJh
'Dru kd a&pDpepfrmS wkid ;f &if;om;awGvnf; ygvmawmh yd&k y_ o f mG ; rvm;? etzu wkid ;f &if;om;ygrS
Ekid if aH &;jy\em ajz&Si;f r,fqw dk mudk prf;oyfcsiw f ,f? Bangkok Process rSm etzuvnf;
Ekid if w H umyg0ifru _ kd vufcvH m+y?D xkid ;f uawmh jrefrm ta&;udk txJx0d ifrpGub f ;l ? tajctae
zefw;D ay;r,fv@dk ajymw,f? tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;Ekid af tmif w&kwu f vnf;ajymwmu jrefrmjynf
jy\emudk 0ifrpGufbl;? jrefrm bJ&Sif;&r,fvkd@ajymw,f? tckqkd&if w&kwfu NLD
eJ@wkdif;&if;om; yg&r,fvkd@vufcHw,f? tdEdN,uvnf; vufcHvmw,f? usaemfwdk@zufu
=unf&h ifaumif;w,fv@dk ajymvk@d &w,f?
Bangkok Process rSm vlwikd ;f u cif!eG @f Eidk +f yDv@dk ajym=uw,f? etz pdwt
f ajymif;
tvJjzpfapw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;yg&r,f/ Edik if w H umyg&r,fv@dk / 'D tpnf;ta0;rSm wufa&muf
vmolwdkif;ajymwmu tajccHrl (104) csufudkjyif&r,f ajymvm=uw,f? etzuvnf;
jyifay;zd@k vufrcHb;l ? 'gayrJh usaemfw@kd zdtm;ay;Ekid &f if olavsmzh @dk enf;vrf;&Sd ygw,f? xdik ;f u
OD;aqmif+yD; Bangkok Process vkyw f mudk usaemfw@kd o&d if usaemfw@kd tusKd ;twGuf trsm;
}uD; toH;k jyKEkid wf ,f? 'ga=umifh EU vnf;ygw,f? t&ifwek ;f uawmh etzu EU udak wmif
rScGJ+yD; ol@zufygvmwJhEkdifiHudkbJ Bangkok Process rSm zdwfac:w,f? *smref/ jyifopf/
=op}wD;,m;/ tDwvD Ekid if aH wGukd etzu ol@rw d af qGEidk if vH @dk bJ jrifw,f? t*Fvef/ qG'D if/
'de;f rwfw@dk ukd olw@kd &&hJ efov
l @dk jrifw,f? tJ'D Ekid if aH wGuodyzf t d m;ay;vk@d ? wcsKd @u cif!eG @f
odyaf wmfw,fv@dk jrifw,f? EU udak wmif ESpjf crf;cGv J u
dk +f yDv@dk jrif=uw,f? etzu zdww f meJ@
EU tcsi;f csi;f aqG;aEG;w,f? EU udzk w d &f if (15) Ekid if aH ygi;f xm;wmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJh (4)
EkdifiHbJ zdwfac:wJhtay: aqG;aEG; =uw,f? rwufbl;qkd&if w&kwf/ xkdif;/ tdENd,awGu
vkyfcsifovkd olwkd@vkyfEkdifw,fw,f? 'ga=umifh EU zdwfwJhEkdifiHawGudkwufckdif;w,f?
jyifopfuawmh Total Pipeline udpeP @J o@l rw d af qG *smrefe@J tDwvDu jrefrmjynfzt d m;ay;
wJah e&mrSm Sanctions udv k ufrcHb;l ? tDwvD/ *smref b,fEidk if b H jJ zpfjzpf Sanctions udk
raxmufcb H ;l ? olw@kd “rl” t& awmif;cHwmjzpfw,f? Sanctions rvkyw f mudk etzu ol@
rdwaf qGv@dk ,lqw,f? 'DEidk if aH wGuvnf; EU &Jh jrefrmjynftay: OD;wnfcsuu f kd rpGe@f vw$ bf ;l ?
132
'D[mudkbJ qufukdifr,f? befaumufudkvm+yD; tajccHrl (104) csufudkjyifzdk@ NC xJrSm

'Drukd a&pDenf;vrf;jyifz@dk wu dk w f eG ;f r,f? UN uvnf; 'gu}kd udKufw,f? 'gayr,fh US rygb;l ?
tm&SrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ tmqD,HrSmbJjzpfjzpf/ w&kwfu =oZmoufa&mufzdk@}udK;pm;aew,f?
'ga=umifh US udrk vkb d ;l ? ig&iS ;f Ekid w
f ,fv@dk w&kwu
f cH,w l ,f? EU ryg&if US uvnf; vufcH
rSmr[kwb f ;l qd+k yD; EU udk xkid ;f uzdww f mjzpfw,f? xdik ;f / jrefrmeJ@ yl;wG+J yD; Bangkok Process
uduk si;f ywJt
h cg w&kw/f tdE, dN / EU, *syef axmufav;axmuf zdwx f m;w,f?
wcsdK@uar;w,f? jrefrmEkdifiHudpPudk vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDwifEkdifzdk@ USu ajymayr,fh
rwwfEidk b f ;l ? vH+k cKH a&; aumifprD mS w±kw/f &k&mS ; xkid af ew,f? 'DEidk if aH wGu vufcrH mS r[kwb f ;l ?
vH+k cHKa&;aumifpD a&mufrS etzu UN ajymwmvku d ef mr,f? vH+k cHKa&;aumifprD a&mufrcsi;f
wwfEidk o f avmuf upm;rSmbJ? Bangkok Process ta&mufomG ;atmif enf;vrf;&Sw d ,f?
bma=umifv h J qkad wmh Bangkok Process rSm (12) Edik if v H mwufa&mufomG ;w,f? tmpD,H
(5) Ekid if /H aemuf (5) Ekid if =H um;rSm xkid ;f eJ@Arm Bangkok Process qufomG ;&if usaemfw@dk
wkud w f eG ;f vk@d &w,f? ajymawmh oH;k yGiq hf idk /f wkid ;f &if;om;vJ yg&r,fv@dk ajymw,f? zdwaf c:awmh
etz ygw,f? wkid ;f &if;om;ud, k pf m;vS,/f NLD ud, k pf m;vS,yf goifw h ,fv@dk ajym&r,f?
olw@dk rjzpfEidk b f ;l (12) Ekid if eH @J rvHak vmufb;l / 'Dxufus,jf yef@oifw h ,f? pifumyl/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;
vmwufwm rvHak vmufb;l ? tm&S tukev f ;kH ygoifw h ,f? EU zufu=unf&h ifvnf; tDwvD/
*smrefe@J rvHak vmufb;l tD;,l tukev f ;kH ygoifw h ,f? US udv k nf;ygz@dk wdu k wf eG ;f oifw
h ,f?
'gayrJh &csirf &S r,f? etzuvnf; tm%mpGe@f csiw f m r[kwb f ;l ? cif!eG @f vyk w
f muvJ/ ol@
ud, k u f sKd ;eJ@ etzud, k uf sKd ;tm%mwnf+rJEidk af tmifbJ vkyw f ,f? tcGit hf a&;udk usaemfw@kd
xGi, f &l r,f? usaemfw@kd enf;vrf;awG a&G;+yD;vky&f r,f? 'g usaemfw@kd wm0efy?J aus;Zl;wif
ygw,f? Ò
pmrsuEf mS (134) cGe;f 'uf'b

D ;l &D rStquf
owif;pmxJrmS Bangkok Process u jrefrmjynf&t hJ a&;udpu P kd tjrefq;Hk aqG;aEG;zd@k Follow
up vkyfzkd@ 'k-EkdifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;u ajymw,f? olwdk@pdwf0ifpm;w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;w,f?
usaemfw@kd obm0uswhJ vufawG@uswhJ oH;k yGiq hf idk rf mS etz yg&r,fqw dk m usaemfw@dk vufcH
xm;wmyJ? ok@d r[kw&f if Tripartite ajymudk rajymawmhb;l ? Tripartite qku d wnf;u etz
ygae+y?D 'D qDreD muae qH;k jzwfr,fqv dk @dk &&dS if &vmwJh qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd b,fvdk Lobby vkyrf mS vJ?
Follow Up b,fvv dk yk rf vJqw
kd m tifrwefrS ta&;}u;D ygw,f? 'D qDreD muae+y;D awmh 'DEidk if H
wumudk oGm;a&mufx;kd azmufrnfh tzG@J ukd a&G;cs,o f ifw
h ,f? Ò
133
6;3? ENSCC Edik if jH cm;a&;&mwm0efcH cGe;f 'uf'b

D ;l &DrS Bangkok Process
tay:aqG;aEG;csuf
usaemfw@kd o&H ;kH awGukd vSn+hf y;D oGm;wJth csed rf mS tzdwcf H
&wJh oH&Hk;awGvnf;&Sdw,f? tcGifhta&;awGvnf;&Sdw,f?
Risk uvnf;&Sw d ,f? pdeaf c:csuaf wGvnf; trsm;}u;D &Sw d ,f?
olw@kd t}uHay;wmuawmh tcGit hf a&;udak wmh ,loifw h ,f?
'Dv, kd w hJ cgrmS Challenges and Risk awGvnf; trsm;
l t
}uD;&Sw d ,f? tJ'gukd r,lwwf&if etzuawmh olw@kd vyk cf sif
wJyh pkH H twkid ;f oGm;aerSmyJ? ud, k pf m;vS,af wG tm;vH;k pOf;pm;
+yD;/ bmawGvkyf=urvJqkdwmudk a&G;=u&rSm jzpfw,f?
Bangkok Process rSm ygvmEdik af tmif Adv k cf sKyfjru cGihf
awmif;awmh xkid ;f ucGirhf jyKcJb h ;l ? vGwv f wG v f yfvyfe@J tpd;k &
cGe;f 'uf'b
D ;l &D tcsif;csif; ajymcsifw,fvkd@ xkdif;uajymw,f? etzvJ
t=uyftwnf; &Sad ew,f?
2006 rSm tmqD,&H hJ OuUXjzpfvmr,f? tJ'grwkid cf if urBmuvufcEH idk w f hJ tajymif;tvJ
vkyzf @dk vwdk ,f? vufawG@u, kd [
hf mud, k vf yk Ef idk w
f ,fq&dk if tjynfjynfqidk &f mudk xnfph Of;pm;
p&mrvkb d ;l ? Ekid if w
H um&Jyh g0ifr_ aygi;f pHu k ae usaemfw@dk u awmif;qkad e=uw,f? Ekid if aH &;
taxmuftulaiGa&;a=u;a&;utpaygh? Humanitarian utp awmif;ae=uw,f?
EkdifiHwumudk obm0uswJhawmif;qkdr_/ obm0uswJhqHk;jzwfudk awmif;qdk&if olwdk@uae
jyef+yD;awmh zdtm;ay;Ekdifw,f? tJ'D zdtm;a=umifhusaemfwdk@u Bangkok Process rSm
yg0ifEkdifw,f? tck qDrDemuae wduswJhqHk;jzwfcsufawGcsEkdif&ef Process rSmyg0ifEkdif
w,fv@kd xifw,f? xkid ;f awGuvnf; vlrsKd ;pkawG&t hJ a&;udk wefz;dk xm;ygw,f? xwfqifu yk*H
tpnf;ta0;udrk oGm;cif NCGUB rS yk*Kd~ vfawGu xwfqif&chJ &D;twGuf oGm;awG@w,f?
tJ'rD mS ppfwyfuyk*Kd~ vf}uD;wa,mufygw,f? 0ef}uD;csKyf&;Hk u yk*Kd~ vfawG vmw,f? Ekid if jH cm;
a&;Xme/ jynfxaJ &;Xmeu vlawGvm+yD;awmh usaemfw@kd qu D tjrifawGukd ,lomG ;ygw,f?
olwdk@u xufqifudkjyefajymr,fvdk@ ajymw,f? xkdif;uvnf; vlrsKd;pkryg&if jrefrmjynf&Jh
jy\emudk rajz&Sif;Ekdifbl;vkd@ ,Hk=unfw,f? AdkvfcsKyfjrwdk@tzJG@ &efukefoGm;zdk@c&D;udk
xdik ;f ppfO;D pD;csKyfawGu ulnw D mvJ tvum;rjzpfb;l ? olw@kd tusKd ;pD;yGm; vJygw,f? Armjynfe@J
tusKd ;pD;yGm;ajz&Si;f zd@k uv dk nf;ygw,f? xkid ;f u tusKd ;pD;yGm;bJ =unfw h ,fq&dk if wzufrmS vnf;
vmwJt h cGit hf vrf;ukd b,fvt dk ok;H jyK=urvJ qk+d yD;awmh av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;oifw h ,f?
tDwvD 'k-Ekid if jH cm;a&;0ef}u;D u usaemfw@kd ukd oHtrwf}u;D tdrrf mS xrif;zdwaf u|;ygw,f?
oHtrwf}u;D u xl;xl;qef;qef;ayg?h Bangkok Process &Jt h a=umif; ajymw,f? aemufw&uf
pmrsuEf mS (133) od@k
134
tcef; (7)
wwd,t}urd af jrmuf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
wwd,t}udraf jrmufwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf .

GJ qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;
r[mAsL[mESihf enf;AsL[mqdik &f mqH;k jzwfcsuf
1? 1997 ckESpfwGif usif;ycJhaom yxrt}udrfwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; ESD;aESmzvS,fyJGwGif
qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJhonfh “r,foa&mxmoabmwlnDcsuf” (Mae Tha Raw Ta
Agreement) wGiyf g&o dS nfh —
(u) ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;onf rdrw d @kd qifEaGJ eaom awmf
vSeaf &;. tEdrW yef;wdik jf zpfa=umif; xyfavmif;twnfjyKygonf?
(c) xd&k nfreS ;f csuf yef;wdik af &muf&EdS ikd af &;twGuf “oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJ”G jzifh ,ae@&ifqikd f
ae&aom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ajz&Sif;a&;udk rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;r[mAsL[mtjzpf
xyfavmif; twnfjyKygonf?
(*) xdkoHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yJGwGif 1994 ckESpf urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH.
qH;k jzwfcsutf wdik ;f vuf&pdS pftpd;k & etz/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf OD;aqmifxm;aom
'Drukd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf rdrwd @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;yg0if=u&rnf[k xyfavmif;
twnfjyKonf?
vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;oH;k oyfcsuf
2? etzppftpd;k &rS wifjyxm;aom tcsuf (7) csuyf g0ifonfh Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHk (Road
Map) onf‚if;/ 1996 ckESpfrSpwifI ,m,D&yfqdkif;xm;aom trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
jyefvnfusif;y&ef vkyfaqmifaejcif;onf‚if;/ 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;a&;ESifh ppfrSefaom
zuf'&,fEdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&;odk@ OD;wnfjcif;r&SdyJ/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfoufqdk;
&Snaf &;udo
k m OD;wnfonf [k oabmxm;csrw S o
f nf?
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw
k nfaqmufa&;pDrcH suf
3? etzrS wifjyxm;aom Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHk (Road Map) onf‚if;/ ,if;wd@k rS ac:,l
usi;f y&ef jyifqifxm;aom trsKd ;om;nDvmcHonf‚if;/ ,ae@ jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f
}uKH awG@ &ifqikd af e&aom Edik if aH &;t=uyftwnf;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f Edik rf nf r[kwaf oma=umif/h
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru
kd a&pD xGe;f um;a&;ESihf ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epf
tjrefq;kH wnfaqmufEikd af &;wd@k twGuf 'Dru kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; tjrefq;kH jzpfay:vm
Edik &f ef atmufygtcsurf sm;yg0ifaom “zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;pDrcH su”f
udv k yk af qmifomG ;&efq;Hk jzwfonf?
(u) urBmhukvor*~ taxGaxGnDvmcH qHk;jzwfcsuftwdkif; oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yJGudk
tjrefq;kH ac:,lusi;f y&ef?
137
(c) oH;k yGiq

hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJG &vm'ftay:tajccHI etzppftyk pf /k 1990 a&G;aumufyw GJ iG f
tEdkif&&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; tcsdK;wlyg0ifaom
“=um;jzwftpd;k &” udzk @GJ pnf;&ef?
(*) “=um;jzwftpdk;&” onftrsm;vufcHEdkifaom “trsdK;om;nDvmcH” w&yfudk
ac:,lusi;f yay;&ef?
(C) “trsKd ;om;nDvmcH” . oabmwlncD surf sm;twdik ;f “jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccH
Oya'” udkaomf‚if;/ “jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'rsm;” udkaomf‚if;/
“aumfr&Si”f toD;oD;zJ@G pnf;Ia&;qJaG p&ef?
(i) jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'udk twnfjyKjyXmef;Ekid &f ef jynfv;kH u|wq
f ENc,
H yl u
GJ kd
‚if;/ jynfe,frsm;. zJG@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;udk twnfðyjyXmef;Edkif&ef jynfe,f
toD;oD;. qENc, H yl rGJ sm;ud‚k if; ac:,lusi;f y&ef?
(p) topfa&;qJGjyXmef;aom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkzJG@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD
“jynfaxmifpt k pd;k &” udzk @GJ pnf;Edik &f efaomf‚if;/ topfa&;qJjG yXmef;aom jynfe,frsm;
. zJ@G pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'rsm;twdik ;f “jynfe,ftpd;k &rsm;” udzk @GJ pnf;Edik &f efaomf‚if;/
a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk ac:,lusi;f y&ef?
(q) a&G;aumufy+JG yD;v#if oifqikd &f mv$waf wmftoD;oD;ac:,l+yD; tEdik &f mygwt
D oD;oD;rS
oufqikd &f m tpd;k &toD;oD;udk zJ@G pnf;oGm;&ef?
Edik if w
H umESiyhf gwo
f ufaom qH;k jzwfcsuf
4? (u) jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;a&; tjrefqHk;jzpfay:vm
Edik af &;ESihf trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;rsm;udk tjrefq;kH pwifEikd af &;twGuf xdik ;f Edik if H
rSuruxjyKI }udK;yrf;oGm;jcif;udk }udKqdak xmufco H nf?
(c) ouU&mZf 2003 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv (15) &uf xdik ;f Edik if /H befaumuf+rdK@wiG f ac:,l
usi;f yaom jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if q
H ikd &f m Edik if w
H umaqG;aEG;yJG (International
Forum on Burma) ESihf ‚if;.aemufqufwjGJ zpfpOf (Bangkok Process) udk urBmh
ukvor*~. qH;k jzwfcsut f wdik ;f ppfreS af omoH;k yGiq hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJG tjrefq;kH jzpfay:
vma&;twGuf OD;wnfap&ef wdu k wf eG ;f oGm;rnf?
(*) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w
H iG f 'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu
f ;l ajymif;a&; tjrefq;kH jzpfay:vmEdik af &;
twGuu f rBmuh vk or*~.tcef;u¾onf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfonf[k cH,x l m;ygonf?
jynfaxmifpk.ta&;udk urBmhukvor*~ vHk+cHKa&;aumifpD (United Nation's
Security Council) od@k wifoiG ;f Edik &f ef }udK;yrf;oGm;rnf jzpfonf?
138
(C) UN, EU, ASEAN paom Edik if w H umtzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf USA, Japan, Australia
paom Edik if rH sm;omru/ rdrw d @kd . tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;jzpf=uaom China, India,
Bangladesh Edik if rH sm;. yg0ifrt _ m; wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;/ jynforl sm;. qENEiS hf
tnD jzpfap&ef }udKqkw d u
dk w
f eG ;f oGm;rnf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nD!w
G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;qdik &f mqH;k jzwfcsuf
5? (u) oH;k yGiqhf ikd af qG;aEG;yJw
G iG ‚f if;/ tqifq h ifah om 'Dru
kd a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umv
rsm;wGi‚f if;/ oH;k yGiq d zf uf (Dialogue Partners) rsm;onf rdrw
hf ikd af qG;aEG;yJrG w d @kd .
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,af pv$wyf ikd cf iG hf &Sad p&rnf?
(c) ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk vGwvf yfpmG a&G;cs,Ef ikd &f ef rdrw
d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;tm; vGwf
vyfpmG awG@qakH qG;aEG;cGihf &Sad p&rnf?
(*) xdo
k @kd aom vGwv
f yfonfah qG;aEG;yJrG sm;jzpfay:vmEdik &f ef UN . pnf;=uyfuyG u
f rJ u _ kd
aomf‚if;/ Asean ESifh tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;. t}uHjyKr_ESifh ulnDay;r_rsm;&&SdEdkif&ef
}udK;pm;oGm;rnf jzpfonf?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpPrsm;tay:
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;
6? (u) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ (Ethnic Nationalities Seminar) udk
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcH (Ethnic Nationalities Conference) tjzpf ajymif;
vJusi;f y&ef qH;k jzwfonf?
(c) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. wyfaygi;f pkrsm;ESihf ygwt
D zJ@G tpnf;toD;oD;. tajccHpzk @GJ r_
tjzpf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (Ethnic Nationalities Council) udk zJ@G pnf;
&ef qH;k jzwfonf?
(*) ENSCC udk vkyif ef;aumfrwDtjzpf qufvufxm;&Sd zJ@G pnf;&ef oabmwlq;kH jzwfonf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD zJ@G pnf;yHk
7? (u) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcH
(1) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHonf tjrifq h ;kH nDvmcHjzpfonf?
(2) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;nDvmcHukd wESpv
f #if w}udru f si;f yonf?
(3) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDudk aomf
vnf;aumif;/ vkyif ef; aumfrwDrsm;udak omfvnfaumif; zJ@G pnf;ay;onf?
(4) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcHonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDwGif A[dk
tvkyt f r_aqmifaumfrwDtjzpfwm0ef,rl nfyh *k K~d vfrsm;/ wyfaygi;f pkEiS hf tzJ@G
139
tpnf;toD;oD;rS OD;a&uef@owf a&G;cs,af y;onf?

(5) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;nDvmcHonf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifprD S vufuikd f
xm;&rnfh &nfreS ;f csu/f r[mAsL[m/ rl0g'/ vrf;pOfvyk if ef;pOfrsm;ESihf vrf;!Gef
Oya'/ Oya'rsm;udck srw S f ay;onf?
(c) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD
(1) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;aumifpDonf wdkif;&if;vlrsKd;rsm;nDvmcHwckESifh
wckt=um;umvwGif tjrifq h ;kH tm%mydik t
f zJ@G jzpfonf?
(2) wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDonf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;nDvmcHrS csrSwf
ay;xm;aom qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;/ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk taumiftxnfaz:aqmif&u G f
ay;onf?
(3) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo
D nf ‚if;. wESpw
f mvkyif ef; tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk
wESpw f }udru
f si;f yaom nDvmcHo@kd wifjytpD&ifcoH nf?
(4) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo D nf vkyif ef;aumfrwDrsm;udk zJ@G pnf;+yD; vrf;!Gef
}uD;=uyfrE_ iS hf qufpyfrr_ sm;udk jyKvkyaf y;onf?
(5) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo
D nf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf EGJ iS hf nDvmcHrS
csrw S x f m;aom rl0g'vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESit hf nD vkyif ef;aumfrwD. vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk
csrw S af y;onf?
(6) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpu
D dk NDF rS (3) OD;/ UNLD(LA) rS (2) OD;/ KNPP
rS (1) OD;/ NUPA rS (1) OD;/ SDU rS (1) OD;/ KNO rS (1) OD;ESihf RCSS rS (1) OD; yg0if
aomaumifp0D if (10) OD;jzifh zJ@G pnf;xm;onf?
(7) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo D @kd wyfaygi;f pkrsm;ESihf tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;rS ay;yd@k aom
ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; rdrw d @kd tcsi;f csi;f =um;xJwiG f atmufygtwdik ;f wm0efcaGJ 0r_
wduspmG vkyaf qmif&rnf?
(u) OuUX
(c) 'k- OuUX
(*) taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;
(C) wJzG uftwGi;f a&;rSL;
(i) b¾ma&;rSL;
(p) aumfrwD0ifrsm;
(8) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifprD S ENSCC tm; vdt
k yfovdk jyifqifz@GJ pnf;r_/ wm0ef
ay;r_ jyKvky&f rnf?
140
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp.

D &nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf r[mAsL[m
8? (u) &nfreS ;f csuf
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp. D Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csut f jzpf
(1) ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;?
(2) 'Dru kd a&pDpepf usiohf ;kH a&;?
(3) trsKd ;om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXge;f cGi&hf &Sad &;?
(4) ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; wd@k jzpfonf?
8? (c) r[mAsL[m
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp.
D r[mAsL[monf oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG; tajz&Sm
jcif;jzifh Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f &ef jzpfonf?
taxGaxGq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;
9? (u) Ethnic Nationalities Council wGif yg0if&rnfh wyfaygi;f pktoD;oD;ESihf tzJ@G tpnf;
toD;oD;rS ay;yd@k rnfh ud, k pf m;vS,t f oD;oD;rS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. trnfpm&if;tm;
2004 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v D (15) &ufwiG f aemufq;kH xm;I wwd,t}udraf jrmuf wdik ;f
&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf u GJ si;f ya&;aumfrwDo@kd ay;yd@k &rnf?
9? (c) wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo D nf wESpw f m vkyif ef;taumiftxnfaz:aqmif
&Gu&f mwGif vdt k yfovdk vkyif ef;aumfrwDrsm;udk zJ@G pnf;ay;Edik &f rnf[k oabmwl
qH;k jzwfonf?
10? (u) wwd,t}urd af jrmuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ usi;f ya&;aumfrwDonf
yxrt}udrf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifpD tpnf;ta0;usi;f yonftxd quf
vuf&yfwnf wm0ef,&l rnf?
10? (c) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpt D m; wESpt f wGi;f jynfe,frsm;udk tajccHIzJ@G pnf;
Edik af &;twGuf }udK;yrf; aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef oabmwlq;kH jzwfonf?
11? u&iftrsdK;om;tpnf;t&Hk; (KNU) taeESifh EdkifiHa&;jy\emudk EdkifiHa&;enf;t&
ajz&Si;f a&; OD;wnfcsuEf iS hf jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;twGuf etz ppftyk pf Ek iS hf awG@qakH qG;aEG;r_
tay: T wwd,t}udrw f ikd ;f &if;om;ES;D aESmzvS,yf rGJ S }udKqdak xmufco H nf?
12? nDvmcHusi;f ya&;udpt P 00udak omf‚if;/ ta&;ay:nDvmcHusi;f y&efvt kd yfyguaomf‚if;/
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifprD S vdt
k yfovdk wm0ef,al qmif&uG Ef ikd o
f nf?
usi;f ya&;aumfrwD
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ
&ufp?GJ ? ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS /f ZEM0g&v D (28) rS azaz:0g&v
D (2) &uf?
141
wwd,t}udraf jrmuf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG

xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf
(1) wwd,t}udrfajrmuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJukd ouU&mZf 2004 ckESpf
Zefe0g&v
D (28) &ufae@rS azaz:0g&v D (2) &ufae@txd aumfo;l av/ avmfc;D vmpcef;wGif
atmifjrifpmG usi;f yjyKvkyEf idk cf hJ =uygonf? ,if; ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;ok@d wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d
rsm;.wyfaygi;f pkrsm;/ ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;rS uk, d pf m;vS,af wmfrsm;ESihf avhvmolrsm;
tygt0if pkpak ygi;f (61) OD; wufa&muf=u+yD; &if;ES;D yGiv hf if;pGm aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf?
(2) wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;aumfrw D D (ENSCC)
. ESpEf pS w f mvkyif ef;tpD&ifcpH mtjyif wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. Ekid if aH &;wyfaygi;f pkrsm;/
ygwt D zG@J tpnf;rsm;rS wifoiG ;f aom “ok;H yGiq hf idk af wG@qaHk qG;aEG;yG”J ESihf “wkid ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd;rsm;.aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;” tay:tjrifESifhoabmxm; pmwrf;rsm;ukdvnf;
wifoiG ;f aqG;aEG;cJ=h uonf?
(3) T ES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;rS 1997 ckEpS w
f iG f usi;f ycJah om “r,foa&mxm” yxrt}udrf
wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ}uD;. oabmwlnDcsufrsm;jzpfaom okH;yGifhqkdif
awG@qkHaqG;aEG;a&;jzifh jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH. EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ukdajz&Sif;a&;ESifh
ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; OD;wnfcsurf sm;ukd qufvufItckid f
trm ukid pf o
JG mG ;&ef oabmwlc=hJ uonf?
(4) ,ae@ etz ppftyk pf u k ppftm%m&Sipf epfuadk &&SnEf iS hf w&m;0ifqufvuf usio
hf ;Hk Ekid af &;
twGuf vSnphf m;zefw;D aeaom tqifh (7) qifyh g vrf;jyajryko H nfvnf;aumif;/ 1996
ckEpS w f iG f ,m,D&yfqidk ;f xm;onfh trsK;d om;nDvmcH jyefvnfac:,la&;onfvnf;aumif;/
'Dru dk a&pDpepfEiS hf ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk wnfaqmufa&;ukd OD;wnfapEkid rf nf
r[kwo f nft h wGuf pkaygi;f qef@usiof mG ;=u&ef qk;H jzwfc=hJ uonf?
(5) jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;/ 'Dru
dk a&pDxeG ;f um;a&;ESihf ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epf
tjrefq;Hk wnfaqmufEidk af &;/ 'Dru dk a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&; tjrefq;Hk jzpfay:vmEkid &f ef
twGuf atmufygtcsurf sm;yg0ifaom “zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;pDrcH su”f
udk vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef oabmxm;csrw S cf hJ =uonf?
(u) 1994 ckEpS rf pS I urBmu
h vk or*~taxGaxGnv D mcHrS qk;H jzwfonht
f wkid ;f ok;H yGiq
hf idk f
aqG;aEG;yJu
G dk tjrefq;Hk ac:,lusi;f y&ef?
(c) ok;H yGiqhf idk af qG;aEG;yG&J v'ftay: tajccHI etz ppftyk pf /k 1990 a&G;aumufyw JG iG f
tEkid &f xm;aom trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) ESihf tjcm;Ekid if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tcsK;d wl yg0ifaom =um;jzwftpk;d &ukd zG@J pnf;&ef?
142
(*) =um;jzwftpk;d &u trsm;vufcEH idk af om trsK;d om;nDvmcHw&yfudk ac:,lusi;f y

ay;&ef?
(C) trsK;d om;nDvmcH. oabmwlncD sut f wkid ;f jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'ESihf
jynfe,frsm;. zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'rsm;ukd aumfr&Sit f oD;oD;zG@J pnf;I a&;qG&J ef?
(i) jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'ukd twnfjyKjyXmef;Ekid &f eftwGuf jynfv;Hk u|wq
f EN
cH,yl u
JG dk aomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfe,frsm;.zG@J pnf;ykt H ajccHOya'rsm;ukd twnfjyK
jyXmef;Ekid &f eftwGuf jynfe,ftoD;oD;qENc, H yl rJG sm;ukd aomfvnf;aumif; ac:,l
usi;f y&ef?
(p) topfa&;qGJjyXmef;aom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk zGJ@pnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhtnD
jynfaxmifpktpkd;&ukd zGJ@pnf;Ekdif&efaomfvnf;aumif;/ topfa&;qGJjyXmef;aom
jynfe,frsm;.zG@J pnf;ykt
H ajccHOya'rsm;ESit
hf nD jynfe,ftpk;d &rsm;ukd zG@J pnf;Ekid &f ef
aomfvnf;aumif; oufqidk &f ma&G;aumufyrJG sm;ukad c:,l usi;f y&ef?
(q) a&G;aumufy+JG y;D v#if oufqidk &f mv$waf wmf toD;oD;ac:,l+y;D tEkid &f ygwt
D oD;oD;u
oufqidk &f m tpk;d &toD;oD;ukd zG@J pnf;oGm;&ef?
(6) urBmhukvor*~ tygt0if EkdifiHwumrdom;pkrsm;rS jrefrmEdkifiH.ta&;cif;rsm;wGif
yg0ifygwo
f ufru _ dk }udKqkd axmufco H nft
h jyif xkid ;f tpk;d &u}udK;yrf;aqmif&u G af eaom
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t
H wGi;f trsK;d om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_udk }uKd qkad xmufcH
=uonf?
(7) ,ae@jrefrmjynf. EkdifiHa&;tajctaeawmif;qkdr_t& rdrdwkd@wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;.
pkpnf;nDnw G af omtoH (One Ethnic Voice) ok@d OD;wnfEidk af p&eftajccHpzk @JG r_ jzpfaom
“wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;aumifp”D (Ethnic Nationalities Council) ukd TnDvmcH}u;D rS
atmifjrifpmG zG@J pnf;Ekid cf =hJ uonft h jyif vkyif ef;aumfrwDjzpfaom “wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;
aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;aumfrwD (ENSCC)” ukv d nf; qufvuf
zG@J pnf;xm;&So d mG ;&ef qk;H jzwfc=hJ uonf?
(8) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEkid if w
H iG f a&&Sn&f ifqidk af e&aom jy\emaygi;f pku H dk ajz&Si;f Ekid &f eftwGuf
ukvor*~rS qk;H jzwfxm;onfh ok;H yGiq hf idk af wG@qaHk qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f jcif;enf;jzifo h m +yD;jynfph Hk
aomajyvnfr_ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHhckdif+rJaom +idrf;csrf;wnf+idrfr_ukd &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonfh
twGuf wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: xk;d ppfqifrt _ m;vk;H ukd c|i;f csurf &Sd &yfp+J y;D wjynfv;Hk
qkid &f m typftcwf&yfpaJ &;ukd a=unmay;&ef/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tygt0if Ekid if aH &;
tusO;f om;tm;vk;H ukd tjrefvw G af y;&ef/ urBmu h v k or*~ qk;H jzwfcsuEf iS t hf nD ok;H yGiq hf idk f
awG@qaHk qG;aEG;a&;ukd tjrefq;Hk jyKvky&f ef TES;D aESmzvS,yf }JG uD;u awmif;qkv d u dk o
f nf?
143
Tawmif;qdck surf sm;udk jynfwiG ;f jynfy&Sd 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;

tm;vk;H rSwufnv
D ufnD 0kid ;f 0ef;axmufcI H }udK;yrf;taumiftxnfaz:oGm;=u&ef av;euf
wnf=unfpmG wku d w
f eG ;f Ek;d aqmf vku
d yf gonf?
usi;f ya&;aumfrwD
wwd,t}udrf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,f
ae@p?GJ ?ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f azaz:0g&v
D (3) &uf
144
The Statement of
the Third Ethnic Nationalities Seminar
(1) The Third Ethnic Nationalities Seminar was successfully held from January
28, 2004 to February 2, 2004 at Law-hkee-la Camp in Kawthoolei. Sixty-
one delegates and observers from the ethnic nationality alliances, parties
and organizations attended the Seminar and participated in free and frank
discussions.
(2) The Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity and Cooperation Committee (ENSCC)

submitted its report covering two years of its activities and the various
alliances, parties and organizations submitted papers expressing views and
opinions on the Tripartite Dialogue and the Solidarity of the Ethnic
Nationalities.
(3) The Seminar agreed to firmly uphold the aims and objects of agreement
reached at the First Ethnic Nationality Seminar at "Mae-the-raw-ta" in 1997,
being the resolution of political problems of the Union of Burma through
tripartite dialogue and the establishment of a true Federal Union.
(4) The Seminar observed that the SPDC's 7-stage "road map" and the attempt
to reconvene its National Convention, temporarily suspended in 1996, would
not lead to democratization and establishment of a federal union but only
sustain a military dictatorship in the country.
(5) For peace in the country, the flourishing of democracy, the establishment
of a federal system, and the speedy and timely emergence of democratic
transition, the ethnic nationalities will launch the "Rebuilding the Union of
Burma" initiative consisting of the following points.
(a) To hold, at the earliest date, the tripartite dialogue, as called for by the
UN resolutions annually since 1994;
(b) To form an interim government comprising of representatives,
proportionally, of the SPDC, the NLD and other political parties,
victorious in the 1990 elections, and the ethnic nationalities, based on
the agreement arrived at the tripartite dialogue;
(c) The interim government is to convene a legitimate "National
Convention";
145
(d) To form various commissions, with approval of the National

Convention, to draft constitutions of the Federal Union and the
constituent States;
(e) To hold national referendum for adoption of the Federal Constitution
and to hold referendum in various constituent States for adoption of
respective State Constitutions;
(f) To hold elections at national level and state level for the formation of
Federal government and State governments in various States in
accordance with the newly adopted Federal and respective State
Constitutions;
(g) Subsequent to the elections, the Federal and State parliaments
(legislatures) are to be convened and the respective election-winning
parties are to form the Federal and various State governments;
(6) In addition to welcoming and supporting involvement of the international

community, including the UN, in the affairs of Burma, the Seminar welcomes
and supports efforts by the Thai government for national reconciliation in
the Union of Burma.
(7) In accordance with requirement of the political situation of Burma, the

delegates to the Seminar successfully established the "Ethnic Nationalities
Council," a coalition for proceeding towards a "United Ethnic Nationalities
Voice and Platform" for the Tripartite Dialogue. In addition, the Seminar
decided to continue with maintaining the existence of the ENSCC.
(8) Since complete solution to protracted and multifarious problems facing

the Union of Burma, and lasting peace and stability, can be gained only
through the tripartite dialogue process demanded by the UN resolutions,
this Seminar calls upon the SPDC to unconditionally cease all military
offensives against the ethnic nationalities, declare a nationwide cease-fire,
release all political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and hold
tripartite dialogue at the earliest date.
We, the ethnic Nationalities, solemnly urge the democratic and ethnic forces,
at home and abroad, for unanimously support and to make concerted effort to
realize the aspirations of the people of the Union of Burma.
February 3, 2004
146
tcef; (8)
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD (ENC) udkzJG@pnf;jcif;

ESihf xkwjf yefa=unmcsurf sm;
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD zJG@pnf;jcif;ESifh wm0efay;tyfjcif;
(1) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpu D kd ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D (28) &ufrS azaz:0g&D
(2) &ufae@txd usi;f ycJah om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf w GJ iG t
f rsKd ;om;'Drukd
a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (NDF) rS (3) OD;/ jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf
(vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (UNLD-LA) rS (2) OD;/ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wdk;wufa&;ygwD
(KNPP) rS (1) OD;/ &cdik t f rsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;ygwD (NUPA) rS (1) OD;/ &Sr;f 'Dru kd &ufwpf
,le, D H (SDU) rS (1) OD;/ ucsit f rsKd ;om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNO) rS (1) OD; wd@k jzifzh @GJ pnf;&ef
qHk;jzwfonf?
(2) xdqk ;kH jzwfcsuEf iS t hf nD wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpu D kd rwfv (12) &ufae@wiG f atmif
jrifpmG zJ@G pnf;Edik cf o hJ nf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp0D ifrsm;tjzpf Edik if aH &;wyfaygi;f pk
rsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwt D zJ@G tpnf;rsm;rSay;yd@k aom ud, k pf m;vS,t f rnfpm&if;rSm atmufyg
twdkif;jzpfonf?
1) apmboifped f (NDF ud,k pf m;vS,f )
2) Advk cf sKyf}uD; wmrvmayg (NDF ud,k pf m;vS,f )
3) cdkifpdk;Edkifatmif (NDF ud,k pf m;vS,f )
4) cGe;f rwf&u f b
kd ef (UNLD-LA ud, k pf m;vS,f )
5) a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f (UNLD-LA ud, k pf m;vS,f )
6) clxb J zl J (KNPP ud, k pf m;vS,f )
7) p0fqikd pf pf (SDU ud,
k pf m;vS,f )
8) a'guw f m cifarmif (NUPA ud, k pf m;vS,f )
9) abmrf0rfva&mf (KNO ud, k pf m;vS,f )
(3) wwd,t}udrw f ikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ qH;k jzwfcsuEf iS t
hf nD aumifp0D if (9)
OD;t=um; atmufygtwdik ;f wm0efay;a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufjcif; jyKvkyEf ikd cf yhJ gonf?
1) OuUX apmboifped f
2) 'k-OuUX clxb J ;l zJ
3) taxGaxGwGif;a&;rSL; a'gufwm qvdkif;vsefr_ef;
4) wJGzuftwGif;a&;rSL; p0fqdkifppf
5) b¾ma&;rSL; cdkifpdk;Edkifatmif
6) tzJ@G 0if Advk cf sKyf}uD; wmrvmayg
7) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f rwf&u f b
kd ef
8) tzJ@G 0if a'guw f m cifarmif
9) tzJ@G 0if abmrf0rfva&mf wd@k jzpfygonf?
149
(4) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp.

D t}uaH y;yk*K~d vfrsm;tjzpf atmufygy*k K~d vfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f
wm0efay;tyfxm;ygonf?
1) ref;atmifoef;av; (KNPP)
2) p0f[efa,mifa[G (Euro-Burma Office)
(5) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp. D vkyif ef;aumfrwDjzpfaom “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; aoG;
pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;aumfrwD” (ENSCC) udk atmufyg yk*K~d vfrsm;
jzifh jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;xm;ygonf?
1) OuUX Dr. p0fZef@a,mifa[G (UNLD-LA)
2) twGif;a&;rSL; apma';Apfawm (NDF/KNU)
3) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f wuf'b D ;l &D (UNLD-LA)
4) tzJ@G 0if Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; cGeOf uUm (NDF/PPLO)
5) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f &Drmefx;l (KNPP)
ENC . Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csuEf iS hf r[mAsL[mrsm;?

The ENC's Strategy and Tactics:
1. The ENC re-affirmed the establishment of "Democratic Federal Union" as

its ultimate political goal;
2. The ENC re-affirmed the "Tripartite Dialogue" as its grand strategy to
achieve the ultimate goal;
3. The ENC adopts the following tasks as its political tactics to be
implemented immediately:
(i) To support Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and NLD activities.
(ii) To support UNA and UNLD inside activities, strengthen their position
and promote understanding and cooperation with CF groups and other
political parties and activists.
(iii) To consult, cooperate and work closely with all ethnic nationalities forces
and democratic alliances, especially with those who are residing in border
areas and overseas.
(iv) To empower ethnic nationalities forces and its democratic alliances, and
build-up all kinds of capacity building through trainings, seminars and
workshops, etc.
150
(v) To speed-up the task of "State Constitutions" drafting process in order

to strengthen ethnic nationalities position, and work more closely with
"Federal Constitution" drafting committee.
(vi) To increase international campaigns; (a) to put more international pres
sures on the SPDC, (b) to up-grate the role of UN's special envoy Mr.
Razali, and (c) to bring the Burma's case to UN Security Council.
(vii) To create International Forum on Burma, either through Bangkok
Process or through other means of UN mechanism, in order to
implement the UNGA resolution, which calls for a Tripartite Dialogue.
(According to decision made at the ENC and ENSCC meeting on 12-14 May, 2004.)
151
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD
xkwjf yefa=unmcsuf trSwf 1§2004

1? ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D (28) &ufrS azaz:0g&D (2) &ufae@txd usi;f ycJah om
wwd,t}udrfajrmuf wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJG. qHk;jzwfcsufESifhtnD
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpuD kd rwfv (12) &uf ae@wiG f atmifjrifpmG zJ@G pnf;Edik cf +hJ yD;
,if;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp. D yxrt}urd t
f pnf;ta0;udv k nf; ouU&mZf 2004
ckEpS f rwfv (12) &ufrS (14) &ufae@ txd oH;k &ufwikd w f ikd q
f ufvuf usi;f ycJyh gonf?
2? (u) wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp.D Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf sm;rSm —
(1) ppftm%m&Sipf epfzsuo f rd ;f a&;/
(2) 'Drdkua&pDEdkifiHawmfxlaxmifa&;/
(3) trsdK;om;wef;wla&;ESifhudk,fydkifjy?mef;cGifh&&Sda&;/
(4) ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpx k al xmifa&; wd@k jzpfonf?
(c) txufaz: jyyg Edik if aH &;&nfreS ;f csurf sm; atmifjrifpmG taumiftxnfaz:Edik af &;
twGuf “wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifp”D uvufcu H sio
hf ;kH oGm;rnfh r[mAsL[m
onf “oH;k yGiqhf ikd af wG@qHak qG;aEG;yJ”G jzifh Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk Edik if aH &;enf;jzifh
tajz&Smajz&Si;f a&; yifjzpfonf?
(*) xdk oH;k yGiq
hf ikd af wG@qakH qG;aEG;yJw
G iG f 1994 ckEpS rf pS I urBmu h vk or*~ taxGaxGnv D mcH
. tpOfwpdkufqHk;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifhtnD etzppftkyfpk/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf
OD;aqmifaom 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;pkrsm;ESihf rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; yg0if=u&rnf?
3? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDudk trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF) rS (3) OD;/
jynfaxmifpw k ikd ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;rsm;'Dru
kd a&pDtzJ@G csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) (UNLD-
LA) rS (2) OD;/ u&ifet D rsKd ;om; wd;k wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) rS (1) OD;/ &cdik jf ynftrsKd ;
om;nD!w G af &;ygwD (NUPA) rS (1) OD;/ &Sr;f 'Dru kd &ufwpf,el , D H (SDU) rS (1) OD;/
ucsit f rsKd ;om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNO) rS (1) OD;/ pkpak ygi;f tzJ@G 0if (9) OD;jzifh yg0ifz@GJ pnf;
Edik cf yhJ gonf?
4? ,if;od@k pkz@GJ +yD;aom aumifp0D if (9) OD;teuf wm0efcrH sm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f a&G;cs,f
wifajr‡mufEdkifcJhygonf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpt
D zJ@G 0ifrsm;pm&if;
(1) OuUX apmboifped f (NDF)
(2) 'k- OuUX clxb
J ;l zJ (KNPP)
152
(3) taxGaxGtwGif;a&rSL; Dr. qvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f (UNLD-LA)

(4) wJGbuftwGif;a&;rSL; p0fqdkifppf (SDU)
(5) b¾ma&;rSL; cdkifpdk;Edkifatmif (NDF)
(6) tzJ@G 0if Advk cf sKyf}uD; wmrvmayg (NDF)
(7) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f rwf&u f b
kd ef (UNLD-LA)
(8) tzJ@G 0if Dr. cifarmif (NUPA)
(9) tzJ@G 0if abmrf0rfva&mf (KNO)
t}uHay;yk*K~d vfrsm;
(1) t}uHay; ref;atmifoef;av; (KNPP)
(2) t}uHay; p0f[efa,mifa[G (Euro Burma Office)
5? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD. vkyfief;aumfrwDjzpfaom “wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;

aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;aumfrwD” (ENSCC) udk atmufygy*k Kd~ vf
rsm;jzifh jyefvnfz@GJ pnf;onf?
(1) OuUX Dr. p0fZef@a,mifa[G (UNLD-LA)
(2) twGif;a&;rSL; apma';Apfawm (NDK/KNU)
(3) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f wuf'b D ;l &D (UNLD-LA)
(4) tzJ@G 0if Adv
k rf LS ;}uD; cGeOf uUm (NDF/PPLO)
(5) tzJ@G 0if cGe;f &Drmefx;l (KNPP)
6? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpo D nf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. Edik if aH &;tzJ@G tpnf;rsm;ESihf

wyfaygif;pkrsm;tcsif;csif;=um;omru 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;/ r[mrdwfwyfaygif;pk
rsm;ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESiw hf ef;wla&; wdu
k yf w GJ iG f vufwaGJ qmif&u
G o f mG ;rnfh wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;. rl0g'qHpk nf;&maumifpw D &yf jzpfa=umif;az: jy&if; wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;
aumifpD atmifjrifpmG zJ@G pnf;+yD;pD;a=umif;udk xkwjf yefa=unmtyfygonf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD

ae@p?GJ ?ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f rwfv (14) &uf/
Contact Persons:
1. Saw Ba Thin Sein (Chairman, ENC) 2. Dr. Lian H Sakhong (Secretary, ENC)
Tel: 0 9634 1490 Tel: 0 6185 3325
E-mail: botulip@cscoms.com E-mail address:liansakhong@hotmail.com
153
UNION OF BURMA
ETHNIC NATIONALITIES COUNCIL
Statement No. 1/2004
1. The Ethnic Nationalities Council (ENC) was established on March 12, 2004,
in accordance with the decision of the 3rd Ethnic Nationalities Seminar,
which was held from 28 January to 2 February 2004. The Council met from
12 to 14 March 2004.
2. (A) The political objectives of the Ethnic Nationalities Council are:

(i) End the military dictatorship in Burma,
(ii) Establish a democratic nation,
(iii) Establish ethnic equality and self-determination,
(iv) Establish a genuine federal union.
(B) The Ethnic Nationalities Council's strategy is to achieve its objectives

through a "tripartite dialogue" to find political solutions to political problems.
(C) The "tripartite dialogue" must include the SPDC military regime, the
democratic forces led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi and the ethnic
nationalities, as called for by the United Nations General Assembly
resolutions since 1994.
3. The Ethnic Nationalities Council was established with three representatives

from the National Democratic Front (NDF), two from the United
Nationalities League for Democracy (UNLD-LA), one from the Karenni
National Progressive Party (KNPP), one from the National United Party of
Arakan (NUPA), one from the Shan Democratic Union (SDU), and one
from the Kachin National Organization (KNO) - in total nine council members.
.
4. The 9 members of the Ethnic Nationalities Council members are:
(i) Chairman Saw Ba Thin Sein (NDF)
(ii) Vice-Chairman Khu Hteh Bupeh (KNPP)
(iii) General Secretary Dr. Lian H Sakhong (UNLD-LA)
(iv) Joint-Secretary Sao Seng Suk (SDU)
(v) Treasurer Khiang Soe Naing Aung (NDF)
(vi) Member General Tamala Paw (NDF)
(vii) Member Khun Manko Ban (UNLD-LA)
(viii) Member Dr. Khin Maung (NUPA)
(ix) Member Bawmwang La Raw (KNO)
154
Advisors:
(i) Mahn Aung Than Lay (KNPP)
(ii) Sao Harn Yawnghwe Euro-Burma Office
5. The "Ethnic Nationalities Solidarity and Cooperation Committee" (ENSCC)

was reformed as the working committee of Ethnic Nationalities Council.
The ENSCC members are:
(i) Chairma Dr. Chao Tzang Yawnghwe (UNLD-LA)
(ii) Secretary Saw David Taw (NDF)
(iii) Member Khun Teddy Buri (UNLD-LA)
(iv) Member Col. Hkun Okker (NDF)
(v) Member Khu Rimond Htoo (KNPP)
6. The Ethnic Nationalities Council will work not only coordinating policies
to promote solidarity among ethnic nationalities forces; but also with other
democratic forces and alliance in order to create a peaceful country where
ethnic nationalities can enjoy full rights of political equality and self-
determination.
Ethnic Nationalities Council

2004-03-15
ooooo000ooooo
Contact Persons:
1. Saw Ba Thin (Chairman, ENC)

Tel: 0 9634 1490
E-mail: botulip@cscoms.com
2. Dr. Lian H Sakhong (Secretary, ENC)

Tel: 0 6185 3325
E-mail address: liansakhong@hotmail.com
155
jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
wdkfif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD
xkwjf yefcsuf (2§2004)
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpD (ENC) ESifh ‚if;.vkyfief;aumfrDwDjzpfaom wdkif;&if;om;

vlrsdK;rsm;aoG;pnf;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;aumfrDwD (ENSCC) wdk@.yl;wGJ
tpnf;ta0;udk ouU&mZf 2004 ck arv (12) &ufae@rS (14) &ufae@txd xkid ;f jrefrme,fpyf
wae&mwGif atmifjrifpGmusif;yEdkifcJhjyD; atmufygoabmxm;rsm;udk xkwfjyefa=unm
vdkufygonf//
1// ,ae@jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if w H iG f }uKH awG@&ifqidk af e&aom Edik if aH &;jy\emonf 'Dru dfk a&pD
tiftm;pkESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepft=um;jzpfyGm;aeaom 0g'a&;&mwdkufyGJwckwnf;
r[kwfay? yifvHknDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;trsdK;om;acgif;
aqmifrsm; ar#mrf eS ;f cJ=h uaom “vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHck sp=f unf&if;ES;D a&;/ wef;wla&;ESihf trsKd ;om;
ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf jynft
h 0&Sad om zuf'&,fjynfaxmifp”k udrk wnfaqmufEikd o f nfh
tajccHjy\emrS pwifjzpfymG ;aeaom “Edik if aH &;jy\em” yifjzpfonf//
2// jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif&ifqdkifae&aom EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk EdkifiHa&;enf;jzifh

+idr;f csr;f pGmajz&Si;f oGm;&ef rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;trsKd ;om;rsm;rS vdv
k m;awmif;qdak eygonf?
xdkodk@ajz&Sif;&mwGif urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH}uD;. qHk;jzwfcsrSwfxm;onfh
“oH;k yGiq hf ikd af wG@qHak qG;aEG;yG”J jzifh ajz&Si;f jcif;onfomv#if taumif;qH;k jzpfonf[k
rdrdwdk@cH,lxm;ygonf//
3// etz ppftyk pf o k nf Edik if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ESihf trsKd ;om;
jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;wd@k ukd OayuQmjyKv#uf ‚if;wk@d qyk u f ikd x
f m;aom tm%mqufvuf
wnf+rJa&;ESihf ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd w&m;0ifxal xmifEikd af &;twGuf Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;
tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'w&yfukd a&;qGjJ yXmef;Edik &f ef 1996 ckEpS wf iG f &yfqikd ;f xm;cJah om
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd vmrnfah rv (17) &ufae@wiG f jyefvnfusi;f y&ef jyifqifaeygonf?
4// etzppftkyfpktaejzifh TtrsdK;om;nDvmcHudk ac:,lusif;y&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,f

csurf mS — “w&m;r0iftpd;k &” (De facto Government) udk “w&m;0iftpd;k &”
(De jure Government) jzpfapa&;omru ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk EdkifiHawmfzGJ@pnf;
tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'jzifh umuG,jf yXmef; Edik af &;yifjzpfonf//
156
5// etz ppftyk pf rk S usi;f y&efjyifqifaeaom trsKd ;om;nDvmcHonf —

(u) trsKd ;om;nDvmcHukd umuG,jf yXmef;onfh 5§96 tygt0if trsKd ;rsKd ;aom wm;jrpf
[ef@wm;onfh Oya'rsm;udk owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;jcif;//
(c) trsKd ;om;nDvmcHusi;f ya&;qdik &f mvkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;/ enf;Oya'rsm;udk ppftyk pf . k
oabmtwdik ;f owfrw S jf yXmef;xm;&Sjd cif;//
(*) trsdK;om;nDvmcH. OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yfESifh tajccHrl (104) csufwdk@udk tao
owfrSwfxm;jcif;//
(C) etz. tqifh (7) qif&h dS Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHo k nf 'Dru
kd a&pDpepfxal xmifa&;qDo@kd
OD;wnfjcif;r&Sjd cif;a=umif/h ‚if;wd@k usi;f y&efjyifqifaeaomnDvmcHonf ppfreS af om
trsKd ;om;nDvmcHr[kwaf =umif; rdrw d @kd wikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifprD S &_jrifo;kH oyf
xm;ygonf//
6// etz ppftyk pf t

k aejzifh TuJo h @kd aomvky&f yfrsKd ;udk wbufowfvyk af qmifaejcif;onf
w&m;r0iftpdk;&u w&m;r0if trsdK;om;nDvmcHw&yfudk ac:,lusif;yjcif;jzpfI xdk
w&m;r0iftrsKd ;om;nDvmcHrS a&;qGjJ yXmef;rnfh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccHOya'onfvnf;
w&m;r0ifaomEdik if aH wmfz@GJ pnf; tkycf sKyfyt
kH ajccH Oya'w&yfom jzpfvmrnf jzpfygonf?
7// xdk@a=umifhwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;aumifpDtaejzifh wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfa&;ESifh

trsdK;om;&I =um;apha&;udk a&S@&_Edkif&eftwGuf urBmhukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH
qH;k jzwfcsut
f wdik ;f etz ppftyk pf /k a':atmifqef;pk=unfO;D aqmifaom 'Dru kd a&pDtif
tm;pkrsm;ESifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;tiftm;pkwdk@yg0ifaom “oHk;yGifhqdkifaqG;aEG;yGJ”
ukdtjrefqHk;ac:,lusif;yjcif;onfomv#if trSefuefqHk;jzpfonf[k ,Hk=unfa=umif;
xkwfjyefa=unmtyfygonf//
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD

ae@p/JG / ? ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f arv (14) &uf
Contact Person:
1. Saw Ba Thin Sein (Chairman, ENC)

Tel: 0 9634 1490
E-mail address: botulip@cscoms.com
2. Dr. Lian H Sakhong (Secretary, ENC)

Tel: 0 6185 3325
E- mail address: liansakhong@hotmail.com
157
UNION OF BURMA
"The United Nations and the National Convention in Burma"
The Ethnic Nationalities Council warmly welcomed the 17 August 2004

statement of the United Nations Secretary General regarding the National
Convention in Burma;
We support the modifications to the National Convention that our

compatriots from the cease-fire groups proposed on 14 May 2004, prior to the
convening of the National Convention:
1. Objective No.6 of the National Convention (military role in politics) is

not compatible with democracy. It should be discussed and revised;
2. The 104 Articles adopted by the previous National Convention that are
not compatible with democracy should be discussed and revised;
3. While the National Convention is in progress, the delegates must be
able to freely meet and consult with all individuals and groups that have
recommendations that will benefit the Union f Burma;
4. While the National Convention is in progress, the delegates must be
able to freely communicate, discuss and exchange ideas with their mother
organizations;
5. All the Members of Parliament elected by the people in the 1990
elections should have the right to participate in the National Convention;
6. Only cease-fire groups that represent their people, should be allowed to
participate in the National Convention. Peace with the non-cease-fire
groups should be concluded as soon as possible so that they can
participate in the National Convention;
7. Law No.5/96 that was enacted on 7 June 1996 to protect the 1993-96
National Convention, should be repealed.
We regret that instead of using the recommendations as positive input for

developing a mutually acceptable plan for national reconciliation and a
transition to democracy, the authorities rejected the proposals.
We also regret that the peace talks between the SPDC and the Karen
National Union have stalled and instead SPDC troops are continuing to terrorize
the people in Karen territory;
158
Given the inflexibility of the SPDC military dictatorship, and its unwillingness
to find a workable political solution, we would not blame our compatriots from
the cease-fire groups if they were to decide not to return to the National Con-
vention when it is re-convened.
The Ethnic Nationalities Council endorses the call of Secretary-General

Kofi Annan of the United Nation, for the SPDC to:
- Release Daw Aung San Suu Kyi;

- Engage the NLD and other political parties in a substantive dialogue;
- Work out an agreement with the ethnic cease-fire groups; and
- Welcome the UN Special Envoy for Burma Ambassador Razali back to
Burma as soon as possible.
The Ethnic Nationalities Council also calls on the State Peace and Development
Council to work with all groups to bring about a transition to democracy and
rebuild Burma before it is too late.
Central Executive Committee

Union of Burma
Date: 20-08-2004
Contact Person:
Dr. Lian H. Sakhong

General Secretary
Tel: +66 (0) 6- 185 33 25
E-mail: <liansakhong@hotmail.com>
159
UNION OF BURMA
"The European Union, ASEM and Burma"
1. The Ethnic Nationalities Council calls on the European Union not to accept
Burma as a member in the upcoming ASEM (Asia Europe) meeting in Hanoi
in October 2004.
To do so without any political reforms by the ruling State Peace and

Development Council (SPDC), or meeting any minimum human rights
standards, would be tantamount to promoting a culture of impunity and a
total disregard for the rule of law. Democracy and human rights are the two
basic values dear to the heart of every citizen of the European Union,
especially eight of the ten new member nations. They themselves have only
recently freed themselves from tyranny.
2. The Ethnic Nationalities Council also calls on the Asian partners of ASEM
to urgently work with the European Union to bring about concrete political
change in Burma.
In 1997, ASEAN welcomed Burma as a member with open arms. The

reasoning was that as a member, the SPDC will moderate its worse tendencies.
This did not happen. The SPDC interpreted membership as a license to
strengthen its hold on power. Once again, ASEAN is hoping that as a
member of ASEM, the SPDC will change. This will not happen. The SPDC
will not change because the Burmese military believes that it has a right to
rule; because it believes that the international community is impotent; and
because Burma under the SPDC is fast becoming a failed state. Even the
military's chain of command is beginning to fail. ASEAN, China, Japan and
South Korea cannot afford to have a failed state in its ranks. ASEM must
help the people of Burma to prevent the country from disintegrating.
3. The Ethnic Nationalities Council still believes that a tripartite dialogue

amongst ethnic nationalities representatives, democracy advocates led by
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and the military junta is the best way to resolve
Burma's problems.
160
The 25 plus million peoples of the Arakan, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Kayah
(Karenni), Mon, and Shan States of the Republic of the Union of Burma
founded in 1948, live in fear for their lives daily. They can be forced by the
army to move from their homes at anytime. The penalty for disobeying is
death. They can be forced to work for the military without any compensation
at anytime. Their wives and daughters can be raped by army personnel with
impunity at anytime. They cannot teach their own languages in schools.
They cannot travel freely in their own homelands. They have no access to
adequate health care. The list is endless. But in spite of these conditions, the
Ethnic Nationalities Council believes that a political solution must be found.
Our compatriots from the cease-fire groups who attended the National
Convention in May 2004 have made positive recommendations to the SPDC
but they have been ignored. We also proposed a detailed road map in
September 2003 as a recommendation to enable the SPDC to bring about a
transition to democracy but this too was ignored. Even the 'peace talks'
with the Karen National Union started in January 2004 have stalled. The
SPDC will not implement real reforms without a compelling reason to change
the status quo. ASEM now has the opportunity to provide the reason.
Central Executive Committee

Union of Burma
Date: 20-08-2004
Contact Person:
Dr. Lian H. Sakhong

General Secretary
Tel: +66 (0) 6- 185 33 25
E-mail: <liansakhong@hotmail.com>
161
162

စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္ဆီသို႔ အပိုင္း ၈

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္ဆီသို႔ အပိုင္း ၈

Uploaded by

Copyright:

PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE:

Towards Federal Union of Burma

ouU&mZf 2004 ckEpS f Zefe0g&v

With generous financial support from the NRP

3;1? UNLD (LA) rSwifoiG ;f aompmwrf; ......................................................... 33

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;aumifpD (ENC)

wwd,t}udraf jrmufwikd ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJ

wzufrmS yg&rSmom jzpfygw,f// tvm;wlyJ e,fcsŒJ 0g't D =urf;zuform;awGukd qef@usi&f m

1;2? trsK;d om;'Dru

av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd}uD;rsm;ESiw hf uG wkid ;f

wnfaqmufvw kd ahJ y:rSm wpkw H &mnD!w $ af &; xdcu kd v

av;pm;tyfwo hJ bmywd}uD;rSwqifh ud,

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfcJhwJh rltwdkif;qdk&if aiGtrsm;}uD;ukefr,f/ vltiftm;trsm;}uD;

av;pm;tyfwJh obmywd}uD;eJ@wuG wdkif;&if;om;

,ae@tajctae[m 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J tpnf;rsm;eJŒwdik ;f &if;om;wdik ;f / trsK;d om;wdik ;f twGuf

1;5? Shan Democratic Union (SDU) a'guw

1;6? &Sr;f jynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;aumifpD RCSS ud,

2;1? twGi;f a&;rSL;a'guw f mqvdik ;f vserf e_ ;f rSwifoiG ;f aom ENSCC .

(3) wef;wla&;/ ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf &&Sad &;/ 'Dru

xdak =umifh ENSCC .a&S@vyk if ef;pOfrsm; (Mission) rsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f owfrw

(2) oH;k yGiq

(4) twGif;tjyif&Sd wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh tzJG@tpnf;rsm;t=um;

ENSCC aumfrwD.vkyif ef;aqmif&u

The Strategy Consultation further support the ENSCC's, "The New

ENSCC . jynfwiG ;f jynfy ('Dru

ENSCC .}udK;yrf;tm;xkwrf j_ zifh The New Panglong Initiative ay:vpDreS u

atmifjrifr_yifjzpfygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;wGif tmpD,Honf etzzufrSom&yfwnf+yD;/

2. Ethnic Nationalities Initiative for Tripartite Dialogue

3. ENSCC 's Road Map for Rebuilding the Union of Burma

ENSCC . Edik if aH &;vrf;jyajryHw

1) Saw Ba Thin Sein Chairman & Spokesperson

ENSCC aumfrwD.vkyfief;rsm;udk pepfwusaqmif&Guftaumiftxnfaz:Edkif&ef

5. wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;nDvmcHo@kd t}uHay;wifjyjcif;?

(2) ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeaom jynfwiG ;f jynfyEdik if aH &;tajctaersm;ESit hf nD t"du&nfreS ;f

1? ENSCC . vrf;jyajrykrH nfuo

xkid ;f tpd;k &twGuf jyifqifay;aom vrf;jyajryko

3? ENSCC taeESihf vrf;jyajrykaH &;qGx

2;3? Edik if wH uma&;&mwm0efcH cGe;f 'uf'b

obmywd}uD;rsm;rS wqifºh uGa&mufvmaom wkid ;f

rsm;rsm;udk usaemfwdk@ Ethnic &Jhtcef;u¾/ e0wt+rJwrf;awmufav#muf aºuG;a=umf

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;.EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh

av;pm;tyfygaom obmywd}uD;ESiw hf uG wkid ;f &if;

yxrt}udrpf nf;vk;H nD!w

wnf&=dS uwJh Xmaewdik ;f &if;om;rsm;jzpf=uw,f? t*Fvyd u f v kd ekd aD cwfumvrSmvnf; oD;jcm;

ESifhaygif;vdkuf&if 90 &mckdifE_ef;tiftm; &SdwJhtcsdefjzpfw,f? zGJ@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyHktajccHOya'

(4) &yvz ud, k pf m;vS,f (3) OD;/

wwd,t}udrf pnf;vH;k nD!w

(1) wdik ;f &if;om;pmayrsm;vH;k 0oif=um;cGiw hf m;jrpfjcif;/

(c) jynfwiG ;f wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkEiS hf 'Dru

tzGJ@csKyfudk rw&m;zsufodrf;vdkufw,f? UNLD tzGJ@0if jynfe,fudk,fpm;jyK trsdK;om;

(*) awmfveS af &;e,fajr&Sd wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pk pnf;vH;k nD!w

(2) jrefrmEkdifiH'Drkdu&ufwpffr[mrdwfrsm; tzGJ@csKyf DAB taejzifhvnf; vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;

3;2? &ckid jf ynfvw

1? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. aemufco

v_yf&Sm;r_wpHkw&mudk aESmifhaES;apcJhygonf? xkdtcsdefuom wkdif&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;taejzifh

pmrsuEf mS (57) od@k qufyg?

3;3? csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D (CNF) rS wifjyonfh tjrifEiS o

wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;pkpnf;r_ tajctae

pkpnf;r_wnfaqmuf&mwGif rdrw d @dk . pdwaf eoabmxm;onf tvGet f a&;}uD; ayonf?

csi;f trsKd ;om;wyfO;D (CNF)

r&&SdcifESifh &&Sd+yD;cgptcsdefwGif ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh &JabmfjzLwdk@onf zqyvESifh

pmrsuEf mS (48) (ALP) Adv

3;5? u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNU) wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. uspv

av;pm;tyfwt hJ zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;rS acgi;f aqmifrsm;/

awG@qakH qG;aEG;a&;vkyzf @kd awmif;qdv

u&iftrsKd ;om;tpnf;t&H;k (KNU)