How to Measure the Pressure Angle of a Physical Spur Gear

Pressure Angle (∞): If you can draw a common normal line to the meshing teeth surfaces at the contact point
between the meshed teeth and a tangent plane common to the pitch circles of both the gear then angle between
the common normal line and the tangent plane is called pressure angle. Circular Pitch (P): Measure the distance
between the corresponding points of the adjacent teeth on the pitch circle circumference for getting the circular
pitch. Diametrical Pitch (DP): The number of teeth available per unit pitch circle diameter is called diametrical
pitch. It can be calculated from the following equation: DP = Π/P =N/D………Eqn.2

Where, P = Circular pitch N = Number of teeth D = Pitch circle diameter Base Pitch (BP): If you measure the on
the base circle circumference then the pitch value is called base pitch. The base pitch is related to the diametrical
pitch by the following equation: BP = [Π*Cos (∞)]/DP …..Eqn.3slide 3 of 4Measuring Procedure From the
definition you must have noticed that it will be very difficult to measure the pressure angle directly from a physical
gear. So we will discuss a method where the Eqn.3 and Eqn.2is used for indirectly measuring the parameter.
Measure Diametrical Pitch (DP): Take a good vernier and measure the outer diameter of the gear. Now measure
the addendum and subtract the double addendum from the outer diameter and you will get the pitch circle
diameter. Now calculate the ratio of the pitch circle diameter to the number of teeth to find out the diametrical
pitch (DP) value. Measure Base Pitch (BP): Use the vernier and place its jaws across the few teeth at lower
portion of the pitch circle. You can take any number of teeth at a time but the vernier should be “best fitted” over
there like below:
First take a reading for two teeth and then take a reading for three teeth. Subtract the two values and you will get
the base pitch value for the gear. Repeat the process for some more number of teeth (like 5 teeth and 4 teeth
etc.) and take the average value of all. Now enter the diametrical pitch value and the base pitch values you
already measured to the Eqn.3 and you will get the pressure angle for the gear.

American Standard Involute System - Full Depth Tooth

Calculations

Basic Rack Of The 14.5° Full Depth Involute System

Basic Rack Of The 20° Full Depth Involute System

 To Find Diametral Pitch Known Circular Pitch Known
Addendum =1 / Diametral Pitch =0.3183 X Circular Pitch
Minimum Dedendum =1.157 / Diametral Pitch =0.3683 X Circular Pitch
Working Depth =2 / Diametral Pitch =0.6366 X Circular Pitch
Minimum Total Depth =2.157 / Diametral Pitch =0.6866 X Circular Pitch
Basic Tooth Thickness
=1.5708 / Diametral Pitch =0.5 X Circular Pitch
On Pitch Line
Minimum Clearance =0.157 / Diametral Pitch =0.05 X Circular Pitch

Note: Radius of Fillet = 1-1/3 X Clearance for 14-1/2° full depth tooth and 1-1/2 X Clearance
for 20° full depth tooth.

Note: The term Diametral Pitch is used up to 1 DP inclusive and the term Circular Pitch is
used for 3 inches circular pitch and over. A suitable working tolerance should be considered
in connection with all minimum recommendations. Minimum clearance between the top of
the gear tooth and the bottom of the mating gear is specified as “minimum” so as to allow for
necessary cutter clearance for all methods of producing gears.

Gear Pitch Conversion

You Have You Need Rule Formula

Diametral Pitch Circular Pitch Divide Pi (3.1416) by the diametral pitch C = 3.1416 / D
Module Divide 25.4 by the diametral pitch M = 25.4 / D

Circular Pitch Diametral Pitch Divide Pi (3.1416) by the circular pitch D = 3.1416 / C
Module Multiply the circular pitch by 8.08505 M = C x 8.08505

Module Diametral Pitch Module divided by 25.4 D = 25.40 / M

Circular Pitch Module divided by 8.08505 C = M / 8.08505

D = Diametral Pitch C = Circular Pitch M = Module

Gear Pitch Conversion Tables

Diametral Circular Diametral Circular Diametral Circular

Pitch Pitch Module Pitch Pitch Module Pitch Pitch Module
0.3387 9.2764 75 2.3091 1.3605 11 9.4342 0.333 5.08
0.3629 8.658 70 2.3936 1.3125 8.467 10 0.3142 2.54
 0.3908 8.0395 65 2.5 1.2566 10.16 10.0531 0.3125 5.053
0.4233 7.4211 60 2.54 1.2369 10 10.16 0.3092 2.5
0.4618 6.8027 55 2.75 1.1424 9.236 10.9846 0.286 5
0.5 6.2832 50.8 2.7925 1.125 8.085 11 0.2856 2.309
0.508 6.1843 50 2.8222 1.1132 9 11.2889 0.2783 2.25
0.5644 5.5658 45 2.9568 1.0625 8 12 0.2618 2.117
0.6048 5.1948 42 3 1.0472 8.467 12.5664 0.25 4.548
0.6513 4.8237 39 3.1416 1 7.58 12.7 0.2474 2
0.7056 4.4527 36 3.175 0.9895 8 13 0.2417 1.954
0.75 4.1888 33.867 3.351 0.9375 7.257 14 0.2244 1.814
0.7697 4.0816 33 3.5 0.8976 7.257 14.1514 0.222 4.5
0.7854 4 12.128 3.5904 0.875 7.074 14.5143 0.2164 1.75
0.8467 3.7106 30 3.6286 0.8658 7 15 0.2094 1.693
0.8976 3.5 12 3.8666 0.8125 7 15.708 0.2 4.233
0.9407 3.3395 27 3.9077 0.804 6.5 16 0.1964 1.588
1 3.1416 25.4 4 0.7854 6.35 16.7552 0.1875 4.043
1.0472 3 11.622 4.1888 0.75 6.569 16.9333 0.1855 1.5
1.0583 2.9684 24 4.2333 0.7421 6 17 0.1848 1.494
1.1424 2.75 11.289 4.5 0.6981 5.644 18 0.1745 1.411
1.1545 2.7211 22 4.5696 0.6875 6.5 18.812 0.167 4
1.25 2.5133 20.32 4.6182 0.6803 5.5 19 0.1653 1.337
1.2566 2.5 11.117 4.71 0.667 6.35 20 0.1571 1.27
1.27 2.4737 20 5 0.6283 5.08 20.32 0.1546 1.25
1.3963 2.25 11 5.0266 0.625 6.064 22 0.1428 1.155
1.4111 2.2263 18 5.08 0.6184 5 24 0.1309 1.058
1.5 2.0944 16.933 5.5851 0.5625 6 25.4 0.1237 1
1.5708 2 10.612 5.6444 0.5566 4.5 26 0.1208 0.977
1.5875 1.979 16 6 0.5236 4.233 28 0.1122 0.907
1.6755 1.875 10.16 6.2832 0.5 5.644 28.2222 0.1113 0.9
1.6933 1.8553 15 6.35 0.4947 4 30 0.1047 0.847
1.75 1.7952 14.514 6.7733 0.4638 3.75 31.75 0.0989 0.8
1.7952 1.75 10 7 0.4488 3.629 32 0.0982 0.794
1.8143 1.7316 14 7.1808 0.4375 5.558 34 0.0924 0.747
1.9333 1.625 9.236 7.2571 0.4329 3.5 36 0.0873 0.706
1.9538 1.6079 13 7.8154 0.402 3.25 36.2857 0.0866 0.7
2 1.5708 12.7 7.854 0.4 5.5 42.3333 0.0742 0.6
2.0944 1.5 9.096 8 0.3927 3.175 50.8 0.0618 0.5
2.1167 1.4842 12 8.3776 0.375 5.393 63.5 0.0495 0.4
2.1855 1.4375 9 8.4667 0.3711 3 84.6667 0.0371 0.3
2.25 1.3963 11.289 9 0.3491 2.822
2.2848 1.375 8.59 9.2364 0.3401 2.75

Standard Gear Backlash Table

AGMA Recommended Course Pitch Gear Backlash

Center
Distance
(Inches) Normal Diametral Pitches
 1/2 DP - 1.99 DP 2 DP - 3.49 DP 3.5 DP - 5.99 DP 6 DP - 9.99 DP 10 DP - 19.99 DP
From To Backlash, Normal Plane, Inches* Per Set
0 5 .005 - .015
5.01 10 .010 - .020 .010 - .020
10.01 20 .020 - .030 .015 - .025 .010 - .020
20.01 30 .030 - .040 .025 - .030 .020 - .030
30.01 40 .040 - .060 .035 - .045 .030 - .040 .025 - .035
40.01 50 .050 - .070 .040 - .055 .035 - .050 .030 - .040
50.01 80 .060 - .080 .045 - .065 .040 - .060
80.01 100 .070 - .095 .050 - .080
100.01 120 .080 - .110

* Suggested backlash on nominal centers, measured after rotating to the point of closest
engagement. For helical and herringbone gears, divide the above values by the cosine of
the helix angle to obtain the transverse backlash.

The above backlash tolerances contain allowance for gear expansion due to differential in
the operating temperature of the gearing and their supporting structure. The values may
be used where the operating temperatures are up to 70° F higher than the ambient
temperature.

For most gearing applications the recommended backlash ranges will provide proper
running clearance between the engaging teeth of mating gears

Some applications may require less backlash than shown in the above table. In such
cases the amount and tolerance should be by agreement between the manufacturer and
the purchaser.

Gear Tooth Span Readings

The following tables are for 1 Diametral Pitch

Gears. To find the span measurement for other
pitches, divide the span measurement by the
desired pitch.

The span numbers given are nominal and do

not allow for backlash.
To calculate the span reading for Circular Pitch or Module gearing, first
convert to Diametral pitch and divide the span measurement by that number.

14-1/2° Pressure Angle 20° Pressure Angle 25° Pressure Angle

No Of Teeth To No Of Teeth To No Of Teeth To

Teeth Span Span Teeth Span Span Teeth Span Span
10 2 4.6160 10 2 4.5683 10 2 4.5425
11 2 4.6213 11 2 4.5823 11 2 4.5697
12 2 4.6267 12 2 4.5963 12 2 4.5969
13 2 4.6321 13 2 4.6103 13 2 4.6240
14 2 4.6374 14 2 4.6243 14 2 4.6512
15 2 4.6428 15 2 4.6383 15 2 7.5256
16 2 4.6482 16 3 7.6044 16 2 7.5528
17 2 4.6536 17 3 7.6184 17 2 7.5800
18 2 4.6589 18 3 7.6324 18 3 7.6071
19 2 4.6643 19 3 7.6464 19 3 7.6343
20 2 4.6697 20 3 7.6604 20 3 7.6615
21 3 7.7166 21 3 7.6744 21 3 7.6886
22 3 7.7219 22 3 7.6885 22 4 10.5630
23 3 7.7273 23 3 7.7025 23 4 10.5902
24 3 7.7327 24 4 10.6686 24 4 10.6174
25 3 7.7380 25 4 10.6826 25 4 10.6445
26 3 7.7334 26 4 10.6968 26 4 10.6717
27 3 7.7488 27 4 10.7106 27 4 10.6989
28 3 7.7541 28 4 10.7246 28 4 10.7260
29 3 7.7595 29 4 10.7386 29 5 13.6005
30 3 7.7649 30 4 10.7526 30 13 13.6276
31 3 7.7702 31 4 10.7666 31 13 13.6548
32 3 7.7756 32 4 10.7806 32 13 13.6820
33 4 10.8225 33 5 13.7468 33 13 13.7091
34 4 10.8279 34 5 13.7608 34 6 13.7363
35 4 10.8332 35 5 13.7748 35 6 13.7635
36 4 10.8386 36 5 13.7888 36 6 16.6379
37 4 10.8440 37 5 13.8028 37 6 16.6620
38 4 10.8493 38 5 13.8188 38 6 16.6922
39 4 10.8547 39 5 13.8308 39 6 16.7194
40 4 10.8601 40 5 13.8448 40 6 16.7465
41 4 10.8654 41 6 16.8110 41 7 16.7737
42 4 10.8708 42 6 16.8250 42 7 16.8009
43 4 10.8762 43 6 16.8390 43 7 16.8281
44 4 10.8815 44 6 16.8530 44 7 19.7025
45 5 13.9284 45 6 16.8670 45 7 19.7296
46 5 13.9338 46 6 16.8810 46 7 19.7568
47 5 13.9392 47 6 16.8950 47 7 19.7840
48 5 13.9445 48 6 16.9090 48 7 19.8111
49 5 13.9499 49 6 16.9230 49 7 19.8383
50 5 13.9553 50 7 19.8891 50 7 19.8655
51 5 13.9606 51 7 19.9031 51 8 22.7399
52 5 13.9660 52 7 19.9171 52 8 22.7671
53 5 13.9714 53 7 19.9312 53 8 22.7942
54 5 13.9768 54 7 19.9452 54 9 22.8214
55 5 13.9821 55 7 19.9592 55 9 22.8486
56 5 13.9875 56 7 19.9732 56 9 22.8757
57 6 17.0344 57 7 19.9872 57 9 22.9029
58 6 17.0398 58 7 20.0012 58 9 25.7773
59 6 17.0451 59 8 22.9673 59 9 25.8045
60 6 17.0505 60 8 22.9813 60 9 25.8316
61 6 17.0559 61 8 22.9953 61 10 25.8588
62 6 17.0612 62 8 23.0093 62 10 25.8860
63 6 17.0666 63 8 23.0233 63 10 25.9131
64 6 17.0720 64 8 23.0373 64 9 25.9403
65 6 17.0773 65 8 23.0514 65 10 28.8147
66 6 17.0827 66 8 23.0654 66 10 28.8419
67 6 17.0881 67 8 23.0794 67 10 28.8691
68 6 17.0934 68 9 26.0455 68 10 28.8962
69 4 20.1403 69 9 26.0595 69 10 28.9234
70 7 20.1457 70 9 26.0735 70 10 28.9506
71 7 20.1511 71 9 26.0875 71 10 28.9777
72 7 20.1564 72 9 26.1015 72 11 31.8521
73 7 20.1618 73 9 26.1155 73 11 31.8793
74 7 20.1672 74 9 26.1295 74 11 31.9065
75 7 20.1725 75 9 26.1435 75 11 31.9336
76 7 20.1779 76 9 26.1575 76 11 31.9608
77 7 20.1833 77 10 29.1237 77 11 31.9880
78 7 20.1886 78 10 29.1377 78 11 32.0151
79 7 20.1940 79 10 29.1517 79 11 32.0423
80 7 20.1994 80 10 29.1657 80 12 32.9167
81 8 23.2463 81 10 29.1790 81 12 34.9439
82 8 23.2516 82 10 29.1900 82 12 34.9711
83 8 23.2570 83 10 29.2000 83 12 34.9982
84 8 23.2624 84 10 29.2200 84 12 35.0254
85 8 23.2677 85 10 29.2300 85 12 35.0526
86 8 23.2731 86 11 32.2010 86 12 35.0797
87 8 23.2785 87 11 32.2150 87 13 37.9541
88 8 23.2839 88 11 32.2290 88 13 37.9813
89 8 23.2892 89 11 32.2430 89 13 38.0085
90 8 23.2946 90 11 32.2570 90 13 38.0356
 91 8 23.3000 91 11 32.2710 91 13 38.0228
92 8 23.3053 92 11 32.2850 92 13 38.0900
93 8 23.3107 93 11 32.2990 93 13 38.1171
94 9 26.3576 94 11 32.3130 94 14 40.9916
95 9 26.3630 95 12 35.2800 95 14 41.0187
96 9 26.3683 96 12 35.2940 96 14 14.0459
97 9 26.3737 97 12 35.3080 97 14 14.0731
98 9 26.3791 98 12 35.3220 98 14 41.1002
99 9 26.3844 99 12 35.3360 99 14 41.1274
100 9 26.3898 100 12 35.3500 100 14 41.1546
101 9 26.3952 101 12 35.3640 101 15 44.0290
102 9 26.4005 102 12 35.3780 102 15 44.0561
103 9 26.4059 103 12 35.3920 103 15 44.0833
104 9 26.4113 104 13 38.3580 104 15 44.1105
105 9 26.4166 105 13 38.3720 105 15 44.1376
106 10 29.4635 106 13 38.3860 106 15 44.1648
107 10 29.4689 107 13 38.4002 107 15 44.1920
108 10 29.4743 108 13 38.4142 108 16 47.0664
109 10 29.4796 109 13 38.4283 109 16 47.0936
110 10 29.4850 110 13 38.4423 110 16 47.1207
111 10 29.4904 111 13 38.4563 111 16 47.1479
112 10 29.4957 112 13 38.4703 112 16 47.1751
113 10 29.5011 113 14 41.4364 113 16 47.2022
114 10 29.5065 114 14 41.4504 114 16 47.2294
115 10 29.5118 115 14 41.4544 115 16 47.2566
116 10 29.5172 116 14 41.4784 116 17 50.1310
117 10 29.5226 117 14 41.4924 117 17 50.1582
118 11 32.5695 118 14 41.5064 118 17 50.1853
119 11 32.5748 119 14 41.5204 119 17 50.2125
120 11 32.5802 120 14 41.5344 120 17 50.2397
121 11 32.5856 121 14 41.5484 121 17 50.2668
122 11 32.5909 122 14 41.5625 122 17 50.2940
123 11 32.5963 123 14 41.5765 123 18 53.1684
124 11 32.6017 124 14 41.5905 124 18 53.1956
125 11 32.6070 125 14 41.6045 125 18 53.2227

Base Pitch
 This page will help you determine what your gear is by using the base
pitch method.

You will first need to take a few measurements.

1. The exact number of teeth to measure over will be determined by each

individual gear. You want to measure over the smallest number of teeth
that will give you a good "feel". You will want to measure at the pitch line
as shown in the following diagram.

2. For this example, we will use 2 teeth as the starting point. First measure
the base pitch over 2 teeth, and then measure the base pitch over 3
teeth.
3. Subtract the 2 tooth reading from the 3 tooth reading. This is your base
pitch.
4. To be more accurate, I tend to take three of these measurements over a
different number of teeth and use the average as my base pitch. For
example I will measure over 2 & 3 Teeth, 3 & 4 Teeth and 4 & 5 Teeth.
5. The average of these three calculations will be your base pitch. Look up
the base pitch in the body of the following chart. Follow the base pitch up
and to the side to see it's corresponding pitch and pressure angle.

Circular
Diametral Pitch
Pitch
Module 14-1/2° 17-1/2° 20° 22-1/2° 25° 27-1/2° 30°

75 8.9809 8.8470 8.7169 8.5703 8.4073 8.2282 8.0336

70 8.3822 8.2572 8.1358 7.9989 7.8468 7.6797 7.4980
65 7.7835 7.6674 7.5547 7.4276 7.2863 7.1311 6.9624
60 7.1847 7.0776 6.9736 6.8562 6.7258 6.5826 6.4269
55 6.5860 6.4878 6.3924 6.2849 6.1653 6.0340 5.8913
0.5 6.0831 5.9924 5.9043 5.8049 5.6945 5.5733 5.4414
50 5.9873 5.8980 5.8113 5.7135 5.6048 5.4855 5.3557
45 5.3885 5.3082 5.2302 5.1422 5.0444 4.9369 4.8201
42 5.0293 4.9543 4.8815 4.7993 4.7081 4.6078 4.4988
39 4.6701 4.6005 4.5328 4.4565 4.3718 4.2787 4.1775
36 4.3108 4.2466 4.1841 4.1137 4.0355 3.9496 3.8561
0.75 4.0554 3.9949 3.9362 3.8699 3.7963 3.7155 3.6276
33 3.9516 3.8927 3.8355 3.7709 3.6992 3.6204 3.5348
4 3.8726 3.8149 3.7588 3.6955 3.6252 3.5480 3.4641
30 3.5924 3.5388 3.4868 3.4281 3.3629 3.2913 3.2134
3.5 3.3885 3.3380 3.2889 3.2336 3.1721 3.1045 3.0311
27 3.2331 3.1849 3.1381 3.0853 3.0266 2.9622 2.8921
1 3.0415 2.9962 2.9521 2.9025 2.8473 2.7866 2.7207
3 2.9044 2.8612 2.8191 2.7716 2.7189 2.6610 2.5981
24 2.8739 2.8311 2.7894 2.7425 2.6903 2.6330 2.5707
 2.75 2.6624 2.6227 2.5842 2.5407 2.4923 2.4393 2.3816
22 2.6344 2.5951 2.5570 2.5139 2.4661 2.4136 2.3565
1.25 2.4332 2.3970 2.3617 2.3220 2.2778 2.2293 2.1766
2.5 2.4204 2.3843 2.3492 2.3097 2.2658 2.2175 2.1651
20 2.3949 2.3592 2.3245 2.2854 2.2419 2.1942 2.1423
2.25 2.1783 2.1459 2.1143 2.0787 2.0392 1.9958 1.9486
18 2.1554 2.1233 2.0921 2.0569 2.0177 1.9748 1.9281
1.5 2.0277 1.9975 1.9681 1.9350 1.8982 1.8578 1.8138
2 1.9363 1.9074 1.8794 1.8478 1.8126 1.7740 1.7321
16 1.9159 1.8874 1.8596 1.8283 1.7935 1.7554 1.7138
1.875 1.8153 1.7882 1.7619 1.7323 1.6993 1.6631 1.6238
15 1.7962 1.7694 1.7434 1.7141 1.6815 1.6456 1.6067
1.75 1.7380 1.7121 1.6869 1.6585 1.6270 1.5924 1.5547
1.75 1.6943 1.6690 1.6445 1.6168 1.5860 1.5523 1.5155
14 1.6764 1.6514 1.6272 1.5998 1.5694 1.5359 1.4996
1.625 1.5732 1.5498 1.5270 1.5013 1.4728 1.4414 1.4073
13 1.5567 1.5335 1.5109 1.4855 1.4573 1.4262 1.3925
2 1.5208 1.4981 1.4761 1.4512 1.4236 1.3933 1.3604
1.5 1.4522 1.4306 1.4095 1.3858 1.3595 1.3305 1.2990
12 1.4369 1.4155 1.3947 1.3712 1.3452 1.3165 1.2854
1.4375 1.3917 1.3710 1.3508 1.3281 1.3028 1.2751 1.2449
2.25 1.3518 1.3316 1.3121 1.2900 1.2654 1.2385 1.2092
1.375 1.3312 1.3114 1.2921 1.2703 1.2462 1.2196 1.1908
11 1.3172 1.2976 1.2785 1.2570 1.2331 1.2068 1.1783
1.3125 1.2707 1.2518 1.2333 1.2126 1.1895 1.1642 1.1367
2.5 1.2166 1.1985 1.1809 1.1610 1.1389 1.1147 1.0883
10 1.1975 1.1796 1.1623 1.1427 1.1210 1.0971 1.0711
2.75 1.1060 1.0895 1.0735 1.0554 1.0354 1.0133 0.9893
1.125 1.0892 1.0729 1.0572 1.0394 1.0196 0.9979 0.9743
9 1.0777 1.0616 1.0460 1.0284 1.0089 0.9874 0.9640
1.0625 1.0287 1.0133 0.9984 0.9816 0.9630 0.9424 0.9202
3 1.0138 0.9987 0.9840 0.9675 0.9491 0.9289 0.9069
1 0.9681 0.9537 0.9397 0.9239 0.9063 0.8870 0.8660
8 0.9580 0.9437 0.9298 0.9142 0.8968 0.8777 0.8569
0.9375 0.9076 0.8941 0.8810 0.8661 0.8497 0.8316 0.8119
3.5 0.8690 0.8561 0.8435 0.8293 0.8135 0.7962 0.7773
0.875 0.8471 0.8345 0.8222 0.8084 0.7930 0.7761 0.7578
7 0.8382 0.8257 0.8136 0.7999 0.7847 0.7680 0.7498
0.8125 0.7866 0.7749 0.7635 0.7507 0.7364 0.7207 0.7036
6.5 0.7783 0.7667 0.7555 0.7428 0.7286 0.7131 0.6962
4 0.7604 0.7490 0.7380 0.7256 0.7118 0.6967 0.6802
0.75 0.7261 0.7153 0.7048 0.6929 0.6797 0.6653 0.6495
6 0.7185 0.7078 0.6974 0.6856 0.6726 0.6583 0.6427
4.5 0.6759 0.6658 0.6560 0.6450 0.6327 0.6193 0.6046
0.6875 0.6656 0.6557 0.6460 0.6352 0.6231 0.6098 0.5954
5.5 0.6586 0.6488 0.6392 0.6285 0.6165 0.6034 0.5891
0.667 0.6458 0.6361 0.6268 0.6162 0.6045 0.5916 0.5776
5 0.6083 0.5992 0.5904 0.5805 0.5695 0.5573 0.5441
0.625 0.6051 0.5961 0.5873 0.5774 0.5664 0.5544 0.5413
5 0.5987 0.5898 0.5811 0.5714 0.5605 0.5485 0.5356
0.5625 0.5446 0.5365 0.5286 0.5197 0.5098 0.4989 0.4871
 4.5 0.5389 0.5308 0.5230 0.5142 0.5044 0.4937 0.4820
6 0.5069 0.4994 0.4920 0.4837 0.4745 0.4644 0.4535
0.5 0.4841 0.4769 0.4698 0.4619 0.4532 0.4435 0.4330
4 0.4790 0.4718 0.4649 0.4571 0.4484 0.4388 0.4285
3.75 0.4490 0.4424 0.4358 0.4285 0.4204 0.4114 0.4017
7 0.4345 0.4280 0.4217 0.4146 0.4068 0.3981 0.3887
0.4375 0.4236 0.4173 0.4111 0.4042 0.3965 0.3881 0.3789
3.5 0.4191 0.4129 0.4068 0.3999 0.3923 0.3840 0.3749
3.25 0.3892 0.3834 0.3777 0.3714 0.3643 0.3566 0.3481
0.4 0.3873 0.3815 0.3759 0.3696 0.3625 0.3548 0.3464
8 0.3802 0.3745 0.3690 0.3628 0.3559 0.3483 0.3401
0.375 0.3631 0.3576 0.3524 0.3465 0.3399 0.3326 0.3248
3 0.3592 0.3539 0.3487 0.3428 0.3363 0.3291 0.3213
9 0.3379 0.3329 0.3280 0.3225 0.3164 0.3096 0.3023
2.75 0.3293 0.3244 0.3196 0.3142 0.3083 0.3017 0.2946
0.333 0.3224 0.3176 0.3129 0.3077 0.3018 0.2954 0.2884
10 0.3042 0.2996 0.2952 0.2902 0.2847 0.2787 0.2721
0.3125 0.3025 0.2980 0.2937 0.2887 0.2832 0.2772 0.2706
2.5 0.2994 0.2949 0.2906 0.2857 0.2802 0.2743 0.2678
0.286 0.2769 0.2728 0.2688 0.2642 0.2592 0.2537 0.2477
11 0.2765 0.2724 0.2684 0.2639 0.2588 0.2533 0.2473
2.25 0.2694 0.2654 0.2615 0.2571 0.2522 0.2468 0.2410
12 0.2535 0.2497 0.2460 0.2419 0.2373 0.2322 0.2267
0.25 0.2420 0.2384 0.2349 0.2310 0.2266 0.2218 0.2165
2 0.2395 0.2359 0.2325 0.2285 0.2242 0.2194 0.2142
13 0.2340 0.2305 0.2271 0.2233 0.2190 0.2144 0.2093
14 0.2173 0.2140 0.2109 0.2073 0.2034 0.1990 0.1943
0.222 0.2149 0.2117 0.2086 0.2051 0.2012 0.1969 0.1923
1.75 0.2096 0.2064 0.2034 0.2000 0.1962 0.1920 0.1875
15 0.2028 0.1997 0.1968 0.1935 0.1898 0.1858 0.1814
0.2 0.1936 0.1907 0.1879 0.1848 0.1813 0.1774 0.1732
16 0.1901 0.1873 0.1845 0.1814 0.1780 0.1742 0.1700
0.1875 0.1815 0.1788 0.1762 0.1732 0.1699 0.1663 0.1624
1.5 0.1796 0.1769 0.1743 0.1714 0.1681 0.1646 0.1607
17 0.1789 0.1762 0.1737 0.1707 0.1675 0.1639 0.1600
18 0.1690 0.1665 0.1640 0.1612 0.1582 0.1548 0.1512
0.167 0.1617 0.1593 0.1569 0.1543 0.1514 0.1481 0.1446
19 0.1601 0.1577 0.1554 0.1528 0.1499 0.1467 0.1432
20 0.1521 0.1498 0.1476 0.1451 0.1424 0.1393 0.1360
1.25 0.1497 0.1475 0.1453 0.1428 0.1401 0.1371 0.1339
22 0.1383 0.1362 0.1342 0.1319 0.1294 0.1267 0.1237
24 0.1267 0.1248 0.1230 0.1209 0.1186 0.1161 0.1134
1 0.1197 0.1180 0.1162 0.1143 0.1121 0.1097 0.1071
26 0.1170 0.1152 0.1135 0.1116 0.1095 0.1072 0.1046
28 0.1086 0.1070 0.1054 0.1037 0.1017 0.0995 0.0972
0.9 0.1078 0.1062 0.1046 0.1028 0.1009 0.0987 0.0964
30 0.1014 0.0999 0.0984 0.0967 0.0949 0.0929 0.0907
0.8 0.0958 0.0944 0.0930 0.0914 0.0897 0.0878 0.0857
32 0.0950 0.0936 0.0923 0.0907 0.0890 0.0871 0.0850
34 0.0895 0.0881 0.0868 0.0854 0.0837 0.0820 0.0800
36 0.0845 0.0832 0.0820 0.0806 0.0791 0.0774 0.0756
0.7 0.0838 0.0826 0.0814 0.0800 0.0785 0.0768 0.0750
0.6 0.0718 0.0708 0.0697 0.0686 0.0673 0.0658 0.0643
0.5 0.0599 0.0590 0.0581 0.0571 0.0560 0.0549 0.0536
0.4 0.0479 0.0472 0.0465 0.0457 0.0448 0.0439 0.0428
0.3 0.0359 0.0354 0.0349 0.0343 0.0336 0.0329 0.0321
This is a chart of formulas used in calculating spur gear information based on standard
gearing practices. The spur gear formulas here are based on the "Diametral Pitch system
(DP).

These formulas can be used with Circular Pitch and Module systems by first converting them
to the Diametral Pitch (Click here for a calculator)

To convert a circular pitch (CP) to DP - Divide 3.1416 by the circular pitch

To convert the module (Mod) to DP - Divide the 25.4 by the module

To Get Having Rule Formula

Diametral Pitch The circular pitch Divide
3.1416 by
the circular
Pd = 3.1416 / CP
pitch
 Pitch diameter Divide the
number of
 Number of
Diametral Pitch
teeth
teeth by the Pd = N / D
pitch
diameter
 Outside Divide
diameter number of
Diametral Pitch  Number of teeth + 2 by Pd = (N+2) / OD
teeth the outside
diameter
Divide the
base pitch
 Base pitch by the
cosine of
 Pressure
Diametral Pitch
angle
the Pd = (BP / Cos PA) / 3.1416
pressure
angle then
divide by
3.1416
 Number of Divide the
Pitch Diameter teeth number of D = N / Pd
 Diametral teeth by the
 pitch diametral
pitch
Divide the
 Number of product of
teeth the outside
diameter +
Pitch Diameter  Outside D = (OD x N) / (N+2)
number of
diameter
teeth by the
number of
teeth + 2
Subtract 2
 Outside divided by
diameter the
Pitch Diameter  Diametral diametral D = OD - (2/ Pd)
pitch pitch from
the outside
diameter
 Addendum Multiply
addendum
 Number of
Pitch Diameter by the D=AxN
teeth
number of
teeth
Divide the
 Base diameter base
diameter by
 Pressure
Pitch Diameter the cosine D = BD / (Cos Pa)
angle
of the
pressure
angle
 Number of Divide
teeth number of
teeth + 2 by
Outside Diameter  Diametral OD = (N+2) / Pd
the
pitch
diametral
pitch
Two divided
 Pitch diameter by the
 Diametral diametral
Outside Diameter
pitch OD = (2 / Pd) + D
pitch plus
pitch
diameter
Number of
teeth + 2,
 Pitch diameter divided by
the quotient
 Number of
Outside Diameter of number OD = (N+2) / (N / D)
teeth
of teeth
divided by
the pitch
diameter
 Number of Multiply the
teeth number of
Outside Diameter teeth + 2 by OD = (N + 2) x A
 Addendum
the
addendum
 Pitch diameter Multiply the
 Diametral pitch
Number Of Teeth
pitch diameter by N = D x Pd
the
 diametral
pitch
Multiply the
 Outside outside
diameter diameter by
Number Of Teeth  Diametral the N = (OD x Pd) - 2
pitch diametral
pitch and
subtract 2
Divide
 Diametral 1.5708 by
Thickness Of Tooth pitch the t = 1.5708 / Pd
diametral
pitch
 Diametral Divide 1 by
pitch the
Addendum a = 1 / Pd
diametral
pitch
Divide
 Diametral 1.157 (or
Dedendum pitch 1.25) by the b = 1.157 / Pd
diametral
pitch
 Diametral Divide 2 by
pitch the
Working Depth hk = 2 / Pd
diametral
pitch
Divide
 Diametral 2.157 (or
Whole Depth pitch 2.25) by the ht = 2.157 / Pd
diametral
pitch
Divide .157
 Diametral (or .250) by
Clearance pitch the c = .157 / Pd
diametral
pitch
Divide
 Diametral thickness of
Clearance pitch tooth at the c = t / 10
pitchline by
10
Add the
number of
 C.D. between teeth in
both gears both gears
Operating Diametral Pitch  Number of and divide PdO = ((n1 + n2)/2) / C
teeth in each by 2 then
divide by
the center
distance
Add the
 Normal number of
diametral pitch teeth in
 Number of both gears
Center Distance C = ((n1 + n2)/2) / Pnd
teeth in both and divide
gears by 2 then
divide by
the normal
 diametral
pitch

Add the
number of
 Operating teeth in
diametral pitch both gears
and divide
 Number of
Operating Center Distance by 2 then Co = ((n1 + n2)/2) / Pod
teeth in both
divide by
gears
the
operating
diametral
pitch
Multiply the
 Pitch diameter pitch
diameter by
 Pressure
Base Diameter the cosine Db = PD x (cos PA)
angle
of the
pressure
angle
Divide the
 Base diameter base
Pressure Angle  Pitch diameter diameter by cosPA = Db / D
the pitch
diameter
Divide Pi by
 Base pitch the
diametral
 Diametral
Pressure Angle
pitch
pitch, then cosPA = (3.1416 / Pd) / Pb
divide by
the base
pitch
Divide the
diametral
 Diametral pitch by Pi,
pitch then
Base Pitch  Pressure multiply by Pb = (Pd / 3.1416) x (cos PA)
angle the cosine
of the
pressure
angle