Tropical Storm Marco (1990)

Tropical Storm Marco was the only tropical cyclone to make landfall on the
Tropical Storm Marco ,Mm
United States during the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season. The 13th named
storm of the season, Marco formed from a cold-core low pressure area along Tropical storm (SSHWS/NWS)
the northern coast of Cuba on October 9, and tracked northwestward through
the eastern Gulf of Mexico. With most of its circulation over the western
portion of Florida, Tropical Storm Marco produced 65 mph (100 km/h) winds
over land. However, it weakened to a tropical depression before moving
ashore near Cedar Key. The cyclone combined with a cold front and the
remnants of Hurricane Klaus to produce heavy rainfall in Georgia and the
Carolinas. After interacting with the nearby Hurricane Lili, Marco continued
northward until being absorbed by a cold front on October 13.

In Florida, the cyclone triggered flooding of some houses and roadways.

Rainfall across its path peaked at 19.89 inches (505 mm) in Louisville,
Georgia, though several locations received over 10 inches (250 mm) of
precipitation. The flooding caused a total of 12 deaths, mostly due to
drowning, as well as $57 million in damage (1990 USD, $109 million Tropical Storm Marco over the Florida
2019 USD). Keys on October 10
Formed October 9, 1990
Dissipated October 12, 1990

Contents Highest winds 1-minute sustained:

65 mph (100 km/h)
Meteorological history
Lowest pressure 989 mbar (hPa); 29.21
Preparations
inHg
Impact
Florida Fatalities 12 total
Elsewhere Damage $57 million (1990 USD)
See also Areas affected Florida, Georgia, The
References Carolinas, East Coast
External links
of the United States
Part of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane
season
Meteorological history
By early on October 6, a low pressure area and circulation persisted over eastern
Cuba in the middle levels of the atmosphere. The low drifted westward, and
interacted with Hurricane Klaus to its east.[1] Initially cold-core in nature, the system
gradually built downward to the surface, and on October 9, the low developed a low-
level circulation; at 1200 UTC the National Hurricane Center classified it as
Tropical Depression Fifteen while located near the Cuban city of Caibarién,[2]
though the cyclone was initially subtropical in character.[3] To its east, Tropical
Map plotting the track and the Storm Klaus continued to weaken; the depression absorbed most of Klaus and
intensity of the storm, according to became the dominant system.[1] The storm tracked parallel to the coast of Cuba
the Saffir–Simpson scale before veering northward and crossing the Florida Keys, where it intensified into
Tropical Storm Marco about 35 mi (55 km) south-southeast ofKey West, Florida.[2]
After passing midway between Key West and the Dry Tortugas, Tropical Storm
Marco adopted a steady northward track and quickly intensified, reaching peak
winds of 65 mph (100 km/h) on October 11, while still southwest of Englewood,
Florida. The center of the storm continued on its off-shore parallel for another six
hours after reaching its peak intensity, until it reached a position about six mi
(10 km) west of Bradenton Beach; although the center of the storm remained
offshore, much of its circulation was over land.[2] Initially the storm still was
forecast to move ashore between Fort Myers and Sarasota.[4] However, the cyclone
continued its northward trajectory, the center remaining offshore, and it weakened to
a tropical depression prior to making landfall near Cedar Key early on October
12.[2][5]
Tropical Storm Marco at peak
After landfall, the cyclone accelerated in forward speed northward, weakening in
intensity straddling the west coast of
intensity, and, by 1200 UTC on October 12, Marco became an extra-tropical Florida on October 11
cyclone. It turned to the northeast and east through South Carolina, following behind
Hurricane Lili to its northeast.[3] For a time, the system's proximity to Lili resulted
in hints of the Fujiwhara effect, in which two tropical cyclone appear to rotate around each other.[6] The cold front that absorbed the
weakening low was to the storm's north on October 13,[2] though moisture from the remnants of Marco dropped heavy rainfall across
the southeast United States for another day.[3]

Preparations
A tropical storm warningwas issued at some point during the existence of the cyclone for the west coast of Florida from Key West to
Apalachicola. Additionally, a tropical storm warning was put in place for the east coast from Vero Beach northward to Fernandina
Beach.[7] Before the arrival of Marco, elementary schools were closed on the three barrier islands in Lee County.[4] Florida governor
Bob Martinez ordered the closure of state offices in the Tampa Bay area, and also decided not to open the University of South Florida
and nearby community colleges. Public schools were not opened on the day of the storm's passage in Manatee and Sarasota counties,
though most other schools remained open.[8] As the storm tracked northward, the National Weather Service issued a flood watch for
much of Georgia. A flood watch was later issued for western portions of the Carolinas and for high elevations in Virginia and West
Virginia.[9]

Impact

Florida
With most of its circulation over the western portion of Florida during its existence, Tropical Storm Marco produced 39–74 mph
winds across western Florida.[7] As it brushed the coastline, the storm developed strong convective rain bands,[10] leading to peak
sustained winds of 69 mph (111 km/h) with gusts to 85 mph (137 km/h) on the Sunshine Skyway Bridge;[7] the bridge was closed
after gusts reached 70 mph (113 km/h).[11] Squalls from the storm spawned four tornadoes in the state,[7] one of which struck the city
of Crystal River, destroying a mobile home and leaving 2,000 people without power for about an hour.[12] Storm damage left about
[11]
25,000 customers across the state without power and about 40 families temporarily homeless.

Paralleling the coastline, the storm produced a light storm surge that peaked at 2.6 feet (0.8 m) above normal on Sanibel Island.[7] In
some locations, the surge rose rapidly, and, despite the unusual geography of the area, the levels varied only by as much as 9.8 inches
(250 mm) than the predicted levels from the SLOSH model.[10] The surge and waves caused minor beach erosion.[7] Moderate to
Bradenton;[13] the rainfall was beneficial after a very
heavy rainfall fell across western Florida, peaking at 6.14 inches (156 mm) near
dry summer, though, because it fell quickly, even this amount of precipitation failed to relieve water restrictions across the area.[14]
The storm resulted in some flooding in its path, including some several homes in
Manatee County, roadways, and two U.S. highways.
Statewide damage totalled $3 million (1990 USD, $5.75 million 2019 USD),[7] of which $1 million (1990 USD, $1.92 million
2019 USD) occurred in Manatee County.[11]
Elsewhere
As the remnants of Marco entered Georgia, they combined with the remnant
moisture from Hurricane Klaus and a slow-moving cold front, which caused large
amounts of precipitation to fall across the eastern portion of the state. Rainfall
peaked at 19.89 inches (505 mm) at a weather station nearLouisville, Georgia where
over 16 inches (400 mm) fell in a 24‑hour period.[7] In Augusta, 2.79 inches
(71 mm) of rainfall fell in one hour, which forced the evacuation of about
300 people. Some roads in eastern Georgia were flooded up to 6 feet (1.8 m) deep,
and police officers in Augusta rescued people in flooded cars. The flooding resulted
in some power outages. In the deluge, five people drowned,[9] and 450 were left
homeless.[15] The remnants of the storm spawned a tornado in Brantley County,
which destroyed 25 unoccupied homes.[16] Damage in Georgia totaled $42 million
(1990 USD, $80.5 million 2019 USD).[7] On October 19, 1990, President George H.
W. Bush declared several counties in Georgia as federal disaster areas, which Rainfall summary for Tropical Storm
permitted the use of emergency funds for victims.[17][18] Marco

Heavy rainfall continued northward into the Carolinas. Much of South Carolina
experienced over 7 inches (175 mm) of precipitation; statewide, the rainfall peaked at 13.96 inches (355 mm) in Pageland.[3][19] The
highest totals in 100 years in some locations[20] also ended a severe drought.[21] In the flooding, 80 bridges in the state failed; in
total, more than 120 bridges were either closed, damaged, or destroyed.[22] In South Carolina, the system caused three drowning
deaths;[15] damage totaled $12 million (1990, $23 million 2019 USD).[7] In North Carolina, rainfall reached 10.74 inches (273 mm)
in Albemarle.[19] The storm directly caused two deaths in North Carolina,
[7] and indirectly caused two traffic deaths.[15]

Rainfall from the combined remnants of Marco and Klaus extended into the Ohio Valley, with 3.67 inches (93 mm) recorded near
Mountain City, Tennessee.[19] Totals of 2–5 inches (50–125 mm) spread across northwest Virginia, western Maryland, eastern West
Virginia, and the Susquehanna Valley of Pennsylvania.[7] In New York, the rainfall combined with moisture from Hurricane Lili,
.[23]
which triggered flooding that closed a portion of a railway line and a highway

See also
List of Florida hurricanes
List of North Carolina hurricanes (1980–present)

References
1. National Hurricane Center (1990)."Hurricane Klaus Preliminary Report"(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wal
lets/atlantic/atl1990-prelim/klaus/prelim02.gif). Retrieved 2007-10-31.
2. National Hurricane Center (1990)."Tropical Storm Marco Preliminary Report"(http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/stor
m_wallets/atlantic/atl1990-prelim/marco/prelim01.gif)
. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
3. David Roth (2006). "Rainfall Summary for Tropical Storm Marco/Hurricane Klaus" (http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tro
pical/rain/marcoklaus1990.html). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2007-10-31.
4. David K. Rogers (1990-10-11). "Tropical Storm Marco aims south of Tampa Bay". The Saint Petersburg Times. p. 3.
5. National Hurricane Center (1990)."Tropical Storm Marco Preliminary Report Page 2" (http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archi
ve/storm_wallets/atlantic/atl1990-prelim/marco/prelim02.gif)
. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
6. Alan F. Srock; Lance F. Bosart & John Molinari (2004)."A Composite Study of Precipitation Distribution in U.S.
Landfalling Tropical Cyclones" (http://ams.confex.com/ams/84Annual/techprogram/paper_72069.htm) . University at
Albany. Retrieved May 18, 2010.
7. Max Mayfield & Miles B. Lawrence (1992)."Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1990"(http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/li
b/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1990.pdf)(PDF). American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2011-02-27.
8. Bill Adair, Bill Duryea; Stephen Hegarty; Elijah Gosier (1990-10-12). "State employees get day of
f, but children
attend school". The Saint Petersburg Times (City ed.). p. 12A.
 9. Andrew Yarrow (1990-10-13). "Storms Batter the East Coast From Georgia to Delaware"(https://query.nytimes.com/
gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE6DA1E39F930A25753C1A966958260) . The New York Times. p. 111. Retrieved
2007-11-17.
10. Sam Houston & Mark Powell (1994)."Observed and Modeled Wind and Water-Level Response from Tropical Storm
Marco (1990)" (http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Powell/Houston.pdf) (PDF). Weather and Forecasting. American
Meteorological Society. 9 (3): 427–439. Bibcode:1994WtFor...9..427H (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994WtFor
...
9..427H). doi:10.1175/1520-0434(1994)009<0427:OAMW AW>2.0.CO;2 (https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0434%281
994%29009%3C0427%3AOAMWAW%3E2.0.CO%3B2). Retrieved 2007-11-09.
11. David Rogers; et al. (1990-10-12). "Marco sprinkles state with rain".The Saint Petersburg Times. p. 18.
12. Ross, Jim; Moritsugu, Ken; Drummond, Steve (1990-10-12). "T
ropical storm spawns tornado".The Saint Petersburg
Times (city ed.). p. 1.
13. Roth, David M; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2012). "T
ropical Cyclone Rainfall in Florida".Tropical
Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima(http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcflorida.html). United States National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National W
eather Service. Retrieved June 23, 2012.
14. Steven Drummond (1990-10-12). "Storm won't ease water restrictions".
The Saint Petersburg Times. p. 68.
15. Dennis Hevesi (1990-10-14). "East Breathes Easier as Storms' Threat Pales".
The New York Times. Time Warner.
p. 123.
16. Julia C. Muller (2004)."15 years of area natural disasters"(https://web.archive.org/web/20040824083626/http://www.
savannahnow.com/features/flood/historic.html). Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original (http://www.sav
annahnow.com/features/flood/historic.html)on 2004-08-24. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
17. Government of Augusta, Georgia (2005). "Hazard Mitigation Plan (Draft) for Richmond County".
18. Federal Emergency Management Agency (1990)."Georgia Flooding, Severe Storm"(https://web.archive.org/web/20
120218080034/http://www.fema.gov/news/event.fema?id=2081). Archived from the original (http://www.fema.gov/ne
ws/event.fema?id=2081)on 2012-02-18. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
19. Roth, David M; Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . "Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Southeastern United
States". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Point Maxima(http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/tcsoutheast.html).
United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National W eather Service. Retrieved June 5,
2012.
20. "10 die as torrential storms cause floods in southern U.S.". Associated Press. 1990-10-13.
21. South Carolina State Climatology Office (2004). "Climate Statistics for South Carolina"(http://www.dnr.sc.gov/climat
e/sco/ClimateData/cli_sc_climate.php). Retrieved 2007-11-17.
22. South Carolina District of U.S. Geological Survey (2004). "South Carolina Science Goals 2004–2009".
23. Tracy Walmer (1990-10-15). "Southeast mops up, calms down after storms' havoc".
USA Today.

External links
NHC Marco Preliminary Report (gif format)
1990 Monthly Weather Review

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ropical_Storm_Marco_(1990)&oldid=881309698
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