PEACEFUL CO-EXISTENCE:

Towards Federal Union of Burma

[Series No. 11]

_idrf;csrf;pGmtwl,SOfwJGaexdkifa&;0g'rSonf ppfrSefaomzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkpepfqDodkŒ
(pmpOftrSwf = 11)

jynfaxmifpktwGif;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.
tqifhae&mESifh
wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udOk ;D wnfxm;aom
aqmif;yg;rsm;

ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

Edik [
f o
H m
 Typesetting: Thang Pi
Layout & Design: Sai Mawn (UNLD-LA)

With generous financial support from:

National Reconciliation Program (NRP)

UNLD Press
Chiang Mai, Thailand
2006
 rmwdum

1? pma&;ol. jzwfoef;cJrh E_ iS hf qENoabmxm; .................................. 5

2? jynfaxmifpt
k wGi;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. tqifah e&m ................... 11

3? tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh jy\emudak jz&Si;f =uygp@kd ....................... 37

4? jy\emaygi;f pH.
k xGuaf yguf ........................................................ 47

5? jy\emrsm;. a&aomufjrpf ...................................................... 55

6? jynfaxmifpzk @GJ pnf;a&; jy\em ................................................... 63

7? +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufrnfqykd gv#if ....................................... 69

8? aomif;xdu
k .
f yx0DEikd if aH &;pmtkyt
f ay:oH;k oyfjcif; ................. 77

9? vlrsKd ;wd@k . touf ...................................................................... 87

10? rsuaf rSmufumv urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;tvm;tvm ........................ 93

11? usm;udo
k em;&if orifuv
kd nf;pmemwwfygap ......................... 105

12? trsKd ;om;pmayoif=um;jcif;ESiq

hf ufpyfr_ .................................. 115

11? urBm&h mG acwfEiS t

hf nD bmawGjyifz@kd vakd e+yv
D J .......................... 125

13? "gwyf rkH w

S w
f rf; ........................................................................... 135
pma&;ol. jzwfoef;cJrh E_ iS hf
qEoabmxm;
'
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

pma&;ol. jzwfoef;cJrh E_ iS hf qEoabmxm;

'

usaemfonf 1968 ckEpS w f iG f awmfveS af &;e,fajrod@k a&muf&v dS mcJ+h y;D rsK;d cspf
awmfveS af &;orm;wpfO;D taejzihf rGejf ynfopfygww D iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifchJ
ygonf? 1971 ckEpS w f iG f wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHn k ! D wG af &;ESihf vGwaf jrmuf
a&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv) . toHvi$ Xfh mewGif rGeb f momjzifh toHvi$ jhf cif;
udk wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? 1972 ckEpS w f iG f OuUXEdik af &$usi. f aemufuv kd u kd cf &hJ
aoma=umifh r[mrdwt f zG@J tpnf;rsm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf awG@qq kH ufqH
cJ&h onf? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f (KNU) A[dXk mecsKyf rme,fyavmpcef;wGiu f si;f y
aom tzG@J (13) zG@J wufa&mufonfh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk ES;D aESmzvS,f
yGo J @kd wufa&mufco hJ nf? 1982 ckEpS v f ,frS 1987 ckEpS v f ,ftxd trsK;d om;
'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk (r'w) wGif taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef
,lco hJ nf? 1988 ckaESmif;ydik ;f wGif pwifz@JG pnf;cJah om jrefrmjynf'rD u kd &uf
wpf r[mrdwt f zG@J csKyf (r'rc) ac: (DAB) wGif wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf
wpfEpS af usmf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? 1993 ckEpS v f ,frS 1995 ckEpS v f ,ftxd
(r'rc) wyfaygi;f pkwiG f taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf?
rme,fyavmoabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfqakd ompnf;a0;yGEJ iS hf r,foa&mxm
oabmwlncD suf csKyfqakd om ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG @kd wiG f yg0ifcohJ nf? rGejf ynf
opfygw. D ud, k pf m;vS,w f pfO;D taejzifh r[mrdwaf &;&mESihf wyfaygi;f pk
a&;&mvkyif ef;rsm;wGif r=umc%wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;
tzG@J tpnf;aygi;f pHrk S acgi;f aqmifu, kd pf m;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESihf od
u|r;f &if;ES;D cJoh nf? ‚if;wd@k EiS hf Edik if aH &;&mudp&P yfrsm;udk t}udr}f udraf qG;aEG;
wdik yf if tjrifzvS,cf &hJ mrS u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if .
H tajccHEikd if aH &;jy\emonf
wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; ysujf ym;aejcif;a=umifjh zpfa=umif; odjrif
em;vnfco hJ nf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHjk zifh zG@J pnf;xm;aom Edik if wH pfcwk iG f wdik ;f &if;
om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk rwnfaqmufEikd o f r# +idr;f csr;f atmif zG@H +zdK;wd;k
wufatmif vkyaf qmifI&rnfr[kwo f nfrmS txl;ajymzG,&f mvdrk nf
rxifyg? ‚if;udk cHpm;em;vnfojzifh (r'rc) ac: (DAB) wyfaygi;f pkjzpf
ay:vm+yD;aemuf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk vufcEH ikd af om zuf'&,fjynf

7
Edkif[Hom

axmifpk zG@J pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' (rl=urf;) wpfcak y:ayguaf vma&;udk trsm;

ESit
hf wl pwif}udK;yrf;cJo h nf? xdu k mvwGif Oya'ynm&Sirf sm; tawmf
twefjynfph akH eojzifh rl=urf;a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD zG@J pnf;jcif;/ tajccHoabm
xm;&&S&d ef ES;D aESmzvS,yf rJG sm; usi;f yjcif;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmifvmcJo
h nf?
xdt k csed rf pS +yD; rdrtd aeESihf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;qdik &f m
tajccHoabmxm;Zpfjrpfrsm;udk ydrk akd vhvm&SmazGjzpfco hJ nf? xdo k @kd &mS azG
avhvmaepOf awmif}uD;OD;xGe;f jrifh a&;om;cJah om “&Sr;f jynfb,fv”J
qdok nfph mtkyu f kd &Sr;f ud,
k pf m;vS,w
f pfO;D xHrS vufc&H &Szd wf±c_ &hJ onf? xdk
pmtkyo f nf yifvpkH mcsKyfta=umif; 1947 ck jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHk tajccH
Oya'. tm;enf;csuEf iS hf &Sr;f jynforl sm;. epfemcsurf sm;ta=umif;wd@k ukd
pkaygi;f xm;aom pmtkyjf zpfonf? awmif}uD;OD;xGe;f jrifo h nf ‚if;ud, k w f ikd f
yg0ifawG@}uHKcJhaom EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOftwGif;rS &&SdcJhonfhcHpm;csuftjrif
oabmxm;rsm;udk ypPKye` Ef iS hf tem*wfjynforl sm;od&edS m;vnf&ef a&;om;cJh
ojzifh u|Eyfk w
f @kd twGuf wefz;kd rjzwfEikd af om todynmrsm;udk vG,v f , G Ef iS hf
&&Sad pcJoh nf?
awmfveS af &;wGif pmaya&;om;+y;D b0wl&aJ bmfrsm;ESihf jynforl sm;udk
pnf;±H;k ynmay;jcif;onf tvGev f tkd yfaom vkyif ef;pOfwpfck jzpfonf?
u|Eyfk o
f nf ta=umif;t&mrsK;d pHu k kd 0wˆK/ uAsm/ aqmif;yg; toGirf sK;d pHk
uavmifemrnfrsK;d pHjk zifh a&;om;um *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsK;d pHu k kd ay;yd@k co
hJ nf?
1988 ck aemufyikd ;f wGif wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ESihf zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpw k nfaqmufa&;udk pwiftav;xm;+yD; a&;om;jzpfco hJ nf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if .
H Edik if aH &;jzpfpOfwiG f 1988 ckukd xl;jcm;aom tvSnhf
tajymif;wpfct k jzpf tm;vH;k vdv k u kd ±_jrif=uonf? od@k aomf ±_jrif=uaom
tjrifonf wpfrsK;d wnf;/ wpfxyfwnf; r[kwyf g? +rdK@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;wGif
'Drdkua&pDpepfay:xGef;a&;udkom tav;xm;awmif;qdk=uaomfvnf;
e,fpyfEiS hf awme,frsm;wGif 'Dru kd a&pDa&;ESihf ArmvlrsK;d pkEiS hf usew f ikd ;f &if;
om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;t=um; nD!w G rf &_ &Sad &;udk awmif;qd=k uonf? ‚if;udk vkyif ef;
pOftm;jzifh 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd usio hf ;kH aom wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;
cGi&hf o
dS nfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;udk azmfaqmif&efjzpfonf?

8
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

Tvkyif ef;pOfukd tcsK@d aom Ekid if aH &;ygwD tzG@J tpnf;rsm;u vufrcHvkd

=uyg? ‚if;wd@k u 'Dru kd a&pDpepf ay:xGe;f a&;onfom yxr/ 'kw, d / wwd,
jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pD&&S+d y;D rS Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHu
k pd u
P kd pDpOfrnf? wdik ;f &if;om;
pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udpu P kd azmfaqmifrnf? zG@J pnf;yHu k pd /P wdik ;f &if;om;tcGihf
ta&;udpu P kd wcsed w f nf;wGif pOf;pm;azmfaqmifaeygu 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;udk
aESmifah ES;xdcu kd af prnf [kjrif=uonf?
odk@aomfArmr[kwfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;url rdrdwdk@tcGifh
ta&;twGuf wpfpw kH pfcak om tmrcHcsurf &Syd J Armwd@k urkd ,H=k unf/ ryl;
aygi;f vd?k TtodcpH m;csuu f kd 1948 rS 1988 txd ESpaf ygi;f (40) umv
tawG@t}uHKrsm;rS cdik +f rJvmapcJo h nf? ‚if;wd@k taejzifh 'Dru
kd a&pDa&;ESihf
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;onf '*F g;wpfc. k acgi;f ESiyhf ef;yrm
cGI
J r&? w+ydKifwnf;azmfaqmif&rnf[k jrifonf? rwlnaD omb0 rwlnD
aom ywf0ef;usirf S }u;D jyif;vmolrsm;t=um; ausauseyfeyfEiS hf cdik cf ikd +f r+J rJ
vufwEJG ikd &f ef aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f ynmay;r_onf rsm;pGmvdt k yfrnfjzpfayonf?
xdo k @kd vtkd yfaeonft h av#muf ,ckacwfEikd if aH &;Zmwfcw kH iG f Zmwfy@kd
Zmwf&t H jzpf wpfcef;wpfu¾rS yg0ifcahJ om u|Eyfk o f nfvnf; rdr. d tod
tjrifcpH m;csurf sm;udk wcgw&H aqmif;yg;toGijf zifh a&;om;jzpfco hJ nf? xdk
a&;om;cJah om pmrla[mif;rsm;xJrS u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if t
H wGuf 1947 ckrS ,ae@
txd vdt k yfaeqJjzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ESihf ppfreS af om
jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;udk OD;wnfonfah qmif;yg;rsm;udk jyefvnf&mS
azGawG@&o dS r#ppk nf;+yD; rsK;d qufopfvil ,frsm;tm; vufqifu h rf;tjrifo
abmxm;rsm;r#a0Edik &f ef pmtkyif ,ftjzpf ±du k Ef ydS jf zef@a0aomqEN&ydS gonf?
Tpmtkyyf g aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;onfh tcsut f vufwpfcsK@d
onf rSm;,Gif;tm;enf;csuf&Sdygu pma&;ol.wm0efomjzpfygonf?
axmufjyay;Edik yf gu txl;aus;Zl;wifygrnf? Tpmtkyif ,fonf wdik ;f &if;
om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ESihf ppfreS af omjynfaxmifpw
k nfaqmufa&; twGuf
wpHw
k &mtaxmuftuljzpfygu pma&;oltzd@k auseyf+yDjzpfyga=umif;?

Edkif[Hom
ouU&mZf 2005 ckEpS ?f

9
 jynfaxmifpktwGif;
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.tqifhae&m
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jynfaxmifpktwGif;
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;.tqifhae&m
1948 ckEpS f vGwv f yfa&;&csed rf S ,ae@wikd f u|Eyfk wf @kd Eikd if u
H kd jynfaxmifpk
Edik if w
H pfctk jzpf ac:qdrk w S ,
f l vufcx H m;cJ=h uygonf? T jynfaxmifp. k
jynfe,frsm;udk yx0DtajccHjzifh zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;r[kw/f vlrsK;d wd@k . pkpnf;
aexdik rf u_ kd tajcjyK+y;D zG@J pnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf? jynfe,femrnfrsm;udv k nf;
ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / rGe/f &cdik /f &Sr;f ponfjzifh qdik &f mvlrsK;d wd@k . emrnf
rsm;udk twdtvif;azmfjyxm;onf? TonfrmS vlrsK;d pHyk g0ifonfh jynf
axmifpw k pfcjk zpfa=umif; o¿eftm;jzifh ay:vGix f if&mS ;aponf?
od@k aomf ‚if;udk rSwaf usmufwifppfaq;=unfyh gu ta&+cHK/ a&$r}H_ uJ/
“emrnfcjH ynfaxmifp”k jzpfaea=umif;ukd Edik if aH &;orm;rsm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;
om;acgi;f aqmifw@kd u aumif;pGmem;vnfxm;=uonf? T jynfaxmifp. k
1947 ck zG@J pnf;yHo k nf jynfe,fjynfryHpk jH zifh zG@J pnf;xm;+yD; jynfru jynf
e,frsm;tay: v$r;f rd;k csKyu f ikd x
f m;onf? 1974 ck zG@J pnf;yHo
k nf jynfe,frsm;/
wdik ;f rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;aomfvnf; wpfcw k nf;aom A[dt k pd;k &u tm%m
udk csKyfuikd xf m;onf? xd@k a=umifh jynfe,f[o l nfrmS emrnfc[ H efjyr#om
jzpfaoma=umifh “twkta,mifjynfaxmifp”k jzpfa=umif;xif&mS ;onf?
jynfaxmifpt k rnfc, H x l m;+y;D tb,fa=umift h wkta,mif jzpfae&
ygoenf;? ar;p&m&Syd gvrd rhf nf? tajzrSm tm%m&acgi;f aqmifrsm; (txl;
ojzifh ArmvlrsK;d acgi;f aqmifrsm;) onf wdik ;f &if;om;ta&;udk tav;rxm;
aoma=umifh jzpfonf? tb,fa=umifh tav;rxm;& oenf;? tqifah e&m
rSeu
f kd em;rvnfI jzpfEikd o f vd/k v$r;f rd;k 0g;rsKv d I
kd vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf? wdik ;f &if;
om;rsm;. tqifah e&mrSeu f zkd ;kH uG,Ef ikd &f ef }u;D us,af om Edik if aH &;tbd"rRm
pum;vH;k rsm;jzifh zH;k tkycf =hJ uonf? vGecf ahJ om tESpf 30§40 ausmf uGejf rL
epf0g'acwfaumif;cJhpOfu “vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em
.vufatmufcjH zpfonf? vlwef;pm;jy\emudk ajz&Si;f +y;D onfEiS hf vlrsK;d
a&;jy\emonfvnf; tvdv k akd jyvnfomG ;rnf” [k qdck =hJ uonf? vlrsK;d a&;
jy\emudw k ifjyv#if tjrifusO;f onf[k ESrd chf sajymqdw k wf =uonf?

13
Edkif[Hom

'Dru kd a&pDacwfa&mufjyefaomtcg “vlrsKd ;a&;qdik &f mtcGit hf a&;onf

vl@tcGit h f a&;abmifxw J iG &f o
d S nf? 'Dru k d a&pDpepfonf vl@tcGit h f a&; rSeo
f r#
udk azmfaqmifay;onfjzpfaoma=umifh 'Dru kd a&pD&ygu vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m tcGihf
ta&;rsm;vnf; tvdv k &kd &Sv d rd rhf nf” [kqjkd yefygonf? Tod@k uGejf rLepf/
'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH &;tbd"rRm q&m}uD;rsm; (tm;vH;k udrk qdv k )kd . '\e
qefaom Edik if aH &;a0g[m&rsm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. tqifah e&mrSeu f kd
zH;k uG,cf =hJ uonf? rnfo@kd aom oabmxm;rsK;d &S&d /dS wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;.
wef;wla&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG u
hf kd ab;z,fxm;cJ=h uojzifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D tESpf
(50)ausmf awmufavmifc&hJ jcif; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk o f nf Armr[kwaf om
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. tqifah e&mrSeu f kd trsm;odatmif rD;armif;xd;k
wifjyvdI k Taqmif;yg;udk a&;om;wifjy&jcif;jzpfonf?

1? a&S;twdwu
f ordik ;f aemufcH

rdrw d ifjyvdak om OD;wnfcsut f wGuf vdt k yfrnf[, k q

l onfh twdwo f rdik ;f
wpfcsK@d ukd wifjyygrnf? od@k aomfO;D pm;ay;xnfw h u
G &f rnfh ypPKye` Ef iS hf tem*wf
ta&;twGuf ordik ;f aemufct H csK@d a=umifh taESmift h ,Surf jzpfapvdyk g?
xd@k a=umifh txl;rvdt k yfonfrsm;ESihf tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm;udk twwfEikd q f ;kH
a&Smif&mS ;I wifjyygrnf?
T jynfaxmifpt k 0ef;t0dik ;f wGif &yfwnfaexdik f =uukeaf om ucsi/f
u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / Arm/ rGe/f &cdik /f &Sr;f / ytd0k ;f / yavmif/ 0/ vm;[l ponfh
wdik ;f &if;om;wd@k onf ESpaf ygi;f axmifEiS chf sI D TajrwGif aexdik v f mcJ=h uonf?
tm;vHk;onf Xmaewdkif;&if;om;rsm;jzpf=uonf? OD;pGma&muf&Sdae&m&
xm;jcif;/ vlO;D a&rsm;jcif;/ tiftm;}uD;rm;jcif;/ "avhx;kH pHEiS hf t}udKufukd
vdu k +f y;D ae&ma&G;cs,jf cif; ponfjzifh ae&m,laexdik v f mcJ=h u&mrS ol@a'o
ESihf olowfowfrw S rf w S f jzpf&v dS mcJo h nf? ol@a'oolae/ ol@vrl sK;d ta&;
udk olzefw;D / ol@rif;/ ol@apmfbmG ;/ ol@apmfu/J ol@apmzsm/ ol@';l 0g;/ ol@awmif
ydik /f ol@awmiftyk w f @kd EiS hf ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm aexdik v
f mcJ=h uonf? TonfrmS
c&pfEpS f at'D 9§10 &mpkxjd zpfonf?

14
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

Armwd@k onf at'D 9&mpkwiG f Tjynfaxmifpak 'otwGi;f od@k pwif

a&muf&v dS ma=umif;/ xdrk wdik rf u
D rGeEf iS yhf sLwd@k onf +rKd @jyEdik if rH sm;wnfaxmif
+y;D pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd jzifh xifxif&mS ;&Sm;wnf&adS e+y;D jzpfa=umif;/ Armwd@k
tifEiS t hf m;ESihf 0ifa&mufvmcsed w f iG f ysLEdik if o
H nf w±kww f @kd .wdu k cf u
kd zf suf
pD;jcif; cHxm;&onfh umvjzpfojzifh tm;enf;ysupf ;D aea=umif;/ ‚if;ae&m
wGif Armwd@k 0ifa&mufae&m&cJ+h yD; wpwpESihf +rdK@jyEdik if w H nfaxmifvmcJh
a=umif; ordik ;f pmtkyrf sm;wGif trsm;enf;wl usaemfavhvm od&&dS onf?
xdkumvrS (11) &mpkOD;ydkif;txdonf tv,fydkif;wGif ArmEdkifiH/
taemufyikd ;f wGif &cdik Ef ikd if /H awmifyikd ;f wGif rGeEf ikd if [
H I
l xifxif&mS ;&Sm;
xD;+ydKifeef;+ydKifrsm;jzifh wnf&cdS o hJ nf? tjcm;vlrsK;d wd@k onf wdik ;f Edik if t
H jzpf
rxif&mS ;aomfvnf; rdrw d @kd e,fajrwGif rdrw
d @kd t}u;D tuJEiS hf rdrw
d @kd trsK;d om;
uH=urRmudk rdrw d @kd zefw;D cJ=h uonf?
(11) &mpkrmS yk*w H iG f rif;vkyaf eaom Armbk&iftaemf&xmu ppf
tiftm;jzifh Edik if u
H w
kd ;kd csŒJ +y;D / yxrArm tifyg&mEdik if u
H kd wnfaxmifchJ onf?
(13) &mpktxd wnfwHhcJhonf? (16) &mpkwGif awmifilrS Armbk&if
bk&ifhaemifonf ppftiftm;jzifhyif 'kwd,Armtifyg&mEdkifiHudk wnf
axmifco hJ nf? (18) &mpktxd wnfwcHh o hJ nf? (18) &mpkwiG yf if rkq;kd bd&k mG
om; tavmif;bk&m; OD;atmifaZ,sonf wwd,Armtifyg&mEdik if u H kd
wnfaxmifco hJ nf? (19) &mpktxd wnfwchH o hJ nf? aemufyikd ;f wGif t*Fvyd f
wd@k 0ifa&mufvmcJ+h yD; &yfa0;wdik ;f om;wd@k . udv k ekd u D |ebf 0atmuf vlrsK;d
tm;vH;k a&muf&cdS =hJ u&onf?
Armbk&ifrsm;e,fajrcsJ@xGif odrf;,lxm;cJhaom yxr/ 'kwd,
tifyg&macwfumvrsm;wGif ppf±;H_ aome,fajrrsm;udk b¾m/ orD;unm
ESihf vdt
k yfonft h cg ppfom;rsm;ay;yd@k &aom vufatmufcH e,fpm;rsm;
tjzpfxm;&Sd=ua=umif; avhvmod&Sd&onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_
wd@k tay: v$r;f rd;k cs,v f ,
S f zsuq f ;D jcif; rjyK=uay? tavmif;bk&m; (ac: )
OD;atmifaZ,s. wwd,tifyg&macwfwGifum; ajr=oZm/ &moDOwk/
vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;ESihf jyifyurBmESihf qufo, G &f m wHcg;aygujf zpfaom
e,fajrrsm;udk Armydik ef ,fajrtjzpf xm0&&,lEikd &f ef pepfwusppD Of cJo h nf?

15
Edkif[Hom

xd@k a=umifh Ttcsed w

f iG f owfjzwfarmif;xkw/f 0ifa&mufae&m,l 0g;rsKrd _
rsm;jyKcJo
h nf? Tod@k jzifh awmifyikd ;f od@k Armrsm;a&muf&v
dS r$ ;f rd;k Edik cf o
hJ nf?
Tordik ;f aemufcjH zpfpOftay: oH;k oyf=unfyh gu ,ae@jynfaxmifp. k
jynfe,fe,ferdwftwGif;&Sd e,fajrrsm;onf rlvtpOftquftm;jzifh
Xmaewdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; ydik q f ikd af ome,fajrrsm; jzpfonf? a&GŒvsm;
ajymif;vJrt _ csK@d &cdS ahJ omfvnf; rdrw
d @kd rvl bd;k bGm;ydik ef ,fajrwGif qufvuf
&yfwnfv#u&f =dS uonf? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif Armonf tiftm;
yd}k uD;aom (plygyg0g) vlrsK;d jzpf+yD; tcsut f jcme,fajrrsm;pGmudk &&Syd ikd q f ikd f
xm;Edik cf =hJ uonf? od@k aomfe,fajrtm;vH;k udk Armwd@k uom ydik q f ikd cf o
hJ nf/
Armwd@k .bd;k bGm;ydik af jr jzpfonf/ xd@k a=umifq h ufvufyikd q f ikd o
f ifo h nf[k
rSw, f Il r&paumif;yg?

2? vGwv
f yfa&;t}uKd umvESihf yifvpkH mcsKyf

e,fcsŒJ t*Fvyd v f ufatmuf/ u|eo f abmufb0wGif u|eaf wmfw@kd vrl sK;d pk

wd@k . b0b,fyb kH ,fenf; wnf&dS cJ&h onfuv kd nf; tenf;tusO;f wifjyvdyk g
onf? vuf&jdS ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if eH ,fajrudk t*Fvyd w f @kd 0ifa&muford ;f
ydu
k f tajcpdu k cf sed rf pS I 1948 ckvw G v
f yfa&;&csed t
f xd tm%mydik w f pfO;D
wnf;.atmufwiG f jrefrmEdik if aH wmftaejzifh wpnf;wvH;k wnf; wnf&dS
aexdik vf mcJ=h ujcif;r[kwaf y? vlrsK;d tvdu k f a'otvdu k f oD;jcm;pDaexdik f
vmcJh=uonfrSm ordkif;wGif txift&Sm;yifjzpfonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;&
vufatmufwiG f (1) jrefrmjynfr/ (2) awmifwef;a'orsm;/ (3) u&ifeeD ,f
[lI oH;k rsK;d cGjJ cm;xm;&Syd gonf?
txufygtajctaeonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom
zqyvtzG@J u bk&ifc. H twdik yf ifct H r_aqmiftzG@J (0ef}uD;tzG@J ) wGif 0if
a&muftm%m,lonfh 1947 ckEpS t f xd jzpfonf? txufyg 0ef}uD;tzG@J
onf bk&ifct H m;jrefrmjynfrtwGuf t}uHay;Edik af omfvnf; useaf 'o
rsm;twGuf vH;k 0ajymqdk ydik cf iG rhf &Scd yhJ g? u&ifeeD ,fac: ,cku,m;jynfe,f
onf jrefrmbk&ifrif;wke;f rif;vufxufu jrefrmtpd;k &ud, k pf m; uif;0ef
rif;}uD;ESihf +Adwod #tpd;k &wd@k csKyfqckd ahJ ompmcsKyft& vGwv f yfaoma'o

16
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

wpfck tjzpfowfrw S +f yD; rnfonft h pd;k &rS 0ifa&mufpu

G zf ufjcif; rjyK&ay?
aemufydkif;wpfjynfvHk;udk t*Fvdyfwdk@odrf;ydkufvdkufaomtcg t*Fvdyf
wd@k uyif oD;jcm;xde;f csKyfuikd w
f ,
G cf hJ a=umif;od&onf?
'kw, d urBmppf}uD;+yD;aemuf +Adwo d #tpd;k &u xkwjf yefaom puULjzL
pmwrf;wGif jynfrjrefrmEdik if t H m; 'drk eD , D t H qifrh S vGwv f yfa&;ay;&ef jzpf
aomfvnf; awmifwef;a'orsm;udk +Adwo d #tpd;k &vufatmufwiG f quf
vufxm;&S&d efjzpfonf? Ttaetxm;wGif 1946 ck Zefe0g&v D a&$w*d kH
apwDtv,fypP,YH usi;f yaom zqyv. yxrt}udrEf ikd if v H ;kH qdik &f m
nDvmcHwiG f tqdt k rSwf (6) taeESihf wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pkta&;acgi;f pOf
jzifh “vGwv f yfaomArmjynfopfukd wnfaxmif&mrSm wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pk/
vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k oabmwlnw D ehJ nf;eJ@ vGwv f yfpmG wnfaxmif&ef usaemf
wd@k oabmwlnaD =umif; uwday;ygonf? rnfonfw h ikd ;f &if;om; vlenf;pk
udrk qdk rdrw d @kd u=H urRmudk rdrw d @kd bmomzefw;D cGiahf y;ygrnf? usaemfw@kd EiS hf
cGx
J u G vf o
kd nft h cg cGx
J u
G cf iG &hf adS =umif;” uwdjyKxm;ygonf? xd@k twl 1946
ck rwfvwGif usi;f yaom yxryifvt kH pnf;ta0;wGif zqyvud, k pf m;
vS,t f jzpf ocifE/k OD;b*sr;f ESihf tjcm;aom yk*Kd~ vftcsK@d wufa&muf+yD;
awmifwef;om;rsm; ArmjynfrESiyhf ;l aygi;f I vGwv f yfa&;&,l&ef wdu k w f eG ;f
xm;+yD; vGwv f yfa&;&+yD;v#if wGv J u
kd wGEJ ikd I
f / cGx
J uG vf u kd vnf; cGx J u G cf iG hf
&Srd nfjzpfa=umif; xdrk rl mS rnfonfh tm%m&tzG@J tpnf;rqdk usio hf ;kH oGm;
&rnfh “rl” jzpfa=umif; xnfo h iG ;f ajymqdx k m;onf?
&Sr;f jynf jynfo@l vwG v
f yfa&;tzG@J csKyf (&yv) u 1946 ck =o*kwv
f wGif
jynfrESiahf ygi;f I vGwvf yfa&;t&,l+yD;v#if —
(1) jynfaxmifprk t l & aygi;f rnf/
(2) tcGit hf a&;ESithf qift h wef;wl jzpf&rnf/
(3) &Sr;f jynftm; vH;k 0ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfciG hf ay;&rnf/
(4) cGx
J u G v f u
kd tcsed rf a&G;cGx
J u G cf iG hf ay;&rnf/
[k aºuG;a=umfpnf;±H;k cJo h nf?
xdEk pS f Ed0k ifbmv (14) &ufae@wiG f &Sr;f apmfbmG ;rsm;u bk&ifcx H H
pma&;ay;yd@k &mY jrefrmjynfrESihf jynfaxmifppk epfrt l & aygi;f rnfqv
kd #if
(1) &Sr;f jynftm;ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyfa&; ay;&rnf/

17
Edkif[Hom

(2) tcGit hf a&;ESihf tqift h wef;wljzpf&rnf

(3) cGx
J u
G v f o
kd nft
h csed w
f iG f cGx
J u
G cf iG ahf y;&rnf
[k azmfjyxm;onf?
ucsiw f @kd uvnf; vGwv f yfa&;&+y;D zG@J pnf;rnfjh ynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H
twGi;f ucsijf ynfe,f yg0ifa&;udk atmufyg¹ciG ;f csuEf pS &f yfjzifh pOf;pm;rnf?
(1) jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if t H wGi;f ucsijf ynfe,fyga&; ryga&;udk
ucsijf ynfe,fom;rsm;uom qH;k jzwf&rnf?
(2) cGxJ u G v
f o
kd nft
h csed w
f iG f cGx
J u
G cf iG ahf y;&ef [kaz: jyawmif;qdo
k nf?
xdt
k ajccHoabmxm;rsm;udk yifvn kH v
D mcHwiG f qufvufnEd‡ id_ ;f aqG;
aEG;=u+yD; 1947 ck azaz:0g&v D (12) &ufae@wiG f yifvpkH mcsKyf}uD;udk csKyfqkd
Edik cf o
hJ nf? yifvpkH mcsKyf. tESpo
f m& oabmwlncD suf (Agreement in
Spirit) rSm —
(1) wef;wlnrD #aom jynfaxmifpw k pfczk @JG pnf;&efEiS hf
(2) cGx
J u
G v
f u
kd cGx
J u
G cf iG hf ay;&ef jzpfonf?
yifvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfq+kd yD;aemuf tusK;d quftm;jzifh atmifqef; —tuf
wvDpmcsKyfwiG f awmifwef;a'o pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&Sif jzpfay:vmonf? ‚if;
tzG@J onf u&ifeeD ,ftygt0if awmifwef;a'orS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk
us,jf yef@pmG zdwaf c:awG@qakH qG;aEG;+yD;/ tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f Edik cf o hJ nf? xd@k
a=umifh jynfaxmifpw k pfcv k ;kH t0ef;t0dik ;f jzifh twlwuGvw G v
f yfa&; &&Sd
vmjcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI awmifwef;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;u jynfaxmif
pktoGijf zifh Armwd@k EiS hf ryl;aygi;f cJv
h #if yifvpkH mcsKyf ay:ayguv f mrnf r[kwf
ay? yifvHkpmcsKyfomray:aygufcJhv#if “awmifwef;a'opHkprf;a&;aumf
r&Si”f vnf;ay:ayguv f mrnfr[kw?f xdo k @kd jzpfcv
hJ #if ArmESihf awmifwef;
om; wd@k onf ,cktcg oD;jcm;Edik if o H m;rsm;tjzpf a&muf&adS e=uayvdrrhf nf?

3? yx0DEikd if aH &;tjrifjzifh avhvmjcif;

yx0DEidk if aH &;qdok nfrmS yuwdwnf&adS eaom a&ajrtaetxm; wnf

ae&mESihf vlrsK;d / vlO;D a&/ ud;k uG,o
f nfb
h mom/ pD;yGm;a&;tajccH/ pdw"f mwf

18
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tajccH ponfw@kd uykd g avhvm+y;D xnfw h u

G pf Of;pm;onfh Edik if aH &;tjrif jzpf
onf? ‚if;tjrift& avhvm=unfyh gu usaemfw@kd jynfaxmifpEk ikd if w H iG f
1974 ck Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya't& zG@J pnf;owfrw S x f m;+y;D ,ae@
wdik f todtrSwjf yKaeao;aom jynfe,f (7) jynfe,fEiS hf wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f
&So
d nf? jynfe,f (7) e,frmS emrnfay;xm;onft h wdik ;f qdik &f mvlrsK;d rsm;.
e,fajr[ktodtrSwjf yK+yD; wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f rSm a,bl,stm;jzifh ArmvlrsK;d
rsm; aexdik o f nfah 'o[k owfrw S Ef ikd o
f nf? T zG@J pnf;wnf&adS er_ tay:
tajccH+yD; avhvm=unfyh gp@kd ?
&ckid /f csi;f / ucsi/f &Sr;f / u,m;/ u&if/ rGejf ynfe,frsm;onf jynf
axmifp. k e,fpyf wpfav#mufwiG f wnf&adS e=u+yD; tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf
qufpyfae=uonf? tqdkyg qufpyfaeonfhwpfzufEdkifiHrsm; twGif;
wGiv f nf; ‚if;vlrsK;d rsm;&Sad e=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf Edik if o
H m;csi;f rwlujJG ym;
aomfvnf; ‚if;wd@k tcsi;f csi;f xdawG@qufqaH e=uonf? tcsK@d rmS vlrsK;d a&;
t& cHpm;csujf cif;eD;pyf+y;D tjyeftvSef ±dik ;f yif;ulnrD r_ sm; &S=d uonf? tqdyk g
vlrsK;d rsm;onf qufpyfaeaomEdik if rH sm;&Sd jynfo@l tpd;k &rsm;ESihf jy\em
}uD;}uD;rm;rm; r&S=u d ay? aemufwpfcsurf mS qufpyfaeonfEh ikd if rH sm;onf
rdrw d @kd jynfaxmifpx k uf at;csr;f onf/ wd;k wufonf/ aecsipf zG,v f nf;
yd&k o
dS nf? T taetxm;onf jynfe,fwckcu k rdrw d @kd jynfaxmifprk S
cGx
J u G +f yD; oD;jcm;&yfwnfjcif; od@k r[kwf wzufEikd if EH iS hf yl;aygi;f jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyv f akd tmif qGaJ qmifaeonfh taetxm;&Sad =umif; awG@&onf?
jynfe,f&&Sx d m;=uaom vlrsK;d (7) rsK;d . taetxm;tay: oH;k oyf
=unfyh gu ordik ;f a=umif;t& vnf;aumif;/ vlO;D a&t& vnf;aumif;/
tajccHp;D yGm;a&;t& vnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um;wufºuGrt _ & vnf;
aumif; pHr=D uI jynfe,f&&Sx d m;=ujcif; jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;Ed;k =um; wufºurG _
t&mwGif pHr±D rkH u — tm%m&jynfaxmifpt k pd;k & tqufqufuykd if
ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm vufeufuikd af wmfveS f ykeu f efc=hJ uonf? ,ae@wikd f OD;
aqmifEdkifiHa&;ygwD trsKd;om;vufeufudkif tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; yDyDjyifjyif
&Sad e=uonf? ‚if; Edik if aH &;ygw/D vufeufuikd t f zJ@G tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;
tcsi;f csi;f qufpyfr/_ &if;ES;D r_aumif;pGm &S=d uonf?

19
Edkif[Hom

ArmvlrsK;d rsm;onf tv,fyikd ;f ESihf ajrjyef@yikd ;f wGif taersm;onf? e,f

pyfEiS hf qufpyfaeaom ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f . taemufajrmufa'orsm;wGif Arm
vlrsK;d enf;+yD; csi;f / em*/ &Sr;f / ucsipf onfh wdik ;f &if;om;awGu rsm;ygonf?
xd@k twl weoFm&Dwikd ;f wGiv f nf; xm;0,fom;rsm;onf trsm;pkjzpf+yD;
u&if/ rGef vlrsK;d rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&S=d uonf? xm;0,fom;rsm;onf Arm
rsK;d EG,pf 0k if[k qdak omfvnf; ArmvlrsK;d tjzpf rcH,v l ykd g? ‚if;wd@k wiG f “bdwf
- xm;0,ftrsK;d om;nD!w G af &;wyfO;D ” awmfveS af &;tzG@J tpnf; &So d nf?
jrifomonfrmS ArmvlrsK;d onf e,fpyfwav#mufwiG f taeenf;+yD;
tv,fydkif;wGif pkpnf;aexdkif=uonf? wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u ‚if;wdk@udk
0ef;&Hxm;onf? vuf&Sdjynfe,f (7) jynfe,f. tus,ft0ef;onf
{&d,mpwk&ef;rdik f (143650) &S+d y;D wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f . tus,t f 0ef;rSm {&d,m
pwk&ef;rdkif (117578) &Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhe,fajrt& jynfe,frsm;u
ydI
k us,yf gonf? vlO;D a&t&=unfv h #if wdik ;f (7) wdik ;f aygi;f onf jynfe,f
(7) jynfe,faygi;f xuf ydrk sm;ygonf? od@k aomf ArmvlrsK;d tm;vH;k aygi;f onf
tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsK;d pk tm;vH;k aygi;f xuf ydI k rrsm;yg? ArmvlrsK;d wd@k
taeESihf tay: pD;&xm;onfrmS =um+yDjzpf+yD;/ wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;taejzifh
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf Edik if aH &;tm%mrsm; uef@owfzEd ydS cf aH e&onft h wGuf
ArmvlrsK;d rsm;tjzpfc, H o l l ydrk sm;aejcif;jzpfonf?
pdw"f mwfa&;&mudk avhvm=unfyh gu Armtrsm;pkonf Ak'b < momudk
ud;k uG,, f =kH unf=uonf? wdik ;f &if;om;tcsK@d onf c&pf,mefbmomudk
ud;k uG,=f u+yD; tcsK@d rmS ewfu;kd uG,=f uonf? "avhx;kH pH ,Ofaus;r_t&
tcsK@d rmS ArmvlrsK;d ESihf tvGejf cm;em;onf? Edik if aH &;,H=k unfcsut f & qdyk grl
Armwd@k .}uD;pd;k r_ukd rcHvI kd ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm qef@usit f mcH awmfveS cf hJ
=uonf? ,cktcg tcsK@d tzG@J tpnf;wd@k u tm%mydik pf pftpd;k &ESihf typf
tcwf&yfpx J m;onfqakd omfvnf; tajccHEikd if aH &;tjrif ,H=k unfcsuw f @kd
wGif uGjJ ym;v#uf yif&o dS nf? ‚if;udk n‡Ed id_ ;f ajz&Si;f &ef ,ae@txd pwifEikd jf cif;
r&Sad o;yg? wdik ;f &if;om;trsm;pkw@kd rmS trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG hf
rsm;qHk;±_H;ae&ojzifh tm%m&tpdk;&tqufquftay: usL;ausmfol
r[mvlrsK;d }u;D 0g'rD sm;tjzpf ±_jrifae=uonf? Tod@k ±_jrifaeygu udik w f , G f
ajz&Si;f &ef tcuftcJrsm;pGm&Sad =umif; od&EdS ikd yf gonf?

20
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

4 ? av;eufaomrsK;d csppf w
d "f mwf

jynfaxmifpt k wGi;f rS Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. rsK;d csppf w d "f gwf

onf ArmvlrsK;d rsm;xufyo kd nf[k rqdEk ikd af omfvnf; avsmeh nf;rnf[k
xifjrifygu rSm;ayvdrrhf nf? ArmvlrsK;d rsm;onf Edik if jH cm;om; t*Fvyd /f *syef
e,fcsŒJ rsm;vufatmuf usa&mufcphJ OfumvwGif rnfo@kd cpH m;&onfukd
jyefvnfpOf;pm;oH;k oyfygu usew f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;. cHpm;csuu f kd em;vnf
ygvrd rhf nf? Armwd@k wpfcsed u f trsK;d / bmom/ omoem aysmufu, G rf mS
tvGepf ;kd &drcf =hJ uovdk usew f ikd ;f &if;om;rsm;taeESihf =umjrifch o hJ nfh tcsed rf S
,ae@xw d ikd f pd;k &draf e=uqJ jzpfonf? Tonfukd Armacgi;f aqmifrsm; av;
av;eufeuf ud, k cf si;f pm xnfw h uG af pvdo k nf?
vlrsK;d qdo k nfrmS a,bk,stm;jzifh bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_
csi;f wlnaD om vlpu k kd ac:qd=k uonf? Tod@k wlnED ikd &f efrmS ESpaf ygi;f axmif
aomif;csI D twlwuGaexdik o f mG ;vm a&GŒvsm;&if; 'kut Q E &W m,f toG,f
oG,u f kd twlwuG wGe;f vSeu f muG,cf =hJ uaom aumif;wlq;kd buf uH=urRm
csif;qufae=uonfh bdk;ab;bDbifrsm;rS aygufzGm;vmolrsm; jzpf=u&
ayrnf? t&if;ppfygu vlrsK;d qdo k nfrmS aqGrsL;d om;csi;f rsm; jzpf=uonf?
vl@b0ordik ;f udk avhvmv#if vlw@kd onf wpfpEk iS w hf pfpk wduk cf u
kd o
f wfjzwf+y;D
ypPn;f OpPmESihf ae&mudv k /k ppf±;H_ I xGurf ajy;Edik o f ul kd u|ejf yKcJ=h uonf?
xd@k a=umifh vdt k yfrt _ & tkypf zk @JG aexdik &f if; bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_
rsm; jzpfay:vmonf? aus;&Gm/ +rdK@jy/ Edik if rH sm; jzpfay:vmonf? xdo k @kd tyk pf k
tvdu k o f m &Sio f ef&yfwnf}uD;yGm;Edik af om jzpfpOftwGi;f vlw@kd rmS tkypf k
csppf wd /f rsK;d csppf w
d of nf euf±id_ ;f pGm tjrpfw, G cf =hJ uonf? acwfumvrnfo@kd
yifajymif; apumrl ,ae@txd vlrsK;d / Edik if cH jJG cm;r_onf &Sad eqJjzpf+yD; ‚if;udk
t&if;ppf=unfyh gu ud, k uf sK;d pD;yGm;udk umuG,af ejcif;jzpfa=umif; awG@
&rnf?
rsK;d csppf w
d o
f nf Edik if aH &;t,l0g' ,H=k unfrx_ ufrsm;pGm euf±id_ ;f onf?
xdkodk@euf±_dif;a=umif;udk a&&Sm;aom ae&modk@a&mufrS a&.wefzdk;udk
av;av;eufeufod&SdEdkfifaom vlrsm;uJhodk@ EdkifiHaysmuf zdESdyfr_atmuf
a&mufaeaom vlrsK;d rsm;u ydI k od&edS m;vnf=uonf? um;ruf (pf)/ vDeifEiS hf

21
Edkif[Hom

ocif - - wd@k u vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmuf

cH[k qdkcJh=uaomfvnf; qdkAD,uf,leD,H/ ,l*dkpvm;AD,m;EdkifiHrsm;ESifh
uGefjrLepfygwDtawmfrsm;rsm; ysufjym;aysmufuG,foGm;=u+yD;/ rsKd;cspf
pdw"f mwfum; Edik if w
H umwGif vnf;aumif;/ jynfwiG ;f rSm vnf;aumif;
&Sio
f efa&SŒwd;k aeqJyif?
u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm; todtrSwjf yKr_
rcH&jcif;ESihf vlrsK;d a&;t& 0g;rsKad zsmufzsucf &H r_rS vGwaf jrmuf&ef u&ife/D
rGe/f &cdik w
f @kd u vGwv f yfa&;&onfqo kd nfh 1948 ckEpS rf pS I ±ke;f uefwu kd yf JG
0ifc=hJ uonf? 1949 ck ESpq f ef;wGif u&ifw@kd uvnf;aumif;/ ESpu f ek yf ikd ;f
wGif ytd0k ;f wd@k u vnf;aumif; vufeufuikd af wmfveS f vm=ujyefonf? &Sr;f /
ucsi/f csi;f / yavmif/ vm;[l/ 0/ em* ponfw@kd u 1958 ckEpS Ef iS hf 1960
ckEpS f 0ef;usiaf vmufwiG f toD;oD;±ke;f uef wdu k yf 0JG ifvm=uonf? xdk vuf
eufudkiftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf toGifo¿meft& ajymif;vJr_tcsKd@&Sd
aomfvnf; ,ae@xufwikd f wnf&adS eqJyif?
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;vlrsKd ;pkrsm;. trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufr_ awmfveS af &;
onf rdrw d @kd trsK;d om;a&;udo k m t"duxm; wdu k yf 0JG ifaeojzifh rdrwd @kd vrl sK;d
. axmufct H ultnDay;r_uo kd m &&So d nf? tcsK@d aom Armacgi;f aqmif
rsm;u xdt k rsK;d om;vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;tay: e,fcsŒJ vufyg;aprsm;[k
xifjrifpGyfpGJ=uaomfvnf; rnfonfhEdkifiH wckckur# vufeufaiGa=u;
axmufyjhH cif;rsK;d r&Scd yhJ g? rdrw
d @kd trsK;d om;jynforl sm;. axmufyu hH nl rD j_ zifh
om =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf; &yfwnfc&hJ if; wjznf;jznf;csi;f wk;d wuftm;
aumif;vmjcif; jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDta&;tay: tajccHaom OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwD
vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;onf Edik if w H pfcsK@d . tultnDjzifh 1970 rSp+yD;
t&Sdeft0gaumif;aumif;ESifh ay:xGufvmaomfvnf; (5) ESpf (6) ESpf
tawmtwGif;rSmyif csKyf+idrf;oGm;cJhonf? ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDonf
Edik if w
H umtvkyo f rm;nDtpfukd oabmxm;t& jyifyrS vufeufusnq f /H
aiGa=u;/ aq;0g; tpkt+yHKESihf &cJyh gaomfvnf; tESpf (50) ausmf awmfveS f
a&;c&D;rSm tprf;oyfrcHEikd cf yhJ g? tjrifusO;f olrsm;[k tajymcHae&aom
trsK;d om;awmfveS af &; tiftm;pkrsm;url tiftm;}u;D rm;onfh jzwfav;

22
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jzwf/ 0dik ;f ywfyw d qf @kd ppfqifa&;enf;AsL[mrsm;udk ckcI H t&Sed t

f [kef rjyif;
aomfvnf; &Sio f efvy_ &f mS ;a&SŒwd;k aeqJyif? Tod@k &yfwnfaeEdik o
f nfrmS
cdik rf maom rsK;d csppf w
d t f ay: tajcjyKjcif;jzpfa=umif; om"urD;armif;xd;k jy
vdu k jf cif; jzpfawmhonf?

5? oifjh rwfreS u
f efaomwdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;oabmxm;

vlwikd ;f onf vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d wGif yg0ifae+yD; vlrsK;d wdik ;f onf Edik if w
H pfcck .k
t0ef;t0dik ;f wGif &yfwnfae=uonf? tpkEiS t hf zG@J EiS hf aerS &yfwnfEikd af om
avmu}u;D wGif igrh mS vlrsK;d a&;pdw"f mwfr&S[ d k qdo k o l nf a&aygaomae&m
wGif }u;D jyif;aexdik o
f u
l a&.wefz;kd udk rodjcif; oabmrsK;d yif? Edik if w H pfcwk iG f
vlrsK;d wpfrsKd ;wnf;om &Sod nf[I l r&S?d tenf;qH;k 3 - 4 rsK;d rS trsm;qH;k 3
- 400 txd &SEd ikd o f nf? od@k aomf y"me od@k r[kwf trsm;pk od@k r[kwf tm
%m&vlrsK;d onf wpfrsK;d wnf;om jzpfonf? xdt k qifah e&mudk &xm;aom
vlrsK;d taeESihf a,bk,stm;jzifh trsK;d aysmufrmS pd;k &drpf &m ta=umif;r&Syd g?
azmifay:aeol a&r&Sm;ovdyk if?
Tod@k aom taetxm;rsK;d wGiyf if jynfyrS bmompum;/ pmay/
,Ofaus;r_rsm; 0ifa&mufvr$ ;f rd;k vmrnfukd pd;k &dr+f y;D / rsK;d csppf w
d "f mwf &Sio f ef
xufjrufa&;/ trsK;d *k%f Zmwd*% k f jrifrh m;a&;twGuf vkyif ef;rsm;pGmudk
vkyaf e=uao;onf? Oyrm — ,Ofaus;r_ tarGtESpf xde;f odr;f a&;twGuf
eef;awmfa[mif;/ ausmif;a[mif;/ apwDa[mif;rsm; jyifqifjcif;/ topf
aqmufvyk jf cif;rsm;udv k nf;aumif; / ,Ofaus;r_xed ;f odr;f a&;twGuf tqdk
tuta&;twD;+ydKifyrJG sm;udk +rdK@e,frAS [dt k xd ESppf Ofusi;f yjcif;udk vnf;
aumif;/ ,Ofaus;r_jywdu k rf sm; aqmufvyk jf cif;udk vnf;aumif;/ ±k;d &myGaJ wmf
rsm;jzpfonfh avS+ydKify/JG vSn;f +ydKifyEJG iS hf jrif;cif;obif ponfrsm; usi;f yjcif;
udvk nf;aumif; b¾maiG tajrmuftjrm; tuket f usc+H y;D vkyaf qmifae
=uonf?
usew f pfzuftwGuf 'kw, d wef;pm; od@k r[kwf tESrd cf H od@k r[kwf tm
%mrJh vlrsK;d rsm;rSmrl rdrw
d @kd bmompum;/ pmayrsm;udk rdrw d @kd a'otwGi;f
w&m;0if (±H;k oH;k bmomtjzpf) toH;k jyKciG rhf &S/d tpd;k &pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif

23
Edkif[Hom

w&m;0ifoif=um;cGirhf &Sd jzpfae&onf? xdo k @kd w&m;0ifo;kH pGcJ iG rhf jyKjcif;onf

t&mwpfcu k kd wefz;kd rJah tmif vkyvf ukd jf cif;yif jzpfonf? wefz;kd rJah om ypPn;f
wpfcu k kd rnfow l @kd u =um=um xde;f odr;f =urnfenf;? wenf;tm;jzifh rd;k xJ
a&xJajrmif;xJo@kd ypfcsap+yD; tvdv k akd qG;ajrhysupf ;D oGm;ap&ef zefw;D vdu k f
jcif;yifjzpfonf? bmompum;/ pmay r&Sad wmhaom vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d onf
bmjzpfomG ; rnfenf;? ajredr&hf m uefw;l +y;D / uke;f jrift h m; xyfz@kd aejcif;onf
nDnmaom ajrjyifukd rnfonft h cgr# jzpfay:apEdik rf nf r[kwyf g?
wpfajrwnf;ae/ wpfa&wnf;aomuf=uaom u|Eyfk w f @kd wikd ;f &if;om;
rsm;onf u|Eyfk w f @kd . jynfaxmifpEk ikd if aH wmf}u;D +ird ;f csr;f om,mwd;k wufa&;
twGuf tm;vH;k wGiw f m0ef&o
dS nf? tm;vH;k u }uKd ;yrf;=u&rnf? rSeyf gonf?
od@k aomf wm0efrmS wlno D vdk tcGit hf a&;rSmvnf; wlnzD @kd vo kd nf? r#wr_&rdS S
pnf;vH;k r_&EdS ikd rf nf qdo k nfukd txl;ajymjyae&ef vdrk nfrxifyg?
urBmv G rf _ (Globalization) acwf}uD;wGif tiftm;ydrk kd
h r$ ;f +cHK,SuEf ,
}uD;olw@kd u pD;yGm;a&;t&om v$r;f rd;k oGm;Edik o f nfr[kw?f bmompum;/
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_t&vnf; 0g;rsKv d r$ ;f rd;k oGm;rnfh tE &W m,f&adS =umif; trsm;
od=uygonf? tiftm;}uD; taemuftkyfpku v$rf;rdk;Edkifovdk vlOD;a&
oef;aygi;f axmifausm&f o dS nfh Edik if }H uD;ESpcf u
k 0ef;&Hv#u&f o dS nfuvkd nf;
od=uygonf? wu,fyif pd;k &drpf &m&Syd gonf? od@k aomf xdt k E &W m,fonf
eufjzef od@k r[kwf wae@aomtcgrS a&mufvmEdik rf nfjzpf+y;D u|Eyfk w f @kd wikd ;f
&if;om;rsm;tzd@k ,ckavmavmq,f &ifqikd af e&onfu r[mArmvlrsK;d
}uD;0g' jzpfaeygonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd onfvrl sK;d a&;t& uGjJ ym;r_&adS eaomfvnf; Edik if w
H pfcw
k nf;
wGif twlwuG aexkid =f uonf? rauseyfr_ rnfo@kd yif&adS p/ vlrsK;d pktvdu k f
armif;xkwI f r&ovdk xGuaf jy;Ivnf; r&yg? em;cdpk &majrr&S?d twlwuG
ae=u&rnfom? aumif;wlq;kd zuf uH=urRmcsi;f qufpyfae=uonf? u|Eyfk f
wd@k Eikd if o
H nf obm0 a&/ ajr/ &moDOwk oifah wmfaumif;rGeo f nf? pdu k yf sK;d ajr
vHak vmufpmG &So d nf? ajray:ajratmuf obm0 o,HZmw ypPn;f rsm;
vnf;rsm;pGm&So d nf? rD;awmif/ ivsi/f rkew f ikd ;f paom obm0ab;tE &W m,f
awGvnf; tvGeef nf;onf? od@k ygaomfvnf; urBmwGif zG@H +zdK;r_tenf;qH;k
(tqif;&Jq;kH ) Edik if pH m&if;0if jzpfae&onf?

24
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHom;rsm;onf jynfywGif ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm;tjzpf

vlOD;a&odef;ausmf a&muf&Sdae&onf? tvkyf&SmazGa&;twGufvnf;
jynfywGif w&m;r0if ode;f ESichf sD a&muf&adS e=uonf? jynforl sm;. b0onf
vH+k cHKr_r&S/d ae&mwumwGif a=umufvef@ae&+yD; tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;rsm;
qH;k ±_;H ae&onf? pm;0wfaea&;/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&; wd@k wiG v f nf; edru hf s
ae&onf? Tod@k aom tajctaeqd;k rsm; tb,fa=umifh jzpfay:vm&
oenf;? ta=umif;&Smaomf jynfwiG ;f ppfa=umifh jzpfvm&onf? jynfwiG ;f
ppftb,fa=umifh jzpf&oenf;? rnD!w G rf a_ =umif?h rnD!wG rf _ bma=umifh
jzpfay: ae&oenf;? vlrsK;d pHpk pk nf;aexdik af om wdik ;f jynfwiG f wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d pHEk iS hf ywfoufaom rSeu f efonfh oabmxm;r&Sad oma=umifh jzpf&
onf? xd@k a=umifh Ttjzpfq;kd / tajctaeqd;k rsm;rS vGwaf jrmuf&ef rSeu f ef
onfh oabmxm;/ rSefuefonfh enf;emrsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;oifhyga=umif;
wifjyvdyk gonf?

6? tem*wfukd rnfo@kdzefw;D =urnfenf;

vlom;wd@k twGuf t"duar#mrf eS ;f csuo f nf aumif;rGeaf om b0udak &muf&dS

a&;jzpfonf? xdak umif;rGeaf om b0udak &muf&EdS ikd af &;rSm twdwrf S oifcef;
pmud, k +l y;D ypPKye` w
f iG f taumif;qH;k taumiftxnfazmf&rnf? TonfrmS
oDtdk&Dac: ed,mrw&m;/ twdwfudkavhvm+yD; vufpm;vdkufacsaezdk@
r[kw?f twdwu f kd ravhvmyguvnf; ypPKye` rf mS rSeu f efatmif vkyaf qmif
Edik rf nfr[kw?f xd@k twl ypPKy`ew f iG f &ifqikd af e&aom tcuftcJrsm;/ b0
edru hf srr_ sm; rjynfph rkH r_ sm;udk pdwu f ek +f y;D xdik +f i;D aeIvnf; bmr#x;l vmrnf
r[kw?f tcuftcJaygi;f pH=k um;rS tem*wftwGuf taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif
}uKd ;yrf;vkyaf qmif&rnfrmS vlom;wd@k . wm0efjzpfonf? od@k ro S m tem*wf
wGif u|Eyfk w f @kd b0/ u|Eyfk w
f @kd om;orD;/ u|Eyfk w f @kd v@l tzG@J tpnf;/ u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if H
onf aumif;rGeaf om tajctaeod@k a&muf&EdS ikd yf gvrd rhf nf?
u|Eyfk t
f jrift& — twdwu f kd oH;k oyf&mwGif vGecf ohJ nf&h mpkEpS rf sm;u
tcsed u f mvudk avhvmjcif;ESihf vGecf o
hJ nfh q,fpEk pS rf sm;umvudk avhvm
zd@k vrkd nf? &mpkEpS uf mvudak vhvmjcif;onf rlvwnf&rdS _ tajctaerSeu f kd

25
Edkif[Hom

em;vnf&efjzpfonf? xd@k twl Edik if eH ,ferdwt f wGi;f &Sd e,fajronf Armwd@k .

bd;k ab;bDbif ydik af jrtm;vH;k r[kwaf =umif; odygvrd rhf nf? q,fpEk pS u f mv
udk avhvmjcif;onf vuf&&dS ifqikd af e&aom jy\emrsm;ESihf jynfwiG ;f ppfukd
ajz&Si;f Edik &f ef jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh 1948 - 49 0ef;usif ESihf 1960 0ef;
usiw f @kd ukd ydI
k tav;xm;avhvm&ef vdv k rd rhf nf? xdok @kd avhvm+yD; 1947
ck zG@J pnf;yHk tajccHOya'. vGaJ csmt f m;enf;csurf sm;udk od&v dS ufcvH mygu
ajymif;vJjyKjyif&ef vG,u f yl gvrd rhf nf? acgi;f aqmifvyk o f l yk*Kd~ vt f csK@d . qENpJG
trSm;awGa=umifh oef;aygi;f (50) ausmf jynforl sm; ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf
'kuyQ ifv,fa0cJ&h onfukd oifcef;pm,lwwfz@kd vdo k nf?
yifvo kH abmwlncD sut f ay: tajcjyK+yD; pwifaygi;f pnf;cJo h nfukd
tajccHI ppfreS af omjynfe,faygi;f pk jynfaxmifpEk ikd if w
H pfcu
k kd wnfaqmuf
rnfqv kd #if rnfonfvh rl sK;d twGuf epfemp&m&Syd goenf;? vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d ESihf
wpfrsK;d t=um; vlO;D a&t& uGmcsiu f mG rnf? wd;k wufrt
_ & uGmcsiuf mG rnf?
od@k aomf vlrsK;d qdo
k nfh ,lepft&=unf+h y;D twlwjl zpfonfqo kd nfh oabm
xm;udk vufcEH ikd rf nfqv kd #if vlrsK;d a&;t& jy\em&Sad wmhrnfr[kwaf y?
qGpZf mvefEikd if w H iG f qGpvf rl sK;d 83³5µ &S+d y;D / usev
f rl sK;d tm;vH;k aygi;f onf
16³5µ om&So d nf? oH;k pGaJ om bmompum;rSm *smref 69µ/ jyifopf 20µ/
tDwvD 10µ/ ±drk if 1µ jzpf&adS eaomfvnf; vlrsK;d a&;t& jy\emr&S?d
bmompum;av;rsK;d pvH;k udk w&m;0if todtrSwjf yKxm;onf? qdAk , D uf
,le,
D aH cwfumvwGif ±k&mS ;ESihf tufpw f ;kd eD;,ef;wd@k onf vlO;D a&t& 173
q uGmjcm;+yD; ,cktEd , dN wGif wrD;vfem'l;jynfe,fEiS hf rDZ&kd rfjynfe,fw@kd
onf vlO;D a&t& tq 100 cef@ uGmaeonf? {&d,mtus,t f 0ef;t&
vnf; qdAk , D ufEikd if wH iG f t}uD;qH;k jynfe,fEiS hf ti,fq;kH jynfe,f wd@k onf
tq 60 r#umG jcm;onf? od@k aomf vlrsK;d qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;wGif wef;wl
xm;&Sad oma=umifh vlrsK;d a&; qdik &f m jy\emrsm;ray:aygucf ahJ y? wpfygwD
tm%m&Sipf epfa=umifo h m jy\em&So d nf? qGpZf mvefEikd if o H nf pdu k yf sK;d &ef
ajrtenf;tusOf;om&Sd+yD; wefzdk;}uD;aom obm0o,HZmwypPnf;
txl;r&S/d obm0a&wHceG f rsm;rS v#ypf pf"gwt f m;udk xkw, f t l oH;k jyKI
tqifjh rifh ukeyf pPn;f rsm;udk xkwv f yk af &mif;csjcif;jzifh uHv k ºkH u,G 0f aom Edik if H
wpfcu
k kd wnfaxmifEikd cf o hJ nf? aiGuek af =u;usenf;ap&ef t+rw J rf;ppfwyfukd

26
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tenf;tusO;f om xm;&S+d y;D / trsK;d om;wdik ;f ppfynmoifapI vufeufwyf

qifum vH+k cHKa&;udpP cdik rf matmif wnfaqmufxm;onfrmS tm;&p&m
jzpfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if w H iG f vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wla&; oabmrxm;Edik af om
a=umifh vlrsK;d a&;yÉdyuQ jzpfay:vmcJ&h onf? ,if; yÉdyuQukd ppfa&;jzifah jz
&Si;f =u&m jynfv;kH tESŒH jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufavmifc&hJ onf? jynfwiG ;f ppf
a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;c|w+f cHKus/ vl@tcGit hf a&;qdwo f Ok ;f / trke;f ESihf &efnKd‡ ;zG@J
r_rsm; jyif;xefae&onf? TonfrmS wef;wla&; oabmrxm;Edik jf cif;.
&vm'fq;kd 0uFyg}u;D yif jzpfawmhonf? T 0uFbmrS vGwaf jrmufEikd &f efrmS
tem*wfwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGithf a&;rsm;&So
d nfh vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wl
a&;ESihf udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifh&Sdaom jynfe,faygif;pkjynfaxmifpkudk wnf
aqmuf&ef vdt k yfrnfjzpfa=umif; apwemaumif;jzifh wifjytyfygonf?

7? wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w

G af &;tay: oabmxm;

jynfaxmifpak c: Edik if w H pfc.k pnf;0dik ;f twGi;f aexdik =f uaom u|Eyfk w f @kd

wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pHk jynfoltm;vHk;onf avS}uD;wpfpif;ay:wGif
twlwuGvu kd yf g+yD; c&D;wpfcwk nf;udk oGm;ae=uolrsm;ESihf yHpk w H ol nf?
xdck &D;rSm om,maumif;rGeaf om vl@abmifopfwpfcq k o
D @kd a&muf&adS &;
jzpfonf? xdak vS}uD;onf 1948 ckEpS q f ef;uyif pwifc&D;xGucf o hJ nf?
yifv,fjyif}uD;xJa&muf&adS e+yD;jzpfI rvdu k cf sio
f t
l wGuv f nf; qif;aecJh
&efrjzpfEikd o
f vdk rvdu k af pcsio
f ul vnf; jiif;y,faeI r&awmhyg? b0uH
=urRmu qufpyfae+y;D vd&k mc&D;od@k tjrefa&muf&adS &;ESihf ab;tE &W m,fq;kd
rsm;rS uif;vGwaf &;twGuf tm;vH;k wlnv D ufw}JG uKd ;yrf; wm0ef,=l u&rnf?
Tum; b0ay;wm0ef/ od@k aomfrnfoal wGu rnfo@kd oabmxm;I rnfr#
tepfemcH azmfaqmifc=hJ u/ azmfaqmifae=uygoenf;? prf;ppf=unfrh nf
qdvk #if —
0ef}u;D csKyOf ;D Ek. jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;wnfaqmuf&ef 1958 ckEpS f ZGev
f
(24) &ufae@wiG f xkwjf yefonfh vGw+f idr;f csr;f omcGihf oifyek ;f ajca&;ESihf
vufeufpeG @f +y;D Oya'abmifx0J ifum Edik if aH &;ygwD xlaxmifa&; urf;vSr;f

27
Edkif[Hom

csuo f nf tm%m&tpd;k &ESihf wyfrawmfbufu oabmxm;}uD;rm;r_

rsm;pGm&Sad =umif;udk azmfjyojzifh jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH uvnf; vdv k m;
axmufcHcJh=uonf? xdk@twl jynfol@&JabmfwyfzGJ@/ rGefjynfol@wyfOD;/
ytd0k ;f trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfz@JG EiS hf &cdik jf ynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;tzG@J
wdk@uvnf; jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;twGuf jrifhjrwfaomapwemjzifh 0if
a&mufvufeuftyfum Edik if aH &;t& ajyvnfr&_ atmifvyk cf o hJ nfukd awG@&
onf? Tonfw@kd rmS Edik if aH &;jy\emudk Edik if aH &;enf;t& ajz&Si;f &ef jynfol
vlx. k qENrt
J qH;k tjzwfukd ±d;k om;pGmcH,=l ujcif;jzpfonf? xdt k csed u
f
Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktm;vH;k onf Edik if t
H ay: apwemaumif;&Sad =umif;ESihf
oabmxm;}u;D a=umif;udk jyocJ=h uonf?
1962 ckEpS w f iG f ygvrD efY ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&;
qdik &f m zG@J pnf;yHtk ajccHOya' jyifqifa&;tqdrk sm; tm;aumif;jyif;xef
vmonf? 'Dru kd a&pDvyk xf ;kH vkyef nf;t& ygvrD efwiG f aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfjcif;udk
rdrdwdk@qENtvdkESifhrudkufnDaomtcg AdkvfcsKyfae0if;ESifh acgif;aqmif
wpfcsK@d w@kd u wdik ;f jynf+ydKuGaJ wmhrnf[k ta=umif;jy+yD; Edik if ahH cgi;f aqmif
rsm;/ wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;udk zrf;qD;um tm%modr;f cJo h nf?
TonfrmS vufeufut kd yf/ wyfz@JG uzkd suo
f rd ;f +yD; +idr;f csr;f pGm w&m;
enf;vrf;t& 0ifa&mufajz&Si;f cJ=h uonfh vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;.
±k;d om;onfh apwemtay: tjrwfxw k /f rw&m;jyKvkyjf cif;jzpfonf? xdk
vky&f yfa=umifh aemufaemifwiG f tcsi;f csi;f tay:,H=k unfre_ nf;yg;+yD; +idr;f
csr;f a&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm; ysujf ym;cufcJ vmcJ&h onf? xdv k yk &f yf. tusK;d quf
a=umifh jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D }u;D us,jf yif;xefpmG awmufavmifvm&+y;D wdik ;f jynf
rGjJ ymus cJ&h onf?
1969 ckavmufwiG f 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif;OD;Ekonf vufeufuikd af wmfveS f
a&;vkyf&ef xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdvmonf? 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;qdkonfh
t&Sed tf 0gEiS hf ‚if;. ygvrD ef'rD u
kd a&pDygwD wpfygww D nf;jzifh Edik if w
H umwGif
xd;k azmuf&ef }udK;pm;cJo h nf? od@k aomf bmr#tvkyrf jzpfc?hJ 1970 ckwiG f
a'ocH wdik ;f &if;om; tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfaom u&iftrsK;d om;tpnf;t±H;k
(KNU)/ rGefjynfopfygwD (NMSP) ESifh yl;aygif;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;
aygi;f pHn
k !
D wG af &; ESihf vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfaygi;f pk (wnv) udk wnfaxmif

28
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? aemufyikd ;f wGif csi;f 'Dru

kd a&pDygwED iS hf *sirf ,
D ef; OD;aqmifaom
&Sr;f rsK;d cspw
f yfO;D wd@k yg0ifvmonf?
xdt
k cgusrS jyify. ,H=k unfru _ kd &&Scd +hJ y;D jynfyukr% ` w D pfcsK@d . }uKd wif
t&if;pdu k af cs;aiG tultnDrsm; &&Scd o hJ nf? xdo k @kd aiGrsm; &&Sad omtcg rGe/f
u&if/ csi;f / &Sr;f tzG@J rsm;tm; tenf;tusO;f pDom cGaJ 0ay;+y;D trsm;pk}u;D udk
OD;Ek.tzG@J u ,lxm;vdu k of nf? xdok @kd rnDrr#&cdS &hJ mu r=umrD rausrvnf
jzpfvmonf? aemufyikd ;f wGif trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu
hf pd P
Edik if aH &;t& tjiif;yGg;cJ=h uonf? aemufq;kH wGif OD;Ekonf ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD
ygwrD x S u G +f yD; tdE,
dN wGif oGm;a&mufem;cdck o hJ nf? OD;Ek. ygvrD ef'rD u kd a&pD
ygwDESifh jynfcspfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmfwdk@onfvnf; 1975 - 76
avmufwiG f tpdypf yd t f r$mr$muGuJ m wdrjf rKyfaysmufu, G f oGm;cJ&h onf?
1986 ckEpS t f wGi;f u (r'w) ac: trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDwyfaygi;f pk.
tzG@J 0ifu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;onf (Auy) ac: ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwAD [dk
XmecsKyjf zpfaom yefqef;od@k a&mufco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu (r'w) wGif wdik ;f &if;om;
vufeufuikd t f zG@J tpnf;aygi;f (11) zG@J yg0ifae+yD; wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;pkpnf;r_
tm;aumif;aecsed f jzpfonf? wpfzufwiG f (Auy) onf wyftiftm;/ vuf
euftiftm; jynfph akH umif;rGe+f yD; t&Sed t f 0gaumif;aecsed v f nf;jzpfonf?
tu,fI Ttiftm;pkEpS cf o k m em;vnfr&_ +dS yD; vufwEJG ikd yf gu Edik if aH &;
t&a&m ppfa&;t&yg (rqv) tpdk;&udk v_yfcgEdkifaom taetxm;
wGi&f odS nf? od@k aomfEpS zf ufnEd‡ id_ ;f &mwGif (r'w) u wifjyaom wdik ;f &if;
om;rsm;. trsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu
hf kd (Auy) wd@k bufrS
vufrcH/ wef;wla&;ESihf aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &;rlay:wGio f m &yfwnfco hJ nf?
xd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;t& n‡Ed id_ ;f Ir&/ vufw&JG ef ae&mrusjzpfchJ &onf?
trSepf ifppf xkt d csed u
f (Auy) . wyftiftm;onf 0/ ud;k uef@/ tmcg/
&Srf;/ vm;[l/ yavmif paom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhom t"du
pkpnf;xm;onf? od@k aomfvnf;wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;. &&So d ifah om tcGihf
ta&;rsm;udk tav;teufxnfrh wGucf yhJ g? 0/ ud;k uef@paom wdik ;f &if;om;
rsm;. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_ wd;k wufa&;udv k nf; tm;ay;
aqmif&u G jf cif;r&Syd g? acwfaemufusaom awmifay:wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;
tay: cdik ;f zwfozG,o f abmxm; cJoh nf?

29
Edkif[Hom

(Auy) . Toabmxm;a=umifh awmfveS af &;tvm;tvm wd;k wuf

aumif;rGev f matmif zefw;D ,lEikd af om tcGit hf a&;aumif;wpf&yf vuf
v$wcf &hJ onf? xdx k ufru (Auy) vufatmuf&dS wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;onf
‚if;wd@k . vlrsK;d pkta&;tay:xm;&Sad om (Auy) wd@k . oabmxm;udk
rausreyf jzpfvm=uonf? Tod@k jzifh 1989 ckEpS w f iG f (Auy) . ajcvuf
cE<mozG,jf zpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;cGx J uG =f uukeof jzifh OD;acgi;f
wpfv;kH omuseo f nfh (Auy) onf jynfwiG ;f rSm r&yfwnf Edik af wmhonftxd
jzpfc&hJ onf? awmfveS af &;umvwpfav#mufwiG f Edik if aH &;t&a&m ppfa&;
t&yg OD;aqmif r_tcef;rS &yfwnfvmcJah om (Auy) onf ajrrsKcd &H onfEh , S f
ajratmufv#Kd awmfveS af &;b0 a&mufomG ;cJ&h onf?
txufazmfjyyg tawG@t}uHKtjzpftysurf sm;u oufaojy!$e;f qdk
aeonfrmS wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;twGuf rSeu
f efaomoabm
xm; &Sv
d #i&f o
dS vdk ajyvnf+y;D wd;k wuf&ef vrf;pay:xGuv f monf?
xk@d twl rSeu f efaom oabmxm;vrf;a=umif;rS ab;xGuw f rd ;f acsmf
oGm;onfEiS hf qH;k ±_;H r_tEœ&,frsm;ESihf &ifqikd =f u&onfrmS vnf; oifcef;pm
,lp&maumif;ygonf?

8? t=uyftwnf;aygi;f pHrk S xGu&f yfvrf;

vGwv f yfa&;ESit
hf wl ay:ayguv f maom jynfwiG ;f ppfonf aejrifah v t±l;
&ifah vqdo k vdk wjznf;jznf;ESihf }u;D xGm;us,jf yef@vmonf? wpfcgwpfav
t&Sed af oawmhra,mif +idr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; ay:aygucf ahJ omfvnf;
em;vnfrr_ &Edik b f /J ysujf y,fc&hJ onfu rsm;ygonf? vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m yÉdyuQ/
0g'a&;&mqdik &f m yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh tpd;k &twGi;f tuGt J +yJ/ tpd;k &ESihf
wyfrawmft=um; tuGt J +yJrsm; jzpfay:vmcJ&h onf? tm%modr;f r_rsm;
jzpfc&hJ onf?
1963 ckEpS w
f iG f awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGJ us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@jzpfay:vmaomf
vnf; atmifjrifr_r&&SdcJhyg? EdkifiHawmf zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'opfa&;qGJ
jyXmef;aomfvnf; xl;jcm;aumif;rGev f mjcif;r&S?d tpd;k &ESihf ausmif;om;/

30
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tpd;k &ESihf tvkyo f rm;xkt=um; yÉdyuQt}udr}f udrjf zpfay: cJo h nf? 1988
ckEpS wf iG f wpfwikd ;f jynfv;kH tES@H tHºk urG }_ u;D jzpfay:cJ+h y;D aoG;xGuo
f ,H rkd _ }u;D rm;
pGm jzpfay:cJo h nf? 1990 ckEpS w f iG f taxGaxGa&G;aumufy}JG u;D usi;f ycJah omf
vnf; jy\emudrk ajz&Si;f Ekid b f J jy\emopfrsm;om xyfw;kd vmcJo h nf?
1993 rS 96 ckEpS t f xd trsK;d om;nDvmcHusi;f ycJah omfvnf; jy\emudk
wpfpw kH pf&m avsmyh g;oGm;atmif rvkyaf qmifEikd cf yhJ g? wpfzufwiG f vufeuf
udik yf ÉdyuQrsm;udk typftcwf&yfpaJ &;enf;jzifh wpfz@JG +yD;wpfz@JG vkyEf ikd cf hJ
aomfvnf; Edik if aH &;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Si;f r_r&So d jzifh typftcwf&yfpaJ &;
tqifrh mS yif wpfq@kd aeonf?
ta&;ygaom tiftm;}uD;Edik if w H pfcsK@d .Edik if aH &;/ pD;yGm;a&; ydwq
f @kd
t=uyfudkifr_rsm;ESihf &ifqdkifcJh&onf? 2004 ckESpfarv (17) &ufwGif
trsK;d om;nDvmcHukd jyefvnfusi;f yaeaomfvnf; yg0ifoifah om tzG@J
tpnf; tcsK@d EiS hf yk*Kd~ vftcsK@d yg0ifjcif;r&So
d jzifh taxGaxGEikd if aH &; t=uyf
twnf;rS azmufxu G Ef ikd &f ef tvm;tvm rjrifawG@&yg?
,cktajctaewGif tm%m&ppftpd;k &ESihf wyfrawmftiftm;pk/ a&G;
aumufyEJG ikd f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD) ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J rsm;
tiftm;pktrsK;d om;wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu hf kd awmif;qdak eaom
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ vufeufuikd t f ypftcwf&yftzG@J rsm;ESihf vufeufuikd f
wdu k yf 0JG ifaeqJtzG@J rsm;jzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;[lI tiftm;
}uD; (3) pk &Sad e=uonf? Ttiftm;pk}uD; (3) ck wGif rwljcm;em;aom
Edik if aH &;OD;wnfcsurf sm;ESihf ausmaxmufaemufct H iftm;pkrsm; &Sad e=u
onf? rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsufudk toufESifhvJ+yD; &yfwnfum
uG,o f mG ;&ef cdik rf maom ,H=k unfcsurf sm; &Sad e=uonf? ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm
toufaygi;f rsm;pGm &if;+yD;umuG,cf /hJ taumiftxnfazmfc=hJ u+yD;vnf;
jzpfonf? rnfonfb h ufrS rdrw
d @dk .&yfwnfcsuu f kd aygah ygw h efwefEiS hf vuf
v$wt f avsmah y;+yD; tjcm;bufukd tm%mukev f t J$ yfay;Edik af om tajc
taer&S?d ‚if;wd@k . Edik if aH &;&yfwnfro _ nf ‚if;wd@k .b0ESihf qufpyfaeonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tjy\emudk vG,v f ,
G Ef iS hf ajz&Si;f Edik af om tajctae
rsK;d r&Syd g? Tjy\emudk tcsK@d u 'Dru
kd a&pDta&;[k vG,v f ,
G Ef iS hf trnf
ay;=uonf? tb,fa=umifhqdkaomf ppftm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif

31
Edkif[Hom

'Drdkua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; aysmufqHk;ae&aoma=umifh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;

onfom t"duvdt k yfcsu[
f k ±_jrifaoma=umifjh zpfonf? od@k aomf ppf
tm%m&Sipf epftb,fa=umifh jzpfay:cdik +f rJae&onfukd xnfrh wGurf I d
xdok @kd jrifygvrd rhf nf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh vlemwpfa,muftzsm;wuf+yD; csr;f wkeaf eonfukd
awG@&ojzifh apmif+cHKay;&rnf (od@k ) rD;yHak y;&rnf[k wGuq f =uovdyk if?
tb,fa=umifh csr;f wHv k m&onfukd xnfrh wGub f J apmif+cHK (0g) rD;yHak y;yg
u c%oufomaumif;oufomrnf (od@k ) twGi;f a&mtjyifygy+l yD; vlem
tajctaeydq k ;kd oGm;Edik o
f nf? t&if;cHa&m*g aysmufuif;Edik f rnfr[kwyf g?
xd@k a=umifh tay:,Huakd usm+f yD; av;av;eufeuf±j_ rifoifo h nf? wpf
csed u
f u|Eyfk w f @dk Eikd if w
H iG f 'Drukd a&pD tawmftwef &Scd o hJ nf? od@k aomf wdik ;f
&if;om;rsm;. wef;wltcGifhta&;awmif;qdkr_udk ray;vdkI wyfudk
tm;arG;+y;D ppftiftm;jzifh zdapcJo h nf? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;bufuvnf; rcHEikd f
I vufeufuikd af wmfveS o f nf? ‚if;udtk Edik ,f al csre_ ;f &ef wyfuykd rkd t
kd m;jznfh
jyifqif+yD; wdu k cf u kd af pcJo h nf? Tod@k jzifh ppfwyfukd ydrk t kd m;jznft h m%m
ay;&if; csKyu f ikd rf v
_ w G x f u
G o f mG ;onfuwpfa=umif;/ ppfwyfonf rdrw d m0ef
udk ydrk jkd refqefxad &mufpmG xrf;aqmifEikd &f eftvd@k imS xde;f csKyfru _ kd jzwf
awmuf+y;D tm;oGecf eG pf u kd f vkyrf &d mu ppftm%m&Sipf epf jzpfomG ;cJ&h onf?
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;bufuvnf; rdrw d @kd . arG;&mygtcGit
hf a&;
twGuf toufay;ckcu H muG,=f uaomtcg jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D w[ke;f [ke;f
awmufavmifvm&awmhonf? t&if;ppfaomf jy\em.t&if;tjrpf
onf Armr[kwaf omwdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: ‚if;wd@k &&Scd pH m;xdu
k af om
vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d . tajccHtcGit hf a&;rsm;/ wenf;tm;jzifh trsK;d om;qdik &f m
wef;wla&;ESifh udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk ray;vdkIcsKyfcs,fxm;aoma=umifh
jzpfa=umif; awG@&&dS ayrnf?
TtajccHta=umif;w&m;rsm;udk tajrmftjrif&adS om Edik if aH &;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;/ Armjynfta&;udk u|r;f usio f l Edik if jH cm;rS Edik if aH &;ynm&Sirf sm;/
Edik if w
H pfcsK@d . acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;wd@k u wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsK;d pkrsm;ta&;udk tav;xm;ajz&Si;f ay;&efvakd =umif; ±_jrifawmif;qdk
vm=uonf?

32
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

xd@k a=umifh ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd ±kyo f rd ;f +yD; 'Dru

kd a&pDvyk [f ef ESihf vl@
tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k xnf±h EkH iS rhf +y;D wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. w&m;
aomcHpm;cGirhf sm;udyk g jznfph rG ;f ay;&ef tajctaeu awmif;qdak eyg onf?
xdo k @kd aom tajctaea=umifh ArmvlrsK;d rsm;tygt0if vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk jynfol
rsm; vdv k m;awmif;qdak eaom 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;ESihf Armr[kwaf om
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udyk g jznfqh nf;ay;
Edik &f ef rSeu f efaomenf;vrf;rsm; vdt k yfaeygonf?
T yuwdtajctaeu awmif;qdak eaomvdt k yfrr_ sm;udk jznfq
h nf;
ay;Edik &f ef ppftpd;k &.ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ (NLD) ESihf 'Dru kd a&pDtiftm;
pkrsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;tiftm;pkrsm;. ud, k pf m;vS,f
rsm;yg0ifaom ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH zG@J w@kd onf rSeu
f efaomapwem/ w&m;r#w
aomyHpk jH zifh vGwv f yfyiG v
hf if;pGm awG@qakH qG;aEG; ajz&Si;f =uygu ydwq f @kd ae
aom jy\em}uD;rsm;udk xGi;f azmufajz&Si;f ay; Edik yf gvrd rhf nf?
tiftm;pko;kH ckpvH;k onf rdrw d @kd Eikd if EH iS hf jynfov l x
l ak umif;pm;a&;/
rdru d , kd pf m;jyKaom vl@tzJ@G tpnf; tusK;d udk umuG,Ef ikd af &;wd@k twGuf
rdrw d nf&adS eaombufrS jrifawG@&onfh oabmxm;tjriftay: &yfwnf
+y;D taumiftxnfazmfae=ujcif;jzpfonf? tusK;d &Srd nf[jk rifygu awG@qkH
n‡Ed id_ ;f ajz&Si;f a&;udk jiif;y,fvakd om oabmxm;tjrifvnf;r&Syd g? od@k aomf
rdrw d @dk bufrS ydrk tkd m;aumif;aom tompD; taetxm;&Srd S rSeu f efpmG ESihf
vG,u f pl mG ajz&Si;f Edik rf nf[al om tjrif&adS ewwfygonf? xd@k a=umifh xkt d ae
txm;rsK;d &&Sad tmif pDrjH yifqifapmifah r#maf e=uonf? awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz
&Si;f jcif;onf rdrt d jrif/ rdrt d cuftcJukd wzufvel m;vnfatmif &Si;f jy+yD;
buftm;vH;k vufcEH ikd /f &yfwnfEikd af om taetxm;udk &SmazGaejcif;jzpf
a=umif; ,H=k unfvufcv H mygu a&Smifz,ftcsed q f aJG e=urnfr[kwyf g? buf
toD;oD;yg0ifaom awG@qakH qG;aEG;yGw J iG f wifjyaqG;aEG;&mY rdrw d @kd trSm;udk
jrifv#if 0efcH/ tm;vHk;twGuf tEœ&m,fr&Sdatmif vGwf+idrf;csrf;om
cGiahf =ujim/ bmawGqufvyk &f rnfukd n‡Ed id_ ;f csrw S +f yD; =um;jzwfumvwGif
yl;wGw J m0ef,jl cif;jzifh ydwq f @kd aeonft
h cuftcJukd ausmjf zwfomG ;Edik yf gonf?

33
Edkif[Hom

9? yuwdtaetxm;ESihf a&SŒtvm;tvm
,cktcg urBm}uD;wGif 'Dru kd a&pDta&;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;udk tav;ay;
wnfaqmufae=uonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd jynfot l rsm;pk}uD;uvnf; vdv k m;
awmif;qdk ae=uonf? xd@k twlEikd if w H um&SEd ikd if ahH cgi;f aqmif trsK;d om;acgi;f
aqmif}u;D rsm;onf ‚if;wd@k .Edik if EH iS hf vl@tzG@J tpnf;udk at;csr;f om,mvm
atmif zefw;D +yD; ynma&;udjk r‡iw hf ifum pD;yGm;a&;udw k ;kd wufaumif;rGef
atmif vkyaf qmifae=uonf? TonfrmS acwfumv. urBmah &pD;a=umif;
jzpfonf? u|Eykf wf @kd onf Edik if ahH cgi;f aqmif/ trsKd ;om;acgi;f aqmif/ tzJ@G
tpnf;acgi;f aqmifrsm; jzpf=uygu Tacwfa&;pD;a=umif;/ acwfumv
awmif;qdck surf sm;udk [ef@wm;jcif;/ vspv f sL±_jcif; jyKvkyaf eI r&yg? ordik ;f
w&m;cH od@k r[kwf vrf;ab;ajrmif;xJusomG ;ygvrd rhf nf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if /H u|Eyfk w
f @kd v@l tzG@J tpnf;udk trsm;ESi&hf ifabmifwef; vdu k f
rDEikd af tmif }udK;yrf;=u&rnf? xdo k @kd }udK;yrf;&mwGif tao;tzGjJ y\em&yf
rsm;jzpfaom vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wlvw l pfpak umif;pm;a&; ponf
wd@k a=umifh tcsed u f ek t
f iftm;qH;k ±_;H r_rjzpfay:ap&ef owdxm;a&Smif=uOf
=u&ef vdt k yfygvrd rhf nf? ,ae@u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f jzpfay:aeaom jy\em
trsm;pkonf txufazmfjyyg vlrsKd;a&;/ bmoma&;/ b0wl vlwpfpk
aumif;pm;a&;abmiftwGi;f rSmyif &Sad eonfuo kd wdjyKv#if jrif&yg vdrrhf nf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f vlrsK;d a&;t& jy\emjzpf&adS eygonf? t"dutm;
jzifh r[mpdw&f adS om ArmESihf tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;t=um;wGif jzpf&dS
aeygonf? yuwdtaetxm;t& ArmvlrsK;d onf tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;
vlrsKd ;rsm;xuf ESpaf ygi;f (200) ausmf tay: pD;&a&SŒa&mufaeonf? vuf&dS
wGif vlOD;a&t&/ e,fajrt&/ bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_t&/
ynma&; pD;yGm;a&;t&/ tkycf sKyfa&;/ pDrcH ef@caJG &;/ todynm tppt&m&m
wGif r,SOo f matmif tompD;wGi&f adS eonf? rnfonfv h rl sK;d r# ArmvlrsK;d udk
,SOEf ikd af om tvm;tvmr&S?d vlrsK;d pko;kH av;ig;ckaygi;f v#iv f nf; Arm
vlrsK;d udk ,SOEf ikd af om tvm;tvm r&S?d ,SOv f nf;r,SO=f uyg? ol@vrl sK;d
aysmufuG,froGm;atmif cHppftaetxm;rSm ±kef;uefae=ujcif;om
&So
d nf? Tod@k jzpfaeygv#uf tb,fa=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;. vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m
tcGit hf a&;udk [ef@wm;ae&oenf;?

34
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

bmoma&;wGiv f nf; Ak'b

< momonf jynfot l rsm;pk}u;D u ud;k uG,f
aom bmomjzpfonf? rnfonfh bmomwpfcck u k Ak'b< momud, k OS +f yKd iI
f
ausmw f ufomG ;Edik af om tvm;tvmr&Syd g? +ydKifvnf; r+ydKif=uyg? ‚if;wd@k
,H=k unfaombmomw&m;udk vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,,f =kH unfciG &hf &dS efom
awmif;qkad e=u jcif;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh Ak'b
< momudk ydt k m;ay;+y;D tjcm;
bmomudk ESrd chf sz@kd rvdt
k yfyg?
b0wlvlwpfpkaumif;pm;a&;pdwf"mwfonf omrefvlom;yDyD
tcsK@d vpl wk iG f xm;&Sw d wf=uonf? wenf;tm;jzifh acwftqufqufu
jrifawG@czhJ ;l aom vlwef;pm;tjrifrsK;d jzpfonf? od@k aomf tm;ay;arG;jrLxm;
tyfaom pdw"f mwfr[kw?f arG;jrLxm;ygu wH@k jyefqef@usirf j_ yif;xefvm+y;D
tusK;d qkw, f w
k rf r_ sm;ESifh &ifqikd &f ayvdrrhf nf? xd@k a=umifh &Scd v
hJ #if t&Snu
f kd
=unf+h yD; y,fazsmuf&vdrrhf nf?
vl@avmutzG@J tpnf;wGif rdrEd iS rhf ,SO+f yKd iEf ikd af omolrsm;udk tEdik ,
f I
l
zdEydS jf cif;rjyKbJ pnf;±H;k wGaJ c: ulnjD cif;jzifh rdro d nfacgi;f aqmifae&mudk
tvdv k akd &muf&o
dS mG ;rnfjzpfonf? acgi;f aqmiftqifh a&muf&adS eolrsm;/
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf acgif;aqmif.wm0ef0wW&m;ESifh acgif;aqmif.
vkyif ef;udk yDjyifatmif xrf;aqmifae&efomjzpfonf? xdo k @kd oabmxm;
jynf0h aeygu aemufvu kd if ,fom;rsm;onf acgi;f aqmifudk qef@usiaf e
awmhrnfr[kwaf wmhbJ aemufvu kd wf @kd .oabmxm;udk arG;jrL+y;D aemuf
vduk w f @kd . wm0ef0wW&m;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifomG ;ygvrd rhf nf?
vl@avmuwGif }u;D olu±kd akd o/ &G,w f u
l akd v;pm;/ i,fou l o
kd em;jcif;
jzifh pkpnf;nD!w G rf u
_ kd wnfaqmuf=u+rJ jzpfonf? wpfzufwiG f vlwef;pm;
uGm[r_ukd usO;f ajrmif;apjcif;jzifh jy\emtzHzk rkH ay:atmif xde;f odr;f =u
&onf? Edik if aH &;onf vlra_ &;yifjzpfaoma=umifh Tod@k oabmxm;Edik v f #if
jzpfay:aeaom tcuftcJaygi;f pHu k kd r=umrD ausmv f m$ ;vGeaf jrmufEikd rf nf
jzpfyga=umif; oabmxm;tjrif wifjyjcif;udk ed*;kH csKyftyfygonf?

[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f trSwfpOf 1/ 2/ 3 2003 -2004]

35
tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh jy\emudk
ajz&Si;f =uygp@kd
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh jy\emudk

ajz&Si;f =uygp@kd

vlom;wd@k onf wpfO;D wpfa,mufwnf; od@k r[kwf rdom;pkwpfpw k nf; woD;

wjcm;aexdik I f &aumif;onfr[kw?f tEœ&m,ftoG,o f , G u
f kd umuG,&f ef
ESihf ydrk jkd ynfph akH om okcbHu k &kd &S&d ef tpkEiS t
hf zG@J EiS hf aexdik =f u&onf? tpktzG@J
}u;D av tm;&Sad v/ ydrk }kd u;D rm;aom tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk &&Sad vyif? xd@k a=umifh
&yfuu G /f aus;&Gm/ +rdK@/ Edik if /H a'owl Edik if rH sm;tzG@J (tmqD,/H Oa&myor*~
ponf)/ urBmEh ikd if rH sm;tm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKonft h zG@J (urBmu h v
k or*~)
ponfjzifh pkpnf;=uonf?
“pnf;vH;k jcif;onf tiftm;” qd±k ;kd pum;udk u|Eyfk w f @kd tm;vH;k =um;ae
=uodae=u+yD; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd u,kd w
f ikd v
f nf; rdom;pk/ toif;tzG@J /
&yfuu G /f +rdK@&mG / Edik if t
H 0ef;t0dik ;f tvdu k f pnf;vH;k nD!w G =f u&ef aqmf=ocJ/h
}uKd ;yrf;cJ=h ubl;onf? touft&G,}f u;D vmav/ wm0ef}u;D vmav/ pnf;vH;k
nD!w G jf cif;. wefz;kd udek m;vnfav/ ‚if;twGuf aqmf=o}udK;yrf;cJb h ;l
avyif?
“nD!w G rf S +ird ;f csr;f rnf/ +ird ;f csr;f rS wd;k wufrnf” qdo k nfh qd±k ;kd pum;udk
vnf; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm; =um;odae=u+y;D jzpfonf? ta=umif;ESit fh usK;d
pyf[yfr&_ adS om pum;wpfceG ;f jzpfonf? a'o/ wdik ;f / jynfe,f/ Edik if w H @kd jzifh
pkz@JG xm;aom t0ef;t0dik ;f atmuf&dS jynforl sm;twGi;f ta=umif;a=umif;
aom yÉdyuQrsm;a=umifh pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &; ysujf ym;vmaomtcg xdk
t0ef;t0dik ;f &Sd vlom;tm;vH;k +ird ;f csr;f om,mr_r&SEd ikd =f uawmhyg? tEœ&m,f
trsK;d rsK;d udk pd;k &drxf w d v
f ef@ae&ojzifh ylyifaomujzpf=u&onf? yÉdyuQ
jrifrh m;onfh twdik ;f twmtay:rlwnfI +idr;f csr;f r_uif;a0;+yD; tEœ&m,f
xlajymI wd;k wufru _ if;um qkw, f w k yf sujf ym;a&;udk jzpfay:aponf?
,cku|Eyfk w
f @kd aexdik &f yfwnfaeaom Edik if w
H iG f vl@tzG@J tpnf;wpfcEk iS hf
wpfct
k =um; omrefxufveG u f aJ om yÉdyuQrsm; jzpf&adS eaoma=umif/h
vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckESifh wpfckt=um;/ vufeufudkiftzGJ@wpfckckESifh
vufeufrudik af om tzG@J tcsK@d t=um;/ vufeufuikd t f zG@J wpfcck Ek iS hf tajccH

39
Edkif[Hom

jynforl sm;t=um; owfjzwfni‡ ;f qJ/ tEdik u f sirhf r_ sm; a'otrsm;tjym;wGif

t}udraf ygi;f rsm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJh jzpfymG ;aeonf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&tpd;k &
tqufqufEiS hf Armr[kwaf om trsK;d om;tiftm;pkrsm;t=um; yÉdyuQ
onf tESpf (50) ausmf ajz&Si;f cJ+h yDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txdajyvnfp&m
vrf;pudk rcsO;f uyfEikd af o;yg? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmEdik if [ H ak c:qdak eonfh u|Eyfk f
wd@k Eikd if o
H nf obm0o,HZmwESihf pD;yGm;a&;tajccHaumif;rsm; ydrk jkd ynfph kH
aeaomfvnf; tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;ESihf ,SOvf u
kd o f nft h cg acwfaemufus
use&f pfae&onf?
u|Ekfyfwdk@onf TEdkifiHwGifarG;I TEdkifiHwGif aexdkifae=uonf?
u|Eyfk wf @kd .uH=urRmudk u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if .
H uH=urRmtajctaeu pd;k rd;k cs,v f ,
S f
aeonf? ±ke;f xGujf cif;iSm rpGr;f Edik yf g? xd@k a=umifh u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if .
H uH=urRm
wd;k wufaumif;rGev f matmif u|Eykf w f @kd tm;vH;k wGif wm0eftjynf&h o dS nf?
TurBm}u;D wGif vufeuftm;ud;k +y;D tm%moH;k jcif;jzifh jy\emt&yf&yf
udk +yD;jywfajyvnfatmif ajz&Si;f Edik af om tawG@t}uHKr&Sad o;yg? tcsed f
umvwpfct k wGi;f om xde;f odr;f Edik +f yD; xm0&+idr;f csr;f jcif;r&SEd ikd o f nfrmS
,ae@urBm±h c_ if;wGif jzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;uom"u jyaeay
onf? xdak =umifh tcsi;f csi;f em;vnfrj_ zifh awG@qn kH Ed‡ id_ ;f +y;D tem*wftwGuf
tajz&Smoifo h nf?
ppftpd;k &. wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkrsm;ESihf jy\emajz
&Si;f a&;udk avhvmoH;k oyf=unfyh gu tzG@J tpnf;tcsK@d EiS hf typftcwf&yfpJ
a&; vkyx f m;ygaomfvnf; a&S@urkd quf vrf;ckvyfwiG f &yfaejcif;a=umifh
ar#mv f ifch suwf pfpw
kH pf&mxm;I r&ao;yg? ol@vufeufou l ikd /f ol@ae&m
olae tqifrh mS om&Sad e+yD; jy\emudk ajyvnfapa=umif; ajz&Si;f r_r&Sd
ao;yg? pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;wpfcsK@d EiS hf zG@H +zdK;a&;vkyif ef;wpfcsK@d jzifh acsmo h yd f
acsmifyw d x f m;onf? Tvky[ f efonf jy\emajz&Si;f a&;r[kw/f zH;k tkyf
xm;jcif; [k ajymv#if ydrk eS yf gvrd rhf nf? Ttaetxm;tay: a&&Snt f wGuf
pOf;pm;v#if &ifav;zG,&f m jzpfaeonf? vufeufjzifh olEikd u f , kd Ef ikd f t+ydKif
usaJ e=uqJ tzG@J rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sad eonf? xdek ,fajru jynforl sm;rSm
aep&m/ pm;p&m tmrcHcsub f mrS r&S/d xdx k ufyq kd ;kd onfrmS r=umc%
"m;pmcHb0 jzpfae=u&onf? Ttaetxm;onfvnf; ajyvnfz, G rf jrif/
&ifav;p&m wpfcjk zpfonf?
40
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

u|Eyfk wf @kd onf Edik if o

H m;rsm;jzpf=uonf? xd@k a=umifh u|Eykf w f @.
kd ykc;kH xuf
wGiv f nf; trsm;enf;wl wm0eftjynf&h o dS nf? u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if .
H jy\emudk
rajz&Si;f Edik b f v J #uf u|Eyfk . f vlrsK;d / u|Eyfk .
f aqGrsK;d / u|Eyfk . f ud, k uf sKd ;jy\em
rsm;udk +y;D jynfph akH tmif ajz&Si;f I&Edik rf nfr[kwyf g? ,m,D od@k r[kwf wpfpw d f
wpfyikd ;f tm;jzifh ajyvnfaumif;ajyvnfygvrd rhf nf? od@k aomf vH+k cKH pdwcf sEikd f
jcif;r&S?d xd@k a=umifh ajyvnfr&_ &SEd ikd &f efenf;vrf;udk &SmazG=unfzh @kd vdt k yfaeyg
onf? tqdyk g ajz&Si;f &rnfeh nf;vrf;rsm;udk Edik if w H umtawG@t}uHKESihf
pmtkypf mayrsm;rSmxuf twdwEf iS hf ypPKy`ew f iG f ±ke;f uefajz&Si;f cJ=h uaom
vufawG@e,fy,frmS &SmazG=unfjh cif;u ydrk w kd ud s rSeu f efaomenf;vrf;udk
&&SEd ikd rf nf[, k =kH unfonf? rSeu f efaom oabmw&m;wpf&yfukd vufawG@
e,fy,fxrJ S tawG@t}uKH rsm;udk oH;k oyfavhvm+y;D rS trSm;udyk ,f/ trSeu f kd
q,f,jl cif;jzifh &&SEd ikd af =umif; ynm&Sirf sm;u!$ejf yxm;onf? xd@k a=umifh
twdwEf iS yhf pPKy`ew f iG f ajz&Si;f cJah omenf;emrsm;udk qef;ppf=unfyh gp@kd ?
1947 ckrS ,ae@txd }uKd ;yrf;ajz&Si;f cJah om enf;emoabmw&m;rsm;
udk avhvm=unfhygu rwljcm;em;aom enf;emoHk;rsKd;udk awG@&onf?
‚if;wd@k rmS —
(1) yifvo kH abmxm; od@k r[kwf em;vnfrj_ zifh ajz&Si;f jcif;/
(2) qGaJ qmif vSnphf m;oabmw&m;tcsK@d EiS hf ajz&Si;f jcif;/
(3) tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f jcif; [lIjzpfonf?

1? yifvo
kH abmxm; od@k r[kwf em;vnfrj_ zifah jz&Si;f jcif;

Tenf;onf Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif

rsm; pkaygi;f ndE‡ id_ ;f ajz&Si;f cJah om enf;jzpfonf? t*Fvyd w f @kd onf ajrjyef@a'o
ESihf ArmvlrsK;d trsm;pkaexdik af om a'oudk OD;pGm vGwv f yfa&; ay;vdo k nf?
awmifwef;a'ojzpfaom &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f / u&ifeD trsK;d om;e,fajrrsm;ESihf
u&iftrsK;d om; e,fajrwcsK@d w@kd ukd aemufcsex f m;I tcsed q f +JG yD;ay;&ef
jzpfonf? ‚if;tpDtpOftwdik ;f vufccH v hJ #if u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if .
H ajryHo
k nf ,ae@
taetxm;twdik ;f jzpfcsirf jS zpfrnf? rjzpfz@kd ydrk sm;ygonf?

41
Edkif[Hom

T tajctaewGif &Sr;f / ucsi/f csi;f trsK;d om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; pkpnf;

n‡Ed id_ ;f =u+yD; ‚if;wd@k . e,fajra'orsm;ESihf ajrjyef@a'orsm;aygi;f I jynf
axmifpw k pfck wnfaqmuf&ef ArmtrsK;d om;acgi;f aqmif Adv k cf sKyfatmif
qef;ESifh n‡dE_dif;cJh=uonf? pkpnf;onfhenf;rSm e,fajr}uD;onfjzpfap/
i,fonfjzpfap/ vlO;D a& enf;onfjzpfap/ rsm;onfjzpfap/ Edik if aH &;t&
wef;wla&;ESihf trsK;d om;vGwv f yfciG hf (ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi)hf tay: tajccH+yD;
pkpnf;cJ=h uonf? Tenf;emonf wuGw J jym;pD&adS eaom taetxm;udk
qENt& wpfpw k pfpnf;wnf; jzpfatmif vkyEf ikd cf o hJ nf? jy\emtaxG
txl;r&Scd ?hJ csp=f unfr/_ ,H=k unfru _ kd &,lwnfaqmufEikd cf o hJ nf?
uHq;kd onfrmS Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf apwemrSeaf om trsK;d om;acgi;f
aqmiftcsK@d 1947 Zlvikd v f (19) &ufae@wiG f vky}f ucH v
H u
kd &f onf? xdk acgi;f
aqmifrsm;r&SdawmhonfhaemufwGif ‚if;wdk@.oabmxm;/ OD;wnfcsuf
rsm;udk aemufval wGu r±d;k om;aom apwemjzifh ysujf ym;vGaJ csmo f mG ;
atmifvkyfcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh xdkenf;emonf &Sifoef}uD;xGm;cGifhr&bJ
yÉdoaE<tqifw h iG f ysujf ym;oGm;&onf?

2? qGaJ qmifvn
S phf m; oabmw&m;tcsK@d EiS hf ajz&Si;f jcif;

Tenf;emudk EdkifiHa&;ygwDtzGJ@tpnf;tcsKd@wkd@u usifhoHk;cJh=uonf?

t"dutm;jzifh rwlujJG ym;aeaom vlrsK;d a&;vuQ%mtay: tm&Hak vsmyh g;
ap+yD; tjcm;udpw P pfcck t
k ay: tav;xm;apaom enf;jzpfonf? OD;wnf
csurf mS Armr[kwaf om trsK;d om;rsm;. trsK;d om;a&;vuQ%mrsm;udk
todtrSwrf jyKa&;/ ‚if;udk oabmw&m; tcsK@d EiS hf ±du k cf sK;d ypfa&;jzpfonf?
Tenf;ukd wcsed u f vuf0yJ gwu D eG jf rLepf/ qd&k ,
S vf pfrsm;u usio hf ;kH cJo
h nf?
‚if;wd@k u “vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmufcjH zpf
onf? vlwef;pm;jy\emudk ajz&Si;f +yD;ygu vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonfvnf;
tvdv k kd ajyvnfomG ;rnf” [k ajymqd±k u kd o
f iG ;f cJo
h nf? ‚if;wd@k onf vlrsK;d
a&;tjrifukd ao;odraf tmifvyk cf o hJ nf? uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S v f pf vuf0t J ,l
tq acwfaumif;cJah om umvwpfav#mufwiG f vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m oabm
xm;onf tcsK@d ae&mwGif twdik ;f twmwpfct k xd arS;rSed cf &hJ onf?

42
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

od@k aomf ajymyavmufatmif aysmufu, G q f w

d o
f Ok ;f oGm;jcif; r&Syd g?
uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S vf pfrsm;onfom tusacwfwiG f Armr[kwaf om trsK;d
om;rsm;. axmufcrH u _ dk r&ojzifh r&yfwnfEikd af wmhbJ tvG,w f ul tm;
enf;ysuo f Ok ;f oGm;cJ&h onf?
TuJo h @kd yif ArmtrsK;d om;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh tzG@J tpnf;tcsKd @w@kd u
'Dru
kd a&pDukd a&S@wef;wif+y;D t&m&mudk trsm;pkqENjzifh qH;k jzwfajz&Si;f onfh
enf;udk ajymqd±k u kd o
f iG ;f +yD; trsK;d om;a&;tcef;udk arS;rSed af tmif vkyaf e
onf? ‚if;wd@k u “trsm;pkqENjzifh qH;k jzwfv#if trSew f &m;/ vlwpfu, kd f
rJwpfjym;pepfonf wef;wlnrD #r_ tjzpfq;kH ” [k ajymqdak e=uonf?
TtajccHEiS hf jcm;em;aom trsK;d om;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;/ trsK;d om;
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_vw G v
f yfciG Ehf iS fh trsK;d om;ud,
k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf awmif;qdjk cif;
wd@k ukd ao;odrI
f acwfrrDawmhoa,mif oabmxm;=uonf? T tjrif
oabmxm;onf rae@urS ,ae@txd/ eufjzefo@kd wikd f &Scd /hJ &Sad e/ &SEd iS Ohf ;D rnf
jzpfonf? tajctaer[efao;onft h cg Toabmxm;udk csKx d m;iHx
k m;
wwf+y;D tajctaeaumif;vmonfEiS fh xkwaf zmfaºu;G a=umfvmwwfonf?
aemufwpfenf;rSm txufyguo hJ @kd Edik if aH &;t,ltqtay: tajcrcH
bJ a0g[m&jzifvh n
S phf m;rdi_ ;f wdu
k o
f nfeh nf; jzpfonf? xif&mS ;onfah 0g[m&
wpfcrk mS — Armae&mwGif jrefrmudk tpm;xd;k vdu k jf cif;jzpfonf? jrefrmjynf/
jrefrmpm[k ac:vduk jf cif;jzifh vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;jyKoa,mif vSnphf m;
enf;jzpfonf?
Tod@k qaJG qmifvn S phf m;oabmw&m;±du k of iG ;f onfeh nf;onf umv
a'otcsK@d twGi;f atmifjrifrt _ csK@d &cdS yhJ gaomfvnf; u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if w
H iG u
f m;
atmifjrifrr_ &Scd yhJ g? jzpf&adS eaom vlrsK;d a&;/ yÉdyuQukd rnfo@kd r#avsmyh g;ap
jcif;r&So
d nfrmS vufawG@jyocJ+h yD;jzpfonf?

3? tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f jcif;

Tenf;udk 1948 ckrS ,ae@txd tm%m&tpd;k &tqufqufw@kd usio hf ;kH

cJo
h nf? ‚if;wd@k onf ‚if;wd@k vyk yf idk cf iG &hf adS om tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mpufjzihf

43
Edkif[Hom

vnf;aumif;/ ppftiftm;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ Armr[kwaf om trsK;d om;

rsm;. vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ±du k cf sK;d ydwyf ifjcif;/ remcHorl sm;
tay: zdEydS af csre_ ;f owfjzwfjcif;rsm; vkycf o hJ nf? ‚if;wd@k .tajccHtjrifrmS
,ae@jrefrmEdik if o
H nf taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emif/ tavmif;bk&m; vufxuf
uuJo h @kd ArmawGord ;f ydu
k &f &Sx
d m;aom wdik ;f jynfjzpfonf? Armr[kwaf om
trsK;d om;rsm;onf ArmtrsK;d om;rsm;. tkypf ;kd r_atmufwiG f &Sad e&rnf?
trsK;d om;a&;t& rnfonfah wmif;qdrk u _ rkd # cGirhf ay;vdak y? oD;jcm;jynfe,f
ESihf trsK;d om;rsm;tjzpf wnf&adS ejcif;udyk if vufrcHvakd y?
xk@d a=umifjh ynfaxmifpt k oGiu f kd azsmufzsu+f yD; wwfEikd o f avmuf
wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzpfatmif taumiftxnfazmfvmcJ=h uonf? wpfzuf
wGif Armr[kwaf om trsK;d om;rsm;. bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_
rsm;udk awmf&mwef&m ae&mray;/ wefb;kd enf;oGm;atmif tm%mjzifh
ydwyf ifxm;jcif;/ enf;y&d,m,fºu, G ºf u, G jf zifv
h nf; ESrd x
f m;vduk o f nf? ud,k f
ydik jf yXmef;cGi/hf ud,k yf ikd tf yk cf sKyfa&;paom tcGit hf m%mawmif;qdrk _ rSeo f r#
udk e,fcsv J ufyg;ap/ cGx J u G af &;orm;rsm;[k wHqyd u f yf+y;D jiif;y,fwm;jrpf
ta&;,lonf? vufeufuikd yf ek u f efvmygu ydrk }kd u;D rm;aomppftiftm;jzifh
r&yfwnfEikd af tmif vdu k v f aH csre_ ;f onf? acsre_ ;f &efrvG,o f nft h cg tajccH
jynforl sm;udk ajrvSepf epft& r&yfwnfEikd af tmif armif;xkwyf pf=uonf?
Tenf;ema=umifh ppfajy;'kuQonfrsm; odef;*%ef;csD+yD; xGufay:vmcJh
&onf? tkypf v k u kd rf 'k ed ;f usirhf /_ owfjzwfrr_ sm;udv k nf; r=umc%=um;od
ae&+yD; cGiv hf w$ &f efrvG,af om emusn;f r_/ rke;f wD;r_rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf?
txufygenf;em (3) rsK;d teuf rnfonfeh nf;u Edik if u
H v
kd ufawG@
tusK;d jyKcJyh goenf;?
yxrenf;onf wuGw J jym;pD&adS e&mrS pkpnf;apcJo
h nf? us,0f ef;aom
e,fajrESifh rsm;jym;aom trsKd;om;tiftm;pkrsm;udk wpfpkwnf;aom
tiftm;jzpfatmif zG@J pnf;Edik cf o
hJ nf? trsK;d om;rsm;tcsi;f csi;f ,H=k unfr/_
cspf=unfr_udk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhonf? tcsdefwdktwGif;rSm }uD;rm;aom
tusKd ;aus;Zl;udk jzpfay:apcJo
h nf?
'kwd,enf;rSmum; t&mrxif/ tusKd;rjrif? ±dkufoGif;olrsm;om
aemufq;kH ysuq
f ;D qH;k ±H;_ cJ&h onfukd awG@&onf?

44
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

wwd,enf;rSmum; ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmjf ynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmifavmif

cJ&h +yD; trsK;d om;aygi;f pHk jynfot l m;vH;k 'kut Q rsK;d rsK;d ESihf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf?
xdx k ufyq kd ;kd onfrmS vlrsK;d a&;t& emusn;f r_/ rke;f wD;r_/ &efvrkd /_ vufpm;acs
vdrk /_ r,H=k unfrr_ sm;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf? jzwfoef;cJ&h aom pepfq;kd acwfq;kd
rsm;a=umifh jynforl sm;twGi;f ud, k uf siwhf &m;ysujf ym;+yD; vdrv f nfc;kd 0Su/f
vk,w l wfaompdwx f m;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;twGi;f cdu k yfvmbfpm;/ jcpm;r_
pdw"f mwfrsm;/ vufeufuikd t f iftm;pkEiS hf tm%mydik rf sm;twGi;f jynfol
tay: tEdik u f si/hf zdEydS /f acgi;f yHjk zwfpm;vdo k nfh pdw"f mwfrsm;jzpfay:vm+yD;
jyKjyifupk m;Edik &f ef tcsed rf sm;pGm ay;&ayOD;rnf?
rnfo@kd yifqakd pumrl pkpnf;nD!w G rf u
_ kd wnfaqmuf&ef qufpyfae
aom e,fajrrsm;/ trsK;d om;rsm;udk trsK;d om;e,fajrrsm;jzifh pkpnf;+yD;
jynfaxmifpw k pfck wnfaqmufa&; oabmxm;ukd ±d;k om;pGmvufcw H wf&ef
Armacgi;f aqmifrsm;twGi;f vdt k yfaeonf[k jrifonf? ArmvlrsK;d }uD;0g'/
zufqpftrsK;d jzKw0f g'jzifh tjcm;aom trsK;d om;rsm;udk tiftm;oH;k 0g;rsK;d +y;D
ArmvlrsK;d wpfrsK;d wnf; jzpfvma&;tjrifukd y,f&iS ;f zd@k vo
kd nf?
,ckacwfumvonf vGecf ahJ om ESpw f pf&mausmu f uJo
h @kd tiftm;}u;D
aomvlrsK;d u tiftm;i,faomvlrsK;d udk vlrsK;d wH;k aysmufu, G o f mG ;atmif
wdkufcdkufowfjzwfI&aom acwfr[kwfawmh+yD? urBmh&Gm}uD;tjzpfudk
OD;wnfaeaomacwfwiG f &yfuu G w f pfct
k wGi;f &Sad e=uaom u|Eyfk w f @kd onf
rSefuefaom oabmxm;vkyf[efrsm;jzifh pkpnf;nD!Gwf=u&efvdkonf?
jrifhjrwfrSefuefaom oabmxm;vkyf[efrsm;jzifh pkpnf;nD!Gwf=u&ef
vdok nf? jrifjh rwfreS u
f efaom oabmxm;ESifh vkyaf qmifcsuo f nf aumif;
rGeaf om tusK;d w&m;udk jzpfxeG ;f aprnfrmS ajr}u;D vufcwfrvGyJ g? Edik if aH &;
wGif apwemrSeo f rl sm;om t&Sno f jzifh acgi;f aqmifae&m&&Sd ygvrd rhf nf?
,cktcsed o f nf pkpnf;nD!w G af om jynfaxmifpu k dk wnfaqmuf&ef
acgi;f aqmifaumif;rsm; vdt k yfaeygonf? trsm;vufcaH om acgi;f aqmif
aumif;jzpfEikd &f efrmS jynforl sm;twGuf vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; ay;tyf&ef vdt k yf
ovdk uGjJ ym;aeaom trsK;d om;rsm;udpk pk nf;&ef trsK;d om;a&;qdik &f m tcGihf
ta&;rsm; r#wrSeu f efpmG ay;tyfz@kd vakd =umif; ±d;k om;pGm wifjyvdu k yf gonf?
[cspf=unfa&;*sme,f/ trSwfpOf (3) 2004]

45
jy\emaygi;f pH.
k xGuaf yguf
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jy\emaygi;f pH.
k xGuaf yguf

u|Ekfyfwdk@jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif vufawG@tm;jzifh wnf&Sdaeaom

tm%m&ppfwyftyk pf /k 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &;twGuf OD;pm;ay;zG@J pnf;xm;aom
Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;rsm;tkypf Ek iS hf Armr[kwaf om wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pk tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;tkypf /k Ttkypf o k ;kH pkw@kd . ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm; Edik if aH &;t& awG@qkH
aqG;aEG;jcif;jzifo h m ,ae@rsuaf rSmufjy\emaygi;f pHu k kd ajyvnfatmif
udik w f , G af jz&Si;f Edik v
f rd rhf nfjzpfonf? T aqG;aEG;yGJ jzpfay:vma&; twGuf
urBmu h vk or*~tzG@J }uD;tygt0if urBmEh ikd if rH sm;/ jrefrmjynfta&; udk
em;vnfaom Edik if w H um&Sd Edik if aH &;ynm&Si}f uD;rsm;/ jrefrmjynf&dS 0g&ifh
Edik if aH &;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;ygwt D zG@J tpnf;
toD;oD;wd@k u awmif;qkad e=uonf? Tod@k awmif;qdak e=u&jcif;onf T
enf;jzifh awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f jcif;jzifh jy\em}u;D rsm;udk t&if;tjrpfuae
ajz&Si;f Edik rf nf[k ,H=k unfae=uaoma=umifjh zpfonf?
tb,fa=umifh xdo k @kd wn
l pD mG ±_jrifae=uoenf;? cdik v f akH om ta=umif;
&if;cHrsm;&Sad eygonf? od@k aomf tcsK@d aomolw@kd u Ttjrifukd jiif;y,f
ae=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf ppfwyfuvuf&t dS m%mudk csKyfuikd x f m;olrsm;
jzpf+yD;/ 1990 ckEpS af &G;aumufyw JG iG f trsK;d om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (NLD)
u tEdkif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh TESpfzGJ@aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;v#if jynfhpHkvHk
avmufonf[k qd=k uonf? T t,ltqudk qkyu f ikd xf m;=uolrsm;rSm
pifppftm;jzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pktay: ArmvlrsK;d wd@k wav#mufv;kH v$r;f rd;k
cs,fvS,fcGifh &vmaeonfudk vufrvGwfvdkaom t&if;cHqENa=umifh
jzpfonf?
‚if;qENukd ±d;k om;yGiv
hf if;pGm razmfxw k 0f =Hh uay? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
rw&m;rSe;f odae=u+yD; ud, k uf sK;d qENuv
kd nf; jznfq h nf;vdak ejcif;a=umifh
tjcm;aompum;vH;k rsm;jzifh jiif;y,fae=ujcif; jzpfonf? tu,fI a&G;
aumufyt JG Edik &f trwfO;D a&tay: tajccHwu G cf suvf #iv f nf; wdik ;f &if;
om;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;jzifh pkaygif;xm;aom “jynfaxmifpkwdkif;&if;om;
kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf” (UNLD) ESihf r[mrdww
vlrsK;d rsm; 'Dru f ikd ;f &if;om; tzG@J w@kd

49
Edkif[Hom

u 'kwd,trwfOD;a&trsm;qHk;tEkdif&xm;onf? xdk@a=umifh jiif;y,f

csex
f m;jcif;jzifh w&m;r#wrnfr[kwaf y?
Edik if aH &;t& awG@qakH qG;aEG;ajz&Si;f jcif;onf jzpf&adS eaom Edik if aH &;
jy\emrsm;udk ajyvnfapvdI k jzpfonf? Edik if aH &;jy\emtydik ;f rS csO;f uyf
=unfv h #if jynfwiG ;f ppftESpif g;q,fausmu f kd jyefvnfo;kH oyf&efvv kd rd rhf nf?
1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;&aomESpfwGifyif jynfwGif;ppfpcJhonf? xdkpOf
uwnf;u tpd;k &udk vufeufuikd q f ef@usiw f u kd yf 0JG ifcahJ om wdik ;f &if;om;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf 'Drdkua&pDa&;/ twef;tpm;ta&;tay: tajccH
onfh tzG@J tpnf;wd@k xuf ta&twGurf sm;cJo h nf? 1948 ckEpS rf S ,ae@
txd (53) ESpaf usmf vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf jzpfymG ;aeaom wdu k yf rJG S
aoewforH sm;udk wpfywf/ wpfv rjcm; =um;ae&onf? ,cktcsed w f iG f wdik ;f
&if;om;vlrsK;d pktzG@J tpnf; awmfawmfrsm;rsm;ESihf typftcwf&yfpx J m;
aomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;e,fajrtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aoewforH sm;=um;
ae&qJ jzpfonf? typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oufoufonf jzpf&adS eaom jy\em
rsm;udk ajyvnfapEdik rf nfr[kwaf =umif; trsm;od+yD;vnf; jzpfygonf?
1958 ckEpS w
f ek ;f u 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;Ekacgi;f aqmifaom yxp tpd;k &onf
rGef/ &cdkif/ ytdk@0fvlrsKd;pktzGJ@rsm;ESihf oabmwlnDr_&+yD; ‚if;tzGJ@rsm;
vufeufpGef@cJh=uaomfvnf; r=umao;rDtcsdefuav;rSmyif ‚if;wdk@.
awmfvSefaomaoewfoHrsm; jyefvnfay:xGufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh
wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;ESifh tm%m&tpd;k &tqufquft=um; jy\em
onf ao;r$m;aom jy\emr[kwaf y?
tcsK@d aomolw@kd onf vlrsK;d a&;jy\emudk tav;teufrxm;=u?
vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonf vlwef;pm;jy\em. vufatmufcjH zpfonf [k
qdok nf? vltcsK@d w@kd uvnf; vlrsK;d a&;jy\emonf 'Dru kd a&pDa&; jy\em
. vufatmufcjH zpfonf[k qd=k ujyefonf? xdo k w l @kd u vlwef;pm;jy\em/
'Drukd a&pDa&;jy\emwd@k ukd ajyvnfatmifajz&Si;f Edik yf gu vlrsK;ad &;jy\em
onf tvdv k akd jyvnfomG ;rnf[k xifjrifajymqdak e=uonf? ‚if;wd@k onf
vlrsK;d a&;jy\em. twdrt f eufukd wu,frjrifIvm; od@k wnf;r[kwf
ta&;ray;vdI k vm; qdok nfukd ‚if;wd@k u,
dk w
f ikd o
f m od=uayvdrrhf nf?

50
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

u|Eyfk .
f tjrifum; ‚if;wd@k EiS hf vH;k 0jcm;em;ygonf? vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m
jy\emonf av;eufonf/ cdik +f ro J nf? rnfonfjh y\em. vufatmufcH
r[kwaf y? woD;wjcm;rm;rm;rwfrwf &yfwnfaeonf? bmoma&;jy\
emonf urBmwcGi&f dS bmomwlrsm;. pmemaxmufcrH u _ kd &&SEd ikd o
f jzifh
t&Sed =f oZmaumif;wwfonf? tdref ;D csi;f Edik if w H pfcsK@d wiG f a&muf&adS eaom
vlrsK;d wlrsm;. pmemr_ukd &&SEd ikd af omfvnf; bmoma&;/ vlwef;pm;a&;wd@k
ESiphf mv#if jyifypmemaxmufyrhH e_ nf;ayonf? ud, k thf m;ud, k uf ;kd ajz&Si;f =u
&aom jy\emrsK;d [kqEkd ikd o
f nf?
vlrsK;d [lonfum; ESpaf ygi;f &m/ axmifcs+D yD; eD;uyfpmG twlaexdik f
ayguzf mG ;vmaom b0wlu=H urRmwl vl@tzG@J tpnf;jzpfonf? ordik ;f rwifrD
tcsed rf oS nf ,ae@txd jzpfay:cJah om vltzG@J tpnf;tcsi;f csi;f t=um;
yÉdyuQrsm;wGif tjcm;ta=umif;tcsurf sm; yg0ifaeaomfvnf; vlrsK;d a&;
tajccHrS uif;vGwjf cif;enf;yg; ygonf? e,fajrvk,ufr/_ aps;uGuv f ,
k ufr_
wd@k onf vlrsK;d a&;tay: tajccHrw _ pf0ufausmf yg0ifonf? acwfa[mif;
udv
k ekd D e,fcsŒJ ppfyrJG sm;wGif vlrsK;d a&;tay: tajccHrr_ sm;pGm yg0ifaeouJo h @kd
aiGt&if;tES;D tay: tajccHaom acwfopfe,fcsŒJ pepfwiG v f nf; vlrsK;d a&;
tay: tajccHry_ g&o dS nf? urBmay:&Sv d @l tzG@J tpnf;rsm;udk txif&mS ;qk;H
pnf;jcm;xm;&m Edik if rH sm;onf rwlujJG ym;aomvlrsK;d rsm;jzifh zG@J pnf;xm;
=uonf? vlrsKd;wlEdkifiHuGJ[lI tvGefenf;yg; ygonf? bmoma&;t&
rnfo@kd yifwn l aD pumrl vlrsK;d rwlu Edik if w H pfct k jzpf ryl;aygi;f =u? twef;
tpm;wlrsm; t=um;wGiv f nf; xd@k twlyifjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh vlrsK;d a&;
tpGo J nf bmoma&;twef;tpm;a&;xuf av;eufonf[k qd&k ygrnf?
,ae@urBmwGif vlrsK;d a&;yÉdyuQonf tm;avsmo h mG ;jcif;r&S/d ydI
k yif
a&SŒwef;a&mufvmaeonf? (Globalization) *vdb k ,fvikd af Z;&Si;f ac:
urBmv$r;f ywf,u S Ef , G rf _ acwfumvwGif t"dutm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;/ ,Of
aus;r_w@kd Y qufpyfvr$ ;f +cHKr_rnfo@kd &adS p/ rdrv d rl sK;d udk v$r;f rd;k oGm;jcif; r&Sd
atmif umuG,fae=uonf? EdkifiHwpfckwGif tm%m&vlrsKd;pkjzpfaom
vlrsK;d u tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: vlrsK;d a&;t& v$r;f rd;k 0g;rsKd vd=k uonf? od@k
aomfurBmv$r;f ywf,u S Ef , G rf t
_ & tjcm;vlrsK;d }uD;wd@k . 0g;rsKrd u _ kd &ifqikd f
vm& aomtcg rdrw d @kdvrl sK;d udk umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;vmae=uonf?

51
Edkif[Hom

u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f ppfwyftpd;k &onf qd/k u/ a&;/ wD; +ydKifyrJG sm;udk wdik ;f ESihf
jynfe,ftvdu k af c:,l+yD; aiGuek af =u;usrsm;pGmcHum usi;f yae=uonf?
Tonfvnf; vlrsK;d a&; tajccHpw d "f mwf.av;eufr_ yifjzpfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f u|Eyfk wf @kd u,kd wf ikd yf g0if+yD; jy\emrsm;udk enf;aygi;f
pHkjzifh ajz&Sif;cJh=uonf? jy\emajz&Sif;a&; enf;aygif;rsm;pGmteuf
vufeufuikd af jz&Si;f enf;onf tqift h jrifq h ;kH ESifh t&Sn=f umqH;k jzpfonf?
ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmaf jz&Si;f cJ+h yD;jzpfaomfvnf; ,ae@txd ajyvnfp&m
tvm;tvm rjrifawG@&ao;ay? 1958 ckEpS w f iG f OD;Ek. (yxp) tpd;k &onf
'Dru kd a&pDukd ydrk u kd s,jf yef@atmifvrf;zGiahf y;+y;D Edik if aH &;t& ajz&Si;f &ef }uKd ;yrf;
cJo
h nf? vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm; t&Sed af vsmu h svm+y;D Edik if aH &;t&v_y&f mS ;r_
t&Sed af umif;vmonf? Tod@k t&Sed t f [ket f m;aumif;vmonfukd ppfwyf
urvdv k m;ojzifh tm%modr;f cJo h nf? ppfa&;t& t&Sed jf r‡i+hf yD; ajz&Si;f cJh
onf? &vm'fum;ESpzf ufpvH;k tiftm;ydrk }kd uD;rm;vm+yD; wdu k yf rJG sm;ae&m
tES@u H s,jf yef@vmum ppfy. JG tedXm±Hrk sm;udk jynforl sm;cg;oD;pGm cHpm;vm
cJ&h onf?
1970 ckwGif ay:aygufcJhaom OD;Ek. ygvDref'Drdkua&pDygwDonf
Edik if jH cm;t&if;&Sirf sm;. tm;ay;ulnrD u _ kd tawmftwef&&Scd o hJ nf? vlrsK;d pk
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkum; rnfonfhEkdfifiHurS ay;urf;jcif;r&Sd? Auy ESifh
yl;aygi;f v#if Auy ay;urf;or#uo kd m&&S+d y;D vH;k yg;yg;aysmufu, G o
f mG ;onf?
awmfveS af &;umvwpfav#mufv;kH rSm acgi;f axmifcahJ om Auy onfvnf;
1990 ckEpS af ESmif;ydik ;f wGif OD;usK;d I ajrv#K;d cJ&h onf? wdik ;f &if;om;vufeuf
udik t f zG@J tpnf;rsm;rSmum; rdrv d rl sK;d ESihf rdrjd ynforl sm;. axmufyaHh y;r_jzifh
cufcpJ mG ±ke;f uefc&hJ aomfvnf; yef;yef+rJyif? TonfrmS vnf; vlrsK;d a&;
tcef;. av;eufro _ m"uwpf&yf yifjzpfonf?
,ckacwf,cktcgonf 'Drdkua&pDacwfumvjzpfonf? 'Drdkua&pD
onfum; ysKdwdkif;}udKufonfhESif;qDcdkif? 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifudk usaemfwdk@
jynfaxmifpkrSm pdkufysKd;cJhbl;ygonf? odk@aomf=um&Snfr&SifoefEdkifcJhyg?
tb,fa=umifhenf;? Tenf;ESifh T&moDrsKd;wGif 'Drdkua&pDysKd;yifrsm;
ayguyf mG ;}u;D jyif;Edik &f ef vdt
k yfaeonfh aea&mifumyif (t&dyyf if) od@k r[kwf
wG,wf uf&eftyifjzpfaom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;twGuf vlrsK;d a&;t&

52
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit

hf yifrsm;udk aygucf iG rhf ay;/ ckwx
f iG zf ,f&iS ;f
xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@ ppfwyfrS tm%m
odrf;jcif;onf t"dutm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;. wef;wla&;ESifh
udk,fydkifjyXmef;cGifhudk &SifoefcGifhray;vdkIjzpfonf? xdktcGifhta&;udk
zsuqf ;D &if; 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;vnf; ysujf ym;cJ&h +yD;jzpfonf?
u|Eykf wf @kd Eikd if w
H iG f ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufjcif;udk xnfh
wGujf cif;rjyKbJ 'Dru kd a&pDa&; oufoufjzifh jy\emrsm;ukd rajz&Si;f Edik ?f
jynfwiG ;f ppfukd r&yfwef@Eikd yf g? jzpf&adS eaom Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;ESihf vuf
eufuikd yf ÉdyuQrsm;udk rajz&Si;f Ekid yf gu +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ zG@H +zKd ;a&;/ vlrv _ w G v f yfciG hf
ESihf 'Dru
kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;onfvnf; r&Sio f efEikd af y? u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if .
H
xl;jcm;r_wpf&yfjzpfaom Armr[kwo f nfh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;. OD;a&
onf Edik if v H Ol ;D a&. xuf0ufausm&f adS ejcif;/ xdv k rl sK;d pkrsm; aexdik af om
e,fajrrsm;onf jynfaxmifpw k pfcv k ;kH . ig;yHo
k ;kH yHak usm&f adS ejcif;/ xdv k rl sK;d pk
rsm;teuf ordik ;f a=umif;t& vGwv f yfxif&mS ;pGm aexdik v f mcJ=h uonfu
rsm;+y;D ,ae@txd trsK;d om;ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiuhf kd vdv k m;awmif;qdak eonfh
vlrsK;d rsm;jzpfaejcif;wd@k onf xl;jcm;r_jzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifh Tae&mrsK;d TtajctaersK;d wGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;.
ta&;udk aemufcsef (od@k r[kw)f ab;z,fxm;+yD; Edik if aH &;jy\emrsm;udk
ajz&Si;f aeygu tcsed u f ek /f vlyef;/ oHo,rsm;udk ydI
k wk;d yGm;ap±Ho
k mjzpfrnf?
xk@d a=umifh jy\emrsm;udk trSew f u,fajz&Si;f vdak omqEN&ydS gu “oH;k yGihf
qdik af wG@qakH qG;aEG;jcif;” onfom ajyvnfru _ akd y;aqmifEikd af om xGuf
aygujf zpfa=umif; tdyaf ysmaf ,mifaqmifaeolrsm;udk xyfrv H y_ Ef ;d_ wifjy
ygonf?

[wdk;wufaomrGefvli,f*sme,f - 2002]

53
jy\emrsm;.a&aomufjrpf
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jy\emrsm;.a&aomufjrpf

,ae@ u|Eykf w f @kd Eikd if w

H iG f jynforl sm;awG@}uKH &ifqikd af e&aom pm;0wfaea&;
=uyfwnf;r_jy\em/ 'Dru kd a&pDtcGithf a&;rsm; qH;k ±_;H ae&r_jy\em/ wdik ;f
&if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;. vlrsKd ;a&;qdik &f m vGwv f yfciG rhf sm;qH;k &H;_ ae&r_ jy\em
ESihf qlyt
l ºkH urG j_ y\emwd@k onf xif&mS ;aom jy\em}u;D rsm;jzpfonf? T
jy\em}uD;rsm;onf Edik if aH &;ESihf qufpyfoufqikd af eaom jy\emrsm;
jzpfI rnfo@kd uikd w f , G af jz&Si;f &rnfenf;? T jy\em}uD;rsm;teuf rnf
onfjh y\emu t"duus+y;D ‚if;udak jz&Si;f Edik yf gu tjcm;jy\em}u;D rsm;udk
vnf; vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkifygrnfenf;? Todk@ jy\em}uD;rsm;. a&
aomufjrpfukd ±_jrif&mwGif tjrifrwl tjiif;yGm;p&mrsm; &Sad eygao;onf?
TuGjJ ym;aeaom tjrifrsm;udw k n
l v
D matmif n‡Ed id_ ;f Edik yf gu jy\emudk
vG,u f pl mG ajz&Si;f Edik f ygvrd rhf nf?
tcsKd@u pm;0wfaea&;jy\emonf t&if;cHtusqHk;jy\emjzpf
onf? vlom;wd@k &yfwnf&iS o f efEikd af &;twGuf ta&;t}u;D qH;k vdt k yfcsuf
vnf;jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh pm;0wfaea&;tqifjh rifrh m;vmEdik af &;twGuf
pD;yGm;a&;udk t"duOD;pm;ay;&rnf? pD;yGm;a&;jrifrh m;vmap&ef tjcm;udp&P yf
rsm;udk tepfemcH&ef vdt k yfygu tepfemcH=u&rnf[k tjrif&=dS uonf? T
tjrifrsK;d udk uGejf rLepf/ qd&k , S vf pf vuf0EJ ikd if aH &;tjrif&o
dS rl sm;ESihf tm%m&
tkypf ;kd oltcsK@d w@kd u ydrk ,kd =kH unfvufc=H ua=umif; avhvmod&&dS onf?
tcsK@d u 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;rsm;qH;k ±_;H ae&jcif;onf ta&;t}u;D qH;k
jy\em jzpfonf? 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&; tjynft h 0&&Syd gu udpw P ckukd
'Drdkua&pDabmiftwGif; vGwfvyfpGmwifjyawmif;qdkEdkif=u+yD; jynfol
trsm;pkw@kd vufcaH omtcg jzpfay:aeaomjy\emrsm; ajyvnfomG ;Edik f
rnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdk a&;om;pnf;±H;k qENjycGihf rsm;&S+d y;D
jzpfI jynforl sm;.tcGit hf a&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udk awmif;qd&k mwGif vufeufuikd o f yl ek x
f &efrvdt k yfawmh/ xd@k a=umifh
jynfwiG ;f ppfr&Sd at;csr;f rnf? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfwiG f aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfukd
umuG,u f sio
hf ;kH rnf? vGwv f yfpmG pD;yGm; &SmazGciG &hf rdS nf? xd@k a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;

57
Edkif[Hom

wd;k wufvmrnf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T±_axmift h & 'Drukd a&pDtcGit hf a&;

jy\emonf tajccHtusq;kH jy\emjzpfonf[k xifjrif,=kH unf ae=u
onf? Tt,ltqudk ArmvlrsK;d trsm;pkEiS hf 'Dru
kd a&pDEikd if aH &;tiftm;pk
rsm;u vufc,H =kH unfxm;=uonf?
tcsK@d u wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;wef;wla&;ESihf vGwv f yfciG hf (ud,
k yf ikd jf y
Xmef;cGi)hf jy\emonf tajccHtusq;kH jzpfonf? vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHEk iS hf zJ@G pnf;
xm;aom Edik if w H pfcw k iG f vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHck sp=f unfn!
D w
G af &;onf r&Srd jzpfvkd
tyfonf? vlrsK;d aygi;f pHk csp=f unfnD !Gwaf &;udk vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wla&;ESihf
vGwv f yfciG hf (ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi)hf jzifo
h m wnfaqmmuf&rnf? ‚if;tcGihf
ta&;rsm; qH;k ±H;_ ae&I vufeufuikd af wmfveS cf hJ =uonf? tm%m&tkypf ;kd
olwdk@uvnf; vHk+cHKa&;udkta=umif;jy+yD; ppfwyfudkwkd;csJ@zGJ@pnf;um
ppfqifwu kd cf u
dk of nf? ESpzf ufaomppfwyftwGuf vufeufypPn;f 0,f,l
pkaqmif;&ef b¾maiGrsm;pGmudk oH;k pGcJ &hJ onf? wyftiftm;twGuf vltif
tm;rsm;pGmudk ac:,lpak qmif;cJ&h onf? xd@k a=umifh b¾maiGtiftm;/ vl
tiftm;rsm;pGmudk pD;yGm;a&;ESihf zG@H +zdK;a&;twGuf toH;k jyKcGirhf &ojzifh wdik ;f
jynfepfem cJ&h onf?
vH+k cHKa&; r&So d jzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aumif;pGmrvkyEf ikd /f jynfwiG ;f
jynfy&Sd t&if;&Sirf sm;rS t&if;tES;D rsm; rpdu k xf w
k 0f o hH jzifh pD;yGm;a&;wGif
edru hf sc&hJ onf? ppftEdik &f a&;ESihf vH+k cHKa&;twGuf jynforl sm;. vGwv f yf
cGirhf sm;udk uef@owfyw d yf if cJ&h onf? jynfo@l tiftm;udk qG, J tl oH;k cs cJ&h
onf? jynfow l @kd .b¾mESihf &dumQ udk &,ljcif;/ zsuq f ;D jcif;rsm;vkycf &hJ onf?
vlrsK;d a&;t& trke;f yGm;r_ &efjyKr_rsm; }uD;rm;&Sn=f umcJ&h onf? pD;yGm;a&;
t&a&m/ vlrsK;d a&;t&yg 'kuaQ ygi;f pHEk iS hf &ifqikd cf &hJ onf? aemufq;kH wdik ;f jynf
+yKd uGyJ suq f ;D a&;od@k yif a&S@±v _ monf? xd@k a=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkrsm;.
wef;wla&;ESifh vGwfvyfcGifhjy\emonf tajccHusonfh jy\emjzpf
onf[k ±_jrif=uonf? T t,ltqudk Armr[kwaf omvlrsK;d pkrsm;ESihf
Edik if jH cm;rS jrefrmjynfta&;udk avhvmae=uonfh Edik if aH &;okawoDtcsKd @u
vufc, H =kH unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvmod&&dS onf?
tcsK@d u jynfwiG ;f qlyt l ºkH uGrj_ y\emonf ta&;t}uD;qH;k jy\em
jzpfonf? qlyt l ºkH uGrr_ sm;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&; vkyif ef;rsm;/ td;k tdrt
f aqmuf

58
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tOD;rsm; ysupf ;D rnf/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;topfrsm; vkyaf qmif&ef r0Hrh &J&rdS nf?
t&if;tES;D &So d rl sm; r&if;ES;D 0H=h u? jynforl sm; xdwv f ef@acsmufcsm;aomu
rsm;rnf? vk,uftEdik u f sirhf r_ sm; ay:ayguv f m+yD; ±d;k om;aomjynforl sm;
'kuaQ &muf=urnf? xdo k @kd aom tHºk urG u_ kd rxde;f odr;f Edik yf gu wdik ;f jynfysupf ;D
a&;od@k OD;wnfomG ;vdrrhf nf? xd@k a=umifh Tjy\emonf t"dutusq;kH
jy\emjzpfonf[k ,lq=uonf? Tt,ltqudk tm%modr;f ppftpd;k &
rsm;ESihf ‚if;wd@k .t0ef;t0dik ;f wd@k u vufc, H =kH unfxm;=ua=umif; avhvm
awG@&&dS onf?
txufygjy\em}uD;av;&yftay: xyfrpH pD pfo;kH oyf=unf=h uygp@kd ?
xdjk y\emwd@k onf rnfonft h csed u
f mv rnfonft h ajctaewGif ay:
ayguw f wfygoenf;? wckEiS w hf ck rnfo@kd qufpyfcsyd q
f uf aeygoenf;? ‚if;
udo
k &d rdS o
S m tajccHEiS t
hf "dujy\emwd@k ukd a&G;cs,o f &d EdS ikd yf gvrd rhf nf?
qlyt l ºkH uGjcif;a=umifh pD;yGm;a&;taqmuftOD;rsm; ysupf ;D rnf? 'kuQ
rsK;d pHEk iS hf }uHKawG@&rnf? wdik ;f jynfysupf ;D a&;od@k OD;wnfomG ;Edik o f nf — qdk
onfw@kd rmS trSeyf ifjzpfayonf? od@k aomfqyl t l ºkH uGro _ nf tb,fa=umifh
jzpfay:vm&oenf;? qlyt l ºkH uGjcif;onf ayguu f rJG w_ pfrsK;d jzpfonf? xdo k @kd
aygufuGJEdkif&ef ,rf;ESifhwlaom pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_/ wif;=uyfaom
xde;f csKyfuef@owf ydwyf ifxm;r_rsm;tay: rauseyfrr_ sm; cdik cf ikd rf mrm&S&d ef
vdo k nf? xd@k tjyif peufwEH iS w hf al om tm%mydik w f @kd . rSm;,Gi;f aom vkyf
aqmifjyr_wck&&dS ef vdt k yfygonf? TESpcf rk &Syd gu }uD;rm;aomqlyt l ºkH uGr_
qdo k nfh ayguu f rJG r_ sK;d rjzpfay:Edik ?f jzpfvmyguvnf; umvwdt k csed yf ikd ;f r#
om=umwwf+yD; +yD;qH;k oGm;ygvrd rhf nf? Tjy\emonf jzpfay:vmonfh
tcg rSeu f efEikd ef if;pGm xde;f odr;f &efvt kd yfaom ta&;ygonfjh y\emjzpf
onf? od@k aomftajccHusaom jy\emr[kw?f
txufygjy\emwGif ,rf;tm;jzpfaom pD;yGm;a&;=uyfwnf;r_EiS hf xde;f
csKyfuef@owfyw d yf ifrr_ sm;onf tb,fa=umifjh zpfay:vm&oenf;? 'Dru kd
a&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; qdwfokOf;aer_ESifh jynfwGif;ppfa=umifh jzpfonf?
pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufzGH@+zdK;a&;udpPudk EdkifiHwpfcktaejzifh ‚if;wpfckwnf;udk
vky, f Il &aomudprP [kw?f t"dutm;jzifh vufeufuikd w f ukd cf u
kd af e=u
aom jynfwiG ;f ppfr&Sd at;csr;f aom tajctae&S&d rnf? wnf+ird +f y;D jynfol

59
Edkif[Hom

awGukd OD;aqmifEikd af om tpd;k &wpf&yfvnf;&S&d rnf? t&if;tES;D / twwf

ynmESihf tjcm;aom tajccHaumif;rsm;vnf;&S&d ef vdt k yfayrnf? jynfwiG ;f
ppfa=umifh qif;&JrjJG ymusaeaom tajctaewGif t&if;tES;D vnf;r&SEd ikd /f
twwfynm&Si/f todynm&Siaf wGuv kd nf; vHv
k akH vmufavmuf rarG;xkwf
Edik ?f vrf;yrf;qufo, G af &;cufcaJ eaom tajctaewGif pD;yGm;a&;wd;k wuf
&efrmS “0”r&Sb d J “0d”vkyI f r&aom tajctaejzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jy
\em}uD;av;ckteuf qlyltHkºuGr_ESifh pD;yGm;a&;ESifhqdkifonfh pm;0wfae
a&; =uyfwnf;r_jy\emwd@k onf tajccHrusaom tudik ;f tcufjy\em
rsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;ayonf?
usef jy\emESp&f yfwiG f 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;onf jy\emawmf
awmfrsm;rsm;udk at;csr;f pGmajz&Si;f ay; Edik o f nf? vGwv f yfpmG pD;yGm;a&;
&SmazGEikd cf iG Ehf iS hf aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepfukd azmfaqmifay;aoma=umifh pD;yGm;
a&;t& wd;k wufvmaprnfjzpfonf? od@k aomf 'Dru kd a&pDonf jynfol
trsm;pk.qENudkom azmfaqmifay;+yD; vlenf;pktay:vspfvsL±_r_rsm;
&So
d nf? t&m&mudt k rsm;pk.qENjzifh tqH;k tjzwfay;jcif;onf vlenf;pk
rsm;udk epfemaponf? xd@k a=umifv h rl sK;d wl/ bmomwlaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;
rsm;wGif jy\emr&Sad omfvnf; vlrsK;d aygi;f pH/k bmomaygi;f pHEk iS hf pkpnf;
xm;aom u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if t H wGuf 'Drukd a&pDtcGit hf a&;wckwnf;ESihf rvHk
avmufyg? 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if }H uD;rsm;jzpfaom t*FvefEiS hf tdE, dN Edik if w
H @kd wiG f
vnf; Tjy\emrsK;d &Scd o hJ nf?
t*Fvefac: (United Kingdom) wGif ajrmuftikd , f mvefjynfe,f
om; tdkif;&pfvlrsKd;rsm;u vufeufudkifawmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhonfrSm
vlord sm;aom udpjP zpfonf? tdE, Nd Edik if w
H iG v
f nf; vlrsK;d pkwikd ;f &if;om;
jzpfaom em*ESihf r%dyw l @kd vufeufuikd +f yD; tdE, Nd tpd;k &udk wdu
k cf u kd cf =hJ u
onf? Edik if aH &;t& aqG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D vlrsK;d a&;qdik &f m tcGithf a&;rsm;pGmudk
vdu
k af vsmay;cJ&h +yD; jzpfonf?
vlrsK;d pkjynfe,frsm;ESihf 0ef;&Hvsu&f adS om u|Eykf w
f @kd jynfaxmifpw
k iG f
vlrsK;d pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk zdEydS cf sKyfcs,x
f m;or# rat;csr;f rwd;k
wufEikd af =umif; ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf jynfwiG ;f ppfordik ;f u oufaojycJ+h yD;
jzpfonf? vlrsm;pkjzpfaom ArmvlrsK;d rsm;onfyifv#if rnfo@kd aomtajc

60
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

tae a&muf&cdS &hJ onfuv kd nf; txl;ajymp&mvdrk nfr[kwyf g? u|Eykf w f @kd Eikd if H
. tajctaeESihf udu k nf o D nfh vlrsK;d a&;t& wef;wlnrD #r&_ +dS yD;/ ud,
k yf ikd f
jyXmef;cGi&hf adS om jynfe,frsm;jzifh pkaygi;f zG@J pnf;xm;onfh zuf'&,fjynf
axmifpw k iG f 'Drukd a&pDenf;pepfjzifh tkycf sKyof mG ;jcif;onfomv#if at;csr;f
om,mwd;k wufru _ kd azmfaqmifay;Edik yf gvrd rhf nf? Tonfum; t"duESihf
tajccHusaomjy\em jzpfonf?

[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 2000]

61
jynfaxmifpzk p@JG nf;a&;jy\em
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jynfaxmifpzk p@JG nf;a&;jy\em

u|Ekfyfwdk@EdkifiHtwGif; jzpf&Sdaeaom ESpfig;q,fausmfjynfwGif; ppf}uD;.

t"duaomhcsujf y\emonf jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;a&; jy\emjzpfonf?
bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aemufco H rdik ;f / pkpnf;aexdik &f me,fajr
a'ocsi;f rwlnaD om vlrsK;d rsm;pkaygi;f aexdik o f nfh Edik if w H pfct k wGi;f vlrsK;d
pkrsm; twlaexdik af &;/ wenf;tm;jzifh jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;a&;jy\emonf
t"dujy\em}u;D jzpfonf? ‚if;jy\emudk yuwdtaetxm;ESihf udu k n
f D
rSeu f efpmG rajz&Si;f bJ tm%m&olw@kd u rdrw d @kd qENt&vd&k mqGyJ pkH cH s trnf
cHjynfaxmifpu k kd zG@J pnf;cJo
h jzifh nDtpfuv kd rl sK;d tcsi;f csi;f jyif;xefpmG ppfcif;
&aom vufeufuikd yf ÉdyuQ jzpfay:vmcJ&h onf? ,if; ppfyaJG =umifph pfwyf
onfta&;yg t&Sed t f 0g&vm+y;D aemufq;kH tm%m odr;f onftxd jzpfay:
vmonf? od@k EiS hf wpfygwt D m%m&Sit f pd;k &. pk;d rd;k zdEydS rf u
_ kd jynfow
l pf&yfv;kH
ESpaf ygi;f &Sn=f umpGm cHc&hJ onf? pD;yGm;a&;t&vnf; r}uHKbl;atmif qif;&J
iwfrw G v f m&onf? xd@k a=umifh Tpkpnf;aexdik af &; od@k r[kwf jynfaxmifpk
zG@J pnf;a&;jy\emudk tjrefq;kH ajz&Si;f &ef vdt k yfaeayonf?
jy\emw&yfukd ajz&Si;f &mwGif jy\emjzpfay:vm&jcif; tajccHukd
avhvm&ef vdt k yfayonf? ordik ;f udjk yef=unfv h #if u|Eyfk wf @kd Eikd if w
H iG f vlrsK;d
tcsK@d w@kd onf oD;jcm;Edik if rH sm;jzifh ESpaf ygi;f &Sn=f umpGm aexdik v f mcJh =uonf?
tcsK@d vrl sK;d wd@k rmS vlO;D a&/ "etiftm;/ ppftiftm; enf;yg;ojzihf vuf
atmufcb H 0ESihf aexdik v f mcJ&h onf? od@k aomf {u&mZf ya'o&mZfpepfwiG f
b¾mqufo&efomt"dujzpf+y;D rdrw d @kd t}u;D tuJEiS hf rdrw
d @kd vrl sK;d a'oudk
tkyfcsKyfaexdkifvmcJh=uonf? wcsdefcsdefwGif ppftiftm;}uD;rm;aom
bk&ifwyg;yg;u eD;pyf&m {u&mZfb&k ifeh ,fajrrsm;udk wdu k cf u kd of rd ;f ydu
k f
Edik cf ohJ jzifh us,jf yef@aom Ekid if t H oGiaf &mufco hJ nf? od@k aomf tiftm;
enf;yg;vmonfEiS hf xdt k ifyg&mEdik if o H nfvnf; +ydKuGyJ supf ;D &jyefonf?
ppftiftm;aumif;aom tavmif;bk&m;ESihf bd;k awmfb&k m;wd@k u rGeEf iS hf
&cdik jf ynfuo dk rd ;f +y;D uke;f abmifrif;quf tifyg&mEdik if aH wmfukd wnfaqmuf
tkycf sKyfEikd cf o hJ nf? TtajccHu, kd +l yD; twkta,mifjynfaxmifpu k kd vSnhf
pm;yHak zmfco hJ jzifh ,ae@txdjy\em ay:ae&jcif;jzpfonf?

65
Edkif[Hom

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;
tajccHukd awmifwef;a'ovlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm;ESihf n‡Ed id_ ;f +y;D csrw S f oGm;cJh
onf? od@k aomf ‚if;vky}f ucH &H +y;D aemuf ‚if;ESifh vlrsK;d pkacgi;f aqmifrsm; csKyq f kd
cJah om pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;onfvnf; ‚if;enf;wl ajrjrK‡ yo f +*KF [d cf H cJ&h onf?
OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf toGiftm;jzifh
jynfaxmifpk (Federal State) vufawG@tm;jzifh wpfjynfaxmifpepf
(Unitary State) jzpfaom trnfcjH ynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHu k kd OD;csexf eG ;f tm;
a&;qGaJ pcJo h nf? yifvpkH mcsKyfcsKyfq&kd mwGif ryg0ifcahJ om wenf;tm;jzifh
t*Fvyd w f @kd pnf;±H;k zJx
h w
k rf u
_ kd rpd;k &dr&f aom u&if/ rGe/f &cdik f vlrsK;d rsm;udrk l
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;. t*F g&yfrsm;ESihf rnfr#jynhfpHkaeapumrl rnfonfhtcGifh
ta&;r# ray;cJyh g? txyfxyftcgcg qENjywdu k yf 0JG ifawmif;qdak omtcgrS
rajymyavmufaom tcGit hf a&;wpfcsK@d ukd ay;cJo h nf? u&ifvrl sK;d wd@k rmS
t*Fvyd w f @kd vufxufu zG@J pnf;cJah om ppfwyft&Sed t f 0ga=umifh rGeEf iS hf &cdik f
wd@k xuf apmvsipf mG jynfe,f&cJo h nf?
wdik ;f &if;om;nDtpfukd tcsi;f csi;f &if;ES;D csp=f unfat;csr;f pGm jy\em
udk rajz&Si;f bJ ‚if;wd@k a&;qGx
J m;aom Oya'udk bk&m;a'oemuJo h @kd rw
S ,
f +l y;D
taoqkyu f ikd x
f m;um ppfom;ESifh ykvyd u
f o
kd ;kH I zDqeforl sm;udk usnq f ef
ESihf axmif'%frsm;ay;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umihf vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;jzpf
ay:vmcJ&h onf?
urBmod jrefrmod opPmuwdjzifh csKyfqckd ahJ om yifvpkH mcsKyfyg oabm
xm;udk tajccH+yD; Edik if aH wmfz@JG pnf;yHk tajccHOya'wGif (10) ESpjf ynfI h
tusK;d r&S[ d jk rifygu &Sr;f jynfe,fEiS hf u&ifejD ynfe,fw@kd ukd cGx J u
G cf iG hf ay;
xm;onf? od@k aomf ‚if;wd@k onf cGx J u G jf cif;udrk awmif;qd/k jynfe,ftcGihf
ta&;ydak y;&ef awmif;qdo k nfuykd if ray;cJo h jzifh awmfveS af &;ppfyrJG sm; ydrk kd
us,jf yef@cahJ vonf? ,ckqv kd #if vlO;D a&tawmftwef&+dS yD; xif&mS ;aom
vlrsK;d wdik ;f wGif trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wyfz@JG EiS hf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; &Sad eonf?
Tpkpnf;nD!w G pf mG yl;aygi;f aexdik af &;jy\emudk OD;Eku twkta,mif
jynfaxmifpkjzifh vSnfhpm;ajz&Sif;cJhonf? OD;ae0if;u jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfoabmw&m;jzifh um&Hz;Hk v$r;f +yD; wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzifh ajz&Si;f
cJo
h nf? rnfonfeh nf;ur# rajz&Si;f Edik cf ahJ cs? yuwdtajctaeESihf qef@

66
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

usi+f yD; jy\emudq

k ENpjJG zifh ajz&Si;f cJo
h jzifh Edik if aH &;'%fcwfjcif;udk cHomG ;
=u&+y;D jzpfonf?
u|Eykf wf @kd Eikd if .H yuwdtaetxm;ESihf udu k n f aD om jynfaxmifpu k kd
rnfo@kd wnfaqmuf&rnfenf;? urBmay:wGif rwlujJG ym;aomvlrsK;d rsm;udk
tajccH+y;D Edik if rH sm;pGmudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifppk epfjzifh zG@J pnf;cJo h nf? Oyrm
— qdAk , D uf,el , D /H tdE,dN / qGpZf mvef/ ,l*pkd vm;AD;,m;ESihf csuu f pkd vdk
Aufu;D ,m;Edik if w H @kd jzpfonf? ‚if;Edik if rH sm;onf vlrsK;d a&;t& u|Eyfk w f @kd
EdkifiHESifhqifwlr_&Sdonf? rwlaomvlrsKd;uGJrsm;twGif; vlOD;a&rsm;aom
(od@k r[kw)f ,Ofaus;r_ todynmwd;k wufaom (od@k r[kw)f ppfa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;
wd@k wiG f tm;aumif;aomvlrsK;d wrsK;d u tjcm;vlrsK;d rsm;udk vufatmufcH
tjzpfEiS hf pkpnf;xm;Ir&? &yguvnf; r+rJEikd ?f rat;csr;f Edik yf g? auseyf
cspcf ifpmG jzifh pkpnf;=urnf r[kwaf y? u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if tH wGuf jzpfoifah om
jynfaxmifprk mS bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ aemufco H rdik ;f / pkpnf;
aexdik af oma'o/ xdu k o
f ifah om vlO;D a&/ zlvakH om pD;yGm;a&;tajccHw@kd EiS hf
jynfph u kH ‚if;vlrsK;d twGuf jynfe,fwck zG@J pnf;ay;&ef vdo k nf? jynfe,f
tus,ft0ef;ESifh wnfae&mwdk@rSm ‚if;pkpnf;aexdkif&m a'oay:wGif
&S&d rnf? xkjd ynfe,frsm;onf csKyfcs,rf r_ &Sad om ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf tcGihf
tm%mrsm;&S&d rnf? ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf tcGit
hf m%mqdo k nfrmS ‚if;wd@k
jynfe,ftjctaeESihf udu k nf aD omOya'udk ‚if;wd@k a&;qGyJ ikd cf iG /hf jyXmef;
ydik cf iG /fh ‚if;wd@k jynfe,fukd ‚if;wd@k }udKufEpS o f uforl sm;ESihf a&G;cs,t f yk cf sKyf
ydik cf iG /hf ‚if;wd@k jynfe,ftwGi;f w&m;pD&ifyikd cf iG rhf sm; &S&d rnf?
txufyg t*F g&yf (od@k r[kw)f tajccHtcsurf sm;wGif tm;enf;r_&dS
aom vlrsK;d pki,frsm;udrk l ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGihf jynfe,fwcktwGi;f ud,k yf ikd f
tkycf sKyaf &;jynfe,f/ ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKyaf &;a'o/ vlrsK;d pka'o ponfjzifh vlrsK;d
i,frsm;. tcGit hf m%mudk xdu k o f ifoh vdak y;xm;&rnf? vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d .
trsK;d om;qdik &f m zG@H +zKd ;wd;k wuf r_ukd wm;qD;ydwyf ifxm;jcif;rsK;d r&Sbd J tm;ay;
oGm;&rnfjzpfonf?
t&G,t f pm;tm;jzifh rwlnaD omfvnf; ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGijfh ynfe,frsm;
wGif tcGit
hf m%mrsm; wlnpD mG &S&d rnf? ‚if;jynfe,frsm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKaom
ud,
k pf m;vS,t f nDtr#jzifh trsK;d om;v$waf wmf (od@k r[kw)f txufvw $ f

67
awmfuzkd @JG pnf;+yD; jynfaxmifpq
k ikd &f m tqifjh rifah omtm%mrsm;udk ay;
tyfxm;&rnf?
jynfaxmifpt
k pd;k &onf jynfe,frsm;taejzifh rvkyo f ifah om od@k
r[kwf jynfe,frsm;u v$t J yfxm;aom tcGit hf m%mrsm;ESihf vkyif ef;rsm;udk
udkifwG,fvkyfaqmifoGm;&rnf? Oyrm — EdkifiHjcm;qufoG,fa&;/ jynf
axmifpu k muG,af &;/ vrf;yef;qufo,G af &;/ aiGa=u;±du
k Ef ydS x
f wk af 0a&;ESihf
vlra_ xmufyuhH ,fq,fa&; vkyif ef;wd@k ukd vkyaf qmifomG ;&ef jzpfonf?
TonfrmS ppfreS af om jynfaxmifpw k ck. zG@J pnf;yHq k ikd &f m vdt
k yfcsuf
jzpfonf? Edik if aH ygi;f pHrk S jynfaxmifpzk @JG pnf;yHrk sm;udk avhvm/ rdrw d @kd Eikd if H
tajctaeESihf aygi;f pyf/ vlrsK;d pHak cgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifh n‡Ed id_ ;f +yD; zdEydS cf sKyfcs,f
pd;k rd;k r_uif;aom trsm;vufcEH ikd o f nfyh pkH o H pfjzifh ppfreS af omzuf'&,fjynf
axmifpu k kd zG@J pnf;Edik rf o S m u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if t
H wGi;f jzpf&adS eonfh vlrsK;d a&;t&
rke;f wD;r_/ &efjyKwdu k cf u kd rf r_ sm;udk ajz&Si;f Edik af yvdrrhf nf?
vlrsK;d a&;t& ESpaf ygi;f &Sn=f umpGm jzpfay:cJah om jy\emudk twk
ta,mifjynfaxmifpjk zifh vSnphf m;I r&yg? ydrk pdk pk nf;tm;aumif;&efq+kd yD;
wpfjynfaxmifpepfjzifh vlrsK;d uGt J oGiu f kd azsmufzsu&f ef }udK;yrf;r_onf
vnf; tm;raumif;EdkifbJ ydkIydkIomtm;enf;vmapcJhonfudk awG@&
rnfjzpfonf? aemufq;kH rsK;d quf tESpif g;q,fausmf vufawG@e,fy,fwiG f
prf;oyfc+hJ yD;jzpfI vrf;rSeu f akd v#muf=u&ef oif+h yD? vlrsK;d a&;t& jzpfay:
aeaom jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f +yD; 'Dru kd a&pDtcGit hf a&;/ vl@tcGit hf a&;
rsm;udyk g jznfph uG vf u
kd yf gu wrsK;d om;vH;k pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk ajr}uD;
vufcwfrvGJ &&Sv d mygvrd rhf nf? xdt k cg at;csr;f om,m+yD; zG@H +zdK;wd;k wuf
aom jynfaxmifp}k u;D udk vG,u f pl mG trSew f u,fazmfaqmif Edik yf gvrd rhf nf?

[tem*wfjynfaxmifpkopfpmpOf - 1989]
[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 1996]
 jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;
wnfaqmufrnfqydk gv#if
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;

wnfaqmufrnfqydk gv#if

jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tkycf sKyfo/l tkycf sKyfcjH ynfoEl iS hf twdu k t f cH (tkypf ;kd
oludk enf;rsKd;pHkjzifhwdkufyGJ0ifaeaomtiftm;pk) paomtm;vHk;aom
tiftm;pkrsm;u vdv k m;ae=uonf? Tod@k qv kd #if jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk
tb,fa=umifh rwnfaqmufEikd yf gao;oenf;? oH;k oyf=unfrh nfqykd gu
rnfo@kd wnfaqmuf&rnfukd c%xm;/ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;tay: ±_jrifykH
t"dyg̀,zf iG q
hf ykd jkH cif;uyif wlnaD omtjrif r&Sad o;onfukd awG@&rnf? a,bk
,stm;jzifh ±_jrifykH (3) rsK;d uGjJ ym;aeonf?
yxrtrsK;d tpm;wGif jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;qdo k nfrmS olyek o f ul efr&S/d
twdu k tf cHr&Sd tkycf sKyfo.l csKyfuikd rf a_ tmufwiG f acgi;f iH@k / cHrajymaom
tajctaersK;d Edik if EH iS t
fh 0Sr;f us,u
f s,jf yef@jyef@&adS eygu jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f
a&;&S+d y[
D k jrifae=uonf? txl;ojzifh tm%m&tkypf ;kd ol vlwef;pm;rsm;u
TtjrifrsK;d &Sw d wf=uonf? Tod@k jzpfapcsi=f uonf?
'kw, d trsK;d tpm;wGif jynforl sm; 00vifvifpm;oH;k &+yD; at;at;
csr;f csr;f aeEdik v
f #if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;&+yD[k jrif=uonf? TtjrifrsK;d udk
tkypf ;kd olvw l ef;pm;xJuwcsK@d EiS hf tkypf ;kd cHjynfox l u
J vl+yed ;f rsm; vufcx
H m;
=uonf?
wwd,trsK;d tpm;wGif jynforl sm; 00vifvifpm;oH;k Edik &f rnf? at;
at;csr;f csr;f vnf; tdypf ufem;aeEdik f &rnf? vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdak &;om;cGi/hf
rdrq
d ENukd azmfjycGi/hf vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,, f =kH unfciG /hf vlrsK;d pkrsm; rdrwd @kd
ta&;udk rdrw d @dk prD H qH;k jzwfyikd cf iG rhf sm;vnf; &S&d rnf? xdo k @kd aom tcGit hf m
%mrsm;udk wdik ;f jynfEiS t fh 0Sr;f us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ jynforl sm;cHpm;cGi&hf ydS grS
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&Sdonf[k ±_jrif=uonf? Ttjrifudk twdkuftcH
tiftm;pkrsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;tjrif&adS om jynforl sm;u ±_jrifae=uonf?
pmzwfot
l aeESihf rnfo@kd tjrif&ydS goenf;? rdrw
d nf&adS eaom twef;
tpm; tv$mtaetxm;xuf bufaygi;f pHpk pD pf+y;D rS tajzay;apvdo k nf?

71
Edkif[Hom

pma&;oltaeESifh wwd,tjrifuo kd m vufcoH nf? yxrtjrifrmS Om%f

ynmenf;yg;aom tm%m&vlwpfpu k rdrw
d @kd tm%m&xm;pOfwiG of m
xm;&SdEdkifaom tjrifrsKd;jzpfonf? tm%mvufvGwfoGm;onfESihf T
tjrifudk vufcHEdkifawmhrnfr[kwf? 'kwd,tjrifrSmvnf; pm;/ tdyf/
rdwv
f u kd f oH;k rsK;d udo
k m odem;vnfaom wd&p>mefomom vl+yde;f rsm;ESihf
tkyfpdk;oljynfolrsm;udk tusOf;om;tqifhwGifxm;&Sdvdkaom tkyfpdk;ol
vlwcsK@d xm;&Sad omtjrif oabmxm; jzpfonf[k ±_jrifonf?
u|Eyfk wf @kd onf vlom;rsm;jzpf=uonf? vlom;csi;f twlwl vdv k m;
awmifw h r_jcif; odyu f mG jcm;=uvdrrhf nfr[kw?f u|EJ mG ;rsm;udrk l ezmxd;k / }uKd ;qGJ
}udrfjzifhwdk@I vdk&mcdkif;Edkifonf? vlom;tcsif;csif;udkum; xdkodk@vkyfI
&rnfr[kw?f a,bl,stm;jzifh todw&m;ESihf cHpm;csucf si;f wln=D uaom
vlom;rsm;wGif tm%m&olw@kd u rdrw d @kd a&muf&adS eaom b0. tvdq k EN
wpfcw k nf;udk rjrifb/J tjcm;vlrsm;. tvdq k ENuv kd nf; =unfjh rifwwf
&efvo kd nf? xdo k @kd r[kwb f J olwyg;.tvdq k ENoabmxm;rsm;udk *&krxm;/
rdrt d pktzG@J . tjrifoabmxm;oufoufjzifh csKyfuikd x f m;ygu tm%m
&Sipf epfjzpfomG ;ayvdrrhf nf? ‚if;udk tm%mjzihx f yfruH ikd w
f ,G f ajz&Si;f ygu
±ke;f ueftefwrk r_ sm;jzpfay:vm+yD; aemufq;kH awmfveS yf ek u f efrr_ sm; jzpfay:
vmvdrrhf nf? xd@k a=umifh jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk v$rJ mS ;aomtjrifjzifh ±_jrif
t"dyg` ,af zmf+yD; ‚if;udt k "rRenf;jzifh taumiftxnfazmfvu kd af omtcg
rvdv k m;tyfaom qef@usib f uftusK;d oufa&mufrr_ sm; jzpfvm&awmh
onf?
Tr#qv kd #if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&; &,lwnfaqmufEikd &f ef tedrq hf ;kH
tqifhwGif vdktyfaomoabmxm;tjrif w&yfudkawG@&Sd&yg+yD? ‚if;udk
wenf;tm;jzifh tajccHv@l tcGit hf a&;[kvnf; ac:qdo k nf? TtajccH
vl@tcGit
hf a&; rsm;r&Sb
d J jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk rwnfaqmufEikd af y?
vlw@kd .todw&m;udk ‚if;wd@k jzwfoef;cJ&h aom b0c&D;wpfav#muf
awG@}uKH cJ&h onfrsm;ESihf ‚if;.ywf0ef;usif tjzpftysurf sm;u owfrw S af y;
onf? u|Eyfk w f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f vlrsK;d vlwef;pm; vl@tv$mrsm;pGm&So
d nft h jyif
touft&G,f aexdik &f ma'o uGjJ ym;r_a=umifv h nf; todtjrifc, H cl suEf iS hf
oabmxm;trsK;d rsK;d &S=d uonf? Tod@k aom taetxm;wGif ta&twGuf

72
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

ydrk sm;aom od@k r[kwf tm%m&xm;aomvlpu k rdrw d @kd oabmus&m wpfck

wnf;udk csrw S vf yk af qmifygv#if jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk rnfo@kd r#azmfaqmif
Edik rf nf r[kwaf y?
xd@k a=umifh Edik if thH a&;/ jynfow l pf&yfv;kH ta&;wd@k wiG f trsm;jynfo. l
qENu&kd ,l+y;D csrw S v f yk af qmifa&;qdak om 'Dru kd a&pDvyk if ef;pOfonf av#mf
uefoifjh rwfq;kH jzpfaoma=umifh Edik if w H umtawG@t}uHK &Sn=f umaom
jynfwiG ;f ppftawG@t}uHKrsm;u jyocJ+h yD;jzpfonf? uae@qv kd #if tkypf ;kd
olrsm;/ tkypf ;kd cHjynforl sm;/ twdu k tf cHtiftm;pkrsm;yg 'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nfh
tkycf sKyaf &;pepfjzifh usio hf ;kH oGm;&rnfukd tm;vH;k vufcx H m;=u+y;D jzpfonf?
'Drdkua&pDenf;usus trsm;jynfolwdk@.qENudk&,l&rnfrSm a&Smifv$JI
r&aom tcsuw f &yf jzpfonf?
'Dru kd a&pDqo kd nfrmS trsm;pkjzpfaom jynfow l @kd .oabmqENt&
tkycf sKyjf cif;qd+k y;D / vlrsm;pkjzpfaom tiftm;pku rdrw d @kd oabmus&mudck sn;f
csrw
S o f mG ;ygu jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; &Edik v
f rd rhf nfr[kwaf y? rwlujJG ym;aom
vl@tzG@J tpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh vlrsK;d a&;/ bmoma&; udp&P yfrsm;wGif wef;wlr/_
vGwv f yfr/_ w&m;r#wr_rsm; &S&d ef txl;vdt k yfonf?
u|Eyfk w
f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f bmoma&;t& jy\emtxl;r&Sad omfvnf; vlrsK;d
a&;t&um; }uD;rm;aom jy\em&Scd hJ &Sad eqJjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh T
udp&P yfwiG f ud, k u f sK;d twWtjrifuif;aom wenf;tm;jzifh r[mtjrifjzifh
olwyg;tay:v$r;f rd;k vdpk w d uf if;aom Edik if aH &;tzG@J tpnf;ESihf Edik if aH &;acgi;f
aqmifrsm;u wef;wla&;ESifh ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGi&hf o
dS nfh zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk
wnfaqmufa&;udk oabmwlae=u+yDjzpfonf? vlrsKd;pHkcspf=unfa&;ESifh
wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk trSew f u,fwnfaqmufvykd gu rSeu f ef
aom oabmxm;tjrifukd vufcq H yk uf ikd x
f m;=u&rnf? Advk cf sKyfatmif
qef;vrf;cif;jyocJah om yifvpkH w d "f mwfukd wzeftoufoiG ;f =u&efvo kd nf?
txufwiG f azmfjycJo h nft h wdik ;f 'Dru
kd a&pDvyk [f efEiS hf wef;wla&;ESihf
ud,k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGit
hf ay: tajccHaom zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpw k nfaqmuf
a&;wd@k ukd =unfvifpmG vufcEH ikd yf gu ±d;k om;yGiv hf if;aom apwemjzifh n‡Ed id_ ;f
ajz&Si;f =uygv#if jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk vG,uf pl mG wnfaqmufEikd yf gonf?
xdo k @kd jzLpifaomapwemudk t&if;cHrxm;bJ t+rD;usuf t+rD;pm;/ acgi;f

73
Edkif[Hom

usuf acgi;f pm;/ wpdy&f & wydik ;f && &or#ukd zJ, h w

l wfaom enf;jzifu
h m;
jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk rwnfaqmufEikd yf g?
ppfonf Edik if aH &;.tqufjzpfonf? vufeufuikd yf ek u f efru
_ kd Edik if aH &;
tcGit hf a&;rsm; qH;k ±H;_ r_u arG;xkwaf y;cJo h nf? Edik if aH &;jy\emudk ppfa&;jzifh
ajz&Si;f aeygu ,m,DacwW od@k r[kwf tay:,Hr#uo kd m ajz&Si;f Edik rf nf?
+yD;jynfph akH om ajyvnfru _ kd Edik if aH &;enf;jzifh &J0phH mG ajz&Si;f &efrw
S yg; ppfreS f
aomjynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk r&Edik yf g? Edik if aH &;t& awG@qakH qG;aEG;rnf
qdyk gu ol@tjrifu, kd t
hf jrif bufaygi;f pHt k jrifrsm;udk od&rnf? xdt k cg
trSm;trSefESifh twdrfteufudk cGJjcm;Edkifrnf? ‚if;tay:tay;t,l
tavsmt h wif;rsm;vky+f yD; ausvnfpmG n‡Ed id_ ;f ygu ajyvnfr&_ &Sv d rd rhf nf?
Tonfum;rSeu f efaom enf;vrf;jzpfonf? Tod@k tcsi;f csi;f n‡Ed id_ ;f ajz&Si;f
aom enf;vrf;rSvI J$ od=um;rif;vl@jynfqif;+y;D ajz&Si;f ay;vnf; ajyvnf
Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? apwemrSefaomacgif;aqmifrsm;onf rSefuefaom
enf;vrf;rsm;udk &J0phH mG a&G;cs,af v#mufvrS ;f =u&rnf?
rSeu
f efaomenf;vrf;udk jrifaeygv#urf av#mufbJ ppfa&;jzifh quf
wduk af ernfqykd gu aemufxyftESpif g;q,fjynfv h nf; +y;D qH;k Edik rf nf r[kwf
ay? vlrsK;d pka&;&mwGif tm%mcGaJ 0r_r&Sb d J 'Drukd a&pD&&S±d rkH #EiS hf jynfwiG ;f
+idrf;csrf;a&;udk r&Edkifa=umif; t*FvefESifh tdENd,EdkifiHwdk@u oufaojy
aeygonf? vlrsK;d pkrsm;. jy\emrsm;udk ,m,Dtypftcwf &yfpx J m;+yD;
a'ozG@H +zdK;a&;/ pD;yGm;a&;vkyyf ikd cf iG rhf sm;jzifh ajz&Si;f aeIum; rajyvnfEikd ?f
ppfyw JG pf&mwdu k &f efrvdk enf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh +zdKcGaJ omenf;onf rSeu f efaom
enf; r[kw/f tcsed q f aJG om enf;wckom jzpfonf? acgi;f aqmiftiftm;pk
udk om,mr_jzifh odr;f oGi;f ,laom enf;onfvnf; om,mr_tay: rl;,pf
wwfaom acgi;f aqmiftcsK@d uo kd m qGaJ qmifEpS of rd I hf &aumif;&rnf? acgi;f
aqmiftcsK@d avsmo h mG ;±Hrk #jzifh awmfveS af &;udk &yfwef@atmif vkyI f &rnf
r[kwaf y? awmfveS af &;qdak om vufeufuikd yf ek u f efro_ nf Edik if aH &;tcGihf
tm%m&&Sda&;[laom OD;wnfcsuftwGufjzpfonf? xdkEdkifiHa&;tcGifh
tm%mjy\emudk EdkifiHa&;t& aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;r_rjyKor# rajyvnf
r+y;D jywfEikd ?f xdo
k @kdr+y;D jywfygu +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk OD;wnfaom &nf&, G cf suo f nf
tcsn;f tES;D yif jzpfaeygvrd rhf nf?

74
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

u|Eyfk wf @kd Eikd if w

H iG f o,HZmwaygºu, G 0f aeygv#uf Edik if .
H zG@+H zKd ;wd;k wuf
r_tqifhonf urBmwGif aemufqHk;wef;u vdkufae&onf? tcsdefudk
tusK;d rJph mG tESpif g;q,fausmf jzKef;cJ+h yD;+yDjzpfonf? aemufxyftcserf ay;
oifah wmhyg? vrf;rSeu f o kd jd rifaeygv#uf rav#mufaom a&SŒaqmifoo l nf
=um&Snpf mG a&SŒaqmifEikd rf nf r[kw?f Edik if aH &;udk rvSnphf m;ESihf jynfou l kd
rvSnphf m;ESihf ordik ;f tdro f musi;f xJ epfreG ;f oGm;&ayvdrrhf nf? jynfwiG ;f
+ird ;f csr;f a&;r&Sb d J wd;k wufaomwdik ;f jynfwck rwnfaqmufEikd ?f xd@k a=umifh
apwemrSev f #if jynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;udk tjrefazmfaqmifjyzd@k vdo k nf?

[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 1996]

75
aomif;xdu
k .
f yx0DEikd if aH &;pmtkyt
f ay:
pDppfo;kH oyfjcif;
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

aomif;xdu
k .
f yx0DEikd if aH &;pmtkyt
f ay:
pDppfo;kH oyfjcif;

q&maomif;xdu k .f yx0DEikd if aH &;pmtkyo

f nf emrnfausmf pmtkyw f pftyk f
jzpfonf? ‚if;pmtkyu f dk tcsKŒd aom Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&; acgi;f aqmifrsm;u
rdrw d @kd .r[mAsL[mpmwrf;ozG,f rSw, f al e=ua=umif; =um;od&onf?
xd@k a=umifh usaemf&mS azGavhvm=unfrh yd gonf? aocsmpGm zwf±+_ yD;aemuf
pma&;q&m. OD;wnfcsufudk usaemf&Smonf? ‚if;.wifjycsufrsm;udk
usaemfppD pfonf? xdt k cg usaemfvufcEH ikd af om tydik ;f ESihf vufrcHEikd af om
tydik ;f rsm;udk awG@&onf? xd@k a=umihf Taqmif;yg;udak &;&ef qENjzpfay:vm
aponf?
q&maomif;xdkufonf touft&G,ftm;jzifh‚if;/ pmayavhvm
a&;om;r_EiS hf vl@b0tawG@t}uHKtm;jzif‚h if; usaemfx h ufrsm;pGm }uD;yg
onf? xdo k @kd tzufzufr}S uD;jrifo h .
l ±_jrifo;kH oyfa&;om;csurf sm;tay:
usaemft h aejzifh bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_t&=unfv h #iaf xmufjya0zefr_ rjyK
vdyk g? od@k aomf Edik if aH &;tjrifEiS hf =unfrh nfqykd gu axmufjya0zefp&m &Sad e
ygv#uf a&iHEk w _ yf wd af evdu
k yf gu wdik ;f jynftwGuf wm0efausrnfr[kwyf g?
,ckuo hJ @kd aom oabmw&m;vrf;!$epf mtkyrf sK;d onf yuwdtajctaeESihf
tH0if*iG u f s udu k n f aD eygu }u;D pGmaomtusK;d udk jzpfay:apEdik +f y;D wdr;f apmif;
v$Jacsmfaeygu tusKd;rJh,Hkru }uD;pGmaomtEœ&m,fudkyifjzpfay:apEdkif
onf? xd@k a=umifh rdr. d tjrifukd ±d;k om;yGivhf if;pGm wifjyvdu k yf gonf? trSm;
trSeu f kd pm±_orl sm;pOf;pm;oH;k oyf qH;k jzwf&rnfyif?
q&maomif;xdu k .f yx0DEikd if aH &;pmtkywf iG f tcsuw f ikd ;f tcef;wdik ;f
udk vufrcHEikd jf cif;r[kw/f usaemfEiS hf tjrifrwlaomtydik ;f rsm; tcsurf sm;
udok m aumufEw _ +f y;D oH;k oyfomG ;ygrnf? usetf ydik ;f rsm;onf vufcEH ikd jf cif;
ESihf txl;rajymvdjk cif;[k ,lqEdik yf gonf? aemufwpfcw k ifjyvko d nfrmS
q&maomif;xdkufESifh usaemfrwlnDaomb0/ rwlnDaomumvwGif
&Siof ef&yfwnfae=uaoma=umifh tjrifcsi;f uGjJ ym;&onfvnf; jzpfEikd o f nf?

79
Edkif[Hom

rnfo@kd qakd p wdik ;f jynfwjynfwiG f vlrsK;d / bmom/ vlwef;pm; uGjJ ym;r_

rsm; &So
d nf? rwlnaD omb0rS rwlnaD omtjrifrsm;udyk g pkpnf;avhvm+y;D rS
oabmw&m;wckukd qG, J cl srw
S cf vhJ #if ydI
k jynfph rkH eS u
f ef+yD; wdik ;f jynfuykd I
kd
tusKd ; jzpfapEdik af y vdrrhf nf? xdo k @kd aom apwemjzifh rdr. d oabmxm;
tjrifukd wifjy&jcif;jzpfygonf?
q&maomif;xdkufonf “jrefrmwdkif;&if;om; (45) oef;twGuf
a&yufr0ifaom pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk a&SŒ&_I Tpmtkyu f jkd yKpk&jcif;jzpf
onf” [kpma&;ol. trSmpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;
udk OD;wnfjcif;onf tvGeaf umif;ygonf? a&yufr0ifaom pnf;vH;k nD!w G f
a&;um; qdzk ,G &f mr&S+d y?D od@k aomf pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk rnfo@kd wnfaqmuf
&rnfqo kd nfukd ay:vGiaf tmiftus,w f 0ifh azmfjyrxm;yg? pmtky. f
emrnf “yx0DEikd if aH &;” ESihf rtyfpyfIavm rqdEk ikd yf g? xdo k @kd ay:vGiaf tmif
azmfjyrxm;aomfvnf; yg&o dS r#pmom;tay: axmuf±=_ unfah omf txdu k f
tav#muf jrifawG@&onf?
tyd k i f ; (1) vl O D ; a&jy\em pmrsuf E S m (9-10-11) wd k @ wG i f
Tod@k azmfjyxm;.? “usaemfw@dk jrefrmEdik if H vlO;D a&tajctaeESihf yx0D
Edik if aH &;udk avhvmv#if tvGe&f ifav;zG,t f csuu f kd awG@&rnf”? jrefrmEdik if H
ajrmufbufY vlOD;a&oef;aygif; (1000) ausmf&Sdonfh w±kwfEdkifiH&Sd+yD;
taemufbufY vlO;D a&oef;aygi;f (800) ausm&f o dS nfh tdE,dN Edik if H &Sad y
onf? taemufajrmufrS b*Fvm;a'h&o fS nfvnf; vlOaD &oef; (100) ausmf
ae+yD;/ ,if;vlO;D a& xlxyfvo S nfh Edik if }H uD;oH;k Edik if =H um;wGif vlO;D a&oef;
aygif; (40) ausmfr#om&Sdaom jrefrmEdkifiHtajctaeonf rnfr#&if
av;zG,af umif;ygoenf;”?
“TuJo h @kd vlO;D a&tajctaewGif jrefrmvlrsK;d wd@k . p±du k vf uQ%mudk
xnfw h u
G vf u kd yf gu tajctaerSm tvGeq f ;kd &Gm;vSonfukd awG@&rnf?
jrefrmvlrsK;d onf wOD;csi;f tvGev f w G v
f wG v f yfvyfaevdI k rdro d abm
t&om aeoGm;vd. k ? xd@k a=umifh cdik rf mpGr;f yum;&So d nfh acgi;f aqmifrsm;
r&So
d nfth cg jrefrmwd@k onf pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf r_ &Sbd J 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk
olwvligwrif;om aexdik cf =hJ uonfukd awG@&ygonf”?

80
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

“yk*aH cwfrS ,cktxd wdik ;f jynfpnf;vH;k nD!w G of nfu h mvrSm tvGef

enf;I 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk jzpfcJhonfursm;avonf? taemf&xm/
bk&ifah emif/ tavmif;bk&m;/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef; wd@k uo hJ @kd pGr;f yum;&S+d yD;
cdik rf monfh acgi;f aqmifrsm;vufxufwiG o f m jrefrmwd@k a&yufr0if atmif
pnf;vH;k cJ=h uavonf”?
“jrefrmwdk@pnf;vHk;+yDqdkv#if ta&S@awmiftm&S zdef@zdef@wkefcJh&onf
csn;f jzpf.? taemf&xmvufxuf (1044) rSpI a&wGuaf omf (1947)
ckEpS f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; usq;kH onftxd ESpaf ygi;f (903) ESpw
f iG f (74)
ESpo
f m jrefrmwd@k pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k &Scd =hJ uavonf”?
“tpOftvmt& jrefrmwdk@ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&SdcJh=uonfrSmvnf;
cdkifrmpGrf;yum;&Sdonfh acgif;aqmifrsm; vufxufwGifomjzpf&um;
u|Eyfk w f @kd tvdtk yfq;kH tcsurf mS cdik rf mpGr;f yum;&So
d nfh vuf±;kH &nf/ ESv;kH &nf
ESihf jynfph o kH nfh acgi;f aqmifrv
_ ufatmufrS wrsK;d om;vH;k pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _
[k aumufcsucf sEikd rf nf jzpfavonf”?
txufygpmom;rsm;tay: tajccH+yD; &nf&, G &f if;udk csKyfvu kd af omf
ywf0ef;usif&Sd vlOD;a&tvGefuGmjcm;aom EdkifiHrsm;udk vufn‡d;xdk;+yD;
ta=umif;jy +cdr;f ajcmufonf? taemf&xm/ bk&ifah emif/ tavmif;bk&m;
wd@k . ppftiftm;jzifh e,fcsŒJ wdu k cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k f atmifjrifco hJ nfrsm;udk
cdik rf maom pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;[k qdx k m;cJoh nf? ArmvlrsK;d wpfO;D taeESihf
xdo k @kd ±j_ rifEikd af omfvnf; xD;eef;/ e,fajr/ vGwv f yfa&; qH;k ±H;_ cJ&h aom rGe/f
&cdik /f &Sr;f wd@k twGuf rnfo@kd cpH m;&rnfukd ud, k cf si;f pm=unfah pcsiyf gonf?
xdkpOftcgu urBmhukvor*~vdk tzGJ@tpnf;rsKd; ray:aygufao;I ppf
tiftm;omolu tEdik , f v l pl rG ;f aumif;jzpfco hJ nf? ,ckvakd cwfrsK;d wGif
q'rf[pl ed f ul0w d u
f kd odr;f ydu
k af omtcg rnfo@kd jzpfomG ;oenf;? vlprG ;f
aumif;rjzpf±rkH u urBmph pfw&m;cH}uD;jzpf&onfukd owdjyKoifah yonf?
,ckacwfonf oufO;D qHyikd b f &k if{u&mZfacwf r[kwaf wmh+yD?
TacwfTtcgrsK;d wGif pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk rnfo@kd wnfaqmufoifh
ygoenf;? ppfa&;jzifw
h u
kd cf ukd f acgi;f raxmifEikd af tmif zdxm;I ac:&ifb&k m;
xl;&aom vufatmufcu H |ejf yKjcif;rsK;d jzifh pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk rwnf
aqmufEdkifawmhyg? tu,fI zdxm;Ekdif&ifvnf; a&&Snfrcdkif+rJEdkifyg?

81
Edkif[Hom

,ckacwftcgonf wef;wltusK;d wlrt _ ay:wGif yl;aygi;f =ujcif; jzpfonf?

Edik if w
H ckwnf;twGi;f rSmqdyk gu ppfreS af omjynfaxmifpk (zuf'&,fjynf
axmifppk epf) jzifh yl;aygi;f =ujcif;jzpfonf? Edik if t
H rsm;qdv
k #iv
f nf; xdrk jl zifh
Oa&myor*~ (tD;,l) ta&SŒawmiftm&SEikd if rH sm;toif; (tmqD,)H wd@k ukd
pkpnf;xm;=uonf? rlreS v f #if taumiftxnfazmf&ef rcufyg[k usaemf
ajymvdyk gonf?
,ckacwfwiG f ywf0ef;usi&f dS vlO;D a&tvGerf sm;aom Edik if rH sm;ud=k unf+h y;D
a=umufpdwf/ pdk;&drfpdwf rvGefoifhyg? urBmhEdkifiHrsm;udk xdef;uGyfbdk@
urBmhukvor*~tzGJ@}uD; &Sdaeonf? tjcm;aomtiftm;csdefcGifv#m
xde;f ay;Edik o
f nfh a'oqdik &f mtzG@J rsm;vnf;&So d nf? ,ckacwfonf ppf
tiftm;jzifh e,fcsŒJ wduk cf u
kd f tjrwfxw k af om acwfr[kw/f pD;yGm;a&;t&
tjrwfxw k af omacwfjzpfonf? t&if;tES;D pdu k +f y;D tjrwf,rl nf? uke=f urf;
,l ukefacsma&mif;rnf? ynmonfvkyftm;cudk aps;}uD;jzifha&mif;+yD;
tvky=f urf;orm; vkyt f m;udk aps;ESrd 0f ,f,rl nf? &if;ES;D atmifaygi;f +y;D pD;yGm;
a&;jzpfxeG ;f atmif vkyrf nf? (Oyrm — vrf;azmuf/ oabFmqdyu f rf;
aqmuf) Tvdak cwfrsK;d wGif w±kwu f ppfa&;jzifh usL;ausmf wdu k cf u
dk vf m
rnfukd a=umufae&efrvd/k tu,fI w&kwu f ppfa&;jzifh wdu
k cf u
kd vf mygu
rdrdwdk@ppftiftm;jzihf rnfonfhenf;ESifhr# ckcHEdkifaom tajctaer&Sdyg?
r[mrdwu f v k or*~tzG@J w@kd ut
kd m;ud;k &rnfom? tdE, dN onfvnf; ppfa&;
t& +cdrf;ajcmufr_r&Sd/ tdENd,jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk awmfvSefaeaom
trsK;d om;jynfe,frsm;ESio hf m e,fcsi;f qufpyfaeonf? b*Fvm;a'h&EfS ikd if H
onf pD;yGm;a&;t& c|w+f cKH usaeaom Edik if jH zpfonf? ol@ jynfwiG ;f a&;ESio hf l
±_waf xG;aeonf? &efrv l mrnfv h uQ%m vH;k 0r&S?d xd@k a=umifh u|Eyfk w f @kd u
‚if;wd@k tay: tb,fa=umifh pd;k &drpf w d yf al e&ygoenf;?
q&maomif;xku d u f jrefrmwd@k . p±du
k vf uQ%mudk xnfw h u
G v
f ukd yf gu
tajctaerSm tvGefqkd;&Gm;vSonfudk awG@&rnf? jrefrmvlrsKd;onf
wOD;csi;f tvGev f w G v f wG vf yfvyfaevdI k rdro d abmt&om aevd. k ? xd@k
a=umifh cdik rf mpGr;f yum;&So d nfh acgi;f aqmifrsm;r&So d nft
h cg jrefrmwd@k onf
pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf r_ &Sb
d J 0g;tpnf;ajyovdk olwvligwrif; aexdik cf =hJ u
onfukd awG@&onfqakd om pmyd'k o f nf ,ae@jynfow l @kd vdvk m;awmifw h
aeaom 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;/ vlrsK;d pkrsm;. tcGit hf a&;wd@k twGuf
82
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk tqd;k bufu&_jrif+y;D ppftm%m&Sipf epfjzifh csKyu f ikd xf m;&ef

vdtk yfonfukd qdv k o
kd nft
h "dyg` ,o f ufa&mufonf? ppftm%m&Sipf epfukd
,cktcg urBmESit hf 0Sr;f qef@usiaf e=uonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd jynforl sm;uvnf;
ESpfaygif; (30) ausmf cg;oD;pGmcHcJh&I &GHŒrkef;ae=u+yD; Armvlxkyifv#if
vufrcHEikd af wmh+y?D quf+y;D usio hf ;kH aev#if wdik ;f jynfysuzf @kd om&Srd nf? jynfol
trsm;pk}u;D .qENukd vdu k af vsmjznfq h nf;rnfavm/ trsK;d om; tusKd ;pD;yGm;
trnfcH+yD; jynfoludkcsKyfcs,fESdyfuGyfI vdk&mudk qufvkyfrnfavm/
vkyv f #iaf um atmifjrifEikd rf nfvm;/ zdeyfEiS o hf ifah wmf&ef zaemifu h jkd zwfrnfh
t}uHESifh zaemifhESifhnD&ef zdeyfudkjyifrnfht}uH pm±_olrsm;trSefudk
a&G;,lq;kH jzwf=uzd@k vykd gonf?
“jrefrmwd@k pnf;vH;k rd+yDqv kd #if ta&S@awmiftm&S zde@f zed @f wek cf &hJ onf
csnf;jzpf.” [laompum;pkonf pnf;vHk;r_udk tm;ay;vdkaom qEN
yg&odS uJo h @kd &efvjkd cif;/ usL;ausmw f ukd cf u
kd v
f jkd cif;/ e,fcsŒJ vdjk cif;pdw"f mwfukd
azmfjyvdu k o f vdvk nf; t"dyg` ,x f uG af eygonf? aemuf+yD; pmrsuEf mS (12)
wGif “Edik if aH v;rsm;twGuf olrsm;tapmfum;rcH&ap&ef r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfcsuf
rSm pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;ESihf ppfa&;jyifqif+y;D r_w@kd jzpfygonf” [kyg&jdS yefygonf?
Tae&mwGif rdrw d @kd Eikd if tH ajctaeESiu fh ukd n f aD om oifah wmfvt kd yf
onfh ppfa&;jyifqifr_ &S&d rnfukd usaemfvufcyH gonf? od@k aomf vdt k yfaom
ppf tiftm;rSm oH;k ode;f vm;/ ig;ode;f vm;/ xdrk #vt kd yfygrnfvm;/ ppfwyfrsm;
rsm;pkz@JG xm;v#if p&dw}f uD;av;rnf? vkyt f m;qH;k ±_;H rnf? T av;vHaom
0efxyk }f u;D udk =um=umxrf;&v#if olrsm;Edik if u H kd vdu k rf EDS ikd yf grnfavm? ,ck
acwfwiG f jynforl sm; rdru d , kd u f kd umuG,af &;pepfuakd zmfjy+yD; ppfwyfukd
av#mah eonf? ukex f w
k vf yk rf u _ kd OD;pm;ay;onf? Tenf;vrf;udk r&Sm}uo H ifh
aybl;vm;/ wd;k wufvv kd #if Tenf;vrf;udk rvGrJ aoG vku d ef musio hf ;kH
&ayrnf?
pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;onf r&Srd jzpfvt kd yfaeonfum;rSe. f ? od@k aomf
rnfo@kd aompnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk vdt k yfoenf;? tm%m&Siw f OD;wzG@J .
atmufrmS acgi;f iH@k c+H y;D jyefrajyma=u;udk nD!w G af &;[kqrkd nfavm? xdek nf;
jzifh vkycf I
hJ ,cktcsed t f cg u|Eykf w
f @kd Eikd if w
H iG f pnf;vH;k nD!wG rf _ tb,fr#
&&Syd goenf;? tus,rf ajymvdyk g? tm;vH;k odygonf? nD!w G rf &_ atmif

83
Edkif[Hom

rnfo@kd wnfaqmufrnfenf;? {u&mZfatmufu rSeyf gb h &k m;vm;/ tm%m

&Siaf tmufu acgi;f iHEk w _ yf w d af &;vm;/ 'Dru
kd a&pDenf;t& trsm;jynfoq l EN
udk vufcrH nfvm;/ acwftcgukd =unfzh @kd vo kd nf? enf;emudo k zd @kd vo
kd nf?
awG@qakH qG;aEG;n‡Ed id_ ;f r_rjyKbJ igph um;EGm;&/ igvyk of vdk cH,=l u/ vkyaf ev#if
rnfo@kd pnf;vH;k nD!w G Ef ikd yf grnfenf;?
q&maomif;xdu k u f rsuaf rSmufacwf yx0DEikd if aH &; tcef;pmrsuEf mS
(157) tv,favmufwiG f “&efou l kd v#K@d 0u
S o
f wfjzwf okwo f iftqdyf
au|;owf/ vlowform;iSm;owf tm;vH;k w&m;onf”[ka&;cJo h yl g? ol
tqdkjyKcJhonfhenf;rsm;rSm “tusifhpm&dwWoduQmESihf udk,fusifhw&m;udk
t"duxm;olrsm;twGuaf wmh tvGerf w&m;onfh odumQ r&So d nfeh nf;rsm;
jzpfonf? od@k aomf tppftrSeEf ikd if aH &; (Real Politic) e,fy,fwiG f oDv
apmifx
h ed ;f ol/ tusiphf m&dwcW ikd rf mol b,fEpS Of ;D &So
d enf;? tppftrSeEf ikd if aH &;
e,fy,fwiG f ajAmifziG [ hf 0efcjH cif; r&Sad pumrl rufc, D mA,fvD enf;rsm;rSm
tvGefacwfpm;aeonfrSm trSefjzpf.” [k a&;om;xm;jyefonfudk
=unfyh gu Tvky[ f efrsK;d udk vufct H m;ay;aeonfh oabmrsK;d jzpfonf?
q&maomif;xdu k o f nf jrefrmhwyfrawmfwiG f wm0efxrf;aqmifczhJ ;l
onf[k azmfjyxm;jyefonft h wGuf q&maomif;xku d . f oabmxm;t,l
tqrsm;onf b0ESi, fh OS af om cH,cl suo
f abmxm;jzpfonfrmS xif&mS ;
onf? Tod@k aom oabmxm;onf [pfwvmuJo h @kd aom r[mtrsK;d jrwf
0g'/D ppftm%m&Sirf sm;. oabmw&m;rsm;omjzpfonf[k usaemf±;kd om;
pGmjrifryd gonf? Tt,ltqjzifh wdik ;f jynfupkd pk nf;rnf/ wd;k wufaprnf[k
qdyk gu tESpf (30) ausmf tawG@t}uHKt& pmzwforl sm; vufcEH ikd =f uyg
rnfavm?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpfqef@usiaf &; jynfo@l vw G af jrmufa&;
tzG@J (zqyv) wyfaygi;f pk}uD;wGif vlrsK;d pkjynforl sm;udk pkpnf;OD;aqmifchJ
onf? vlrsK;d pHpk pk nf;nD!w G af &;twGuf ordik ;f 0ifyifvn kH v
D mcHEiS hf yifvkH
pmcsKyfukd uruxjyK azmfaqmifco hJ jl zpfonf? wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;udk
vGwv f yfa&;/ wef;wla&;/ w&m;r#wa&;tay: tajccH+yD; tusKd ;wly;l aygi;f
vmatmif }uKd ;yrf;cJo h jl zpf.? ol.rlukd aemufval wGuzsucf I hJ wdik ;f &if;om;
tcsi;f csi;f wku d cf u
kd cf &hJ onf? wzef Edik if aH &;tm%mudk ppfa&;jzifh 0ifrpGuf

84
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

csiI
f ppfwyfuxGu+f yD; Edik if aH &;udk qufvyk v f o kd jl zpfonf? olom tao
rapmcJyh gu usaemfw@kd Eikd if H Tod@k jzpfz,
G rf &S[
d k qdck sio f nf? Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;. vkyef nf;vky[
f efukd ppftm%m&Siv f yk [f efEiS hf ra&mpGuf apcsiyf g?
xd@k a=umifh ,cktcsed f ,ckacwf jynfot l rsm;pk.qEN urBmEh ikd if aH &;
a&pD;a=umif;ESiv fh nf; rqef@usi&f ef rnfo@kd aom oabmw&m; vrf;!$erf _
rsK;d jzifh wdik ;f jynfukd tusK;d jyKapEdik rf nfukd pm±_orl sm; ud, k yf ikd t
f jrifjzifh
qH;k jzwf=uygav? Taqmif;yg;jzihf wdik ;f jynfukd tEœ&m,fr&S/d tusK;d jyK
Edik yf gap? q&maomif;xdu k af & ²²²/ vGew f m&S&d if 0ENmrdyg cifAsm;?

[rGefjynfopf*sme,f - 1998]

85
vlrsK;d wd.
@k touf
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

vlrsK;d wd.
@k touf

touf[o l nfum; &Sio f ef&yfwnfjcif;jzpfonf? vlwpfa,muf&iS o f ef&yf

wnfEikd &f ef xrif; (od@k r[kw)f tpm;tpm/ a& ESihf avwd@k ukd vdt k yfayonf?
xdek nf;wlpmG vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d &Sio f ef&yfwnfEikd &f efrmS trsK;d om;vGwv f yfciG hf
od@k r[kwf trsK;d om;qdik &f mpDrcH ef@crJG _ tcGit hf m%m/ pmay,Ofaus;r_EiS hf
bmompum;vGwv f yfciG w
hf @kd onf r&Srd jzpf vdt k yfonf? vlom;wpfO;D tzd@k
xrif;touf ckEpS &f uf/ a&touf wpfreuf/ avtoufwpfred pf[k
a,bk,s cef@reS ;f xm;=uonf? vlom;wdik ;f cHpm;od&v dS ,G af omudpjP zpfI
tjiif;yGm;olr&S=d u? xdek nf;wl vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d twGuf vGyv f yfciG t
hf ouf tESpf
wpfaxmif/ pmay ,Ofaus;r_touf tESpw f pf&m/ bmompum;touf
tESpfwpfq,f [kajymygu vlrsKd;a&;tod&Sdolwdkif; vufcH=uayrnf?
od@k aomfvw l ikd ;f tvG,w f uloEd ikd af om udprP [kwI f wpfcsK@d uysu&f ,f
jyKEikd o
f nf? jiif;y,fr_ vnf;jyKEikd o f nf? }uKH b;l rSoad om udpjP zpfI ysu&f ,fr_
jyKvdo k rl sm;twGuf ajymtm;&Sad umif;&SEd ikd o f nf? od@k aomf todOm%f&dS
olwikd ;f ajymol. twGi;f oabmudk &Si;f vif;pGm od=urnfyif?
rdrw
d @kd Eikd if u
H kd vlrsK;d jcm;wd@k odr;f ydu k v f ukd +f y;D u|ejf yKcb
H 0a&mufb;l aom
vlrsK;d wdik ;f vlrsK;d .toufukd em;vnf=uonf? od@k aomf vwfwavmb0
rdrw
d @kd u u|ejf yKob l 0a&mufaev#iu f m; tjrifEek ,forl sm;udk vSnphf m;&ef
ysu&f ,fjyKcsif jyKvdrrhf nf? jiif;y,fvo dk vl nf; &Srd nf? oabmw&m;wdik ;f rSm
vlwef;pm;wHqyd f uyfEydS x f m;onf r[kwyf gvm;? ajymol.apwemudk
em;vnf=uvdrrhf nf? u|ejf yKcHvrl sK;d wpfrsK;d twGuf vGwv f yfciG hf od@k r[kwf
trsK;d om;qdik &f m pDrcH ef@crJG t _ cGit hf m%menf;yg;onfh twdik ;f twmtay:
&Siof efro _ ufwrf;vnf; enf;yg;ayvdrrhf nf? urBmay:wGif aysmufq;kH oGm;
aom vlrsKd;awGrsm;pGm &SdcJh+yD? wjznf;jznf;ESifh vlOD;a&enf;yg;vm+yD;
uG,af ysmufa&;ok\efqo D @kd OD;wnfaeaomvlrsK;d rsm;vnf; rsm;pGm&Sad e
onf? tb,fa=umifh xdo k @kd jzpf&onfukd u|ejf yKcrH sm;ESihf u|ejf yKov l rl sK;d rsm;
yg od=uonf? od@k aomf &ifemjcif;ESihf 0rf;omjcif;[laom jcm;em;jcif;onfh
cHpm;csurf sm;&S=d uonf?

89
Edkif[Hom

pmayESihf ,Ofaus;r_onf Tae&mwGif t"duusonf? pmayr&Su d

bmompum;,d, k iG ;f ysujf ym; vmrnf? bmompum;,d, k iG ;f &mrS aysmuf
qH;k oGm;ygu vlrsK;d [lonf &SEd ikd yf gO;D rnfavm? xd@k twl oD;jcm;,Ofaus;r_
r&Syd gu vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d . oauFwonf tb,fo@kd &EdS ikd rf nfenf;? vlwpfO;D
tzd@k bmompum;wpfcu k kd vH;k 0ajymqdjk cif;r&Syd gu ESpt f csKŒd twGi;f ‚if;
bmompum;udk arhaysmufomG ;vdrrhf nf? oD;jcm;pmay,Ofaus;r_bmom
pum;r&Sad om vlwpfpu k kd vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d [k ac:qdEk ikd rf nfavm? vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d
onf ajrrsKI d raysmufEikd /f rnfoal wGu rnfo@kd rsKo d mG ;oenf;? tajzay;
p&mvdt k yfrnf rxif? ArmvlrsK;d wd@k onf vGecf ahJ omtESpf (50) ausmu f
u|eb f 0a&mufchJ bl;onf? u|eb f 0wGif aecJb h ;l aom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;pGmwd@k onf
,ae@ Edik if aH &;avmuwGif OD;aqmifae=uonf? ‚if;wd@k u, kd wf ikd f “u|eb f 0
udrk arh=ueJ@” [k wzGzaG jymqdak e=uao;onf? ,cktcg 'kw, d +rdKŒawmf
rEœav;wGif w±kwv f rl sK;d rsm;tvH;k t&if;jzifh 0ifa&mufaexdik =f uonfukd
&ifwxdwx f wd f jzpfae=uonf? Tod@k aomtcgrsK;d wGif vlrsK;d wrsK;d quf
vuf&yfwnfEikd af &;twGuf bmawGvt kd yfonfqo kd nfukd av;av;eufeuf
rodjrifbJ &SEd ikd rf nfrxifyg?
,ae@urBmwGif a0vig;rsK;d jyKef;roGm;apa&;twGuf aiGoef;aygi;f rsm;
pGm tukeftuscH+yD; }udK;yrf;u,fq,fjyKpk cJh=uonf? tdENd,EdkifiHwGif
usm;owW0grsm;jyKef;wD;roGm;apa&;/ w±kwjf ynfwiG f bif'g0uf0H rsK;d jyKef;
roGm;apa&;/ u|Eyfk w f @kd jrefrmEdik if rH mS yif }u/hH qif/ Oa'gi;f / atmufcsi;f paom
owW0grsm;rsK;d jyKef;roGm;a&;/ xm;wwf=uaom apwemudk vlom;wdik ;f
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om om"kac: =uonf? owW0grsm;tay: arwWm/ *±k%m/
rk'w
d mxm;wwf=ujcif;tay: cs;D rGr;f &ygrnf? od@k aomf vlrsK;d aysmufq;kH oGm;
rnfth a&;udpw P iG f vlom;rsm; OayuQmrxm;rdap&efEiS hf apwemrrSm;rdap
&ef u|Eyfk af wmif;yef owday;vdo k nf?
vlrsK;d pkcH sp=f unfa&; wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk aºu;G a=umfae
=uaom u|Eyfk w f @kd onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;tay: rnfo@kd apwemxm;
=urnfenf;? ordik ;f jywdu k w
f iG f yvyfpwpf±yk /f yvmpwm±kyu f kd trsK;d om;
0wfpykH wf+yD; jyxm;&aom tqifo h @kd wGe;f yd@k jcif;um;rjyKwef&m?

90
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

rGev f rl sK;d tzd@k OD;atmifaZ,s [Hom0wDreG jf ynfukd odr;f ,l+yD;aemuf

rGev
f rl sKd ;rsm;pGmudk owfjzwfarmif;xkwyf pfonf? rGeu f sr;f *efpmay&SmazGI
&or#ukd Armbmomjyef,+l yD; rGeu f sr;f *efpmayrsm;tm; rD;±_@d azsmufzsucf hJ
onf? xd@k aemuf rGepf mayoif=um;cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifco
hJ nf? xd@k a=umifh wcsed u
f
ykord /f [Hom0wD/ rkwrW rGew f @kd aexdik &f m a'o}uD; (3) ckwiG f ykord rf mS rGef
vlrsK;d rsm; aysmufu, G cf &hJ +y?D t*Fvyd v f ufxuf ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) rS rGerf sm;
jyefvm=uojzifh rkwrW wcGiw f iG f qufvufw;kd yGm;&Sio f efc&hJ onf? rGevf rl sK;d
rsm;wd@k onf wdak wmif;aomumvtwGi;f tjcm;aomvlrsK;d rsm;xuf E_id ;f
,SOrf t _ & xl;uJvsijf refpmG tb,fa=umifh uG,af ysmufc&hJ onfukd rGev f rl sK;d
rsm;od=uonf? odaomrGerf sm; &ifemcJh &onf?
,d;k ',m;wGif vGecf ahJ om q,fpEk pS t
f csK@d u “&Sr;f ” od@k r[kwf “qD,rf”
(Siam) [laom a0g[m&udak zsmufI vlrsK;d pktm;vH;k udk ud,
k pf m;jyK&efq+kd y;D
“xdik ;f ” [kac:aponf? vlrsK;d pkrsm;. pmayrsm; w&m;0ifoifciG hf r&Sad wmh?
xdt
k cg befaumufywf0ef;usif jynfe,ftrsm;tjym;&Sd rGev f rl sK;d rsm;onf
t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmESifh “xdkif;” jzpfoGm;=u&onf? xdkif;&Sd ,ae@rGef
vli,ftrsm;pkonf rGefpum;ukdyif rajymqdkwwf awmh? xdkif;wGif
aemiftESpf (100) udk ar#m=f unfv h u
kd v
f #if rGev
f rl sK;d rsm;onf xdik ;f jywdu
k x
f J
wGif ude;f 0yfae&rnfh tvm;tvm&So d nf?
vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d rS ayguzf mG ;vmaom vlom;rsm;tzd@k rdrw d @kd vrl sK;d aysmuf
qH;k roGm;apa&;twGuf }uKd ;yrf;&rnfrmS b0ay;wm0efjzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd
onf wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;/ vlrsK;d pHck sp=f unfa&;udk aºuG;a=umf
aecsdefwGif rdrdtrsKd;om;azsmufzsufcH&jcif;udk vufcH=urnfr[kwfay?
u|Eyfk of nf rsK;d cspyf *k Kd~ vfwpfO;D jzpfonf[k rdru d , dk u f kd rdro
d wfrw S of nf? xd@k
a=umifh rdrt d ouf&iS x f if&mS ;&Sad eygv#uf u|Eyfk . f vlrsK;d tm; jywdu k o
f iG ;f
onfv h yk if ef;pOfukd rnfo@kd &yf=unfEh ikd yf grnfenf;? xd@k twl rGev f rl sK;d tm;vH;k
wd@k onfvnf; u|Eyfk ef nf;wl cH,=l urnfyif? od@k ygI vlrsK;d tm;vH;k &Sio f ef
&yfwnf+yD; twlaexdik Ef ikd af &;udk }udK;yrf;=uygp@kd ?

[wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;a&;&m*sme,f - 1998]

91
 rsuaf rSmufumv
urmh
b
+ird ;f csr;f a&;tvm;tvm
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

rsuaf rSmufumv
urmh
b
+ird ;f csr;f a&;tvm;tvm

vlom;wkid ;f onf tyltyifuif;aom +ird ;f csr;f onhb f 0udk vdv

k m;=uonf?
+ird ;f csr;f rS ynmudak umif;pGm qnf;yl;Edik o f vdk }u;D yGm;a&;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;
udv k nf; aZmufcsvyk af qmifEikd rf nf? cspo f cl ifol rdom;pktodik ;f t0dik ;f ESihf
vnf; aysmaf ysmyf g;yg; twlwuG +ird ;f csr;f pGm aexdik Ef ikd =f uygvrd rhf nf? +ird ;f csr;f
r_r&Sv d #if zG@+H zdK;wd;k wufaom vl@abmifukd wnfaqmufEikd rf nfr[kwaf y?
xd@k a=umihf vlw@dk onf +idr;f csr;f pGmaexdik Ef ikd &f ef aiGtm; vltm;rsm;pGmudk
pdu k x f w k +f y;D umuG,af &;vkyif ef;wGif &if;ES;D xm;&onf? tajrmftjrif&adS om
ynm&S}d u;D wd@k u bmoma&;t& ,H=k unfrt _ ,ltqtrsK;d rsK;d udk jyXmef;+y;D
vlowW0gw@kd at;csr;f pGm twlwuG aexdik Ef ikd &f ef oGeo f ifq;kH r ynmay;cJh
=uonf? yxrurBmppf/ 'kw, d urBmppf}u;D rsm;twGi;f aoausysupf ;D qH;k ±H;_
cJ&h r_rsm;udk ocF%;f pm,l+y;D urBm+h ird ;f csr;f a&;udk wnfaqmufxed ;f odr;f Edik &f ef
Edik if aH ygi;f csKyftoif;}uD;ESihf urBmuh vk or*~ tzG@J }uD;wd@k ukd }udK;yrf;zG@J pnf;
xm;cJ=h uonf? xd@k a=umif+h idr;f csr;f a&;onf vlom;tm;vH;k twGuf tvGef
ta&;}uD;aom udp&P yfjzpfa=umif; xif&mS ;onf?
urBmwGif vlOD;a&wdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr# &duQmESifhe,fajr
&,lyikd qf ikd v
f jkd cif;tvd@k imS ppfyrJG sm; pwifjzpfay:vmonf? at'D (16) (17)
&mpktxd "g;/ vS/H av;/ jr‡m;wd@k uo kd m oH;k pGcJ &hJ mrS (18) &mpk a&mufvm
aomtcg aoewf/ tajrmufrsm;udk oH;k pGv J m=uonf? xdt k cg vufeuf
aumif;rsm; xkwfvkyfydkifqdkifxm;Edkifolrsm;onf ppfa&;wGiftompD;&
vm=uonf? 'kw, d urBmppfwiG f tar&duef.tEkjrLAH;k u ppfut kd qH;k
tjzwfay;vdu k &f mrS aemufyikd ;f wGif tEkjrLAH;k vufeufrsm;udk t+yKd iftqdik f
xkwv f yk v f m=uonf? ,cktcgEikd if rH sm;pGmwGif tEkjrLAH;k / [du k 'f ±d*k siAf ;kH /
nLx&GeAf ;kH rsm;udk ydik qf ikd v
f m=uonf? ‚if;wk@d ukd wma0;ypfvufeufrsm;wGif
wyfqif=u+y;D ae&mtES@H wiG f jzef@usux f m;=uonf? ,ckacwfwiG f xkwv f yk f
ydkifqdkifxm;aom AHk;rsm;/ 'Hk;usnfrsm;onf 'kwd,urBmppftwGif;u
tar&duefw@kd toH;k jyKcJah om tEkjrLAH;k xuf tqaygi;f rsm;pGm vlut kd pk

95
Edkif[Hom

vduk tf +yKH vdu

k af oapEdik of jzihf ppfuykd I
kd a=umuf&ŒHG vm=uonf? xkd vuf
eufqef;rsm;ydik q f ikd x
f m;aom Edik if w
H ckEiS whf ck ppfjzpfygu Edik o f [l Il r&S/d
ESpzf ufpvH;k rS }uD;rm;aomqH;k ±H;_ r_rsm;ESihf &ifqikd &f ygvrd rhf nf? Tod@k aom
tajctaea=umifh ,ae@tcgwiG f urBm+idr;f csr;f a&;onf ydI k yif ta&;}uD;
vmaeonf?
,ae@urBmwGif vlO;D a&tvGew f ;kd yGm;vmae+y;D vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;
aumif;rGev f mjcif;/ pufrE_ iS hf enf;ynmrsm; wd;k wufvmjcif;/ wpfEikd if EH iS hf
wpfEikd if H ul;vl;qufqo H mG ;vmr_ rsm;jym;vmaejcif;wd@k a=umifh Edik if aH &;/
pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_w@kd wiG f qufpyfrcDS akd &maESmvmae=uonf?
xd@k a=umifh ,ae@urBmudk urBm&h mG }u;D wpf&mG [kyif ajymqdo k ;kH pGaJ e=uonf?
TumvwGif Edik if w H pfcck t k wGi;f ppfrufjzpfymG ;v#if tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;
twGi;f od@k ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;/ tvkyt f udik &f &Sad &;twGuf cd;k 0iforl sm;
trsm;tjym; a&muf&o dS mG ;wwfonf? Edik if aH &;cdv k cH_ iG Ehf iS hf oGm;olrsm; um;
a0;vHaomEdik if rH sm;txd a&muf&o dS mG ;wwfonf? xdt k ajctae a=umifh
&mZ0wfrc_ if;rsm; xlajymvm+yD; a&m*gb,rsm;vnf;ul;puf oGm;wwf
onf? arSmifcykd pPn;f a&mif;0,fr/_ vufeufa&mif;0,frE_ iS hf rl;,pfaq;0g;
a&mif;0,frr_ sm;onfvnf; jzpfay:vmonf? xk@d a=umifh tdraf &SŒyl/ tdrf
aemufrcsr;f omjzpf,rkH u ig;cH;k rwpfaumifa=umifh wpfavSv;kH yky&f rnfh
b0od@k yif jzpfay:wwfonf? xd@k a=umifh Edik if w H pfcpk w D ikd ;f wGif +idr;f csr;f +yD;
pm;0wfaea&;zlv&kH ef Edik if w H ikd ;f rSm wm0ef&v dS monf?
rsuaf rSmufumvonf txufuazmfjyxm;onft h wdik ;f Edik if w
H ikd ;f ESihf
urBmwpfcGifvHk; +idrf;csrf;&ef vdktyfa=umif;udk trsm;uodvm=u+yDjzpf
aomfvnf; +idr;f csr;f a&;udu k m; rwnfaqmufEikd af o;ay? Edik if w H pfcEk iS hf
wpfct k =um; ppfrufrjzpfymG ;&atmif ukvor*~rS xde;f odr;f aeygaomf
vnf; Edik if w H pfcck t
k wGi;f jzpfymG ;aeaom jynfwiG ;f ppfrsm;udrk u l m; 0if
a&mufjzefajzay;jcif;rSm tuef@towfrsm;pGm jzpf&adS eygonf? oufqikd &f m
Edik if rH sm;. tpd;k &rsm;u rdrw d @kd jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufaESmif, h uS rf r_ jyK&ef
uef@uu G wf wf =uonf? ukvor*~wiG f wm;jrpfEikd cf iG hf ADwkd (VETO)
tm%m& Edik if }H u;D ig;ckrS tjrifrwln=D uygu wckcu k q
kd ;kH jzwfI r&Edik o f vd/k
vH+k cKH a&;aumifpt D zG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;twGi;f tjrifujJG ym;aeyguvnf; qH;k jzwf
csucf s&ef rvG,af y? aemuftcuftcJwpfcrk mS ukvor*~wiG f vHak vmuf
96
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

aom b¾maiGEiS phf pftiftm;r&Sad y? xd@k a=umifh ukvor*~onf +ird ;f csr;f pGm
ajz&Si;f Edik af &;udo
k m jzpfEikd o
f nft
h aetxm;rS =um;0ifjzefajz ae&onf?
ppfa&;t& 0ifa&mufajz&Sif;&ef vdktyfonfhtcgrsKd;wGif tar&duefESifh
aewd;k tzG@J 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf ukvor*~xufa&SŒa&mufaewwfonf?
,ae@urBmwGif ,cifuuJo h @kd vuf0/J vusmf Edik if H tkypf ck si;f ,SO+f ydKif
=ujcif;r&Sad wmhyg? ppfat;ppfy}JG u;D +ird ;f at;oGm;cJ+h y?D od@k aomftcsK@d Eikd if rH sm;
twGif;wGif vlrsKd;a&;jy\ema=umifh jynfwGif;ppfrD; jzpfay:aeonf?
(,lau) t*FvefEikd if w H iG f tdik ;f &pftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;/ tpPa&;wGif
ygvufpwdik ;f trsK;d om;awmfveS af &;/ oD&v d uFmwGif wrD;vftrsK;d om;
awmfveS af &;/ &k&mS ;wGif acscsi;f trsKd ;om;awmfveS af &;/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wGif
tmcst J rsK;d om;awmfveS af &;wd@k onf xifay:a=umf=um; onf? usaemfw@kd
jrefrmEdik if w
H iG rf l wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkaygi;f wpf'gZifcef@EiS fh 'Dru kd a&pDa&;
twGuf awmfveS af eonfh tiftm;pkrsm;&Sad eonf?
tdik ;f &pftrsK;d om;awmfveS af &;tzG@J (IRA) ESihf ygvufpwdik ;f trsK;d om;
vGwfajrmufa&;tzGJ@rsm;wdk@onf ppfwyf}uD;zGJ@+yD; ,SOf+ydKifonfhenf;udk
rusio hf ;kH bJ/ vlenf;enf;ESihf pGe@f pm;wdu k cf u
kd af om taocHypfcwf wdu k cf u
kd f
onfh enf;rsm;jzifh &efot l pd;k &tzG@J 0ifrsm;/ &efbufvrl sK;d .jynforl sm;udk
wdu k cf ukd =f uonf? wrD;vfwikd ;f *g;tzG@J uvnf; TtaocHwu kd cf ukd of nfh
enf;udu k siohf ;kH cJ=h uonf? Tenf;udk tcsK@d u t=urf;buf0g' (Terrorism)
[kac: =uonf? vufawG@wiG f xdw k u
kd cf ukd ef nf;emonf ‚if;wd@k O;D wnfaom
tpd;k &udk jzKwx f w k Ef ikd jf cif; r&Sad y? od@k aomf tcuftcJt=uyftwnf; trsK;d
rsK;d udk jzpfay:ap+yD;/ tay;t,lvyk f aphpyfa&;udk jzpfay:apEdik cf o hJ nf? T
enf;emonf r,SOo f matmif tiftm;}uD;aom&efou l kd tiftm;enf;
aom tiftm;pku wku d yf q
JG ifaom enf;w&yftjzpf xif&mS ;vmonf?
(21) &mpkt0if 2001 ck pufwifbmv (11) &ufae@wiG f tar&duef
jynf e,l;a,mh®r@&dS urBmu h ek o f , G af &; taqmuftOD; (WTC) txyf
(110) pD&dS tr$mnDaemifwu kd Ef pS v
f ;kH udk tcsed t
f enf;i,ftwGi;f +zdKcsEikd cf hJ
onf? 0g&iS w f ef'pD +D rdK@&dS tar&duefw@kd . ppfXmecsKyf yifw*Gef taqmuf
tOD;udv
k nf; 0ifwu kd cf &hJ m tysut f pD;tawmftwef&cdS o hJ nf? wdu
k cf u
kd af &;
orm;rsm;onf c&D;onfwif*sufav,mOf}uD;rsm;udk jyefay;qGJ,l+yD;

97
Edkif[Hom

‚if;av,mOf}uD;rsm;jzifh 0ifwu kd &f m AH;k rygbJ tvGe}f uD;rm;aom ayguu f JG

ysupf ;D qH;k &H;_ r_ukd jzpfay:apcJo
h nf? vl (6000) ausmaf oqH;k +y;D tvGe}f u;D rm;
aom ysupf ;D qH;k &H;_ r_ukd jzpfay:apcJo h nf? 2002 ck atmufwb dk m (12) &uf
ae@wiG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if H bmvDu|e;f wGif um;axmifA;kH jzifh wdu k cf u
kd &f m
vl (200) eD;yg; aoqH;k cJjh yefonf? Ed0k ifbmv (28) &ufae@wiG f tmz&du
wdu k f uifnmEdik if /H rGeb f mqm+rKd @ [dwk ,fwpfcu k kd um;AH;k jzifh azmufcjJG cif;ESihf
wqufwnf; tpPa&; av,mOfwpfp;D udk 'H;k usnjf zifh ypfcwfcjhJ cif;wd@k onf
xif&mS ;aomtjzpftysurf sm;jzpfonf? T tjzpftysurf sm;tjyif tpPa&;
Edik if t
H wGi;f ygvufpwdik ;f wd@k . taocHA;kH azmufcrJG r_ sm; t}udrrf sm;pGm jzpf
ay:cJah o;onf? ±k&mS ;Edik if H armfpud+k rKd Œ&Sd uZmwf±w kH pfcu
k kd acscsi;f awmfveS f
a&;orm;wd@k 0ifp;D cJ&h mrS vl (100) ausmf aoqH;k cJ&h onf? Tonfw@kd rmS
(21) &mpktp ,ae@umv. urBm+h idr;f csr;f a&;tajctae jzpfonf?
Tt=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_wdk@onf roufqdkifaomjynfolrsm;udk
xdcu dk af oqH;k apojzifh w&m;aom ppfa&;enf;emr[kwaf y? trsm;ua0zef
±_@H csaeaomudpP jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf; Ttjzpftysurf sm;onf enf;yg;
aysmufu, G o
f mG ;rnfth vm;tvmr&S/d wjznf;jznf;csi;f wd;k yGm;rsm;jym;
vmaeonfukd awG@&v dS m&onf?
urBmhukefoG,fa&;taqmuftOD;tm; wdkufcdkufr_/ bmvDu|ef;AHk;
azmufr/_ rGeb f mqm AH;k azmufrE_ iS hf av,mOfypfcwfrw _ @kd onf qufpyf
aeonfh vuQ%m&Sdonf? bmvDu|ef;azmufcGJr_wGif tzrf;cHxm;&ol
wpfO;D u “=opa=w;vD;,m;Edik if o H m;rsm;udk tar&duefEikd if o H m;rsm; [k
xifrwS +f yD; azmufccJG rhJ o
d nft
h wGuf pdwrf aumif;a=umif;” ajym=um;cJh
onfph um;ukad xmufv#if tar&duef tpd;k &tay: rauseyfcsu&f adS =umif;
xif&Sm;onf? uifnmEdkifiH AHk;azmufr_ESifh av,mOfypfcwfr_wdk@onf
tpPa&;EdkifiHom;rsm;udk OD;wnfxm;a=umif;xif&Sm;onf? tar&duef
jynforl sm;ESihf tpPa&;jynforl sm;tay: Twdu k cf u
kd o
f w
l @kd u tb,fa=umifh
ypfrw
S xf m;cJ&h ygoenf;? pOf;pm;oH;k oyf&ef vdtk yfaomtcsujf zpfonf?
tpPa&;wd@k onf tm&yfrsK;d EG,pf 0k if ygvufpwdik ;f vlrsK;d rsm;. Edik if u
H kd
vk,lodrf;ydkufxm;+yD; ygvufpwdkif; jynfolrsm;tay: ppftiftm;jzifh
tEdik u
f siahf eonf? ygvufpwdik ;f rsm;udk e,fajrcGaJ y;+yD; vGwv f yfciG ahf y;&ef

98
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

ukvor*~EiS hf Edik if w H umuawmif;qdak eygaomfvnf; ray;ao;bJ tcsed q f JG

aeonf? e,fajrESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;&rnfudk em;vnfaomfvnf;
enf;Edik o f r# tenf;qH;k udo k may;&&ef vkyaf qmifaeonf? ukvor*~EiS hf
EdkifiHwumu tpPa&;tay: rnfodk@yiftjypfwifa0zefaeaomfvnf;
tar&dueftpdk;&onf tpPa&;wdk@bufu t+rJ&yfwnfumuG,fay;ae
onf? Edik if w H uma&;&mrsm;wGif tar&duefonf ‚if;.=oZmtm%mudk
oH;k +yD; q&m}uD;vdu k v
f yk af eonf? aewd;k ppftiftm;udk oH;k Ivnf; 0if
a&mufpu G zf ufwwfonf? tm&yfEikd if rH sm;&Sd rlqvifbmom0iftrsm;pk
onf ygvufpwdik ;f wd@k bufu emusn;f vm=uonf? xd@k a=umifh tpPa&;ESihf
tar&dueftpd;k &wd@k ukd qef@usiw f ukd cf u
kd cf si=f uonf? od@k aomf ,SO+f yKd iwf u
kd f
cdu
k &f eftiftm; tvGeu f mG jcm;aeojzifh ‚if;wd@k .jynforl sm;udk 'kuaQ y;+yD;
jynfow l @kd u ‚if;wd@k tpd;k &udk awmif;qdt k =uyfuidk f vmap&ef jynforl sm;udk
wkdufcdkufaejcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrifoHk;oyfrdygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
tiftm;enf;aomtkypf u k tiftm;omvGeaf omtkypf u k kd wdu
k cf u
kd &f mrSm
wdu k ±f ukd rf vkyEf ikd o
f jzifh oG,0f ukd of nfeh nf;udk oH;k jcif;jzpfonf?
tar&dueftpd;k &onf t,fuikd 'f gtzG@J 0ifw@kd . wdu k cf u kd rf u
_ kd cH&aom
tcg &efou l kd &SmrawG@ojzifh wmvDbeftpd;k &udk wdu k cf u kd jf zKwfcsco hJ nf?
od@k aomfEikd if w H umwGif jyef@E@S aH &muf&adS eaom t,fuikd 'f grsm;udk acsre_ ;f Edik f
&ef tpd;k &tzG@J rsm;pGmudk z,f&mS ;Ir&Edik yf g? tpPa&;tpd;k &onf wdu k cf u kd cf H
&wdik ;f t+rJvv kd kd ygvufpwdik ;f jynforl sm;udk jyefIvufpm;acs wdu k cf u kd f
wwfonf? tar&duefEiS hf tpPa&;wd@k yd+k yD;=urf;=urf;v_y&f mS ;av ‚if;wd@k .
jynfolrsm;tzdk@ 'kuQawG@avjzpfvmaeonf? wzufu tar&duefESifh
tpPa&;Edik if t H wGi;f wdu k cf u
kd &f efrvG,af omtcg Edik if jH cm;wckcw k iG f oGm;
a&muf wdu k cf u kd =f uonf? ,cktcg tm&S/ tmz&duwdu k &f dS Edik if rH sm;wGif
wdu k cf u
kd jf yaeonf? tpPa&;ESifh ygvufpwdik ;f ta&;onf urBmwcGiv f ;kH udk
jyef@ESH@'kuQay;ae+yD; cH&olrsm;um; tjypfrJhjynfolrsm;om jzpfonfudk
awG@jrifae=u &ygonf?
vlvcl si;f jzpfymG ;aeaom yÉdyuQrsm;udk tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f jcif;enf;
wckwnf;jzifh ajz&Si;f Ir&Edik yf g? tiftm;oH;k ajz&Si;f jcif;enf;onf tm%m
&Siw
f @kd usio
hf ;kH aom enf;jzpfonf? Tenf;udk vlru kd /f vl&rf;um;/ tajrmf
tjrifr&So d rl sm;tay:wGio f m usio hf ;kH oifu
h sio
hf ;kH Edik o
f nf? ynmtajrmf
99
Edkif[Hom

tjrif&o dS l jynforl sm;tay: usio

hf ;kH rdygu ydrk q
kd ;kd &Gm;aom tajctaeudk
jzpfay:vmaponf? rqifrjciftvGet f u|H udik w f , G rf yd gu urBmjh y\em
}uD; jzpfvmEdik o
f nf?
Oyrmtm;jzifh bmvDu|e;f wGif =opa=w;vsEikd if o H m; rsm;pGmaoqH;k cJ&h
onfhtay: pdwfemaeaom =opa=w;vs0ef}uD;csKyfu 'Dvdkt=urf;zuf
wdkufcdkufr_rsKd;udk wif}udKod&Sdygu EdkifiHe,fajrra&G; vufOD;r_&atmif
wdu k cf u kd &f rnf[k Edik 0f ifbmvtukef 'DZifbmvqef;ydik ;f u ajymqdck rhJ o d nf?
xdo k @kd ajymcJo h nft
h ay: rav;&Sm;/ tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;u rdrw d @kd
Edik if .
H tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk xdyg;rcHa=umif; a'gojzifh wH@k jyefc=hJ uonf?
tpPa&;Edik if u H uifnmEdik if t H wGi;f wdu k cf u
kd cf &H r_ukd 0ifa&mufppkH rf;udik w f ,G f
&ef ajymvmonfukd uifnmEdik if u H y,fcsco hJ nf? pufwifbm (11) &uf/
tar&duefEikd if H wdu k cf u kd cf &H pOfu aqmf't D ma&; AD;,m; Ekid if o H m;trsm;pk
t=urf;zuftzG@J wiG f yg0ifcjhJ cif;a=umihf tar&duefEiS hf aqmf't D ma&;AD;,m;
wk@d t=um; qufqaH &;npfax; cJ&h onf? wzef t=urf;zufwu kd cf u
kd rf r_ sm;udk
tD&wforRw q'rf[pl ed u f tm;ay;xm;onf[k ,H=k unfpyG pf +JG yD; tD&wf
tay: tar&duefu wdu k cf u kd &f ef }uKd ;yrf;vmonf? ukvor*~EiS hf Edik if rH sm;
pGm 0ifxed ;f ae&onf?
Tjzpf&adS eaom tajctaersm;tay: oH;k oyfv#if (21) &mpkt0if
rsufarSmufumvonf +idrf;csrf;rnfh tvm;tvmenf;+yD; ppfyGJrsm;
jzpfay:ayguu f v JG mEdik of nfh tajctaersK;d yif qdu k af &mufvmEdik o f nf? T
ayguu f rJG t_ E &W ,fonf rvGrJ aoGjzpfay:vmrnf[k }uKd wiferdwzf wfvu kd f
onfawmhr[kwf oufqikd &f mvlw@kd tay: wnfaeayonf? urBmwGijf zpfap
jrefrmjynfwiG jf zpfap +ird ;f csr;f pGmtwl,OfwaJG exdik af &;twGuf wef;wlnrD #
a&;&Szd @kd vo
kd nf? vlom;tcsi;f csi;f / vlrsK;d / bmom/ tom;ta&mif rwlonfh
tay:cGjJ cm;jcif;/ zdEydS t f Edik u
f sijhf cif;rsm;&Sad eygu iH@k v#K;d aeaom cHjyif;p&m
emusnf;csufrsm;uae t=urf;zufwdkufcdkufr_udk jzpfay:vmaponf?
jy\em.t&if;tjrpfjzpfaom Tudpt P ay: tav;xm;pOf;pm; ajz&Si;f
=urnfqykd gu ajyvnf&ef cJ,Of;rnfr[kwyf g? vlw@kd onf (t"dutm;jzifh
tiftm;}u;D ol/ tm%m&So d w l @kd onf) jy\emrsm;udk OD;aESmufjzifh ydik ;fjcm;
a0zefI qH;k jzwfjcif;rsm;vkyo f ifoh nf? vlw@kd onf cspjf cif;/ rke;f jcif;/ emusn;f

100
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

jcif;ESihf avmb/ a'go/ rmefrmewdk@tay: tajccHaom ESvHk;om;jzifh

qH;k jzwfjcif;rsK;d udk owdxm; a&Smif&mS ;=u&efvt
kd yfonf?
ed*;kH csKyftaejzihf rsuaf rSmufumvtajctaeonf urBmwGiaf &m
jrefrmwGifyg +idrf;csrf;a&;udk ysufpD;apEdkifonfh aygufuGJr_tE W&,fonf
vufwpfurf;tuGmrSm &Sad eonf? od@k aomfa&Smifz,fIvnf; &Ekid o f nf?
wd;k 0ifIvnf;&Edik o f nf? oufqikd of w
l @kd tay:wGio
f m wnfraDS eygonf?
wm0ef&o dS rl sm; pOf;pm;=uyguek ?f

[rGeftrsKd;orD;*sme,f - 2003]

101
 usm;udkoem;&if
orifudkvnf;pmemwwfygap
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

usm;udkoem;&if
orifudkvnf; pmemwwfygap

2005 ck Zlvikd vf (26) &ufae@ (RFA) vGwv f yfwhJ tm&Sa&'D,kd tpDtpOf

u usaemfw@kd jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H [l;aumif;a'orSm usm;xde;f odr;f a&;
a'o*Gif wpfco k wfrw S +f y;D usm;rsm;udrk sKd ;wke;f roGm;atmif xde;f odr;f apmifh
a&Smufxm;w,fv@kd a=unmoGm;ygw,f? tqdyk g [l;aumif;a'ou usm;
xde;f odr;f a&;*Gi[f m urBmrSmtus,q f ;kH jzpfw,fv@kd vnf; qdx k m;ygw,f?
urBmrSmusm;aumifa& tawmfenf;ae+y;D tckq&kd if tdE, Nd Edik if rH mS aumif
a& (2000) cef@e@J usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS aumifa& (150) avmufom &Sw d ,fv@kd
vnf; cef@reS ;f wGucf suf xm;ygw,f? tck usm;xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufa&;
tpDtpOf[m tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzJ@G (NGO) wpfc&k hJ tpDtpOfwpfck
jzpf+yD; jrefrmppftpd;k &uvnf; oabmwlciG jhf yKvd@k taumiftxnfazmf
aewmjzpfw,fv@kd od&ygw,f? tdE, Nd eJ@ usaemfw@kd Eikd if 0H ef;usirf mS &Sw
d hJ
b*Fvm;usm;rsdK;[m usm;trsdK;rsdK;teuf ta&miftawmufyqHk;eJ@
tuGut f vSq;kH jzpfw,fv@kd vnf; =um;bl;ygw,f?
usaemfw@kd aexdik wf t
hJ m&Swukd rf mS jcaoFah wGr&Sad wmhv@kd tm&S&ahJ wm
wcGirf mS usm;[mbk&ifjzpfaew,f? t&G,yf }kd u;D wJh qiftygt0if awmxJ
u awmaumiftm;vH;k [m usm;udk a=umuf=u&w,f? vlawGvnf; usm;
udak =umuf=uw,f? +rdK@xu J vlawGuawmh wd&p>mef&&kH hJ avSmiftrd x f rJ mS
om usm;udak wG@b;l awmh a=umuf&aumif;rSe;f rod&ifaer,f/ awme,frmS
v_y&f mS ;ae&wJh vlawGuawmh usm;udt k vGeaf =umuf=uw,f? awmxJomG ;
&if usm;ajc&m/ usm;rpifukd jrifwmbJjzpfjzpf/ usm;[de;f oHukd =um;&&ifbJ
jzpfjzpf/ =uufo;D x+y;D a=umufpw d 0f ifvm+rjJ zpfw,f? awmxJtyd =f uwJt h cg
tajymtqdk taetxdik f tjyKtrlawGukd qifjcifxed ;f odr;f zd@k vl}u;D awGu
oGeo f if=uw,f? vli,fawG/ vlopfawG trSm;wpfcck v k yk rf &d if cGiv
hf w$ zf @kd
awmawmifapmifeh wfawGukd vl}u;D awGu awmif;yefwwf=uw,f? awm
awmifapmifeh wfawGu rauseyf&if usm;awGuakd pv$w+f yD; tE &W m,fjyK

105
Edkif[Hom

wwfw,fqw kd hJ tjrifawG&w dS ,f? usm;awGe@J ewfawGqufpyfr&_ w dS ,f? ewf

awGu usm;awGuckd ikd ;f apwwfv@kd ckct H wH zk @kd rvG,bf ;l qdw
k hJ tjrifawGvnf;
wpfcsKd @val wGu cH,x l m;=uw,f? wpfcsKd @ewf&yk af wG[m usm;udpk ;D vd@k / wpf
csKd @ewf&yk af wGuvnf; usm;eJ@twl&yfv@kd vkyx f m;wmawG[m usm;eJ@ ewf
udq k ufpyfjrifae=uwmbJ? usm;[m (9) awmifjynfw h thJ xd }uD;vm&if
vlvzkd efqif;Edik w f ,f qd+k y;D awmhvnf; ajymwwf=uw,f? 'gawGu usm;awG
&Jh t&Sed t
f 0gb,fv&kd adS ew,fqw kd m ajymjywmyg? ,ckacwfrmS om usm;
awGenf;vm+yD; vufeufawGvnf;aumif;vmvd@k usm;awGuakd =umufwhJ
pdwaf wG enf;vmwmjzpfw,f?
awmxJu wd&p>meftrsm;pk[m jruf/ opf&u G /f opfjrpf/ opfo;D awGukd
pm;+yD;&Sio f efayguzf mG ; ae=uwmjzpfw,f? orif/ '&,f/ pdik /f qwf/ qif/
ajymif/ }uHph wJh om;aumifawG/ arsmufawG/ iSurf sKd ;pHak wG[m awmxJrmS
ol@tpke@J oal e=u+yD;awmh wpfaumife@J wpfaumif tE &W m,fray;=ubl;?
vGwv f w
G vf yfvyf nDn! D wG !f w
G ef @J awmudrk +DS y;D &Siof efae=uw,f? 'gay
r,fh usm; qdw k ohJ m;aumifwpfaumif tJ'h aD wmudak &mufvm&if aysm&f i$ f
at;csr;f aewJh om;aumiftm;vH;k [m ao&/ a=u&/ ajy;&/ v$m;&eJ@ tm;vH;k
'kuaQ &muf=u&w,f? 'gu wpfu,ft h jzpfreS yf g? usaemfu usm;udrk ek ;f vd@k
yd+k yD;ajymaewm r[kwb f ;l qdw
k m awme,fuvlawGo=d uygw,f?
wd&p>mefxrJ mS usm;awG[m om;aumifawGuo kd wfjzwfpm;aomuf+y;D
awmhrS &Sio
f ef=uwmjzpfw,f? usm;wpfaumif&iS o f efEikd zf @kd om;aumifawG
b,favmuf aoay;ae&w,fqw kd m usm;udo k em;wwforl sm; pOf;pm;rdyg
ovm;? obm0uzefw;D ay;xm;wJh awmxJrmS at;csr;f pGmaeae=uwJh
om;aumiftrsm;pk}uD;[m usm;wpfaumiftwGuef @J a=umufvef@ajy;
v$m; b0ysuaf e&wmudk ud, k cf si;f pmrdygovm;? 'grrS [kwf usm;vdb k 0rsKd ;
taetxm;rsKd ;udk tm;us+yD; tJ'v D kd pdw"f mwfrsKd ;udk arG;jrLjr‡iw
hf ifvv
kd @kd
vm; qdwk mtaotcsm jyefvnfo;kH oyfapcsiyf gw,f?
twdwu f mvrSm =umjrifph mG awmbk&ifjzpfcw hJ hJ usm;owW0g[m tck
awmh 0Ëfvnf+yD? ol@uEkd ikd w
f o
hJ l ay:vm+yD? ol@uq
kd ;kH rynm ay;ae+yD? rkq;kd
ausm}f uD;awGu rdrt
d pGr;f tpudk oufaojyzd@k usm;om;a&udk {nfch ef;rSm
tvSjyxm;csiw f ,f? vufeufukd a=umfjimolawGuvnf; jyoxm;csif

106
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

w,f? aiG&iS af =u;&Sif &mxl;&Siaf wGuvnf; yumoewpfcv k kd tdrrf mS tvS

jyxm;csifw,f? usm;&dk;udkvnf; t&dk;tqpfcdkifrm+yD; tm;oefapwJh
aq;zuf0ifypPn;f tjzpf w&kwv f rl sKd ;awGu aps;}uD;ay;+yD; 0,f,al e=u
w,f? usm;&Jt h pG,/f ajconf;/ vufonf;rsm;udv k nf; uav;i,frsm;&Jh
vnfrmS csw d qf x GJ m;&if oli,femusm;A[ke;f a&m*gukd umuG,af pw,fv@kd
,H=k unf+yD; 0,f,0l wfqifae=uw,f? 'Dvkd usm;&Jch E<mud, k t f pdwt f ydik ;f
awGudk wefzdk;ay;aps;jr‡ifhvdkufawmh usm;awGtwGuf awmbk&ifuae
awmyke;f / rkq;kd uae om;aumifb0usa&mufapcJ&h w,f? 'Duae@ rkq;kd rsm;
twGuf usm;wpfaumif&vdu k &f if oef;xDayguo f vdk aiG&apw,f? 'g
a=umifh usm;vdu k rf q
k ;kd awG ay:vmw,f? aiGawGtukecf /H Edik if eH ,ferd w d af wG
udak usmjf zwf+y;D usm;udv k u
kd &f mS =uw,f? 'Dvekd @J usm;awGcv kd &_H m ae&musO;f
cJ&h w,f?
usm;awG0Ëfvnfv@kd rsKd ;wk;H &rSmudk pd;k &drw f t
hJ aetxm;rSm wpfcsKd @u
usm;awGuo kd em;+yD; u,fwifcsi=f uw,f? usaemfuawmh usm;udrk rke;f yg
bl;? 'gayr,fh awmudrk +DS yD; at;csr;f pGmaeae=uwJh orif/ '&,f/ pdik /f qwf
pwJh om;aumifrsdK;pHktrsm;pkawG&Jh b0udkydkrdk+yD; pmemoem;rdygw,f?
obm0u zefw;D ay;xm;wJh a&ajrawmawmifay:rSm rSw D if;aexdik =f uwJh
owW0grsm;tm;vH;k pkpnf;nD!w G pf mG &yfwnfEikd af &;udk jzpfapvdw k ,f? 'Dawmh
b,fvzkd efw;D &rSmvJ? usm;udk 'Dtwdik ;f v$wx f m;&if wpfu,fv@kd rsm; orif/
'&,fvkd b0rsKd ;rsm;jzpfae=uwJh pmzwforl sm;vufcH oabmwlEikd yf grh vm;?
jzpfcsif&mjzpf usm;awGwdk;yGm;rsm;jym;vma&;udkbJ OD;pm;ay;r,fqdk&if
obm0om;aumifawGukd xde;f odr;f w,fqw kd m jzpfEikd yf gO;D rvm;?
'gu Edik if aH &;qdik &f m oabmxm;tjrife@J vnf; qdik yf gw,f? wdik ;f jynf
udk at;csr;f apcsiyf gw,f/ wd;k wufapcsiyf gw,fq&kd if jynfot l rsm;pktay:
rSm vk,uftEdik u f sit hf jrwfxw
k af ewJh vlq;kd awG/ "g;jyawG/ ud,k u f sKd ;&Sm
tm%m&Siaf wGukd arG;jrLxm;vd@k r&bl;? 'Dvykd gbJ wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk
eJ@ zJ@G pnf;xm;wJh usaemfw@kd jynfaxmifp}k u;D rSmvnf; vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;xJukd wd;k
wufatmifvkyf+yD; usefvlrsdK;awGudk 0g;rsdKypfaewmrsdK;udk cGifhjyKxm;zdk@
roifb h ;l ? 'Dtrltusiahf wG usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS wu,f&rdS &Sd pl;prf;avhvm
=unfyh g?

107
Edkif[Hom

usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS ucsi/f u,m;/ u&if/ csi;f / Arm/ rGe/f &cdik /f &Sr;f
qd+k yD; vlrsKd ;}uD; (8) rsKd ;todtrSwjf yKxm;w,f? aemuf+yD; ud;k uef@/ em*/
ytd0k ;f / yavmif/ 0/ vm;[l pwmawGuvnf; vlO;D a&tawmftwefe@J
oD;jcm;e,fajrrSm pkpnf;wnf&adS e=uw,f? ppftpd;k &uawmif vlrsKd ; (135)
rsKd ;&Sw
d ,fv@kd ajymaew,f? 'guawmh rrSeyf gb;l ? wD;wdecf si;f / zvrf;csi;f /
[m;cg;csi;f qd+k yD;cJjG cm;xm;wmuawmh r&d;k om;ygb;l ? vrf;yef;qufo, G f
a&;cufc+J yD; pmayrxGe;f um; rus,jf yef@ao;wJu h mvrSm a'otvdu k f
pum;tcsKd @uw GJ m&Sad yr,fh csi;f vlrsKd ;uawmh wpfcx
k yJ g? 'Dvrkd wlnw
D hJ vlrsKd ;
awG&adS e=uwJh taetxm;rSm Armpum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_wpfcx k u J b kd J
tm;ay;jr‡ifhwifae&may;+yD; usefvlrsdK;pkawG&Jh bmompum;/ pmay/
,Ofaus;r_awGukd zdEydS yf w d yf ifxm;wmrsKd ;[m at;csr;f wJah wmxJrmS usm;
udv k w$ +f yD; arG;wJo
h abmjzpfaew,f?
jynfe,f&w dS hJ vlrsKd ;pkawGa&m/ jynfe,fr&Sd trsKd ;om;a'or&Sad o;wJh
vlrsKd ;awGa&m/ olw@kd a'orSm olw@kd &b hJ mompum;/ pmayawGukd &H;k oH;k
w&m;0ifo;kH pJcG iG hf r&S=d ubl;? vlrsKd ;pkawG&hJ pmayoif=um;r_ukd 1962 ck Adv k cf sKyf
ae0if; tm%mrodr;f cifu tv,fwef;tqifx h d oif=um;cGi&hf cdS w
hJ ,f?
usaemfi,fi,fwek ;f u rGejf ynfe,fqw kd m r&Sad o;ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh usaemf
(7) wef;txd rGepf mudak usmif;rSm oifc&hJ w,f? wpfEpS w f pfcg rGe, f Ofaus;
r_yaGJ wmf}u;D qd+k y;D armfv+rKd i+f rKd @rmS pnfpnfum;um;usi;f ycGi&hf cJw h ,f? jynf
e,f&w dS hJ vlrsKd ;awGu jynfe,faumifpu D kd zJ@G pnf;ay;xm;awmh tkycf sKyfa&;/
pDrcH ef@caGJ &;/ tm%mawGyg txdu k t
f avsmuf&xm;vd@k yd+k yD;tcGit hf a&;&Sd
rSmjzpfygw,f?
1962 ppfwyfu tm%modr;f +yD;uwnf;u jynfe,faumifpq D w kd m
vnf; &kyaf o;jzpf&/ wdik ;f &if;om;awG&hJ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_qikd &f mtcGit hf a&;
awGvnf; qH;k &H;_ cJ&h w,f? ppfreS w f hJ jynfaxmifpw k nfaqmufa&; (zuf'&,f
rl) udv k nf; cJx
G u
G af &;vd@k pyG pf +GJ y;D wpfjynfaxmifpepfe@J r[mArmvlrsKd ;}u;D
0g'udk twif;t"rRyakH zmfcw hJ ,f? ppfwyfuw kd ;kd cs@J / ppftiftm;udt k oH;k jyK+y;D
wdik ;f &if;om;twdu k t
f cHtiftm;pkrsm;eJ@ ‚if;wd@k ukd axmufct H m;ay;aewJh
jynforl sm;tay: wdu k cf u
kd t f Edik u f sichf w
hJ ,f? tkycf sKyfrq _ ikd &f m jynfe,fe@J
vlrsKd ;pkrsm;twGuf &xm;wJt h cGit hf a&;awGukd &kwo f rd ;f +yD;csKyfuikd xf m;

108
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

w,f? bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_awGuv kd nf; csKyfcs,u f ef@owf+yD;

Arm pum;/ Arm pmay/ Arm ,Ofaus;r_awGe@J v$r;f rd;k apcJw
h ,f?
'Dvv
kd yk [
f efawGukd e0w/ etzppftpd;k &uvnf; qufvufusio hf ;kH
taumiftxnfazmfaew,f? a&&Snaf &wdpk rD u H ed ;f awG tpDtpOfawGcs/
b¾maiGawG trsm;tjym;toH;k jyK+yD; taumiftxnfazmfaew,f? ol
wd@k &t
hJ pDtpOfwpfcsKd @ukd azmfjy&&if —
(u) rsKd ;pdwcf sp"f mwf&iS o
f efxufjrufa&;/ trsKd ;*k%Zf mwd*%
k jf r‡irhf m;
a&;/ trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk taxmuftuljzpfaponfh
,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf xde;f odr;f a&;vkyif ef;rsm;/
(c) trsKd ;om;nD!w G af &;udk taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh jrefrmh&;kd &m
,Ofaus;r_tEkynmESihf okcrk tEkynmrsm; rwdraf umryaysmuf
ap&ef xde;f odr;f a&;ESihf xGe;f um;jyef@ymG ;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;/
(*) &d;k &myGaJ wmfrsm; jyefvnfusi;f yjcif;jzifh rsKd ;csppf w
d "f mwfE;kd =um;
wufºuGa&;/ trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ jzpfay:apa&; — qd+k yD;
pDru H ed ;f cs taumiftxnfazmfaewmjzpfw,f?
yd+k yD;xif&mS ;atmif wifjy&r,fq&kd if —
(u) tpDtpOft& —
(1) rE aW v;+rdK@&dS rif;wH;k rif;w&m;}uD;&Jh jreef;pHausmaf &$eef;awmf
jyefvnfwnfaqmuftwGuf aiGusyfodef;aygif; (2500)
ausmf/
(2) rE aW v;+rdK@ r[mtwkva0,efac: twkr&Sad usmif;awmf
}uD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf aiGusyfodef;aygif;
(1678) ausm/f
(3) tr&rl&+rdK@e,f&dS r[ma0,efbo
kH mac: Am;u&mausmif;
awmf}u;D jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf aiGusyo
f ed ;f aygi;f
(649²52) ode;f ausm/f
(4) bk&ifhaemifrif;w&m;}uD;. uarBmZom'Deef;awmf&mudk

109
Edkif[Hom

&SmazG+y;D jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf aiGusyo

f ed ;f aygi;f
(1700) ausm/f
(5) tavmif;rif;w&m;}u;D . a&$b&kH wemr*Fvmeef;awmfukd &Sm
azG+yD; jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif;twGuf aiGusyo f ed ;f aygi;f
(500) ausm/f
(6) yk*,
H Ofaus;r_e,fajr&Sd bk&m;/ ykx;kd rsm;jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f a&;
twGuf aiGusyo f ed ;f aygi;f (1311) ausmf ææ 'Dvkd Edik if aH wmf
b¾aiGawGukd toH;k jyK+yD; wnfaqmufcw hJ mjzpfygw,f?
(c) tpDtpOft& —
(1) tEkynmOD;pD;tzJG@udkzJG@pnf;+yD; Armhtqdk/ tu/ ta&;/
twD;rsm;udk xde;f odr;f jri‡ w
hf ifum jynfov
l x
l u
k v
kd u
kd v
f H ajz
azsmf wifqufpnf;&H;k aew,f?
(2) tEkynmrsKd ;qufopfrsm; avhusiahf rG;xkwjf cif;twGuf
(u)yefwsmESihf yef;cs/D yef;ykausmif;rsm; zGiv
hf pS jf cif;/
(c) 0goem&Sit
f xl;oifwef;rsm; zGiv
hf pS jf cif;
(*) ,Ofaus;r_wuUov
kd rf sm; zGiv
hf pS jf cif;/
(C)Armhtqd/k tu/ ta&;/ twD;+ydKifyrGJ sm; usi;f yjcif;/
(i) tqifjh rifZh mwf&rkH sm;wnfaqmufjcif; wd@k ukd tcsed /f vkyf
tm;eJ@ b¾aiGtajrmuftrsm;udk oH;k pJ+G yD; vkyaf qmif
taumiftxnfazmfaeygw,f?
(*) 'DtpDtpOft& —
(1) jrefrmh&;kd &m ,Ofaus;r_avSobifyaGJ wmf usi;f yjcif;/
(2) jrefrmh&;kd &m jrif;cif;obifyaGJ wmf usi;f yjcif;/
(3) jrefrmh&;kd &mEGm;vSn;f ESihf EGm;tvS+ydKifyrGJ sm; usi;f yjcif;wd@k ukd
tpd;k &uOD;aqmif+yD; Edik if aH wmfb¾maiGrsm;pGmudk oH;k pJu G m
vkyaf qmiftaumiftxnfazmfaewm jzpfygw,f?

110
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

'gawGukd vkyaf qmiftaumiftxnfazmf&mrSm trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD

!Gwaf &;udk OD;wnfwhJ rsKd ;csppf w d "f mwf&iS o
f efxufjrufa&; vkyif ef;tpDtpOf
awGv@kd qdx k m;ygw,f? vufawG@rmS Armr[kww f hJ tjcm;wdik ;f &if;om;awG
&Jh ta&;udpaP wGtwGuf jyp&mr&Sad vmufatmifukd &Sm;yg;aeygw,f? Armh
ordik ;f / Armhpmay/ Armh&;kd &m,Ofaus;r_awGuo kd m azmfaqmifaewm awG@&
ygw,f? yJc;l +rKd @rmS bk&ifah emifrif;&Jh uarBmZom'Deef;awmfukd jyefvnfwnf
aqmufvu kd w
f thJ wGuf yJc;l +rdK@[m Armbk&ifawG&+hJ rdK@awmftjzpf ordik ;f udk
vuf0g;}uD;tkyf qdik ;f bkww f ifvu kd w
f mjzpfw,f? wu,fawmh yJc;l qdw k hJ
[Hom0wD+rdK@rmS rGeb f &k ifawGacwfo;kH acwfe@J rif;qufaygi;f rsm;pGm ESp&f m
aygi;f rsm;pGm eef;pdu k cf whJ ,f? bk&ifah emifrif;vufxufrmS ppfEikd cf v hJ @kd eef;
awmfwnfaqmufcahJ yr,fh ole@J ol@om;tygt0if ESpaf ygi;f (30) cef@om
aecJ&h wmjzpfw,f? ESpf (30) udk ordik ;f oufaoazmf+yD; ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGmudk
jr‡Kyfypfwm[m &d;k om;wJah pwemvd@k b,fvv kd ufc&H rSmvJ? vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHk
tay:rSm nD!w G rf #wwJv h yk af qmifcsurf [kwb f J wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k udk
rsKd ;jzKwf+y;D Armhordik ;f / Armhpmay/ Armh,Ofaus;r_awGe@J Armr_jyKa&;vkyif ef;
pOfv@kd ajym&ifveG rf ,frxifyg?
tm%m&ppfacgif;aqmifawG[m rsufarSmufumvjrefrmEdkifiHudk
taemufwikd ;f ,Ofaus;r_rsm; pdr0hf ifjyef@E@HS vmaew,f? o&kyyf su0f wfpm;qif
,ifr/_ o&kyyf sut f qdt k ursm;udk twk,rl mS ;um jrefrmhtqd/k tu/ ta&;/
twD;awG wpfpwpfparS;rSed af ysmufu, G v f maew,f? 'ga=umifh jrefrmr_/
jrefrm[ef ud, k yf ikd ,f Ofaus;r_ukd tm;ay;jri‡ w hf if&r,fv@kd cH,+l y;D vkyaf qmif
vmwmjzpfw,f? 'g[m *vdkb,fvdkifaZ;&Sif; (Globalization) ac:
urBmv$r;f +cKH ,uS Ef , G rf _ (urBm&h mG ) acwfrmS taemufwikd ;f ,Ofaus;r_u Armh
,Ofaus;r_upkd wif 0g;rsKd vmwmjzpfw,f? 'Dvkd ud, k uhf u
kd ,
kd x
f v d mawmhrS
em&aumif;rSe;f odvmw,f? ud, k uf vkyv f mcJ/h vkyaf ewmudak wmh rSew f ,f/
w&m;w,fv@kd xifae=uw,f?
tm%m& Armhppfacgi;f aqmiftrsm;pk&hJ tjrifrmS tem*wftwGuf
pnf;vH;k nD!w G w f hJ Edik if aH wmfwpfcjk zpfvmapzd@k jrefrmEdik if rH mS vlrsKd ;/ bmom
cJjG cm;r_r&Sb
d J vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;/ bmompum;wpfc/k pmaywpf&yf/ ,Ofaus;r_
wpfypkH x H J jzpfz@kd vw kd ,f? 'Dvjkd zpfEikd zf @kd ukd tm%moH;k yHpk cH s vky,f &l r,fv@kd

111
Edkif[Hom

,H=k unfxm;wm &Syd gw,f? vli,fawGuv kd nf; 'Dvt kd jrifawG &du k of iG ;f aeyg
w,f? vGecf w hJ EhJ pS f 2004 ckEpS f arvtwGi;f rGejf ynfe,f trnfrazmfvw kd hJ
+rKd @e,fwpfcu k +rKd @e,f}u§hH zH@G tpnf;ta0;rSm txuft&m&Sw d pfO;D u wdik ;f
&if;om;awG&hJ pmayawGoif=um;aewma=umifh wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD
!Gwaf &;udk xdcu kd yf sujf ym;apovdk vli,fawG&hJ b0wd;k wufz@GH +zdK;a&;udk
vnf; xdcu kd af pw,fv@kd ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'gukd }uH§h zH@G tzJ@G 0if Armr[kwf
wJh vlwpfa,mufu ajymjyvd@k o&d w,f? 'DEpS f 2005 ckEpS f {+yv D arSmb f +D rKd @
rSm zGiv hf pS cf whJ hJ }uH§h zH@G pnf;&H;k a&;wm0efcrH sm;tqifh oifwef;rSmvnf; t
wGi;f a&;rSL; (1) 'k - Adv k cf sKyf}uD;ode;f pdeu f usaemfw@kd Eikd if rH mS vlrsKd ;pki,f
trsm;tjym;eJ@ujGJ ym;aeovdk bmom/ omoem/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_awG
vnf; uJjG ym;aew,f? 'ga=umifh wdik ;f jynfut kd yk cf sKyfxed ;f uGy&f mrSm tvGef
cufcaJ =umif;/ 'ga=umifh OruJ/G odu k rf ysu/f at;twlyt l r#e@J wdik ;f jynfa&SŒ
a&;aumif;rGeaf pzd@k wpfcw k nf;aom bmom/ pum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_e@J
vlrsKd ;jzpfatmif wnfaqmufEikd rf ,fq&kd if wdik ;f jynftwGuf tppt&m&m
wd;k wuf aumif;rGev f mrSmjzpfa=umif; OD;aqmifvrf;!Geaf jym=um; oGm;
w,fv@kd =um;&jyefw,f? 'ga=umifh 'DvAkd rmr_jyKa&; ('grrS [kw)f r[mArm
vlrsKd ;}uD;0g'eJ@ 0g;rsKd ypfa&;qdw k m tm%m&tkypf ;kd olrsm;&Jh cdik rf mwJOh ;D wnf
csuw f pfck jzpfaew,fqw kd m xif&mS ;w,f?
'Dvt kd jrifoabmxm;eJ@ wdik ;f jynfux kd ed ;f odr;f tkycf sKyfvmwm tESpf
(60) jynfah wmhr,f? wdik ;f jynfawmh ysurf oGm;ao;ygb;l ? 'gayr,fh rJaG e
w,f? acwfaemufusaew,f? jynfov l xl ak wG 'kuaQ ygi;f pHek @J &ifqikd af e&
w,f? wdik ;f jynfuae xGuaf jy;ae=u&w,f? jynfov l x l ak wG t"rRcikd ;f apr_/
zdEydS rf /_ ajr,modr;f ,lr/_ rk'ed ;f usirhf a_ wG us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ cHae&w,f?
'gawG[m olw@kd tpDtpOf&hJ toD;tyGiahf tmifjrifr_ tusKd ;qufawGvm;?
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u “wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;r&S&d if b,ftpd;k &
wufwuf zmonfEdkifiHjzpfaerSmbJ” vdk@qdkcJhovdk 'Dae@usaemfwdk@EdkifiH
jzpfae&w,f? usaemfwdk@jynfolvlxkawmfawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; zmonf
jzpfae=u&w,f?
'Dvb
kd ma=umifh jzpfvm&wmvJ? OyrmyHak qmif+yD;ajym&&if usm;vdk
pdw"f mwf&w dS v
hJ al wGukd vufcaH rG;jrLxm;vd@k jzpfw,f? usm;qdw
k hJ om;

112
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

aumif[m tjcm;om;aumifawGudkvnf; owfjzwfpm;aomufw,f?

usm; tcsi;f csi;f udv k nf; udu k o f wfpm;wwfw,f? ol@om;ol@ocifuv kd nf;
udu
k pf m;wwfwhJ om;aumifrsKd ;jzpfw,f? yHjk yifwpfcrk mS usm;aoudk touf
oGi;f rdwhJ wuUov kd u f jyefvmwJh ynmawmfoifo;kH OD;[m wpfa,muf+y;D wpf
a,muf usm;pm;wmudck v H ukd &f w,f? 'Duae@ ArmvlrsKd ;jynfot
l rsm;u
vnf; zdEydS rf t
_ rsKd ;rsKd ;udk cHae&+yD jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usm;udo k em;vd@k usm;udk
arG;jrLxm;r,fq&kd if orif/ '&,f/ pdik /f qwfawG&hJ b0udk pmemwwfz@kd
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;udk yef=um;vdu k yf gw,f?

[vGwfvyfaomrGefowif;pm - pufwifbmv 2005]

"Guiding Star"

113
trsdK;om;pmayoif=um;jcif;ESifhqufpyfr_
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

trsdK;om;pmayoif=um;jcif;ESifhqufpyfr_

vlrsKd ;wdik ;f r[kwaf omfvnf; vlrsKd ;}u;D (od@k ) vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;. t*F gvuQ%mESihf
jynfhpkHaomvlrsdK;wdkif;wGif pmay&Sd=uonf? xdkvlrsdK;tvdkuf&Sd=uaom
pmayudk trsKd ;om;pmay[k oufqidk &f m vlrsKd ;wd@k u cH,al c:qd=k uonf?
pmayonf bmompum;udk oauFwjzifh azmfjyaomt&m jzpfonf?
bmompum;udk xdef;odrf;ay;aomt&mvnf; jzpfonf? pmayonf
bmompum;. toufjzpfI bmompum;onf vlrsKd ;.toufjzpfonf?
xd@k a=umifph mayonf vlrsKd ;. toufjzpfonf? vlwikd ;f onf rdrv d rl sKd ;udk
umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f &ef wm0ef&adS oma=umifh trsKd ;om; pmayoif=um;jcif;
onf trsKd ;om; (od@k r[kw)f vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;twGuf &So d if&h tdS yfaom t&m
jzpfonf?
bmompum;onf vlom;tcsi;f csi;f qufq=H u&mwGif tajccHtus
qH;k aomt&m jzpfonf? ESpaf ygi;f axmifaomif;csI D twlwuG aexdik v f m
cJ=h uaom vl@tzG@J tpnf;wGif bmompum;wpfcjk zpfay:vm&onf? xd@k
twl tjcm;bmompum;rwlaom vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh a&maESm
qufqrH r_ sm;vmonft h cg bmompum;onf a&maESmvmwwfonf?
ol@a0g[m& (pum;vH;k ) udk ud, k ,
f /l ud,
k ahf 0g[m&udk ol,/l ud, k rhf mS r&dS
ao;aom a0g[m&udk olwpfyg;a0g[m&rS arG;pm;jcif;tm;jzifh wpfpwpfp
a&maESmvmonf? tjcm;wpfenf;rSm bmompum;wpfrsdK;wnf;udk
ajymqdak e=uaom vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;twGi;f taea0;+yD; qufqaH &;usv J m
aomtcg a0g[m&wpfcsKd @wiG f a'otvdu k f toHtav;taygh twdr;f
tapmif;jzpf+yD; uGjJ ym;r_&v
dS monf? Tod@k jzifh bmompum;wpfco k nf
t+rJwrf; wnf+idraf eonfr[kw?f wpfpwpfpjzifh ajymif;vJaewwfonf?
Tod@k ajymif;vJaewwfonfukd pmayjzifx h ed ;f odr;f r_r&Syd gu bmompum;
wpfckonf wjznf;jznf;ESifh wdrfaumaysmufuG,foGm;wwfayonf?
bmompum;aysmufv#if vlrsKd ;vnf;aysmufrnfjzpfaoma=umifh bmom
pum;udk xde;f odr;f &ef trsKd ;om;pmayoif=um;a&;onf vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;tzd@k
r&Srd jzpf vkt
d yfvmonf?

117
Edkif[Hom

bmompum;onf vltcsi;f csi;f awG@q=kH uaomtcg od@k wnf;r[kwf

eD;pyfaeaomtcgrsKd ;wGio f m qufo, G af &;u&d,mtjzpf toH;k jyK=uonf?
xd@k twl bmompum;onf tckajym+yD; tckaysmufomG ;aom t&mjzpf
onf? aemufwpfcg jyef=um;Edik &f ef jyefajym&onf? (toHzrf;pufu&d,m
ay:ayguv f monfrmS ESpq f ,ftcsKd @om &Sad o;onf?) xd@k a=umifv h w l pf
a,mufa,mufu rdrad jym=um;today;vdak om pum;udk taea0;aom
tjcm;vlwpfa,muf (od@k ) vltrsm;tm;today;&efEiS hf aemifEpS af ygi;f rsm;
pGmwdik af tmif odvo kd rl sm; =um;odEikd &f ef pmayudk toH;k jyK&onf? xd@k a=umifh
pmayudk vlw@kd wx D iG v
f m=uonf? pmayr&Sad o;aom vlrsKd ;rsm;u rdrw d @kd EiS hf
eD;pyf&m (od@k ) ESpo
f uf&m tuQ&mudo k ;kH +y;D rdrwd @kd bmompum;ESihf udu k n f D
eD;pyfaom toHrsKd ;udk &Edik &f ef jyKjyifwx D iG =f uonf? Tod@k jzifh trsKd ;om;
pmayrsm; ay:xGuv f m=uonf?
pmaywpf&yfay:ayguv f monft h cg eufeo J rd af rG@aom ta=umif;
t&m/ rsm;jym;aomta=umif;t&m/ ynm&yf/ oabmxm;tjrif/ jzpfpOf
rsm;udk pmayESiahf &;om;rSww f rf;xm;jcif;tm;jzifh wpfO;D rS wpfO;D od@k jzef@a0
ay;ydk@&mwGif ydk+yD;xda&muftusdK;jzpfaponf? vlom;wdk@.todtjrif
b0jzpfpOfonfvnf; pmaya=umifh t&Sed t f [kejf zifh jrefqefpmG wd;k wuf
vmonf? ,QKacwfumvwGif toHzrf;puf/ toHvi$ phf uf/ w,fvzD ek ;f puf/
±kyo
f vH i$ phf uf/ +*Kd vw
f w
k ,fvzD ek ;f / +*Kd vwf ±k yk of v
H i$ phf uf§zrf;pufrsm; rnfo@kd
wDxiG Ef ikd of nfjzpfap pmayonf r&Srd jzpft"duta&;ygaom tcef;wGif
ae&m,lq/J wnf&adS eqJjzpfonf? pmayonf vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;. ordik ;f azmf
xkwrf /_ todtjrifjri‡ w hf ifr/_ ynmoif=um;r_/ owif;jzef@csrD w _ @kd wiG f tvGef
xda&muftoH;k 0ifaom u&d,m/ tpm;xd;k Ir&Edik af om t&mjzpfonf?
TonfrmS pmay.vdt k yfr/_ ta&;ygr/_ t"duusr/_ toH;k 0ifr_ jzpfonf?
Tod@k toH;k 0iftusKd ;jyKvsu&f adS om pmayudk vlrsKd ;tcsi;f csi;f 0g;rsKd
v$r;f rd;k zdEydS u
f |ejf yKvdak omtcg tm%m&Sad om vlrsKd ;u tm%mr&Sad om
(od@k ) vufatmufcv H rl sKd ;wd@k tay: ‚if;wd@k .pmayoif=um;cGiu hf kd ydwyf if=u
onf? xdt k cg rdrw d @kd .pmayudk oif=um;cGirhf &Sad om vlrsKd ;onf ESpt f csKd @
twGif; bufaygif;pHku tqifhedrfhusoGm;onf? u|efjyK0g;rsdKvdkaom
vlrsKd ;tzd@k xdx k ad &mufaom u|ejf yKr_/ 0g;rsKd r_vyk &f yfukd qufvufusio hf ;kH
jcif;jzifh a&&Snu f |ejf yKr_/ tvH;k pHak om 0g;rsKd azsmufzsurf u
_ kd jzpfay:ap&ef
118
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

twGuf qufIqufI jyKvkyfEdkif&ef }udK;pm;=uonf? TonfrSm

tzsuo
f abmjzifh aomhcsuu
f kd udik w
f ,
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rGev
f rl sKd ;wd@k onf aumaZmouU&mZf - 1119 (c&pfouU&mZf - 1757)
wGif OD;atmifaZ,s ac: tavmif;bk&m;udk ppf±;H_ cJo h nf? OD;atmifaZ,s
onf rGepf mayrsm;xJrS aumif;Ed;k &m&mudk bmomjyef,al p+yD; rGepf may
usr;f *efrsm;udk rD;±_@d zsupf ;D apcJo h nf? bmomjyefay;ol rGeyf nm&Sirf sm;udk
vnf; tqdyaf u|;I azsmufzsucf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf rGepf mayoif=um;cGiu hf kd
ydwyf ifvu kd +f yD; Armpum;udo k m oif,al pcJo h nf? tjcm;aom u|ejf yK
0g;rsKd r_enf;aygi;f pHjk zifh aygi;f pyfvu dk af omtcg ykord /f [Hom0wDEiS hf rkwrW
rGeaf 'o}u;D oH;k ckteuf ykord Ef iS hf [Hom0wDa'o}u;D ESpcf rk S rGerf sm; trsKd ;yg
aysmufq;kH cJ&h onf? rkwrW a'oonf t*Fvyd v f ufatmufo@kd tcsed af pm+y;D
usa&mufco hJ nft h wGuf ,d;k ',m;Edik if o H @kd xGuaf jy;cJ=h uaom rGet f csKd @ jyef
vnf0ifa&mufcJhjcif;/ rGefpmayoif=um;cGifh&jcif;wdk@a=umifh rkwWra'o
&Srd eG rf sm; qufvufuse&f cdS &hJ onf? aumaZmouU&mZf 1214 ckEpS w f iG f
,d;k ',m;rSreG o f C H mwpfyg;a&muf&v dS m+y;D *sKd i;f jrpfurf;ay:&Sd Zmojyif&mG wGif
rGepf mudk jyefvnfpwifoif=um;ay;cJo h nf? 1216 ckwiG f xd&k mG &Sd pmoifwu kd f
twGi;f rGeo f C H mrsm;tm; rGepf mudk xifxifay:ay: yd@k csaomtcg t*Fvyd f
wd@k u ydwyf ifcjhJ yefonf? 1226 cka&mufrS t*Fvyd w f @kd u oif=um;cGiahf y;cJ+h y;D
us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ oif=um;yd@k csEikd cf o hJ nf? 1241 ckEpS w f iG f tjcm;+rdK@&mG
a'orsm;&Sd pmoifwdkufrsm;/ pmoifausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; rGefpmudk
pwifoif=um;cJha=umif; xdkif;EkdifiH&Sd oHCmawmfwpfyg; a&;om;aom
pmtkyw f pftyk w f iG f azmfjyxm;Iod&onf?
Armbk&ifrsm;u rGepf mayudk oif=um;cGiyhf w d yf ifxm;aom umvwGif
xdik ;f Ekid if t H wGi;f rGepf mayudk oif=um;cGiahf y;cJo h nf? xd@k a=umifh rGepf may
usr;f *efawmfawmfrsm;rsm;onf xdik ;f Edik if w H iG f qufvuf&yfwnf &Sio f ef
vmEdik cf o hJ nf? vGecf ahJ om ESpw f pf&mcef@wiG f xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f rGepf may
oif=um;cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifcjhJ yefonf? xk@d a=umifh xdik ;f Edik if t
H wGi;f &Sd rGev
f rl sKd ;rsm;
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&jyefonf? TonfrmS trsKd ;om;pmayoif=um;cGiu hf kd ydwyf ifxm;jcif;
tm;jzifh vlrsKd ;a&;t& 0g;rsKd azsmufzsurf w _ iG f xda&mufaom twdik ;f twm
om"uwpfcjk zpfonf?
119
Edkif[Hom

Tod@k aom xda&mufonfh twkid ;f twmyrm%udk =unf+h yD; 0g;rsKd vdk

olw@kd u tm;&vufzsm;cgro d vdk cH&ol vlrsKd ;bufuvnf; }uw d rf Edik f cJr&
tHwpf}udw}f udwEf iS hf rnfr#cpH m;=u&rnfukd wGuq f Edik yf gvrd rhf nf? Tod@k
aom qef@usib f uf cHpm;r_&adS eaom taetxm;rsKd ;wGif csp=f unfa&;/
pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &;udk rnfo@kd wnfaqmufEidk yf grnfenf;?
xdik ;f Edik if o
H nf wpfjynfaxmifpepf/ vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;wnf; oabmxm;jzifh
wkid ;f jynfukd wnfaqmuf&ef OD;wnfxm;onf? t"duvlrsKd ;jzpfaom &Sr;f
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xdik ;f onf Ekid if t H wGi;f &Sd vlrsKd ;tm;vH;k udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonft
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wpfrsKd ;omjzpf+yD; jrefrm-onf wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;pktm;vH;k udk ud, k pf m;
jyKaom trsm;qdkifemrfjzpfa=umif;0g'jzef@um jrefrmjynf jrefrmpm
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ArmvlrsKd ;udk ac:qdck ahJ om emrnfjzpfonf?)
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OD;a&tawmftwefudk xdkif; (odk@) jrefrmtjzpf 0g;rsdKajymif;vJvmEdkifcJh
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tjzpf jrifvmaponfh pdw"f gwu f vkd nf; xnfw h uG =f u&efvo kd nf? vufawG@
tm;jzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wpfjynfv;kH tES@H tESpf (50) ausmjf zpfymG ;cJah om
jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D onf wdik ;f jynfukd avmifu|r;f I rGjJ ymusomG ;aponf? Arm
vlrsKd ;jynforl sm;twGuv f nf; vGwv f yfa&;toD;tyGihf t&omaumif;udk
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120
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f &Sd jynfe,f (4) ck. ykeu

f efro
_ nf umvtm;jzifh
r&Sn=f umaomfvnf; twdik ;f twmtm;jzifh }uD;rm;vSonf? xdik ;f &JEiS hf
ppfwyfyikd f vufeuftaygi;f (300) cef@ukd wcsed w f nf;wGif todr;f cHvu kd &f
onf? xdik ;f ppfwyfuvnf; rouFmolrsm;udk tpkt+yKH vu kd f }uKd ;ESiwhf yk f ig;yd/
ig;csOo f yd o f vdk um;ay:wif tcsKyfcef;wpfae&mod@k yd@k aqmif&mwGif t
a,muf (80) ausmf aoqH;k cJ&h onf? tqdyk g jynfe,fav;ckjzpfaom ,m
vm;/ ywWmeD/ em&moD0yf/ aqmifcvm wd@k wiG f tpd;k &pmoifausmif;rsm;udk
rD;±_@d / AH;k azmuf/ Ak'b < mombke;f awmf}uD;rsm;/ tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;/ omref
xdik ;f t&yfom;rsm;udk owfjzwf tvGejf yif;xefaom vlrsKd ;a&;/ bmoma&;
yÉdyuQtoGif a&muf&SdoGm;onf? TyÉdyuQwGif 2005 ckESpftxd vl
wpfaxmifausmf aoqH;k cJ&h +y;D wpfaxmifih g;&mausmf '%f&m&cJo h nf? xdik ;f
tpd;k &u TyÉdyuQwiG f rav;&Sm;tpk;d &rS aemufu, G u f yg0iftm;ay;
aeonf[k pGypf v JG monf? rav;&Sm;tpd;k &url yg0ifywfoufjcif;r&Sad =umif;
jiif;qkcd o hJ nf? TyÉdyuQonf vlrsKd ;a&;t& 0g;rsKd r_/ bmoma&;t& 0g;rsKd r_
udk rcHEikd af om a'ocHjynforl sm;u jywfjywfom;om; qef@usiw f eG ;f vSef
jcif; jzpfonfrmS jiif;y,fIr&yg?
xdik ;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f rS jynfe,f (4) ckw@kd . ykeuf efru _ kd *±kjyK=unfvh #if
t"dutm;jzifh tpd;k &pmoifausmif;rsm;udk rD;±_@d zsuq f ;D =uonfukd xl;xl;
jcm;jcm; jrif&onf? tpd;k &wd@k onf pmoifausmif;rsm;udk aqmufvyk af y;+y;D
tpd;k &±H;k oH;k bmompmayudk ae&mtES@H oif=um;ay;onf? xdik ;f Edik if w H iG f
xdik ;f bmompmay/ jrefrmEdik if w H iG f Armbmompmayudk oif=um;ay;onf?
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jzef@aeonf? pm;0wfaea&;twGuaf vmufuo dk m =unfv h #if tusKd ;jyK
vkyif ef;jzpfa=umif; vufc&H rnf? od@k aomfrwlaom vlrsKd ;rsm;t=um;wGif
tm%m&olw@kd . bmompum;pmaywpfcw k nf;udo k m oif=um;ay;+yD;
wpfzufwGif a'ocHjynfolrsm;. trsdK;om;pmayudk ydwfyifab;z,f
vspv f sL±_xm;=uonf? TonfrmS vlrsKd ;a&;t& 0g;rsKd rv _ yk &f yfjzpfaeonfukd
zH;k uG,x f m;=uonf?
u|Eyfk w f @kd Eidk if w
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k m tpk;d &u zGiv
hf pS af y;
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u tcGeaf iGawGaumuf,al eaomfvnf; wdik ;f &if;om;pmay oif=um;jcif;
121
Edkif[Hom

vH;k 0r&Syd g? wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;u olw@kd tpDtpOfEiS hf olw@kd aiG&mS tpDtpOf

vkyI f ‚if;wd@k bmom pmayudk oif=um;jcif;udyk if trsKd ;rsKd ;taESmift h ,Suf
ay; [ef@wm;aeonf? rnfr#oabmxm; ,kwef rd o hf nfudk csichf sed o
f ;kH oyfEikd f
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oif=um;a&;onf tpd;k &pmoifausmif;rsm;twGuf taESmift h ,Sujf zpf
aponf? wdik ;f &if;om;pmayoif=um;jcif;a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;. b0
wd;k wufr_ tcGithf a&;udk xdcu kd af ponf[k a0zefomG ;onf? t"dutm;jzifh
rGepf mayoif=um;aejcif;udk &nf!eG ;f vdak =umif; xif&mS ;onf?
ukvor*~tzG@J }uD;. XmecGw J pfcjk zpfaom (UNESCO) ,lepD udak c:
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rsm;udk pmaywpfrsKd ;wnf; oif=um;ay;jcif;xuf pmayESprf sKd ;oH;k rsKd ;udk oif
=um;ay;jcif;u vli,frsm;. ynma&;udk ydrk x kd ufjrufaponf[k vufcH
xm;=uonf? vufawG@tm;jzifh rGeftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;onf (10) wef;pmar;yGu J kd teD;0ef;usi&f dS tpd;k &
txufwef;ausmif;rsm;xuf atmifcsuf&mcdkifE_ef; ydkrsm;aeonfu
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a'owGif oufqikd &f m vlrsKd ;rsm;.pmayudk tpd;k &pmoifausmif;rsm;wGif
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122
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

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xm;aom Ekid if w H iG f tcsi;f csi;f zdEydS 0f g;rsKd jcif;r&Sad pyJ csp=f unfn! D wG pf mG
pkpnf;aexkid Ef idk &f ef tjrifopf/ yHpk o H pfjzifh jyKjyifomG ;&ef vdt k yfae+yD jzpfyg
a=umif; tm%m&yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESifh txufp;D & vlrsKd ;rsm;udk axmufjywdu k f
wGe;f vduk yf gonf?

(wdk;wufaomrGefvli,frsm;*sme,f)
'DZifbm-2005

123
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ajymif;vJvmr_a=umifh Edik if w H pfcEk iS w hf pfck rnfr#yifa0;ap [du k tajctae
'DrmS od 'Dutajctae[drk mS od [drk mS &So d nfv h El iS hf 'DrmS &So
d nfv h l tcsed rf a&G;
qufo, G af qG;aEG; owif;zvS,Ef ikd =f uonf? [du k tjzpfudk zefom;jyifwiG f
'DrmS ±_jrifEikd =f uovdk 'Dutjzpfuv kd nf; [drk mS jrifEikd o f nf? twdik ;f twm
wpfct k aejzifh tjyeftvSef taxmuftul ay;Edik =f uonf? Tod@k tae
a0;aomfvnf; wpf&mG wnf;vdk qufpyfvmae+yjD zpfaoma=umifh ,ckacwf
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h odik ;f
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wGif =unf±h @_ +yD; tavmif;tpm;rsm;yif vkyaf e=uao;onf? om;/ orD;/
wl/ wlr/ ajr; wd@k qv kd #ivf nf; tcsKd @ tar&du/ tcsKd @Oa&my/ tcsKd @u xdik ;f /
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rsm;u ‚if;wd@k ukd oifjyay;aeonf? acwfrv D il ,ftcsKd @w@kd u uGeyf sLwm/
tD;ar;vf (E:mail)/ 0uf (Af) qdu k f (Web-site) wd@k jzifh tvkyv f yk af e=u

127
Edkif[Hom

onf? wcsed u f ta&;ygcahJ om pmyHEk ydS pf ufqv kd #if ,cktoH;k r0ifawmh?

vufEydS pf ufrmS wcgw&HEiS hf v#ypf pfr;D yHrk eS rf &aom a'owd@k wiG of m toH;k
rsm;=uawmhonf? v,fuiG ;f xJwiG f u|/J EGm; tpm; v,fxeG pf uft}uD;
tao;rsm;/ EGm;vSn;f tpm; axmfvm*su D m;rsm;/ vSn;f ,mOfrsm;tpm;
wd,k w
kd m/ vif (ef) c±lZmum;rsm;u 0ifa&mufae&m,lae=uonf?
acwfrw D ;kd wufaom Edik if rH sm;wGif ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf uGeyf sL
wmjzifh Ekid if w H um&Sd pmtkypf may/ pmwrf;rsm;udk tifwmeufxrJ S qG, J al vh
vmae=u+y;D bG@J ,al e=uonf? owif;XmerS yk*Kd~ vfrsm;/ pmtkypf may xkwf
a0olrsm;/ b%fvyk if ef;&Si}f u;D rsm;/ ukeo f nfypJG m;}u;D rsm;/ Ekid if aH &;orm;rsm;/
Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm; ponfw@kd uvnf; uGeyf sLwmjzifh tvkyv f yk af e=u+yD?
uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH onf taumif;pm;vufEydS pf ufwpfv;kH jzpfovdk bD'kd
wpfv;kH pm&Sd rSww f rf;zdik rf sm;rS tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f rSwof m;
xm;Edik o f nf? w,fvzD ek ;f vdik ;f ESihf qufo, G v f u
dk of nft h cg jynfwiG ;f ESihf
Edik if w
H um&Sd qufo, G v f okd rl sm;ESihf pmay;pm,lvyk Ef ikd o
f nf? 0uf (Af) qdu k f
ac: v#ypf pfvi_d ;f qufo, G af &; uGe, f ufvikd ;f ay: wufvu dk o f nft h cg jynf
wGi;f jynfy&Sd rdrw d @kd taygi;f toif;/ tquftoG,f &maxmifw@kd EiS hf aqG;aEG;
ar;jref;wdik yf ifEikd o f nf? tpnf;ta0;vkyEf ikd o f nf?
pD;yGm;ukeo f ,G v f yk f aeol rsm;tzd@k ypPn;f rSm/ aiGv/J$ t&if;tES;D xnfjh cif;
wd@k ukd rdrtd rd rf mS / ±H;k rSmxdik +f y;D vkyaf qmifEikd =f uonf? vufuikd zf ek ;f i,fwpfv;kH
jzifvh nf; urBmtES@H quf oG,Ef ikd o f vd/k tD;ar; (vf) jzifh pmay;/ owif;,l
jcif;/ toHzrf;jcif;/ "gwyf ±kH u kd jf cif;wd@k ukd jyKvyk Ef ikd o
f nf? puf±tkH vky±f }kH u;D rsm;
wGif vlenf;enf;u puf±yk f (Robot) rsm;pGmudk cdik ;f ap+y;D tvkyv f yk af e=u+y?D
c&D;oGm;rsm;/ ppfAv kd }f u;D rsm;uvnf; (G.P.S) *syD t D uf (pf) udo
k ;kH +y;D rdrwd @kd
odvo kd nfh ae&mwnf&&dS mt&yfEiS hf tuGmta0;udk avhvmod&EdS ikd o f nf?
t0wftpm;/ tqdt k u/ ±ky&f iS w f @kd uvnf; - [drk mS jy 'DrmS jrif zefom;jyif
ay: wifvu kd f or# urBmwpfciG u f kd ys@H E@HS omG ;onf? Tod@k jzifh bmompum;/
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ tawG;tjrif/ twwfynm/ OpPmypPn;f wd@k onf Edik if eH ,f
erdwf awmawmifork'&N mwd@k ukd jzwfausm+f yD; wpfae&mrS wpfae&mod@k
vG,v f , G Ef iS hf jrefjrefa&muf&adS e=uonf?

128
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

TurBm&h mG acwf}uD;wGif OD;aESmuf,pkd ;D r_/ vkyt f m;,dpk ;D r_/ t&if;tES;D

,dpk ;D r_/ uke,
f pkd ;D r_awG tvGeu f kd odomjrefqefaeygonf? ynm&Siaf wGu‚if;/
omrmefvyk t f m;&Siaf wGu‚if; vkyt f m;cydrk &kd &SEd ikd o
f nfh Edik if +H rKd @&mG awGqoD @kd
xGucf mG oGm;ae=uygonf? pD;yGm;a&;tajctae =uyfwnf;onfah 'orS
vlrsm;onf ydrk t kd qifajy acsmifvnfonfh a'oudk a&$@ajymif;ae=uonf?
awme,frv S al wGu +rdK@a&muf/ tcsKd @acsmifvnfonfh tdref ;D csi;f Edik if u H kd
a&muf/ acsmifvnfonfEh ikd if o H m;awGuvnf; csr;f om+yD; vkyt f m;cydrk kd
&onfh Edik if u H okd mG ;um ynmESihf vkyt f m;udk a&mif;pm;ae=uonf? wd;k wuf
csr;f omonfEh ikd if rH sm;u ydrk akd cwfrDS aumif;rGeaf om puf±/kH tvky±f rkH sm;u
qif;&Jonfh Edik if rH v S yk o
f m;rsm;. vkyt f m;udk av#mah ps;jzifh 0,f,al e=u
onf? av#mah ps;qdak omfvnf; rdrEd ikd if rH mS xuf ydrk akd ps;aumif;aeojzifh
vkyt f m;&Sit f rsm;tjym; oGm;a&mufvyk u f ikd af e=uonf?
Tonfu jzpfpOfwpfc?k Ekid if jH cm;a&muf olw@kd qu D ay;yd@k aom toH;k
taqmifypPn;f rsm; olw@kd EiS t
hf wlygvmaom tawG@t}uKH / todtjrifrsm;/
bmompum;/ pmayESifh tawG;tac:rsm;u rdcifa'oudk wpfpwpfp
ajymif;vJaponf? xk@d twl ,ae@+rdK@&mG wdik ;f vdv
k w
kd iG f &Sad e=uonfh ±kyo
f H
pavmif;rsm;rSwqifh ±kyjf rifo=H um;puf (T.V) AD', D jkd ypufrsm;rS ul;puf
vmaom tawG@tjrifrsm;t& a'ocHw@kd . bmompum;/ pmay/ ,Ofaus;
r_/ *DwoHpOf/ t0wftpm; toH;k taqmifro S nf tawG;tjrif t,ltq
wd@k uykd g wpfpwpfp ajymif;vJypfaeonfukd awG@&onf?
Tod@k jzifh vHck snEf iS hf n‡yzf ed yfae&mwGif *si;f abmif;bDEiS hf ±SL;zdeyf/ AH/k
ywWvm;ae&mwGif *pfwm/ *swf (pf) AifEiS hf atmf*ifw@kd u 0ifa&mufae&m
&cJo h nf? xd@k twl jynfywGif rdbESit hf wlae+y;D }u;D jyif;vmaom om;orD;
rsm;onf rdrw d @kd rsKd ;±d;k bmompum;udk em;rvnf/ ayguzf mG ;}uD;jyif;&m
Ekid if w
H @kd . bmompum;udo k m em;vnfajymqdak e=uonf? ,ae@vil ,f
rsm;onf rdcifbmompum; pmay tpm; t*Fvyd /f w±kwpf um; pwmawG
udk OD;pm;ay;vku d o f ifae=uonf?
TjzpfpOfrsm; TE_H;xm;jzifh qufoGm;aev#if aemiftESpfig;q,f
wpf&mwGif trsKd ;/ bmom (pum;)/ omoem rnfo@kd jzpfuek =f urnfenf;?
awG;rdwikd ;f &ifav;p&myg? TjzpfpOfukd rvdrk ek ;f xm; [ef@wm;rnfqv
kd #if

129
Edkif[Hom

jzpfEikd rf nfvm;? trsm;jynfow l @kd . b0wd;k wufaumif;pm;a&;udk [ef@

wm;rnfqv kd #if jynfow l @kd .'%fcwfjcif;udk cH&rnf? rdrjd ynfov l ufcaH tmif
pnf;±Hk;xm;Edkifonfqdkaomfvnf; urBmut=uyfudkif ydwfqdk@vmrnf?
urBmESihf tqufjzwf+yD; wcg;ydw0f g' usi}hf uHv#if wcsed u f *syefEikd if v
H kd
t±H;_ ESihf &ifqikd &f vdrrhf nf? tedrq hf ;kH tm;jzifh wdik ;f jynfukd acwfaemufus
usef&pfatmifvkyfrdv#if acgif;aqmifvkyfoltzdk@ wcsdefcsdefwGif jynfol@
w&m;cH jzpfvm&vdrrhf nf? vH;k 0v$wx f m;jyefv#iv f nf; trsKd ;om;vuQ%m
aysmufq;kH +yD; tem*wfwiG f rsKd ;csppf w d wf ;kH olrsm;jzpfomG ;=uvdrrhf nf?
xd@k a=umifh (wuUEv
kd *kd s)D ac: enf;ynmrsm;. wGe;f yd@k rj_ zifh wd;k wuf
ajymif;vJaeaom urBm}uD;wGif yg0ifaeonfh u|Eyfk w f @kd onf a&;pD;wGif
arsmygaeaom azmifwpfcak y:rS vkuyf gae&aomolrsm;uJo h @kd vd&k mc&D;udk
vH+k cKH ab;uif;pGm a&muf&EdS ikd &f eftwGuf jyKjyifxed ;f odr;f / yJu
h ikd 0f g;ulx;kd r_rsm;
vkyaf y;ae=u&rnf? Tonfukd rsKd ;csp/f jynfcsp/f Edik if aH cgi;f aqmifrsm;/ yk*Kd~ vf
rsm;/ ynm&Sirf sm; tav;xm;vkyaf qmif&rnfh r[mwm0efjzpfonf?
urBmh&Gmacwfac: acwfa&pD;a=umif; tajymif;tvJwGif trsdK;/
bmom (pum;)/ omoemESihf Ekid if aH wmfukd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f Edik &f efrmS
rsKd ;csppf w
d jf ri‡ w
hf ifjcif;udk jyKvyk af y;&rnf? xdo k @kd jri‡ w
hf if&mwGif bmompum;/
pmay/ ,Ofaus;r_/ ,H=k unfu;kd uG,&f m omoem/ orkid ;f tarGtESp/f bk;d bGm;
ydik ef ,fajrwd@k ukd tajcjyK=u&rnf? wqufwnf;wGif jynfow l @kd .pm;0wf
aea&;/ b0zlvakH &;twGuf pD;yGm;a&;tajccHuv kd nf; jri‡ whf ifay;&ef vdt k yf
onf? TtajccHtcsurf sm;udk jznfq h nf;ay;Edik yf grS urBm&h mG acwf. qk;d jypf
rsm;udk umuG,&f ef jynfow l @kd . yl;aygi;f r_ukd &&SEd idk yf gvrd rhf nf?
txufygvyk if ef;pOfrsm;udk azmfaqmifjri‡ w hf if&mwGif jynfot l rsm;pk.
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G rf o
_ nf r&Srd jzpfvt dk yfonf? b0wl/ &nf&, G cf suwf rl sm;
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tpm;ra&G; +ydKvJomG ;Edik af oma=umifh opfyifi,fuvnf;/ opfyif}uD;udk
tumtuG,, f /l opfyif}u;D uvnf; opfyifi,frsm;. pkpnf;um&Hxm;r_ukd
vd k t yf o nf ? opf a wmr&S d y J opf y if } uD ; wpf y if E S p f y if a vmuf E S i f h
r&yfwnfEikd of vd/k oHCmxkr&Syd J bk&m;vnf;r&yfwnfEidk yf g? ppfAv kd cf sKyf

130
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

wpfOD;onf ppfonfAdkvfyg t+cHt&Hrsm;jzifhom wdkufyGJ0ifEdkifrnfjzpfI

pkpnf;r_ukd jyKvky=f u&ef vdt
k yfonf?
yl;aygi;f r_/ pkpnf;r_jzifh rdrwd @kd tiftm;udk jyKjyifwnfaqmuf=u&mwGif
wcsed u
f “a&mr” om;vdk tifyg&mwnfaqmufonfeh nf;udk twk,rl nf
avm? t*Fvyd /f jyifopf/ pydew f @kd vkd e,fcs@J onfeh nf;udk twk,rl nfavm?
qmhAfvlrsdK;wdk@vdk r[mtrsdK;jrwf0g'udk usifhoHk;rnfavm? Tenf;em
oabmw&m;awG rnfr#cikd rf matmifjrifaeygovJ? 'Dae@tcsed t f cgrsKd ;wGif
azmfaqmifIaum &Edik rf nfvm;? ponfw@kd ukd csichf sed o f ;kH oyfz@kd vo
kd nf?
jynfwiG ;f ppf tESpf (60) eD;yg; jrefrmjynf.jzpfpOfonf rnfr#atmifjrif
wd;k wufae+yv D ?J wcsed u
f b0wlywf0ef;usiEf ikd if rH sm;ESihf E_id ;f pmv#if atmuf
us/ aemufus use&f pfaeaom b0jzpfpOfukd =unf+h y;D rdrw d @kd vrf;pOfukd jyifz@kd
vdt k yfaeonfrmS txl;ajym&efvt kd yfrnfrxifyg?
rdrw d @kd Eikd if o
H m;tcsi;f csi;f Ekid if aH &;t& tjrifoabmxm;awG rwl
jcm;em;+y;D Edik if aH &;/ ppfa&;t& a0zefwu kd cf u kd af eonfukd qef;ppfv#if OD;wnf
csujf cif;udk vH;k 0n‡I d r&Edik af om tajccH&eforl sm; r[kwyf g? Edik if EH iS jhf ynfol
rsm;. aumif;pm;a&;udk OD;wnfxm;=uolrsm;omjzpfonf? trsKd ;om;
wef;wla&;ESihf ud, k yf ikd jf yXmef;cGiu
hf kd awmif;qdak e=uaom wdik ;f &if;om;tzG@J
tpnf;rsm;onfvnf; jynfaxmifpu k kd +zKd cGvJ o kd rl sm;r[kw?f olw@kd . vlrsKd ;/
bmom/ omoemESihf ,Ofaus;r_ukd cspjf rwfE;kd olrsm; xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf
vdok rl sm;om jzpfonf? olw@kd .bd;k bGm;ydik ef ,fajrrsm;udk tqH;k ±H;_ rcH/ ckcu H m
uG,v f okd rl sm;jzpfonf? vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f onf rdrw d @kd .vlrsKd ;/ bmom/ om
oem/ pmay ESihf ,Ofaus;r_w@kd ukd cspcf ifw, G w f mjrwfE;kd =uonfrmS "rRwm
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trSwjf yKoifah yonf?
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131
Edkif[Hom

rsm;/ ajcvufEiS w hf al om vkyt f m;&Sirf sm; wdik ;f jynfrS xGucf mG oGm;=uonf?

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pGe@f cmG +y;D wzufEidk if eH ,fpyfwiG f 'kuo
Q nfb0 jzpfae=u&onf? wdik ;f jynf.
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k v
kd nf; &ifqikd af e&onf?
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r_ r&Sad om u|Eyfk w f @kd Eidk if o H nf tb,fah =umifh tqifeh rd u hf s acwfaemufus
jzpfae&ygoenf;? t"durSm trsKd ;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G rf _ +ydKuGaJ eaom
a=umifhjzpfonf? trsdK;om;pnf;vHk;nD!Gwfr_+ydKuGJjcif;a=umifh vpf[if;
qH;k ±H;_ oGm;&aom tcGit fh a&;aumif;rsm;. wefb;kd onf vGepf mG }uD;rm;vS
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tem*wfwiG f xdo k @kd aom qH;k ±H;_ r_rsKd ;udk rcH&ap&ef rdrw d @kd .trSm;ESihf tm;enf;
csurf sm;udk &SmIjyKjyifomG ;&efvo kd nf?
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qdik &f rnfomjzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh Ekid Ef idk ef if;eif;jzifh &ifqidk t
f Ekid ,
f o
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pmayrsm;udk pwifoif=um;ay;aeonf? oifjyEkid af tmif tpd;k &uaiGtukef
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aeonf? tdENd,wGifvnf; tpdk;&ESifh em*olykefrsm;aqG;aEG;aeonf?

132
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

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H iG f olw@kd uo
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taejzifh wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;+yD; ‚if;wd@k tm; tkycf sKyfa&;
tm%mtcsdK@r#a0ay;&rnfqdkaomfvnf; ArmvlrsdK;twGuf epfemp&m
ta=umif;r&Sdyg?
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ae&aom rGeo f &l aJ umif; ordeAf &rf;onf oHcsyu f m0wf w±kypf pfo}l uD;
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tEkid &f oGm;ygu rGejf ynfo@kd qufvufcsw D ufwu kd cf u
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Edik if w
H um.pGuzf u G &f efaxmifuu G jf zpfI uef@uu G af ev#if w&m;cHjzpf
vdrrhf nf? 'Dru kd a&pDEiS hf vl@tcGit hf a&;wd@k onf jynfot l rsm;. awmif;qdk
csujf zpfaoma=umifh vufrcHEikd pf &mr[kwyf g?
xd@k a=umifh *vdAk ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f ac: urBm&h mG acwfukd &ifqikd t
f Ekid ,
f +l y;D /
trsKd ;*k%/f Zmwd*% k u f kd xde;f odr;f &ef/ trsKd ;/ bmom/ omoemudk apmifh
xde;f &ef/ trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoifjh rwfa&;/ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nD!w G af &;udk
tjreftaumiftxnfazmfoifah =umif; wdu k w f eG ;f ygonf?

133
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

1972 ck (wnv) wyfaygi;f pkumv

(0J,mrS) Adv
k cf sKyfwmrvmabm/ pma&;ol/ OD;&Jausmof /l q&ma&mbwf

1983 ck (r'w) wyfaygi;f pkwiG f wm0ef,al epOf r'w&H;k a&S@

vlrsdK;pHk&Hk;tzJG@0ifrsm;ESifhtwl

135
Edkif[Hom

1986 ck (r'w) &H;k wGif tzJ@G 0iftvHi,frsm;ESit

hf wl

136
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

1989 ck (r'rc) ac: (DAB) XmecsKyf&;kH a&S@wGif

0J,mrS pma&;ol/ a'guwf mwl;*sm/ udrk ;kd oD;ZGe/f udak tmifx;l / OD;bvdi_ f

1989 ck 'DZifbmv/ rme,fyavmpcef; (DAB) A[dak umfrwD

ESpyf wfvnftpnf;ta0;wGif pma&;olpmwrf;zwf=um;pOf

137
Edkif[Hom

1990 ck rGe-f crmrsKd ;EG,pf 0k ifrsm; twlwuG

(0J,mrS) rdik yf ef;pdef (yavmif)/ pma&;ol (rGe)f / cGepf ikd ;f aygi;f (0)

1997 ck rGet G af &;tzJ@G csKyf (MUL) wGif

f rsKd ;om;nD!w
OuUXtjzpfwm0ef,cl phJ Of
138
 ppfrSefaomjynfaxmifpkwnfaqmufa&;

2005 ck rGet
f rsKd ;om;a&;&mESihf rGejf ynfe,fz@GJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qJ&G m
uGezf &ifw
h iG f tcef;tem;rSL;tjzpf wm0ef,cl phJ Of

2005 ck (58) }udraf jrmuf rGeaf wmfveS af &;ae@tcef;tem;

wufa&mufpOf
139
Edkif[Hom

2005 ck (58) }udraf jrmuf rGeaf wmfveS af &;tcef;tem;wGif

pum;ajymaepOf

2005 ck atmufwb kd mv xdik ;f -jrefrme,fpyf

bk&m;oH;k qlo@kd a&mufcphJ Of
140