ระบบหัวกระจายน้ําดับเพลิง

SPRINKLER SYSTEM
 มาตรฐานที่เกี่ยวของ
Laboratory Approvals
AGENCY STANDARD

UL & c-UL (ULC) NFPA & UL Requirements

FM FM Requirements
(NFPA = minimum)
LPC LPC Standard
VDS VDS Standard
NYC & LA Specific City approvals
 มาตรฐาน NFPA ที่เกี่ยวของ
o 1. NFPA 13 Standard for the installation of sprinkler system.

o 2. NFPA 14 Standard for the installation of standpipe and

hose systems.

o 3. NFPA 20 Standard for the installation of stationary pumps

for fire protection

o 4. NFPA 25 Standard for the inspection, testing, and

maintenance of water base fire protection systems.

o 5. NFPA 72 National fire alarm code

 ระบบหัวกระจายน้ําดับเพลิง
‰WET PIPE SYSTEM (ทอเปยก,ปลายปด)

‰ DRY PIPE SYSTEM (ทอแหง,ปลายปด)

‰ DELUGE SYSTEM (ทอแหง,ปลายเปด)

‰ PREACTION SYSTEM (ทอแหง,ปลายปด)

สวนประกอบของระบบหัวกระจายน้ําดับเพลิง
1. วาลวควบคุมระบบ ( Control Valve )
2. หัวกระจายน้ําดับเพลิง ( Sprinkler Head )
3. Supervisory Switch
4. Water Motor Alarm Gong
5. Pressure Guage
6. Service Valve / Block Valve with position
Supervisory Switch
WET PIPE SYSTEM
WET PIPE SYSTEM
DRY PIPE SYSTEM
DRY PIPE SYSTEM
DELUGE SYSTEM
DELUGE SYSTEM
DELUGE SYSTEM
PREACTION SYSTEM
PREACTION SYSTEM
หัวกระจายน้ําดับเพลิง
( Sprinkler Head )
 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
The components that make up a sprinkler head are:
Frame or casting
Deflector
Fusible element or frangible bulb
Pip Cap
Pintle Screw
Belleville Spring
Viking Sprinklers utilize low zinc content brass to
provide a more resilient frame or casting. This low
zinc content protects the sprinkler from de-
zincification.
The Bellville Spring seals the water way of the
sprinkler. This metal to metal sealing mechanism
allows the waterway to clear even when no pressure
is on the inlet of the sprinkler head.
 155°F 175°F 200or212°F 286°F 360°F 500°F
(68°C) (79°C) (93or100°C) (141°C) (182°C) (260°C)
Red Yellow Green Blue Mauve Black
Ordinary Intermediate High Extra Ultra
High High
Max Ceil Max Ceiling Max Ceil Max Ceil Max Ceil
Temp Temp Temp Temp Temp
100°F 150°F 225°F 300°F 465°F
(38°C) (65°C) (107°C) (149°C) (240°C)

Standard Response Elements – 5 mm bulb

 155°F 175°F 200or212°F 286°F
(68°C) (79°C) (93or100°C) (141°C)
Red Yellow Green Blue
Ordinary Intermediate High

Max Ceil Max Ceiling Max Ceil

Temp Temp Temp
100°F 150°F 225°F
(38°C) (65°C) (107°C)

Fast Response Elements – 3 mm bulb

 Type of Sprinkler Heads
Control Mode – Standard Response and Quick Response
Standard Coverage
Upright
Pendent
Sidewall
Extended Coverage
Upright
Pendent
Sidewall
Control Mode Special Application
Large Drop Sprinkler Suppression
ESFR – upright and Pendent Residential
 Control Mode Sprinklers
Control Mode Sprinklers are separated in the following
Categories:
Standard Coverage - Standard Response
Standard Coverage - Quick Response
Extended Coverage – Standard Response
Extended Coverage – Quick Response
Dry Barrel – Standard Response/Quick Response
Storage – Standard/Quick Response
QUICK RESPONSE & EXTENDED
COVERAGE SPRINKLER
FUSIBLE LINK SPRINKLER
STORAGE APPLICATION
SPRINKLER
DRY PIPE SPRINKLER
 Basic Requirements
The requirements for spacing, location, and position of
sprinklers shall be based on the following principles :
(1) Sprinklers shall be installed throughout the building.
(2) Sprinklers shall be located not to exceed maximum protection
area per sprinkler.
(3) Sprinklers shall be positioned and located to provide satisfactory
performance with respect to activation time and distribution.
(4) Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted from
areas specifically allowed by this standard.
 Basic Requirements
The requirements for spacing, location, and position of
sprinklers shall be based on the following principles :
(5) When sprinklers are specifically tested and test results demonstrate
that deviations from clearance requirements to structural members
do not impair the ability of the sprinkler to control or suppress a fire,
their positioning and locating in accordance with the test results shall
be permitted.
(6) Clearance between sprinklers and ceilings exceeding the maximums
specified in this standard shall be permitted provided that tests or
calculations demonstrate comparable sensitivity and performance of
the sprinklers to those installed in conformance with these sections.
 System Protection Area Limitations
The maximum floor area on any one floor to be protected by sprinklers
supplied by any one sprinkler system riser or combined system riser shall
be as follows:
(1) Light hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(2) Ordinary hazard = 52,000 ft2 (4831 m2)
(3) Extra hazard
(a) Pipe schedule = 25,000 ft2 (2323 m2)
(b) Hydraulically calculated = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
(4) Storage High-piled storage = 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2)
and storage covered
by other NFPA standards
ประเภทของพื้นที่ครอบครอง
 พื้นที่ครอบครองอันตรายนอย
9 อาคารสํานักงาน โรงเรียน
 Light Hazard Occupancies
ƒ Educational ƒ Nursing or convalescent
ƒ Hospitals homes
ƒ Offices, including data
ƒ Institutional processing
ƒ Libraries, except ƒ Residential
large stack rooms ƒ Restaurant seating areas
ƒ Museums ƒ Theaters and
auditoriums, excluding
stages and prosceniums
พื้นที่ครอบครองอันตรายปานกลาง กลุมที่ 1
9 อาคารจอดรถ
Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 1)
ƒ Automobile parking ƒ Electronic plants
and showrooms ƒ Glass and glass
ƒ Bakeries products
ƒ Beverage manufacturing
manufacturing ƒ Laundries
ƒ Canneries ƒ Restaurant service
ƒ Dairy products areas
manufacturing and
processing
พื้นที่ครอบครองอันตรายปานกลาง กลุมที่ 2
9 หางสรรพสินคา
Ordinary Hazard Occupancies (Group 2)
ƒ Confectionery products ƒ Paper and pulp mills
ƒ Distilleries ƒ Paper process plants
ƒ Dry cleaners ƒ Post offices
ƒ Feed mills ƒ Printing and
ƒ Leather goods publishing
manufacturing ƒ Repair garages
ƒ Libraries - large stack ƒ Textile manufacturing
room areas ƒ Tire manufacturing
ƒ Machine shops ƒ Wood product
ƒ Mercantile assembly
ƒ and etc.
พื้นที่ครอบครองอันตรายมาก กลุมที่ 1
9 โรงงานเลื่อยไม
Extra Hazard Occupancies (Group 1)
ƒ Aircraft hangars ƒ Printing [using inks
ƒ Combustible hydraulic having flash points
fluid use areas below 100F (38C)]
ƒ Die casting ƒ Rubber reclaiming,
compounding, drying,
ƒ Metal extruding milling, vulcanizing
ƒ Plywood and particle ƒ Saw mills
board manufacturing
ƒ Upholstering with
plastic foams
พื้นที่ครอบครองอันตรายมาก กลุมที่ 2
9 โรงงานพนอบสีรถยนต
Extra Hazard Occupancies (Group 2)
ƒ Asphalt saturating ƒ Open oil quenching
ƒ Flammable liquids ƒ Plastics processing
spraying ƒ Solvent cleaning
ƒ Manufactured home or ƒ Varnish and paint
modular building dipping
assemblies (where
finished enclosure is
present and has
combustible interiors)
Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)

Curve 1 – Light Hazard Occupancy

Curve 2 – Ordinary Hazard Group 1
Curve 3 – Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Curve 4 – Extra Hazard Group 1
Curve 5 – Extra Hazard Group 2
TREE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
LOOPED SPRINKLER SYSTEM
GRIDDED SPRINKLER SYSTEM
 การปองกันอัคคีภัยสําหรับคลังสินคา
(Sprinkler System For Storage Warehouse)
 Initial Considerations
• Determining commodity classification
• Identifying storage arrangements
• Storage height & clearance
• Automatic Sprinklers for Storage Protection
• NFPA 13-2002, Chapter 12
Some Storage Hazards not addressed
by NFPA 13
• Sloped Ceilings
• Shelf Storage over 15’ (4.57 m)
• Rack Storage of Exposed Expanded Plastics
• Rack Storage of Plastics with Control Mode Density/Area
Sprinklers with Clearance greater than 10’
• Open top five sided combustible containers
 Methods Of Storage
Storage can be broken up in (4) categories:
Idle Pallet Storage
Storage 3,7 metres in height and less – miscellaneous storage
Storage greater than 3,7 metres in height – high piled storage
Special Storage Designs – prescriptive designs for non-commodity
based storage
 Warehouse Storage
1. Determine if miscellaneous storage or high piled storage
Determine Occupancy hazard if miscellaneous or Classification of commodity if high piled
storage.
Apply the applicable standards of NFPA 13 requirements for this occupancy or commodity.
Building height
Storage height
Will the commodity be stored on racks.
After these questions are answered a sprinkler head can be selected to meet the required
protection.
Standard spray standard response sprinklers
ELO Sprinkler heads, High Challenge Large Drop ,Early Suppression Fast
Response (ESFR)
NFPA 13 Chapter 12 covers storage protection by class of commodity, type of sprinkler,
building height, storage height. The charts in chapter 12 provide water supply requirements for
different storage occupancies.
 Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)
Storage limited in height to 3,7 metres generally is storage used for the production of
goods or is considered miscellaneous storage. This would indicate that the facility is
not primarily a storage warehouse. This storage is covered by the occupancy classes
in NFPA 13.

3,7 m or less

Rack Storage Palletized Storage

 Warehouse Storage
1. Determine if miscellaneous storage or high piled storage
2. Determine Occupancy hazard if miscellaneous Classification of commodity
if high piled storage.
Apply the applicable standards of NFPA 13 requirements for this occupancy or commodity.
Building height
Storage height
Will the commodity be stored on racks.
After these questions are answered a sprinkler head can be selected to meet the required
protection.
Standard spray standard response sprinklers
ELO Sprinkler heads, High Challenge Large Drop ,Early Suppression Fast
Response (ESFR)
NFPA 13 Chapter 12 covers storage protection by class of commodity, type of sprinkler, building
height, storage height. The charts in chapter 12 provide water supply requirements for different
storage occupancies.
 Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)
Table 12.1.10.1.1
from the 2002 Edition
of NFPA 13. Storage
heights and storage
method dictate which
curve to utilize
Class l and ll Commodities - Curves 2 and 3
Class lll Commodities – Curve 3
Class lV Commodities – Curve 3 and 4
Group A Plastics – Curves 3, 4, and 5
Miscellaneous Tire Storage – Curves 3, 4, and 5
Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)

Curve 1 – Light Hazard Occupancy

Curve 2 – Ordinary Hazard Group 1
Curve 3 – Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Curve 4 – Extra Hazard Group 1
Curve 5 – Extra Hazard Group 2
 Warehouse Storage
1. Determine if miscellaneous storage or high piled storage
2. Determine Occupancy hazard if miscellaneous
3. Classification of commodity if high piled storage.
Apply the applicable standards of NFPA 13 requirements for this
occupancy or commodity.
Building height
Storage height
Will the commodity be stored on racks.
After these questions are answered a sprinkler head can be selected to meet the required protection.
Standard spray standard response sprinklers
ELO Sprinkler heads, High Challenge Large Drop ,Early Suppression Fast Response
(ESFR)
NFPA 13 Chapter 12 covers storage protection by class of commodity, type of sprinkler, building
height, storage height. The charts in chapter 12 provide water supply requirements for different
storage occupancies.
 Storage Greater than 3,7 Metres in Height
(High Piled Storage)
Protection approaches for High Piled Storage are based on a facility that’s primary use is
for storage. High Piled storage can be divided by its storage method as well as the
product types being stored. Bulk or Palletized Storage, and Rack Storage are storage
methods. Commodities Classes l through IV, Group A Plastics, Rubber Tires, and
Rolled Paper Storage are Storage product types.
 Commodity Classification
• How will the product burn
• How will the burning product respond to the application
of sprinkler discharge

Paper Cup Plastic Cup Styrofoam Cup

 CLASS I Commodity
• Examples:
– Alcoholic Beverages Cartoned or
uncartoned
• Up to 20 percent alcohol in metal,
glass, or ceramic containers
– Canned Foods In ordinary cartons
– Frozen Foods Non-waxed, non-plastic
packaging
– Plastic Containers
• Noncombustible liquids or semi
liquids in plastic containers less than
5 gal (18.9 L) capacity
Test Commodity
Metal-lined cardboard cartons on wood pallets
 CLASS II Commodity
• Examples:
– Alcoholic Beverages
• Up to 20 percent alcohol in wood
containers
– Frozen Foods Waxed-paper containers,
cartoned
– Plastic Containers
• Noncombustible liquids or
semiliquids (such as ketchup) in
plastic containers with nominal wall
Test Commodity thickness of 1⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) or less
and larger than 5 gal (18.9 L)
Metal-lined double tri-wall corrugated capacity
carton on a wood pallet
 CLASS III Commodity
• Examples:
– Aerosols Cartoned or uncartoned - Level 1
– Frozen Foods - Plastic trays
– Paper Products
• Books, magazines, stationery, plastic-
coated paper food containers,
newspapers, cardboard games, cartoned
tissue products
– PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
• Flexible (e.g., cable jackets, plasticized
sheets)
Test Commodity • Rigid (e.g., pipe, pipe fittings)
• Bagged resins
Paper cups in compartmented cardboard
cartons on wood pallets
 CLASS IV Commodity
• Examples:
– Liquor -100 proof or less, 1 gal (3.8 L) or
less, cartoned
• Glass (palletized)
• Plastic bottles
– Diapers
• Disposable with plastics and non-
woven fabric (in cartons)
– Paints - Friction-top cans, cartoned
Test Commodity • Oil based

A mixture of paper and plastic cups

(5 - 15 % by weight & 5 - 25 % by volume) on
wood pallets.
 Plastics
• Plastic Types
– Group A - most severe hazard
– Group B - similar to Class IV commodities
– Group C - similar to Class III commodities
• Plastic materials
– Cartoned vs. Uncartoned (Exposed)
– Expanded vs. Unexpanded
 Unexpanded Group A Plastics

Test Commodity
16-oz Polystyrene Plastic Jars in compartmented cardboard cartons
Expanded Group A Plastics

Test Commodity
Expanded Polystyrene Trays Exposed
 Storing Materials on Plastic Pallets
• One class upgrade for un-reinforced
plastic pallets
– Class II -> Class III
– Class IV -> Group A Plastics
• Two class upgrade for reinforced plastic
pallets
– Class II -> Class IV
– Class IV -> Group A Plastics
 Plastic Pallet Types
• Un-reinforced plastic pallets
– Melt fairly easily in a fire and are less of a fire challenge
– Material
• Polypropylene
• high-density polyethylene
• Reinforced plastic pallets
– Hold their structure and integrity longer allowing air gaps
to remain longer within the pallet, which fuels the flames
and creates a more intense fire
– Material
• Polypropylene
• high-density polyethylene
• Classification by Listing
 Encapsulation
• Plastic sheet completely enclosing
the sides and top of a pallet load
containing a combustible
commodity
• Combustible commodities
individually wrapped in plastic
sheeting and stored exposed in a
pallet load
• Where there are holes or voids in
the plastic on the top of the carton
that exceed more than half of the
area of the cover, the term
encapsulated does not apply
 Mixed Commodities
• Mixed commodity storage protected using highest
classified commodity & storage arrangement.
• The protection requirements for the lower commodity
may be used when:
– No more than 10 pallet loads of a higher hazard
commodity in area > 40,000 ft2 (3716 m2) &
– Higher hazard commodity is randomly dispersed
with no adjacent loads in any direction (including
diagonally) &
– Where the ceiling protection is based on Class I -
II commodities, the allowable number of pallet
loads for Class IV or Group A plastics is reduced
to five.
Other Types of Commodities

Idle Pallet Baled Cotton

Rolled Paper Rubber Tire

 Aisles
• The clear space normally maintained between commodities
stored in racks or on the floor for the transfer of commodities
to or from the rack or storage pile.
•
Flue
The open spaces between rows of storage.
Spaces
• Rack Storage
– Longitudinal flue spaces are perpendicular to the direction of loading
– Transverse flue spaces are parallel to the direction of loading
• Solid-piled & palletized storage
– Vertical flue spaces may run in either direction
 Array
• Closed Array. A storage
arrangement where air movement
through the pile is restricted
because of 6-in. (152-mm) or less
vertical flues.
• Open Array. A storage
arrangement where air movement
through the pile is enhanced
because of vertical flues larger
than 6 in. (152 mm).
 Pile Stability
• Stable Piles : Arrays where • Unstable Piles : Arrays where
collapse, spillage of content, or collapse, spillage of contents, or
leaning of stacks across flue spaces leaning of stacks across flue
is not likely to occur soon after spaces occurs soon after initial fire
initial fire development. development.
 Storage Arrangements
• Miscellaneous Storage
• Idle Pallet Storage
• Solid Pile Storage
• Palletized Pile Storage
• Rack Storage
 Miscellaneous Storage
• Storage must be incidental
to another occupancy use
group.
 Idle Pallet Storage
• Wood Pallets • Plastic Pallets
Solid-Pile, Palletized, Bin Box & Shelf Storage

Solid Pile Storage Palletized Storage

Solid-Pile, Palletized, Bin Box & Shelf Storage

• Shelf Storage. Storage on

structures less than 30” (76.2
cm) deep with shelves usually 2’
(0.6 m) apart vertically and
separated by approximately 30”
(76.2-cm) aisles.
Shelf Storage
 Rack Storage - Single-Row Rack
• Racks that have no
longitudinal flue space and
that have a width up to 6 ft
(1.8 m) with aisles at least
3.5 ft (1.1 m) from other
storage.
 Rack Storage - Double-Row Rack
• Two single-row racks placed back-to-back having a
combined width up to 12 ft (3.7 m), with aisles at least
3.5 ft (1.1 m) on each side.
Rack Storage - Multiple-Row Rack
• Racks greater than 12 ft (3.7 m) wide or single- or
double-row racks separated by aisles less than 3.5 ft
(1.1 m) wide having an overall width greater than 12
ft (3.7 m).
Movable Racks & Portable Racks

Movable Rack Portable Rack Portable Rack

 Solid Shelving
• Fixed in place, slatted, wire mesh or other type of shelves located within racks.
• The area of a solid shelf is defined by perimeter aisle or flue space on all four sides.
• Solid shelves having an area equal to or less than 20 sq. ft. are open racks.
• Shelves of wire mesh, slates, or other materials more than 50 % open, where the flue
spaces are maintained are open racks.
 Idle Pallet Storage
Pallets not being used and are stored 2 metres high and either stored
on the floor or in racks are idle pallets. The most prevalent type of
pallet is a standard wood pallet and a reinforced plastic pallet.

Standard Wood Pallets Reinforced Plastic Pallets

 Idle Pallet Storage
It is encouraged to store idle pallets outdoors. If the pallets must be
stored indoors, their storage is limited in height and pile size.
Pallet piles should only be in groups of 4 pallets and the groups of
pallets should not be stored closer than 1.4 metres to each other.
Where idle pallets are stored near commodity storage, the idle
pallets should not be stored closer than 7,6 metre to the
commodity.
Pallets are designed to burn, as there are small members that make up
the pallet that ignite easily. The openings in the pallets allow great
air movement and draw the fire up the pile.
 Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneour Storage)
Storage limited in height to 3,7 metres generally is storage used for the
production of goods or is considered miscellaneous storage. This would
indicate that the facility is not primarily a storage warehouse. This storage
is covered by the occupancy classes in NFPA 13.

3,7 m or less

Rack Storage Palletized Storage

 Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)

Class l and ll Commodities - Curves 2 and 3 Table 12.1.10.1.1 from the

Class lll Commodities – Curve 3 2002 Edition of NFPA 13.
Class lV Commodities – Curve 3 and 4 Storage heights and storage
Group A Plastics – Curves 3, 4, and 5 method dictate which
Miscellaneous Tire Storage – Curves 3, 4, and 5 curve to utilize
Storage 3,7 Metres in Height and Less
(Miscellaneous Storage)

Curve 1 – Light Hazard Occupancy

Curve 2 – Ordinary Hazard Group 1
Curve 3 – Ordinary Hazard Group 2
Curve 4 – Extra Hazard Group 1
Curve 5 – Extra Hazard Group 2
 Classification of Occupancies
Upright and pendent spray sprinklers shall be permitted in all occupancy hazard classifications and
building construction types.
5.1* Classification of Occupancies.
5.1.1 Occupancy classifications for this standard shall relate to sprinkler design, installation, and water
supply requirements only.
5.1.2 Occupancy classifications shall not be intended to be a general classification of occupancy hazards.
5.2* Light Hazard Occupancies.
Light hazard occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies where the
quantity and/or combustibility of contents is low and fires with relatively low rates of heat release are
expected.
Examples : Churches, Clubs, Hospitals, Museums, Offices, Restaurant Seating Areas
5.3.1* Ordinary Hazard (Group 1).
Ordinary hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or portions of other occupancies
where combustibility is low, quantity of combustibles is moderate, stockpiles of combustibles do not
exceed 2.4 m, and fires with moderate rates of heat release are expected.
Examples :Restaurant Service Areas, Bakeries, Automobile Parking and Showrooms, Laundrie
Classification of Occupancies - Continued
5.3.2* Ordinary Hazard (Group 2). Ordinary hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies
or portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are moderate to high,
stockpiles do not exceed 3.7 m, and fires with moderate to high rates of heat release are expected.
Examples : Dry Cleaners, Horse Stables, Machine Shops, Library, Stack Rooms, Mercantile,
Confectionary Products
5.4.1* Extra Hazard (Group 1). Extra hazard (Group 1) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or
portions of other occupancies where the quantity and combustibility of contents are very high and dust,
lint, or other materials are present, introducing the probability of rapidly developing fires with high rates
of heat release but with little or no combustible or flammable liquids.
Examples : Combustible Hydraulic Fluid Use Areas, Metal Extruding, Saw Mills, Upholstering
with Plastic Foams, Rubber Reclaiming
5.4.2* Extra Hazard (Group 2). Extra hazard (Group 2) occupancies shall be defined as occupancies or
portions of other occupancies with moderate to substantial amounts of flammable or combustible liquids
or occupancies where shielding of combustibles is extensive.
Examples: Flammable Liquids Spraying, Open Oil Quenching, Plastics Processing, Solvent
Cleaning, Varnish and Paint Dipping
Storage Grater than 3,7 Metres in Height
(High Piled Storage)
Protection approaches for High Piled Storage are based on a facility that’s primary
use is for storage. High Piled storage can be divided by its storage method as
well as the product types being stored. Bulk or Palletized Storage, and Rack
Storage are storage methods. Commodities Classes l through IV, Group A
Plastics, Rubber Tires, and Rolled Paper Storage are Storage product types.
 Classification of Commodities
Class I
5.6.3.1* A Class I commodity shall be defined as a noncombustible product that meets one of
the following criteria:
(1) Placed directly on wooden pallets
(2) Placed in single-layer corrugated cartons, with or without single-thickness cardboard
dividers, with or without pallets
(3) Shrink-wrapped or paper-wrapped as a unit load with or without pallets
Examples :Bagged Cement, Metal File Cabinets, Wire, Appliances
Class ll
5.6.3.2* Class II. A Class II commodity shall be defined as a noncombustible product that is
in slatted wooden crates, solid wood boxes, multiple-layered corrugated cartons, or
equivalent combustible packaging material, with or without pallets.
Examples : Boxes, Baled Leather Hides, Pharmaceauticals, Cartoned Light Fixtures
(non-plastic)
 Classification of Commodities (Continued)
Class lll
5.6.3.3.1 A Class III commodity shall be defined as a product fashioned from wood, paper,
natural fibers, or Group C plastics with or without cartons, boxes, or crates and with or
without pallets.
5.6.3.3.2 A Class III commodity shall be permitted to contain a limited amount (5 percent by
weight or volume or less) of Group A or Group B plastics.
Examples : Wood Furniture, Natural Fiber Cloth, Diapers, Packaged Cartoned
Dried Foods
 Classification of Commodities (Continued)
Class IV
5.6.3.4.1 A Class IV commodity shall be defined as a product, with or without pallets, that meets one of the
following criteria:
(1) Constructed partially or totally of Group B plastics
(2) Consists of free-flowing Group A plastic materials
(3) Contains within itself or its packaging an appreciable amount (5 percent to 15 percent by weight or 5
percent to 25 percent by volume) of Group A plastics
5.6.3.4.2 The remaining materials shall be permitted to be metal, wood, paper, natural or synthetic fibers, or
Group B or Group C plastics.
EXAMPLES:Blocks of Natural Rubberin cartons, Vinyl Floor Covering, Nail Polish- 30 to 60 ml,
Lightweight Rolled Paper in racks
5.6.4* Classification of Plastics,
Elastomers, and Rubber. Plastics, elastomers, and rubber shall be classified as Group A, Group B, or
Group C.
 Classification of Commodities (Continued) - Plastic
5.6.4.1* Group A. The following materials shall be classified as Group A:
(1) ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer)
(2) Acetal (polyformaldehyde)
(3) Acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate)
(4) Butyl rubber
(5) EPDM (ethylene-propylene rubber)
(6) FRP (fiberglass-reinforced polyester)
(7) Natural rubber (if expanded)
(8) Nitrile-rubber (acrylonitrile-butadiene-rubber)
(9) PET (thermoplastic polyester)
(10) Polybutadiene
(11) Polycarbonate
(12) Polyester elastomer
(13) Polyethylene
(14) Polypropylene
(15) Polystyrene
(16) Polyurethane
(17) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — highly plasticized, with plasticizer content greater than 20 percent) (rarely found)
(18) SAN (styrene acrylonitrile)
(19) SBR (styrene-butadiene rubber)
 Classification of Commodities (Continued) - Plastic
5.6.4.2 Group B. The following materials shall be classified as Group B:
(1) Cellulosics (cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, ethyl cellulose)
(2) Chloroprene rubber
(3) Fluoroplastics (ECTFE — ethylene-chlorotrifluoro-ethylene copolymer; ETFE — ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene-
copolymer; FEP — fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer)
(4) Natural rubber (not expanded)
(5) Nylon (nylon 6, nylon 6/6)
(6) Silicone rubber

5.6.4.3 Group C. The following materials shall be classified as Group C:

(1) Fluoroplastics (PCTFE — polychlorotrifluoroethylene; PTFE — polytetrafluoroethylene)
(2) Melamine (melamine formaldehyde)
(3) Phenolic
(4) PVC (polyvinyl chloride — flexible — PVCs with plasticizer content up to 20 percent)
(5) PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride)
(6) PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride)
(7) PVF (polyvinyl fluoride)
(8) Urea (urea formaldehyde)
 Classification of Commodities (Continued)
5.6.5* Classification of Rolled Paper Storage. For the purposes of this standard, the classifications of paper
described in 5.6.5.1 through 5.6.5.4 shall apply and shall be used to determine the sprinkler system design
criteria.
5.6.5.1 Heavyweight Class. Heavyweight class shall be defined so as to include paperboard and paper stock
having a basis weight per 92.9 m² of 9.1 kg.
5.6.5.2 Mediumweight Class. Mediumweight class shall be defined so as to include all the broad range of
papers having a basis weight per 92.9 m² of 4.5 kg to 9.1 kg.
5.6.5.3 Lightweight Class. Lightweight class shall be defined so as to include all papers having a basis weight
per 92.9 m² of 4.5 kg.
5.6.5.4 Tissue.
5.6.5.4.1 Tissue shall be defined so as to include the broad range of papers of characteristic gauzy texture,
which, in some cases, are fairly transparent.
5.6.5.4.2 For the purposes of this standard, tissue shall be defined as the soft, absorbent type, regardless of
basis weight — specifically, crepe wadding and the sanitary class including facial tissue, paper napkins,
bathroom tissue, and toweling.
 In-Rack Sprinklers
(also known as intermediate level sprinklers)
 In-Rack Sprinklers
Generally, when storage exceeds 25’-0” in racks and control mode
sprinklers are utilized, levels of in-rack sprinklers are within the rack
structure.

In-rack sprinklers require water shields to protect their operating

elements from the ceiling sprinklers. Water shields are required to be
a minimum of 3” in diameter.

In-rack sprinklers are intermediate level sprinklers, as there is at

least one level of sprinklers above them.
In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield

Control Mode
Sprinklers
 In-Rack Sprinklers
In-rack sprinklers are typically have k factors of 5.6 and 8.0, but in
some cases are as large as 11.2.

In-rack sprinklers are usually located in the longitudinal flue space

of the rack, but can be located at the face of the rack loading
entrance and can be located within the storage space within the rack.

Rack structures with solid barriers require levels of in-rack

sprinklers above the storage where the solid barriers exist.
Storage Suppression Sprinkler
(Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR))
 ESFR Sprinklers
ESFR Sprinklers were developed by Factory Mutual in the early 1980’s.
ESFR sprinklers are suppression sprinklers meaning these type of sprinklers
are designed not to control a fire, but to suppress the fire.
ESFR sprinklers in standard commodity storage, such as Class l, Class ll,
Class lll, Class lV, commodities and plastic commodities, can eliminate in-rack
sprinklers. ESFR sprinklers are limited to wet type sprinkler systems and
must be installed in buildings that have flat ceilings or roofs. Flat ceilings are
defined as roof pitches no greater than 2 inches in 12 inches.
In-Rack Sprinkler
With Water Shield

Control Mode
Sprinklers
ESFR Sprinklers
Eliminate In-Rack
Sprinklers in most
Cases
 Control Mode – Specific Application
Sprinkler (Large Drop Sprinkler)
Control Mode – specific application sprinklers are also known as
Large Drop Sprinklers. Large Drop sprinklers were the first
special storage sprinklers. Large Drop sprinkler design is not
area/density, but rather a prescriptive design of a number of
sprinklers designed to operate at a minimum water pressure.