Araya GHHH

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY-MEKELLE

(EIT-M)
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT

FROM OCTOBER 10-FEBRUARY 3 / 2018
HOSTING COMPANY: DEFENCE CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE
(DCE)
REPORTED BY: ARAYA G/SLASSIE
ID NO: EIT-M/UR/161560/2006
SECTION-1
Mentor by: ins. Haltom

Date of summation: February 3 / 2018
INTERNSHIP FINAL REPORT 2018G.C
DECLARATION
I, student of Ethiopian Institute of Technology-Mekelle, declare that this report describes my
four month stay in DEFENCE CONSTRUCTIONENTERPRISE (DCE) and all source materials
and pictures used while compiling this report get fully acknowledged and I approve this by my
signature.
Name: Araya G/slassie signature:…………….

Mentor: instructor Haftom signature:…………….
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Acknowledgment
First of all I would like to thank God for his mercy, love, and care throughout this internship
program.
Next I would like to pass my deepest gratitude to my supervisors Ato AtakltyKiros, Yowhans,
AlemSeged, Seare and W/ro Tsehay for their continued assistance during my stay at the
company. I am in grateful to Defense Construction Enterprise for hosting me in their company
for the last four months. And I would like to thank Mekelle University College of Engineering
and Technology especially Department of Civil Engineering and Finance of MU for providing
necessary assistance for successfulness of this program.
I would like also to thank my advisor assigned by the department Ins. Haftom for his comments
in accomplishing this report and guidance me.
Last but not least I would like to thank my familyand friends.
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Executive summery
I have been working as an intern student in Defense Construction Enterprise Company for the
last 4Months. The internship program has increased my practical knowledge on the civil
engineering field and it also helped me to know the basic skills that I should have to be
competent engineer in the practical world. And I hope that all the intern students have gained
enough knowledge about their future carrier.
This paper in general discusses the overall experience of this four months’ worth of internship at
a company called Defense Construction Enterprise P.L.C.The paper consists of four main
chapters.
The first chapter is where I discuss the company background. It consists mainly of organizational
setup of the company, Registration (to which governmental or nongovernmental organizations is
the company registered), Sectors of specialization, Experience of the company in road
construction and other construction, Vision of the company etc…
The second chapter is covering about the overall internship technical experience, and knowledge
gained including :how does the work flow and operation of the organization look like, practical
and technical activities I observed during construction , maintenance activity and production
process or control process ,work flow, formal communication, formal reporting and other
activities.
The third chapter also concerned the overall benefit that I gained from the internship like:
‒ What I gained in terms of up grading my theoretical knowledge
‒ What I gained in terms of improving my practical skills and team playing skills
‒ What I gained in terms of improving the leadership skills and understanding about the
work ethics issues.
The last chapter is contains about the conclusion and recommendation .Generally speaking, this
experience cleared all vague understandings I had about construction and thought me a valuable
lesson.
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Contents
DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. I
Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................ II
Executive summery....................................................................................................................... III
List of figure .................................................................................................................................. V
LIST OF TABLE .......................................................................................................................... VI
Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... VII
CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. 1
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HOSTING COMPANY ........................................................... 1
1.1.1 Company vision.................................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2 Company mission ............................................................................................................... 2
1.1.3 Values ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.4Equipment and data list of the company ............................................................................. 3
1.1.5 Company policy ................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 The main product of the company......................................................................................... 3
1.3 The end users of the company’s products and Customers .................................................... 5
1.4 The objective and exclusive powers of the authority ............................................................ 5
1.5 Overall organization and work flow of my hosting company ............................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 6
2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................................................. 6
2.1 Entering to the Company....................................................................................................... 6
2.2) Work sections of the company I have been working ........................................................... 6
2.2.1) Site work ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2) Material Test Section .................................................................................................. 32
2.2.5 OFFICE WORK ........................................................................................................... 48
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 49
3 ALL OVER BENEFITS I GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP AND CHALLENGES ................ 49
3.1BENEFITS ........................................................................................................................... 49
3.1.1 In terms of improving practical skill ................................................................................ 49
3.1.2 In term of up grading theoretical knowledge ................................................................... 49
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3.1.3 Interpersonal communication skill ................................................................................... 49

3.1.4 In terms of team playing skill ........................................................................................... 50
3.1.5 In terms of leadership skill ............................................................................................... 50
3.1.6 In terms of understanding work ethics ............................................................................. 50
3.1.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skill..................................................................................... 49
3.1.8 Other benefits ................................................................................................................... 49
3.2 Challenges that I have been faced during my intern program............................................. 49
CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 53
4 Conclusions and Recommendation ............................................................................................ 53
4.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 53
4.2 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 53
References:- .................................................................................................................................. 55
List of figure
Figure 1main product of the company ............................................................................................ 4
Figure 2 flow chart of the company ................................................................................................ 5
Figure 3work flow of the site .......................................................................................................... 7
Figure 4 survey instrument ........................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5profile of embankment .................................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 when dumping ................................................................................................................ 14
Figure 7 when preparing sub grade ............................................................................................... 15
Figure 8Base course ...................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 9When spraying prime coat ............................................................................................... 21
Figure 10 when placing asphalt .................................................................................................... 24
Figure 11the chart summery of earthwork and pavement ............................................................ 25
Figure 12Work flows on structural section ................................................................................... 25
Figure 13Drainage structure in transverse and longitudinally ...................................................... 27
Figure 14 Box and slab culvert ..................................................................................................... 28
Figure 15 massive manholes with formwork ................................................................................ 29
Figure 16cross section of the pavement ........................................................................................ 31
Figure 17Materials backfill ........................................................................................................... 31
Figure 18Machine for asphalt plant .............................................................................................. 45
Figure 19when taking FDT ........................................................................................................... 46
Figure 20 sample for compaction ................................................................................................. 48
Figure 21 taking slump test ........................................................................................................... 48
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1 embankment material specification ................................................................................. 13
Table 2Specification of capping layer material ............................................................................ 16
Table 3Specification of sub base course material ......................................................................... 17
Table 4Specification of base course material ............................................................................... 19
Table 5Grading specification of base course material .................................................................. 19
Table 6Specification of asphalt aggregate .................................................................................... 22
Table 7 mix ratio for the manhole................................................................................................. 28
Table 8Examples of compaction test ............................................................................................ 34
Table 9Example of CBR test ........................................................................................................ 36
Table 10Examples of LL and PL .................................................................................................. 40
Table 11sieve analysis .................................................................................................................. 42
Table 12; Density of soil in Place by Sand Cone Method, ASTM D1556/AASHTO T191 ........ 47
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Abbreviations
ERA Ethiopian Roads Authority
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
CBR California Bearing Ratio
PL Plastic Limit
LL Liquid Limit
PI plastic index
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
The main purpose of internship system is to gain and come up with practical as well as technical
work organization system and process in the industry. This practical internship transforms us, the
internship students from the theoretical knowledge to the practical knowledge.
Roads are one of the basic necessities for the economic and social growth of one country. Roads
provide geographical connections among different places which in turn provide much more
sufficient communication, market exchanges, safe travel and a lot more.
As a student of Civil Engineering, I had the chance to experience an apparent ship program as an
intern at Defense Construction Enterprise for four months for the Mekelle-Dengolat-Samre-
Finarwa Road Project. The site on which I was carrying on my experience is located in Tigray
region’s capital city, Mekelle. To clarify it more the site runs from Lachi, Andagebriel church,
Kelkel debry to the Veterinary medicine it covers about 13 km but the total length of this project
is 93.996km.
The total cost for the project is around 1.6 billion Birr. That means the average cost for 1 Km
170223.65 Birr.
1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HOSTING COMPANY
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Defense Construction Enterprise (DCE) is one of the leading companies capable of handling
complex and challenging projects ranging from residential, warehouse and office complex
buildings, and now have ventured in to real-estate development and road and bridge
construction. It is one of the Enterprise in the country and established in2002 G.C in Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia. The construction firm is registered to
Undertake construction of roads and structures category the highest grade. The company is
registered in Ethiopia and its head quarter is located in Addis Ababa
It has equipped itself with the numerous up-to-date machineries; efficient management and
human resource; and well established offices, warehouses, laboratories and fully fledged
workshop.
Ever since its establishment the company has successfully accomplished different construction
works estimated at hundreds of millions of birr for the federal government, regional government,
and the private sectors of Ethiopia. Currently the company is undertaking a number of
construction activities in different parts of the country.
The company is engaged in both building and road construction works and has 17 years’
experience in building construction activity and only 7years experience in construction of road.
Defense construction enterprise is one of the construction enterprises with G-1 rank in Ethiopia.
This company is owned by Ministry of National Defense.
1.1.1 Company vision
To be the premier choice for all construction works in Ethiopia and competitive actor
undertaking all types of construction work internationally.
To expand its business coverage to all African regions and become an effectively
Competitive and internationally recognized and registered construction firm.
1.1.2 Company mission
The business of DCE is providing construction services in the broad area of civil engineering
including, but not limited to, roads and structures, hydro structures like Dam and Irrigation. As it
is development oriented the company recognizes that its success hinges on how effectively it
meets its responsibilities to its customers and to other important group of stakeholders.
The specific missions and operating philosophy of DCE are summarized as follows:
To engage in any construction activity mainly to satisfy the national defense construction needs.
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In parallel, to engage in the construction of roads, dams, irrigation infrastructures, buildings and
other related activity necessary to the attainment of its purpose.
Increase its organizational strength by recruiting professionals, who will have at their disposal
advanced, state of the art machineries
Take an active part in the nation’s real estate development thus ensuring maximum customer
satisfaction.
It plans to constantly maintain and upgrade its facilities as modern and dependable to make them
conducive for constructing of superior engineering services.
1.1.3 Values
 Readiness for change  Leading with faith and knowledge
 Delivering better services  Impartiality
 Quality and low cost  Safety
 Transparency and Accountability
1.1.4Equipment and data list of the company
Dozer, Excavator, Roller ,Greader ,Shower truck ,Mixcer ,Sino truck ,Bivreator and others
1.1.5 Company policy
Defense Construction Enterprise is fully committed to establish ISO based quality and
Environmental Management System and conduct all activities in conformity with established
international standards and legal requirements so as to:
Achieve maximum customer satisfaction;
Become the industry leader in delivering quality, timely and cost effective construction service;
Ensure continual improvement of the service, the process and the management system;
Create environment friendly working condition by reducing and gradually eliminating activities
and wastes having adverse effect on the environment and thus contribute its share in the global
effort towards combating environmental degradation
Ensure the safety and security of the Company employees and project neighborhoods by creating
a working environment which is free from danger and professional hazards.
1.2 The main product of the company
At this time Defense Construction Enterprise is participating in many governmental and private
projects. Some of the products of this company are:-
Apartment, Hospitals and real states
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Highway
Dams and Irrigation infrastructures
Figure 1main product of the company
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1.3 The end users of the company’s products and Customers

As I have mention on the history of the company; apartments, real states, university building,
hospitals and highways and other civil infrastructure are the main products of this company, but
as I am working on highway construction I will only describe end users of this highway
construction and the advantages they have gained from it.
1.4 The objective and exclusive powers of the authority
1 The objective of the authority shall be to administer construct roads and undertake other related
activates within its jurisdiction.
2 The Authority shall, within its jurisdiction, have exclusive power with regard to the
administration and other related activities.
1.5 Overall organization and work flow of my hosting company
Figure 2 flow chart of the company
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CHAPTER TWO
2 OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Entering to the Company
University industry linkage office which is established mainly to facilitate internship places for
students and overall control of the program. Beside the freewill of students to be trained by the
company they choose, the office is responsible to communicate with internship companies with
available places for the trainees who are unable to find a place by themselves.
In my case I was interested in highway engineering stream that I applied for internship place in
Ethiopian road authority (ERA). Fortunately they confirm me and I send to university become
among the students qualified enough to train on ERA projects.
I provided the letter which is from university and sends to the concerned ERA’s regional office,
this time I was zoned in south regional branch. Finally the branch facilitates and training in this a
project owned by ERA which is Mekelle-Dengolat-Samre-Finarwa Road Project in contract 1:-
Defense Construction Enterprise
2.2) Work sections of the company I have been working
In the four month internship period, I have been working in the following sections.
I. Site work
II. Material tests
III. Office work
2.2.1) Site work
A).Work flow of the site
The presence of effective work flow on the site is believed to facilitate the progress of the project
smoothly and ensure a clear and direct line of communication among the different employees.
Therefore, flow of the work present at the site can be the direct mirror image of the progress on
which the site is showing. The figure below shows the organization and work flow that is present
on the project.
Mankind has got the chance to experience the effect of work division form the creatures around.
Bee is quite enough models to show how work flow is effective for successful and fruit full
work. Based on this fact, the company tries to create an effective work flow.
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project
manager
construction offic
adminstration
engineer engineer
quantity
logistic office site engineer
survey
-claim
finance office for mans
engineer
purchasing technical
office reporter
time keper data colecter
Figure 3work flow of the site
The project manager manages and shapes every divisions activity. Each department has its own
duties and responsibilities under the supervision of the Project Manager. Not only with the
Project Manager but also between themselves, the departments have to communicate and do
things cooperatively. The construction manager, chief surveyor, material engineer and
administration officer are the conductors of their departments while foremen are the bridges in
bonding the engineer with the labors in addition to the checking and controlling the work speed
and quality. If the foreman handles everything well, the probability for delay and consultant’s
interference to occur will vane.
From the figure it is clear that the project manager has the responsibility of being the conductor
on how things should shape up and each division has its own responsibilities and has to
constantly report to the manager on each step. Next to the project manager the administration has
the responsibility of maintaining a relatively good working environment.
Coming to work flow at the construction part:-
Structural drawing foreman look at the drawing labors change the drawing to reality
supervisors check
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Foreman play a great deal of work by organizing the labors, controlling the quality of work,
checking the drawings and systematically carry out the work in a procedural manner, in which
they planed what should come next to the work at hand.
B).Work Flow at the Supervision Team
During the construction period the Consultant supervises fully the construction of the works
with due diligence and efficiency and in accordance with sound technical, administration,
Financial and economic practices. They perform all duties associated with such tasks to
ensure that only the best construction practices are followed and that the final product is in
all respect equal to or better than the minimum specified, at optimum costs and in full
compliance with the specifications.
Supervisors from the consultant side have the power to divert the flow of work on the site
because if a failure on the quality of work is committed, they may immediately stop the
construction. In other side, this failure on work may result on blaming the fault between the
workers each other on the contractor side and the work flow may be disturbed.
By visually inspecting the supervisors could get a general overview of the state of materials and
standards which are specified in the supervisor's guideline. Materials presented such as gravel of
a specific size, sand, stone for masonry work and fill material could simply be visually inspected.
But detailed tests are also done to control the quality of work.
The main activities performed by the supervision team
 Review and Approve Working and as-built Drawings
 Soils / Materials Inspection, Sampling, Testing and Analysis
 Site Inspection
 Quality Control
 Quantity Surveying
Generally the Site work is divided into the following sub sections
a) Surveying
b) Earth work
c) Construction of pavement layers
d) Construction of structures and e) Construction of walk way and buck fill
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2.2.1.1 Surveying
In surveying the main task is setting out the design works to the ground using an instrument total
station, and leveling
.Before any construction activity all survey results are undertaken under the supervision of the
engineer’s representative and all the survey works are submitted to the engineer in digital format.
After the survey works are approved by the engineers the setting out Work continues.
The detail vertical, horizontal alignments, widening and shoulders are designed by the
Engineer’s, based on this the contactor prepares a template (cross sectional working
drawings), which are easy to understand, using eagle point software. After the template (cross
sectional working drawings) is approved by the engineers; the surveyors use this template in
the setting out works.
Before construction beings the surveyor should provide the following information to the
Forman or grade checkers
Slope stakes limits (boundary of any earth work activity)
Depth of cut or fill
Fixing center line, shoulder and carriageway
Fixing and locating of structure formwork
The basic things for any survey works are:-
 Design data and Drawings  Chain mans
 Templates (cross sectional working  Equipment’s (level, total station)
drawings) and
 Skilled man power (Level man)  Peg etc.
The surveyor writes the following information on the peg:-
 Offset distance from center line  Depth of cut(-) or(fill)
 Slope ratio  Station
The surveyor uses the template (cross sectional drawings) to set out all the above information for
construction of all pavements. After construction, the design elevation of each pavement layers is
cheeked (As built reading for layers above the sub grade is taken) by consultants (with a
tolerance of +2.5cm for earth works). Surveyors in consulting engineer’s side are mainly
engaged in checking each part of the section done by contractor surveyors. After a completion of
one section of a particular layer or part of a structure they are responsible for checking the
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desired elevation as per the section template or structural drawing is reached. If the result is not
in a tolerable limit they have the power to instruct a certain correction. If the design elevation of
the pavement layer wasn’t attained, the specified pavement is ripped and reworked
Figure 4 survey instrument
Surveying plays major role in design and construction of roads. Surveying is important before
and after sub base, base course and asphalt to checking the elevation related to the design
template.
After placing and damping of sub base material the surveyor checks the leveling of the pavement
& it knows how much depth of cut or fill. Generally surveyors applied to:-
Check thickness of each layer
To measure slopes of drainage
To bring out typical coordinates
2.2.1.2) Earth Work
Shortly earth work involves the excavation of material from cuttings and/or the construction of
embankment.
Earth work includes excavation of material to attain the design elevation of the road. It includes
sub grade construction including capping layer.
Clearing
Shall consist of the removal of all trees, brush, other vegetation, rubbish, fences, and all other
objectionable material including: the disposal of all material resulting from the clearing and
grubbing. It shall also include the removal and disposal of structures that obtrude, encroach upon
or otherwise obstruct the work
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Cutting
Cutting is the excavation of supper elevated area to get the design elevation of the road. It stands
at or near vertical in sound rock, but in weathered rock or soil, cutting is done with slope with
respect to the soil type.
Some considerations are taken when cutting is done. These are:
 Type of material to be excavated  Volume and position of materials
 Water table  Drainage and protection against
 Angle of slope determination erosion
Type of material to be excavated:
Type of material to be excavated governs the construction method, the suitability of the cut
material for the sub grade and slope that can be safely adopted
Water table:
A water table may be permanent or seasonal. In any case its presence and characteristics (level,
flow of water etc.) is determined. Due to occurrence and level of water table affects the method
excavation and stability of cut slope and the drainage system
Angle of slope determination:
The design of slope is a compromise between the following requirements
 Stability and
 Erosion
Volume and Position of Different Materials:
Some materials need high energy to excavate and transport away from the excavation area. For
example the area which is sound rock and has a boulder needs consideration of volume of cut
and where it should be transported
Drainage and Protection against Erosion
Cut section always needs always drainage to drain out the water which comes from either cut
section, catchment area or both. This accumulation of water erodes the excavated area. So, it
needs a solution to protect erosion. For example at the area where the water flow is available
from the catchment area to the cut section, intercept ditch is built to drain out the water before it
reaches the cut section.
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Acceptable fill material:-

Mostly fill materials are obtained from cuttings. If the material is not suitable, other material is
transported from the borrow areas to the embankment. The following materials are not suitable
for the embankment
Materials containing more than 5% by weight of organic matter such as top soil, material
from swamp, mud and perishable.
Materials whose swelling is more than 3% (black cotton soil).
A Clay material whose plastic index is greater than 45 and liquid limit is greater than
90%.
California bearing ratio (CBR) less than 4%.
Maximum particle size exceeds two-third of specified layer thickness after compaction,
except in case of rock fill
Embankment
This is the construction of embankment within the road prism up to sub grade level. It is different
from replacement by that embankment is filling above the original ground level but replacement
is replacing the excavated original ground
Embankment is done as follow:-
 The surveyor fixes the slope of stack limit according to the design.
 Unsuitable materials are removed and replaced by appropriate materials as per
engineer’s recommendation.
 The road bed is prepared.
 Field density test is taken to check whether the compaction attains its degree of
compaction at optimum moisture contain.
 After showering the road bed, the material filled is dumped.
 The dumped fill material fill material is mixed and placed at the moisture content near
to the optimum moisture content by the grader.
 The mixed and placed material is compacted by steel roller until the compaction attains
95% maximum dry density.
 The fill material is placed and compacted through 20cm thickness.
The contractor takes an agreement of the following specification of materials with ERA 2013 for
embankment.
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Table 1 embankment material specification
To order one formal in order to construct one layer of the embankment you should be calculating
the volume of embankment using an average end area method with considering tolerance. E.g.
Take 35% for shrinkage and waste
Volume = (average of area*change of station)
Figure 5profile of embankment
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Sr. no. Station Area volume
S1 6+040 0 0
S2 6+060 A1 (A1+A2)*(s2-S1)*0.5
S3 6+080 A2 (A3+A2)*(S3-S2)*0.5
S4 6+100 A3 (A4+A3)*(S4-S3)*0.5
S5 6+120 A4 (A5+A4)*(S5-S4)*0.5
… … …
∑V=V1+V2+V3+V4+V5
Determination of embankment volume

e.g. if the total volume of embankment is equals to 1172m cube and add 1.35 of 1172 m cube,
and if the capacity volume of Sino truck=16.74mcube then
Number of trip =total volume with tolerance per volume capacity of Sino truck
No. Trip= (1172+1172*1.35)/16.74=164.53=165
Dump space = No. Trip/Length e.g. if the Length = (6+040-6+080) =40m
Therefore, Dump space=165/40=4.12 m c/c
Figure 6 when dumping
Sub Grade construction:-

The sub grad is prepared by either filling or cutting so as to meet the design level. If the
approved design needs cutting, the existing ground is excavated using any suitable equipment
(dozer, excavator, and grader) until the finished sub grade level is reached.
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Sub grade is the final layers of the embankment in fill and cut sections. This is the layer just
above road bed on which the pavement layers finally rest on it. Sub grade is constructed as
follows.
 The setting out work is done using five pegs per station.
 The surface is showered on which the sub grade layer is to be constructed.
 The sub grade materials is dumped
 Mixing and placing
 compacting
1, if the material being used is dry, water is added to attain the optimum moisture content
(OMC). And if the material is moist, it is mixed with a dry material to reduce the moisture.
2, if the material from one section is coarser, it is mixed with a finer material from other source
to get high density during compaction.
3,the material is mixed by the grader thoroughly to avoid segregation of materials and to adjust
the moisture content of the material so as to get the optimum moisture content (OMC).
4, to protect intrusion of materials the surface is made smooth and visually good.
5, the surface is compacted by the steel roller to attain the desired field compaction
Figure 7 when preparing sub grade
The following ways of construction are recommended during compaction.

 On hilly areas, the direction of compaction is from the bottom to the top, this is to protect the
pavement layer sliding during compaction.
 The compaction paths are overlapped to each other. This is to avoid the bulging of materials in
between two paths.
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 On curves, compaction is started from inner side (smaller radius) of the road curve and
continues to the outer part, this is done to protect the super elevation from sliding down
Capping layer construction
Capping layer is pavement layer just above the sub grade, which is provided to support the sub
grade and prevent intrusion of materials to the upper layer (sub base).
The Procedure for capping layer construction is as follows
 Before starting capping layer construction, any weak spots or defects in sub grade layer
are corrected to satisfy the density and smoothness requirement of the specification.
 The material produced in the material production site is dumped on the road section
where the capping layer is to be constructed. Then the dumped material is mixed and
placed using grader.
 Shower trucks are used providing water to attain optimum moisture content of the
material.
 The placed material is compacted using steel roller
The contractor takes an agreement of the following specification of materials with ERA 2013 for
sub grade and capping layer.
Table 2Specification of capping layer material
2.2.1.3 Construction of Pavement Layers

Pavement layers construction is classified into three
1. Sub base layer
2. Base course layer
3. Asphalt concrete layer
Sub Base Layer construction:-
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Sub base is a pavement layer which is laid directly above the sub grade. It is an important layer
to spread the load in the compacted pavement. Sub base layer has the following functions.

 It enables traffic stresses to be reduced to the acceptable level in the sub grade.
 It acts as a working plat form for the construction of the upper pavement layers such as
base course and asphalt concrete layers.
 It acts as a separation layer between sub grade and base course layers.
 Under a special circumstance, it acts as a filter or as a drainage layer.
Sources of sub base material:-
The sub base material is prepared by blending natural material and crushed material.
Natural material source:-the natural material is obtained by the nature and some tests are taken
to evaluate its engineering properties for sub base.
Crushed material source:-the crushed material is produced by crushing selected (basalt) stone.
The selection of sub-base materials depends on the design function of the layer and the
anticipated moisture regime, both in service and at construction.
Sub base material is expected to fulfill some specification of quality. These specifications are
applied in this project. See the following table
Table 3Specification of sub base course material
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The construction of sub base layer follows the following procedure.

# Proportioning of natural and crushed material is made at the laboratory. Most of the time
the proportion is made two natural and one crushed.
# Proctor compaction, PI, CBR and gradation tests are taken on the mixed sub base
material to check whether the proportion satisfies sub base material specification or not
and the materials are transported to the site.
# Setting out work is made by the surveyor using five pegs per station.
# The two materials are showered by the water truck and mixed based on the laboratory
proportion by the grader. The optimum moisture content is checked by the foreman.
# After grading, the sub base material is compacted with 20cm thickness by the still roller.
# Field density test is taken after compaction to know degree of compaction with respect
to the maximum dry density.
The following techniques recommended during preparing sub base layer
 If the material being used is dry water should be added to attain the Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC). And if the material is moist, it should be mixed with a dry material to
reduce the moisture.
 If the material from one section is coarser, it should be mixed with a finer material from
other source to get high density during compaction.
After all inspecting the surface the consultant take a field density test and moisture content tests
is undertaken and this field density is compared with the density Optimum Moisture Content,
and finally “as built” check will be taken by the consultants to check if the exact design elevation
is achieved. If any of the tests is failed sub base ripping and reworking.
Base course layer construction
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Base course layer is a pavement layer which is found between the sub base and asphalt concrete
layer. Its material is permeable material. The layer does not hold moisture. The moisture is
drained out to the sub base vertically and to the shoulder laterally. So, one of the functions of
base course layer is protecting the contamination of asphalt concrete layer with moisture,
because asphalt is very sensitive to the moisture effect. It has very high bearing capacity of
traffic load. This helps the asphalt concrete layer to not be deformed.
Base course material
The base course material is produced by crushing fresh quarried rock from Gereb Gva near to
Temben. The rock which is for crushed aggregate is hard and durable.
The project accepts and works with the following material specification.
Table 4Specification of base course material
Table 5Grading specification of base course material
Base course layer is constructed as follows.
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 After sub base construction is completed, base course material is transported from the nearest
source to the site.
 Setting out work is made by the surveyor using five pegs per station. The material is laid by the
grader above the sub base layer by the grader and it is showered by the water track.
 The material is compacted by the steel roller until the required degree of compaction is
obtained.
 The thickness of the layer is checked by the surveyor.
 All test (LAA, grading, CBR, ACV, FI,) is taken within 150m distance and plasticity index (PI) is
taken within 250m after compaction.
 Field density test is taken after compaction to know whether the base course layer attains the
required degree of compaction or not.
 After all requirements are fulfilled, the base course construction is approved.
Figure 8Base course
5. Prim coat: -Priming (prime coating): - is mixture of bitumen and kerosene which is sprayed
on the base course. Before laying asphalt concrete, the base course surface was primed by the
application of cutback asphalt. The surface that was to be primed was thoroughly cleaned. All
mud, earth, dust, animal dropping, and all other foreign substances were removed. Immediately
before application of prime coat, the base course layer surface was dampened by light spray of
water applied uniformly. The equipment that was used to spread was self-propelled pressure
bitumen distributor equipped with a heating device.
The advantage of prime coat is
 To promote bond between base course and wearing course.
 To consolidate the surface on which the new treatment is to be placed.
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 To act as deterrent to the rise of capillary moisture in to the wearing surface

 Protect base-course from disturbance
 For water proof
In our site, the content of prim coat is
60% of kerosene
40% of bitumen
The capacity of truck is 0.6 – 1 m cub per meter square to sprayed. To control if the truck is
weather with in this limit or not, let spray by 1m cub per meter square the operator must be
control the speed of truck.
Figure 9When spraying prime coat
Prime coat is not applied on the following adverse conditions:

 During foggy or wet condition.
 When rain is imminent.
 When wind is sufficiently strong to cause an even spraying.
Asphalt pavement concrete layer construction
Asphalt pavement concrete layer is the top layer of pavement layers. Traffic load is applied on it
directly. It is made with high quality paving material composed of bitumen, aggregate and air.
Asphalt concrete layer possesses the following characteristics.
High resistance to deformation.
High resistance to fatigue and ability to withstand high strain.
High stiffness to reduce the stress transmitted to the pavement layers.
High resistance to the environmental degradation.
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Low permeability to prevent the entrance water and air.

The asphalt concrete layer is made up of from high quality crushed stone and bitumen material.
Crushed material:
It is produced by crushing high quality rock. The size of this material is less than or equal to
25mm. filler materials (crushed rock material passing 0.075mm) are mixed with the aggregate to
get a well graded aggregate size. The crushed material has one production plant at 10 km of our
site. There are four bins of aggregate which are blended together to get the required asphalt
concrete aggregate proportion. The bins have their own gradation specification.Different tests are
taken on the aggregate of asphalt concrete. These are:
 Aggregate crushing value (ACV) test  Absorption test
 Soundness test (SSS) test  Specific gravity test
 Ten percent fine value (TFV) test
The contractor accepts the following specification.
Table 6Specification of asphalt aggregate
Inspection and testing description Testing method Accepting criteria

Grading AASHTO T-27 Table 6400/8
ACV BS 812-1990 <21%
Water absorption AASHTO T-182 <1% by mass coarse
aggregate <1.5 by mass fine
aggregate
SE AASHTO T-176 >% for fine aggregate
FI BS 812-1990 Table 6400/5
Bitumen:-is viscous liquid or solid material which has adhesive property. It is usually hard at
normal temperature and softens flow when it is heated. It is used to bind aggregates. Its type and
grade is specified based on the environmental conditions. Grade 60/80 (60-80) of bitumen is
used in this project. Per cent of the bitumen content which is used in the project based on the mix
design is 4.9%. Quality tests are taken on the bitumen which is used in this project. The quality
tests are:
 Penetration test  Ductility test
 Softening point test
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The two materials (aggregate and bitumen) are mixed in the mix plant based on the mix design.
The asphalt concrete hot mix is transported to the site. The different tests are taken on the asphalt
concrete hot mix. The contractor accepts the following tests and specification on the asphalt
concrete mix.
Construction procedure of asphalt concrete layer:
 Before layering asphalt pavement layer, prime coat is sprayed on the base course to
bind base course aggregate. And the prime coat is allowed 24 hour to penetrate the
base course layer and it binds the aggregate sufficiently.
 The asphalt aggregate mix is transported to the site by the damp truck.
 The asphalt concrete layer is paved by the paver.
 Temperature is measured before paving the hot mix asphalt
 Thickness of the pavement is measured using deep stick.
 The mix is compacted by the steel roller when the allowable temperature is occurred.
 After steel wheel roller compaction, the layer is compacted by pneumatic tire rollers
 Smooth the surface and increase degree of compaction until the layer of the tire is not
visible.
Note:
 Most of the time, the asphalt layer is done through half. Because there is no detour to
the current flow of traffic. So, the halves are done at different time. At the time of laying
the second half layer, the previous half is cut and it is polished with the tack coat to join
the two half layers.
 One ton asphalt concrete mix covers length of pavement.
 Temperature has greatest effect on the asphalt concrete layer. Asphalt needs accurate
measurement of temperature.
Let take at my project, the Temperature is at the plant and at the site.
The following techniques of construction are applied during the construction of pavement layers.
 The direction of compaction is from bottom to the top on the hilly area. This is done to protect
the sliding pavement layer during construction.
 The compaction paths are overlapped each other to avoid the bulging of materials between the
two paths.
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 Compaction is started from the inner side of the horizontal curve and continues to the outer
side of horizontal curve. This is done to protect the sliding of materials due to supper elevation.
The following precautions taken during paving the asphalt i.e. foreman taken different action to
pave asphalt properly These are
 Covering the dump tracks to keep the temperature during transporting asphalt from mix plant
 Painting dump tracks with bitumen
 Compacting the asphalt with manual hand compacting machine for place which is not cover
by steel roller compacting machines
Figure 10 when placing asphalt
Generally the work of Earthwork and pavement section is summarized as the following chart
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Figure 11the chart summery of earthwork and pavement
2.2.1.4 Construction of structures

Different structures are built in the road construction. The structures are concerned to different
purposes. The functions are:
 Supporting the rolling soil  Draining out the accumulated water
 Protecting the soil from erosion  Helps to widen the road section
The Work flow on Structural section
Figure 12Work flows on structural section
General Procedure followed in structure section:-

Extract the designed drawing from eagle point and edit these drawings.
Locate the coordinate of important points taking the center point as origin.
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Compute the volume of excavation, backfill, masonry, number of pipe required and area
of stone pitch. And compute these values multiplied by their respective unit cost.
Identify your resource and prepare plan for implementation.
Allocate resource required for these structures both human and equipment.
Give priority for implementation and urgent activities. Then implement the plan.
Get feedback and always adjust the critical path when necessary.
Always adjust the priority, observing the real field conditions
Drainage Structures: - structures are drainage structures which are used to drain the water that
comes from the asphalt surface, cut section and catchment area. Drainage structures which are
built on the road are classified into: 1).Longitudinal drainage structure (side ditch or pipe)
2). Cross drainage structure (culvert or bridge)
Side ditch or pipe is a longitudinal drainage structure which is built at the side of the road. It
collects water that comes from the surface of the road, cut section and the catchment area and
drains to the nearest culvert. Side ditch is provided where cut section is available and flow water
exists from the catchment area to the road prism.
There are three types of pipes depending on the diameter of the pipes.
Pipe with diameter 32inch (90cm)
The pipe with diameter 32inch is singly reinforced and used in side drainage in which rate of
flow is small whereas the remaining two pipes are doubly reinforced and they are used in
junctions where the flow is large and in crossings where they are needed to carry load which
comes from soil and vehicles. The diameter of the pipe is depending on:
# Catchment area or water intensity or discharge
# Slope of the ground that laying the pipe or position
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Figure 13Drainage structure in transverse and longitudinally
Culvert
Culvert is Cross drainage structure which discharges the collected water that comes from
longitudinal drainage structure and catchment area. Different types of culverts are used based on
the quantity of water flow and soil condition. The types of culverts are:
1. Pipe culvert 3. Slab culvert
2. Box culvert
Before select one types of pipe, check the soil condition and the amount of discharge.
Pipe culvert is a pre-casted reinforced concrete. It is used in the project where the water that
comes from the side ditch and catchment area is very small. Its diameter range is from 1m to 2m.
Pipe has low cost as compared to slab and box culverts.
Pipe culvert is laid on either lean concrete when the foundation is black cotton soil or directly on
the foundation soil when the does not show differential settlement and swelling. It is surrounded
by the masonry at the inlet and out let. This is done to preserve the pipe from erosion.
if does show differential settlement and swelling Box culvert is better to use but not
economically. Slab culvert is used for maximum discharge at not show differential settlement
and swelling.
N.B. Before construct any culvert, takes soil investigation then decides to what type of culvert
use considering economy and safety.
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Figure 14 Box and slab culvert
Construct of man holes:-

The manhole is constructed without reinforcement it is only casted with concrete, because it is
only applied in order to enter the water which is drained from the carriage way and walk way
.The manhole is only designed to carry the load which comes from lateral load that is from soil
and the load from pedestrians but it is reinforced concrete in a special case like if the man hole
has more than two pipe. Generally Reinforced concrete manhole used at junction of pipe and
Massive concrete manhole used if have not junction of pipe
Mix ratio for the manhole
Table 7 mix ratio for the manhole
Aggregate
Size 02 Size 01
Sand Cement
2 1 2 1
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1. Geometrybatching box
For sand and aggregate size of 02 use 14cm but for aggregate size 01 use 16cm.
2Manhole geometry
Figure 15 massive manholes with formwork
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The man hole is designed without reinforcement it is only casted with concrete, because it is only
applied in order to enter the water which is drained from the asphalt and walk way.
Working of curve stones:-
Curbs are precast structural that mainly used in urban roads to delineate the carriageway and
pedestrian walkway or islands or shoulder used to control drainage and improve aesthetics.
Curb stone is constructed for the following purpose
 To separate the road from the road side
 To discourage drivers from parking or driving on side walks
 They also provide structural support to the pavement edge
 Curbs can be used to run off water from rain or melted snow and ice into storm drains.
 There is also an aesthetic aspect, in that curbs look formal and finished. Generally, curb
stones applied to guide or limit the passage way for drivers and pedestrian.
3 Geometry for curb stone
The inclined part in the curb stone is provided in order to ensure safety for vehicles wheel as they
pass near the curb stone, so the wheel will not be damaged by the curb stone. When finish the
sub base layer, immediately begin the activity of curb stone construction like shown below.
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Figure 16cross section of the pavement
2.2.1.5 Construction of walk way and buck fill

Buckfills:-
This activity is doing after finished the sub base and Laing pipes. The backfilling is done with
three 20cm thick successive layers. The compaction is carried out with these three steps
The dump truck dumps the selected material near to the place which required fill of the
excavated area. Then carry on the activity ofshowering andmixes with showertruck and grader
respectively. Finally, compact with the smaller machine like hand compactor of this mixed soil
Figure 17Materials backfill
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2.2.2) Material Test Section

Material test is the back bone of road construction. Although Different tests are taken in this
project most of laboratory test taken before we arrive at the project site and other laboratory test
outside company due to unorganized laboratory section. Tests which are done in the project are
classified in to two categories. These are laboratory tests and field test.
2.2.2.1) Laboratory Tests
Laboratory test is classified into:
1. Soil class
2. Asphalt class
3. Concrete class
1) Soil class: -Different tests are done for each material. The following soil tests are carried out
in the laboratory.
 Proctor compaction test  Ten per cent fine value
 California bearing ratio(CBR)  Soundness
 Plasticity index  Absorption
 Gradation  Flakiness index
 Aggregate crushing value  Elongation index
 Loss Angeles abrasion
But I have seen some of them which define below
Proctor compaction test:-The objective of this test is to obtain relationship between compacted
dry density and soil moisture content using manual compaction effort. The dry density which can
be achieved for a soil depends on the degree of compaction applied and the moisture content.
The moisture content which gives the highest dry density is called optimum moisture content.
A) Modified Proctor Compaction Test (Test Method AASHTO T-180)
The modified proctor compaction test is conducted to determine the relation between moisture
content and dry density and to know the optimum moisture content (OMC) and maximum dry
density (MDD). The purpose of this test is to determine the proper amount of molding water to
be added while compacting, the soil in the field to achieve the required degree of denseness.
Materials used to conduct the test are mold (filled in five layers with 56 blows each), hammer
(4.5kg), sieve, measuring cylinder, can (measuring tin), balance, sample extruder, metal tray,
trimmer knife and oven.
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Compaction means to press soil particles tightly together by expelling air from void spaces
between the particles. Compaction increase soil unit weight, thereby producing three important
effects.
1. Increase in shear strength,
2. Decrease in future settlement,
3. Decease in permeability.
The main aim of this test is to find the maximum dry density and optimum moistureContent.
This test is used for sub grades, sub bases and base courses. It is after proctor valuetest parameter
has been known that we can proceed to the CBR test. Using this test at thesite the engineer can
calculate the amount of water that needs to be added at a volume ofsoil. Since by nature the soil
has its own water content, it is by subtracting the OMC – NMCwe can find the amount of water
that can be added.
Procedure I followed in conducting this test
 Expose the soil sample to the air until it is dry
 Mix the water with soil samples and spread the moisture uniformly
 Place the specimen in separate container and weigh the empty mold with base but empty
collar
 Attach the mold and extension collar, compact the specimen according to the standard
 After compaction remove the collar and weight the mold with base and compacted soil
 Remove the soil from the cylinder and take representative sample for moisture content
determination.
 Repeat the test while keeping increasing added water to the specimen until the weight of
mold decreases.
 Draw graph, moisture content as abscissa versus unit weight as ordinate to get
OMC&MDD.
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Table 8Examples of compaction test
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B). CBR .California Bearing Ratio (Test Method AASHTOT-193)

Objective:-To determine the strength and swelling potential of a soil.CBR test is developed to
measure the resistance of materials to the penetration of standard plunger under controlled
density and moisture content. This test is used to evaluate the strength of sub grade, sub base and
base course materials. The CBR value is a requirement in design in pavement materials of
natural gravel. The test covers the laboratory determination of the California Bearing Ratio of a
compacted sample of soil using 65, 30, and 10blows per layer for each five layers. CBR test is
done for embankment, capping layer, sub grade, sub base and base course materials. Each
material has its own minimum requirement of CBR value. If a material does not satisfy the
requirement, it is rejected because the soil does not resist the expected traffic load.
Calculation
The amount of water which is used to prepare a sample is obtained by the following formula:
( )
Amount of water =
To determine the degree of compaction, the following formula is used.

( )
% compaction ( )
The calculation of CBR for 2.54mm is: and for CBR5.08mm is:
where
 OMC = optimum moisture content  CBR = California bearing ratio
 NMC = natural moisture content  Wm = weight of mold
 MDD = maximum dry density  Ws = weight of soil
 P = measured pressure for site soils  Ps= pressure on standard soil
[N/mm²] [N/mm²]
Procedure to conducting this test

 Expose the soil sample to the air until it is dry and pulverize
 Sieve using 20mm sieve size
 Mix the specimen using OMC (Optimum Moisture Content) and divide in to three
divisions for three trial test
 Compact the specimen according to Modified Proctor Test (4.5kg &65,30and10 blows)
 Trim the compacted specimen and insert collar in to the mold
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 Cover the specimen with paper and insert surcharge load i.e. simulates the effect of the
thickness road construction overlong the layer being tested i.e. the effect of traffic load
 The specimen is to be socked before testing the surcharge ring should be placed on the
sample immediately before immersing so their presence can control the amount of
swelling.
 Soak the mold in water for four days
 After four days bring out the mold, take dial strain reading for knowing swelling percent
of the soil sample before inserting on to CBR machine.
 Finally, insert in to the CBR machine to test for load bearing.
Table 9Example of CBR test
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The main aim of this test is to get the minimum strengths of the different layers intheir worst
condition. According to EAR2013 manual the design strength for sub grade is of aminimum of
8% and for Sub base course is a minimum of 80%. For Base course The CBRtest result should
be 100%.
C) Determination of liquid limit and Plastic Limit Test
Plastic limit is the dividing line between the plastic and semisolid state. It is quantified for agiven
soil as specific water content, and from a physical stand point it is the water contentat which the
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soil will begin to crumble when rolled into small threads. It is identified in laboratory as the
water content at which the soil can be rolled in treads 3.2mm in diameterwithout the treads
breaking into pieces. The plasticity index is the difference between theliquid and plastic limits. It
is important to find to plastic limit in order to find the PI which isan important tool in the design
of pavement.
Procedures for the Test
The liquid limit is the dividing line between the liquid and plastic states. It is quantified for the
given soil as specific water content; from a physical stand point, it is the water content at which
the shear strength of the soil becomes so small that the soil “flows” to close standard groove cut
in a sample of soil when it is jarred in a standard manner. The liquid limit is identified in the
laboratory as that water content at which the groove cut into the soil pat in standard liquid limit
device requires 25 blows (drops) from a height of 1cm to close along a distance of 13mm (Cass
grand method). This liquid limit is important in road construction. It is important in finding the
Plastic Index (PI). The liquid limit in base courses should not exceeds 25% and PI should not
exceed 6%.
Procedure for the test
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Table 10Examples of LL and PL
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D) Sieve analysis (Test Method AASHTO T-11 & T-12)

Sieve analysis is an essential test to know gradation of aggregate materials used in concrete, road
base and pavement. The objective of the analysis is to group the particles with their different
sizes in to range of sizes, and so determine the relative proportions by weight of each size range.
The particle size distribution is a measure suitability of a material for construction. Sieve
analysis classified as Dry Sieving for granular soil, Wet Sieving for cohesive soil and
Hydrometer analysis for particles less than 0.075mm.
Procedures I followed conducting sieve analysis
 Expose the soil to the air until it is dried
 Select a representative sample of the amount required to perform the test by the method
of quartering or by use of sample splitter the amount of soil selected based on the
maximum size of aggregate.
 Oven dry the sample for about 30 minute with a TO of 105oc-115oc to dry the natural
moisture content.
 Determine the total mass of the sample
 Wash the sample until the dust particle is removed using sieve number of 200.
 Put the soil in oven for 24hr
 Weight the dried soil to determine the particles passing number 20Sieve the dried soil
using different sized sieves usually ranging from 50mm -0.075mm & finally the pan.
 Finally draw the gradation curve by percentage finer as ordinate and sieve size as
abscissa.
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Table 11sieve analysis
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2) Asphalt Class:-
Bitumen is very sensitive for temperature. Quality and other tests are taken on the asphalt. The
tests which are done on asphalt class are:
• Penetration test of bitumen • Marshal test
• Ductility test of bitumen • Extraction test
• Softening point of bitumen • Distillation
But these tests are not performed during my internship period .so I have not any knowhow in
practical but I understand what tests conduct on asphalt phase theoretically. Let takethe objective
of HMA mix design is to determine an economical blend and gradation of aggregates and
bitumen, content that gives a mix with high
 Durability  Workability
 Stability  Sufficient air voids (flexibility)
For this project the company has one asphalt plant at maykeyah which is located 25km from
Mekelle. The name of the asphalt mix plant is Marini asphalt mix imported from Italy product.
The maximum capacity of the asphalt mixer will be 120 tone /hour, and the minimum capacity is
50 tones per hour.
The objective of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix design is to determine the combination of asphalt
cement and aggregate that will give long lasting performance as part of the pavement structure.
Mix design involves laboratory procedures developed to establish the necessary proportion of
materials for use in the HMA. These procedures include determining an appropriate blend of
aggregate sources to produce a proper gradation of mineral aggregate, and selecting the type and
amount of asphalt cement to be used as the binder for that gradation. Well- designed asphalt
mixtures can be expected to serve successfully for many years under a variety of loading and
environmental conditions.
Accordingly, after a series of trials we developed a JMF (Job Mix Formula) that satisfy the
Marshall Mix criteria’s as in the followings.
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Figure 18Machine for asphalt plant
2.2.2.2) Field density test by sand replacement method

This test is used to measure degree of compaction and dry density of the compacted soil at the
site. Degree of compaction and dry density of the soil has a significant effect on the asphalt
pavement. If the two parameters are not fulfilled, the asphalt layer shows the differential
settlement. It describes the degree of compaction on a given pavement. Since bearing capacity is
directly proportional to density of the soil, the higher the density of the soil at field the grater the
load carrying capacity of the pavement
Minimum dry density of backfill, capping layer, embankment and sub grade to which the
material shall be compacted shall be 95% unless
The in- situ dry density of the placed base course material should be a minimum of 98% of the
maximum dry density obtained in the ASTM Test Method D 1557 (Heavy Compaction). The
compacted thickness of each layer should not exceed 200 mm. Field compaction can be executed
under Heavy Compaction (vibratory roller, pneumatic-tired roller) and light compaction (Hand
compactor, small vibratory roller, hand tamper).
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Figure 19when taking FDT
Procedures I followed conducting this test

 Place a holed plate in the intended compacted surface
 Dig the compacted surface to an average depth of 15mm and store carefully
 Weight the soil from the hole, and the initial mass of sand + cone
 Place the cylinder with the sand on the hole while keeping the opening closed
 Now open the opening for the sake of replacing the hole with sand
 When the flow of sand in the cylinder stop, close the opening and weight the remaining
sand whole with the cylinder
 Initial mass of sand + cone minus final mass of sand + cone minus mass of sand in the
cone yields mass of sand in the hole.
( ) ( )
( )
( )
 take sample in container and burn using benzene after weight
 weight the sample after burn and calculate the moisture content
 Finally, knowing moisture content and wet density calculate the dry density and compare
with the laboratory maximum dry density for relative compaction.
And
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Table 12; Density of soil in Place by Sand Cone Method, ASTM D1556/AASHTO T191
3) Concrete Tests:-
A) Compression test
Specimens are loaded to failure in a compression testing machine. The maximum load
sustained by the specimen is recorded and the compressive strength of the concrete is
calculated. This test is done on concrete structures to know the maximum compressive
strength that it withholds. The samples are taken when the trucks delivering concretesfrom the
batch to the structures
Procedures for the Test
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Figure 20 sample for compaction
B) Slump Test
Slump test is method of determining of workability of fresh concrete. It is carried out by filling a
specified mold with fresh mixed concrete and measuring the slump after removal of the mold.
He slump test limitation accepted in this project is from 30mm to 60mm. if the slump is under
the limitation, it is not workable. It needs additional water to make it workable. If the slump is
above the limitation, it is changed to fluid. It needs removal of some amount of water.
To do the test the following procedures are taken
1. Prepare concrete which is mixed by mixer
2. Drop small amount of concrete to the slump cone
3. Compact the concrete with 25 numbers of blows
4. Repeat procedure 2 and 3 for the next two layers
5. Remove the slump cone
6. Measure the height difference between the slump cone and cone shaped concrete
Figure 21 taking slump test
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If the height is between 45-65mm it is safe but If the height is above 65mm it shows the concrete
contains high amount of water so we need to decrease the amount of water. Or if the height is
below 45mm it shows low amount of water so we have to increase the amount of water.
Generally, we took the re-arrangement of the mix ratio or water content.
Out comes: 1, True slump (used for construction)
2, Shear slump (lack of water content)
3, Collapse slump (excess of water content)
2.2.5 OFFICE WORK

Office work flow involves on: -
 Prepare working drawings.  Prepare weekly and monthly reports.
 Prepare payment certificate.  Preparation and documentation
 Prepare work schedule
A. Preparing working drawing
Inputs to prepare working drawings: - Design drawing, Survey data, and Laboratory data
Using the above data office engineer prepare the working drawings using Auto Cad and eagle
point software.
Output: -Template (cross section) drawing, Survey data, and Working drawing of structures.
B. preparing payment certificate: - 1st one copy of approved activities of all activities is given
to the office engineer and payment is prepared for those approved activities by office engineer.
C. prepare work schedule: - Based on the master schedule the office engineer can reschedule
the activities by considering
The time consumed and/or the time remaining,
Resource available
Required output (money)
D. preparing weekly and monthly reports: - Based on the data collected from the site the
office engineer can prepare report on weekly and monthly basis. The uses of those reports are
 To know income vs. expense of the project
 To monitor and evaluate Performance of the resource allocated
 To evaluate the progress of the project, to take the remedial actions weather the project is
below or ahead of the schedule.
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CHAPTER THREE
3 ALL OVER BENEFITS I GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP AND CHALLENGES
3.1BENEFITS
The period of internship has been an important step in our academic journey and it also has been
a brief introduction of how our professional life would be look like. Really this internship
program overcomes the problem of undergraduate student who have not any knowledge about
the practical world. The main benefits that we gained from our internship are stated below.
3.1.1 In terms of improving practical skill
During my internship program I have got some practical knowledge on how theoretical
knowledge is simply changed in to practical skill. So I have developed a confidence to do the
given work practically without any problem and I also observe that practical work is simpler than
that of theoretical knowledge.
The course that we took in class dealt with the theoretical side of engineering. Some lectures
took the initiative and tried to illustrate the practical part of this field by displaying different
graphic images in their lecture or suggested materials that where more or less illustrative or even
took us to the site to show what the actual engineering looked like. In the area of my work I
largely participated in the site work and I rarely participated in the office work. So most of the
knowledge I obtained from the site and some of them are described as follows.
# Construction of structure
# Earth work processes
3.1.2 In term of up grading theoretical knowledge
This internship program provided us with the opportunity to expand our horizon, broadening our
intellectual knowledge and practical skill.
I have developed a confidences to do the given work practically without any problem
and I also observed practical work is more simple than theoretical
3.1.3 Interpersonal communication skill
At the beginning of this program I am almost new for everything in the site. There were others
apparent students from other University and I communicate with them. After that we have
improved our skill of communication with the workers during our work period.
It is how well you communicate with someone and how well you behave or carry
yourself or simple which means interpersonal skills are how people relate to one another .
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As an example , it is generally understood that communicating respect for another people

or professional within will enable one to reduce conflict and increase participation or
assistance in obtaining information or completing tasks .
Having positive interpersonal skills increase the productivity in the organization since the
number of conflicts is reduced .
3.1.4 In terms of team playing skill
There are a number of benefits from team work , among them are :
 Distributing the work load  Making better decisions

 Reinforcing individual capabilities  Generating a diversity of ideas
 Creating participation and
involvement
Team work also allows one to make friends and enjoy a better social experiences When
studying and working. Because everyone also has their own individual talent , it will allows
us to do some think for better than we could before .
3.1.5 In terms of leadership skill
In leadership, decision making process is a very important task. I have developed an ability to
build consensus in the face of uncertainty. This leadership skill needs:
Good communication skill
Team cooperating skill
Decision making skill and having a good work ethics
3.1.6 In terms of understanding work ethics
Ethics tell us about moral duties and obligations and so that and our behavior is right,
truth full and justice .
Work ethics specific to work satiation are
Keeping certain information confidential.
Maintaining cordial relation with the clients and agencies that company has .
Being prepared to take up new tasks.
So , I also improve my communication skills like from work ethics such as punctuality ,
working with other , polite behavior , obey rules and procedures , respect for the job .
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3.1.7 In terms of entrepreneurship skill

As a successful entrepreneur I will have to work closely with people , this is where it is
critical to be able to build great relationship with my team , customers , suppliers ,
investors , and more .
Entrepreneur ship is a skill that can always be developed and expand
Some of entrepreneur skills that I have developed in the intern ship are:
1. Initiative 5. Leadership
2. Problem solving 6. Responsibility
3. Creativity 7. Determination
4. Communication
Now, generally I am upgrading my previous theoretical knowledge and also I developed my
interpersonal communication skill. I have participated which I previously learned theoretically
and I know the outside environment by comparing with my ability or knowledge that I grasped
before the internship.
3.1.8 Other benefits
Another benefit that I gained from the internship practice is when challenges are faced during an
activity, what type of measurement is to be taken in order to overcome these challenges.
Finally after the practice I understand and evaluate myself (in terms of performance and
capability to do something) and know how good I have been in performing my work.
3.2 Challenges that I have been faced during my intern program
It is known that one of the main interesting and needed point of the internship program is to see
the different challenges that one professional may face during his work. And also the Intern is
expected not only to see but also to know and experience the ways how he/she could manage and
overcome such challenges during the work of experience. During the whole internship period As
a Practicing employer I have faced lots challenges as listed below:
 Minor physical injures like cold due to dust of the earth work
 Difficulty in communication with site members due to misunderstanding of site language
 Insufficient site visit & investigation due to transportation
 I have not get enough knowledge due to busy of professional person and some of them also due
to have in cooperative behavior
I have taken measurement for those challenges like wear properly when I go to site; walk on foot
and by developing forbearance
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CHAPTER FOUR
4 Conclusions and Recommendation
4.1 Conclusion
Including the internship program in the curriculum by giving enough time for one semester
makes the new curriculum so good to give real practical skills and make the students familiar to
the outside world. This internship program helps me not only to develop the academic
knowledge, but also the way of life. All of my internship tasks for about four months help me to
enhance my theoretical aspects of knowledge that I have learned on the university and to develop
my confidence to work and give decision if any problem is happened before, during and after
construction period .And also I have developed how road construction goes on through variety
progress may be with its own problems.
So I can say relatively it is a well done construction progress even though it has some problems.
Generally speaking, this internship program was as a basement for me to build up my knowledge
in the profession. Some of the benefits the internship offered to me include;
 Allow me to both make and develop professional contacts, for my future job search.
 Assist me in developing greater understanding of my own strength and weakness,
 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge at school
 Knowing the local construction terms and Working standards
 Work ethics and team playing skills
4.2 Recommendation
In these four month internship semester I have got the chance to see something that could affect
the company’s quality and hinder its growth and efficiency in satisfying the requirement of the
students at practical internship. And I think they need some recommendations to make suitable
environment to the upcoming interns.
Some of the recommendations I would like to make for the hosting company is
 The company should give a better attention to intern students
 I have observed some managing incapability
 Sometimes the ways of handling the workers were not good.
 I have also observed some defects during the construction process.
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Another common mistake I have observed is the excessive addition of water during mix process.
Workers most of the time unknowingly added excessive amount of water to the concrete mix to
increase its workability in order to allow them to easily workability. Although the presence of the
additional water increases its workability it is not only affects the setting time of the concrete
mix but also greatly reduces its strength exposing the structure for failure that could happen in
the future or fail before the required design life. This common mistake can easily be prevented
by close supervision
In test wrong data were used in order to pass the test. So , I recommended that the consultant
engineer should follow the test attentively .
Another problem was Idle or workers due to break down of machines . Hence , I
recommend that the project equipment maintenance and human resource department should
attend the problem wisely .
.
.
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References:-
1) Site observations
2) Contract document of Mekelle-Dengolat-Samre-Finarwa Road project
3) ERA 2013 design manual
4) Interview and Questioners
5) AASHTO Specification
7) Company profile
8) Lab manual and previous different soft copies
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Araya GHHH

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MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

ETHIOPIAN INSTITUTE OFTECHNOLOGY-MEKELLE

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING INTERNSHIP REPORT

Mentor by: ins. Haltom

Name: Araya G/slassie signature:…………….

3.1.3 Interpersonal communication skill ................................................................................... 49

1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HOSTING COMPANY

Figure 1main product of the company

1.3 The end users of the company’s products and Customers

1.5 Overall organization and work flow of my hosting company

Figure 2 flow chart of the company

time keper data colecter

Figure 3work flow of the site

Figure 4 survey instrument

Acceptable fill material:-

Table 1 embankment material specification

Volume = (average of area*change of station)

Figure 5profile of embankment

Sr. no. Station Area volume

Determination of embankment volume

Figure 6 when dumping

Sub Grade construction:-

Figure 7 when preparing sub grade

The following ways of construction are recommended during compaction.

2.2.1.3 Construction of Pavement Layers

The construction of sub base layer follows the following procedure.

Table 5Grading specification of base course material

Base course layer is constructed as follows.

Figure 8Base course

 To act as deterrent to the rise of capillary moisture in to the wearing surface

Figure 9When spraying prime coat

Prime coat is not applied on the following adverse conditions:

Low permeability to prevent the entrance water and air.

Inspection and testing description Testing method Accepting criteria

Figure 10 when placing asphalt

Figure 11the chart summery of earthwork and pavement

2.2.1.4 Construction of structures

Figure 12Work flows on structural section

General Procedure followed in structure section:-

Figure 13Drainage structure in transverse and longitudinally

Figure 14 Box and slab culvert

Construct of man holes:-

Figure 15 massive manholes with formwork

Figure 16cross section of the pavement

2.2.1.5 Construction of walk way and buck fill

Figure 17Materials backfill

2.2.2) Material Test Section

Table 8Examples of compaction test

B). CBR .California Bearing Ratio (Test Method AASHTOT-193)

To determine the degree of compaction, the following formula is used.

Procedure to conducting this test

Table 10Examples of LL and PL

D) Sieve analysis (Test Method AASHTO T-11 & T-12)

Table 11sieve analysis

Figure 18Machine for asphalt plant

2.2.2.2) Field density test by sand replacement method

Figure 19when taking FDT

Procedures I followed conducting this test

Figure 20 sample for compaction

Figure 21 taking slump test

2.2.5 OFFICE WORK

As an example , it is generally understood that communicating respect for another people

 Distributing the work load  Making better decisions