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Intro Piping PDF
Intro Piping PDF
• a GAS
• a LIQUID
• a mixture of GAS and LIQUID
• a SUSPENSION of small SOLID PARTICLES
inside a LIQUID.
Basic properties of conveyed FLUIDS
• FLUID TYPE
with particular attention to
ü the CORROSION characteristics
ü the DANGER for HEALTH and the
ENVIRONMENT
• FLOW RATE
• PRESSURE
• TEMPERATURE
What is a PIPELINE?
ü Choice of joints.
DANGEROUS fluids are conveyed in fully welded pipes, were leaks
cannot occur.
ü Choice of NDE
For Dangerous Fluids 100% of joints are likely to be X-Ray examined
FLOW RATE
ü Choice of Diameter
For a given flowrate
- SMALL DIAMETER means HIGHER VELOCITY of the conveyed fluid
- BIG DIAMETER means SLOWER VELOCITY of the conveyed fluid
ANSI = AMERICAN
NATIONAL
STANDARDIZATION
INSTITUTE
ASME = AMERICAN
SOCIETY of
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERS
ANSI/ASME B31.1: POWER PIPING
ANSI/ASME B31.3: PROCESS PIPING
THESE STANDARDS GIVE TECHNICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR
DESIGNING PIPING SYSTEM FOR POWER PLANTS AND CHEMICAL
PLANTS
ASTM most employed carbon steel for pipes are ASTM A53 Grade A
and B and ASTM A106 Grade A and B. A53 used to be cheaper than A106
and Grade A cheaper than Grade B. Today the difference is not so big, so
that for small quantities ASTM A106 Gr. B is usually choosen.
API = AMERICAN
PETROLEUM
INSTITUTE
Rules, Practices and Standards for Oil and Gas Industry are issued by
this Institute and followed by almost all Oil and Gas Companies in the
world.
Among the many Standards issued by the Institute there is also a
Standard for design of Pipelines: API STANDARD 5L
Within this Standard Materials for Oil and Gas transportation
pipelines are specified, with denomination API 5L
This is a family of Carbon Steels almost equivalent to ASTM A53 /
A106.
LOW ALLOY STEEL
The introduction of other elements into steel can change very much
its mechanical characteristics.
ü Steel is subject to a process called “creep” at high temperatures
(T > 540 °C)
Creep is a reduction of strength over time due to high temperature. It
means that if today the steel can withstand a certain pressure, after a
long time at high temperature same steel can withstand much lower
pressures, since its resistance is decreasing with time due to the high
temperature.
ü Steel becomes also particurarly fragile if submitted to sudden
impacts at low temperatures (< - 20 °C).
The introduction of small percentages of chromium (Cr), nichel (Ni),
magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), proves to improve
the strength of the steel and its resistance to corrosion also at high
temperatures (>500 °C) or at low temperaturea (< -20 °C).
Low Alloy Steel is a conventional denomination for steels where there
are small percentages of elements, usually metallic, other than carbon
only.
Alloy steels are usually identified with denominations that recall
composition. As for example following high temperature resistant steels:
The “L” suffix stands for “Low Carbon”. In fact the presence of high
percentages of Cr and Ni improves the resistance of steel against rust, but
at one cost: stainless steel is very difficult to weld. Welding of stainless
steel can be improved by reducing the content of carbon in it.
NOMINAL DIAMETER : DN
Same as NPS, but in mm. It is the usual denomination of Size in
Europe where S.I. is adopted. All external diameters pipes according
EUROPEAN Standards (DIN - Germany, UNI - Italy, AFNOR – France) are
exactly equal of the equivalent NPS Sizes according AMERICAN and
BRITISH Standars (BS) EXCEPT 5” (DN125)
WALL THICKNESS (1)
1. For PIPES and WROUGHT BW FITTINGS, wall thickness is given in
INCHES or mm.
Some series of thicknesses are standardized.
There are two series of systems of standardized thicknesses.
Carbon Steel 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80,
Schedule ANSI B16.10 100, 120, 160.
Stainless Steel 5S, 10S, 20S, 30S, 40S,
ANSI B16.19 60S, 80S.
Std Standard
Weight Series
XS Extra Strong
XXS Extra Extra Strong
It happens that for a given diameter the thickess of one Schedule is equal
to the thickness of one Weight Series. For example for small diameters,
Sch. 40 is equal to Std Weight. THIS IS NOT A RULE, and this idea is one
of the most common mistakes in piping design.
WALL THICKNESS (2)
2. For FLANGES, VALVES and FORGED FITTINGS, a different system of
indicating the wall thickness is used.
This is called PRESSURE RATING. It is a NUMBER expressed in POUNDS
per SQUARE INCH (PSI symbol #) that refers to the maximum internal
pressure acceptable for normal operation inside that part.
125# 150# 300# 400# 600# 800#
Cast Iron Flanges & Valves (Not in NP Fl. & Valves Forged Small
Standards) ≤ 2”)
Valves (≤
“Seal” weld
STANDARDIZED PIPING OBJECTS
PIPES
FITTINGS
FLANGES
VALVES
GASKETS
BOLTS AND NUTS
PIPES: ANSI B36.10 CS / B36.19 SS
Seamless
Electric Resistance Welded
No material is added during welding
process
Tees
Straight Full Tees
Reducing Tees
Reducers
Concentric Reducers
Eccentric Reducers
Caps
HOW TO IDENTIFY A BW FITTING
1. Straight Fittings
TYPE BEND 90° LR
SIZE NPS 12”
(DIAMETER) (DN 300)
WALL THICKNESS Std
MATERIAL ASTM A234 WPB
2. Reducing Fittings
BW
SW
FLANGES ANSI B16.5
1. Pipe Connection
Welding Neck
Slip On
Lap Joint
Socket Welding
Threaded
2. Mating
Flat Face
Raised Face
Ring Joint
WELDING NECK
Used for all sizes, they allow full
penetration weld between pipe and
flange. For this reason they are used
for severe applications where failure
of welda cannot be accepted. This
does not come free of cost, since
the shape of the flange obliges to
start from a heavy forging and waste
a lot of material from machining.
SLIP ON
Used for all sizes, they are very
much economical because they are
flat and can be obtained from sheets
or plates with minimum waste of
material from machining. But they
do not allow full penetration weld, so
that they are use for low ratings
(usually 150# only) and unsevere
applications
THREADED
Can be used for all sized, but are
preferably used for small sizes (< or
equal to 2”). Cheap manufacturing,
cheap installation (no weld is
required) but limited to threadel
lines, that means unsevere
applications where leaks are not a
major issue
LAP JOINT
A Stub End is welded on the pipe
after the flange insertion of it. This
solution is used for Stainless Steel
lines at low pressure, since the
heavy flange does not come in
contact with the conveyed fluid and
can be provided in much cheaper
Carbon Steel material. Moreover no
weld is required, also a good thing
for Stainless Steel lines.
SOCKET WELDING
Used for small sizes (< or equal to
2”) for unsevere services on Socket
Welding lines.
Flat Face
Gasket: Full Face Flat
It covers the entire surface
of the flange
Raised Face
Gasket: Flat
It covers the raised surface of
the flange
Spiral Wound
Also known as Spirometallic, or
Spirotallic, its a wounded spiral
of Stainless Steel and Graphite
to withstand high temperatures
or severely aggressive fluids
Ring Joint
2. METRIC TUBES
As per SI requirements, mm is the unit of
measure.
Again the value in mm is the actual
ouside diameter of the tube, so that a
DN15 pipe has a rather different OD then
a 15 mm tube.
TUBES in PIPING DESIGN.
Tubes are not usually used in PIPING
DESIGN except for some very particular
services.
COMPRESSION FITTINGS
Tubing is usually BENT.
A large variety of fittings are available for
1. detachment of BRANCHES (Tees)
2. Passing through steel walls (Bulk
Unions)
3. Unite tube to tube (tubing is not
welded)
4. Connecting Tubing to PIPES
(Connectors)
5. Connecting Tubes to Flexible Hoses