Assignment On

RAMS BOTTOM CARBON RESIDUE APPARATUS

Submitted to:- Submitted by:-

Dr. Shiv Om Meena HITESH JOSHI
(Assistant Professor)
(2016UCH1698)
(CH4, Group-4)

Chemical Engineering Department

Malaviya National Institute of Technology,
Jaipur(Raj.)
Session:2018-19
1).AIM & OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the
percentage of carbon residue of sample
fuel oils.
2).INTRODUCTION:-
Carbon residue is not directly
related to carbon formation. In engine, the extremely high-
carbon residue Pennsylvania oils produces only a little more
carbon in the engine than do the low carbon residue like-
Napthene-based oils, but the paraffins-base carbon is much
higher and attached more firmly to the cylinder

The carbon residue provides information on the carbon across

deposits which will result from combustion of the fuel. Fuels
with a high carbon residue value may cause problems in older
engines when they are operating under part load conditions.

Carbon residue is what the leftover particles of a fuel product

are transformed into. The carbon residue of a fuel is the
tendency to form carbon deposits under high temperature
conditions in an inert atmosphere. This is an important value for
the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the measurements in a
crude oil assay. Carbon residue is an important measurement for
the feed to the refinery process fluid catalytic cracking and
delayed coking. High amounts of carbon residue can be
damaging to the environment.
3).THEORY:-
The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to
form carbon deposits under high temperature conditions in an
inert atmosphere. It may be expressed as Ramsbottom Carbon
Residue (RCR), Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR) or Micro
Carbon Residue (MCR). Numerically, the CCR value is the
same as that of MCR. The carbon residue value is considered by
some to give an approximate indication of the combustibility
and deposit forming tendencies of the fuel.
The carbon residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon
deposits under high temperature conditions in an inert
atmosphere, and may be expressed commonly as Micro Carbon
Residue (MCR) or alternatively Conradson Carbon Residue
(CCR). It should be noted that numerically MCR is effectively
the same as CCR.
The overall relationship between actual diesel engine
performance and carbon residue is poor, however, the carbon
residue value is considered by some to give an indication of the
combustibility and carbonaceous deposit forming tendencies of
a fuel.
The carbon residue provides information on the carbonaceous
deposits which will result from combustion of the fuel. For fuels
with a high carbon- high carbon/hydrogen ratio, it is proved
more difficult to burn them fully, which results in increased
deposits in the combustion and exhaust spaces. Fuels with a high
carbon residue value may cause problems in older engines when
they are operating under part load conditions. The carbon
residue value of a fuel depends on the refinery processes
employed in its manufacture.
There are two older well-used methods for determining
the carbon residue: the Conradson method and the Ramsbottom
method. Both are equally applicable to heavy oil but the metallic
constituents will give erroneously high carbon residues. The
metallic constituents must first be removed from the oil or they
can be estimated as ash by complete burning of the coke
after carbon residue determination. There is no exact correlation
between the two methods but it is possible to interconnect the
data.
Compared with the Conradson test, Ramsbottom is more precise
and reproducible. Both tests produce similar results and often
are interchangeable (as shown in Fig. below).
CARBON RESIDUE FORMULA:-

 Weight of (cocking bulb + sample oil) = x gm .

 Weight of sample oil (castor oil) taken = y gm .

So
 Weight of empty cocking bulb = (x-y) gm .

After heated for 20-30 min , we observe -

 Weight of (cocking bulb + carbon residue) = z gm .

So now,
Weight of carbon residue(A) = [z-(x-y)] gm .

So,
The ‘Rams-Bottom’ carbon residue percentage
=
4).DESCRIPTION:-
The apparatus consists of:
1) Metal furnace having 5 wells.
2) Temperature control box.
3) Thermo-couple sensor rod.
4) Locking bulb.
5) Syringe for filling sample oil.

The setup consists of circular space for sample, which is

connected to furnace. At temp 550 , all volatile compounds
get evaporated and leaving behind ashes and non volatile
components.
Temperature control box maintains the temperature of
furnace.
Locking bulb is used for sample.
5).EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-
6).PROCEDURE:-
1) Some amount of sample oil (castor oil ) was taken
into glass bulb (cocking bulb) having capillary
opening inject with syringe.
2) Weight of sample oil and cocking bulb was taken.
3) Sample with bulb was placed inside round heating
bath.
4) Furnace temperature was maintained at 550 . And
bulb was kept inside the bath for around 20 minutes.
5) The bulb was removed with long tong.
6) After removal, the bulb was cooled down and weight
of bulb was taken.
7) Than by subtracting the weight of empty cocking
bulb, we get the amount of carbon residue.
8) After completing the experiment , turn of the heater
and clean the apparatus.
7).SPECIFICATIONS:-
Carbon Residue Apparatus is
made as per IP 14, ASTM 524 and IS 1448 (P:8)- 1967
Standards. It is used to determine the amount of carbon deposit
when oil evaporated under specified condition. The apparatus
consists of a solid metal bath having 5 wells to accommodate
cocking bulbs, the heavy duty heating elements provided around
the bath. Supplied with 5 cocking bulbs, and one syringe.
 Rams bottom Carbon Residue Apparatus with
temperature regulation by energy Regulator,
thermocouple and Digital Temp. Indicator in
separate cabinet.
 Rams bottom Solid state Electronic digital
temperature controller PID (proportional–integral–
derivative) type in separate unit.

Optional Accessories:-
 Spare Cocking bulb
 Spare heating element for above
 Spare syringe
 Stainless Steel Tong
8).RESULT:-
Amount of carbon residue in given sample is
successfully obtained. The experimental valve for castor oil
comes out nearly 4 .

9).DISCUSSION:-
The total time for this is approximately
30 minutes. The amount obtained of carbon residue is very small
as compared to the sample taken. During the experiment we
need a proper knowledge of temperature control box and
temperature during the experiment is almost 550 . The carbon
residue of a fuel is the tendency to form carbon deposits under
high temperature conditions in an inert atmosphere. This is an
important value for the crude oil refinery, and usually one of the
measurements in a crude oil assay.
Residues may cause some failure in the purpose of
lubricating machine parts, thus resulting in the failure or
brokerage of the engine and the machine itself. That’s why
the cleaning and removing of these residues are important matter
in machine safety and maintenance.
10).CONCLUSION:-
1) The apparatus is not isolated system as vapors are
allowed to escape.
2) Higher the value of residue, the more undesirable the
fuel is.
3) Method used for the experiment can only be used
when base fuel is used without any additions.
4) In a diesel fuels the percentage of amyl nitrate
causes enormously high values.
5) Carbon residue values of crude oil is useful in
manufacture of lubricants.
6) The operator and equipments are protected by an
over-temperature control circuit.
11).NOMENCLATURE:-
S.NO. NAME OF SYMBOLS SYMBOLS UNIT
1. Weight of (cocking bulb + X gm
sample oil)
2. Weight of sample oil Y gm
(castor oil) taken
3. Weight of (cocking bulb + Z gm
carbon residue)
4. Weight of carbon residue A gm
12).REFERENCES:-
1. https://www.shambhaviimpex.com/carbon-residue-
apparatus.html
2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/carbon-
residue
3. https://www.scribd.com/document/346895938/EXP-3-
CARBON-RESIDUE-TEST-docx
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsbottom_carbon_residue
5. https://www.scribd.com/doc/68774761/LAB1-Experiment-
7
6. https://www.google.com/search?
q=carbon+residue+block+diagram&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4tMbe2f_fAhUPT30KHYpuAog
Q_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=l1aDt500PF60i
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