7.

Gerund and Infinity

GERUND (V-ING)
- Avoid - to prevent something bad from happening
They are able to avoid paying taxes.
- Admit doing something:
He admitted making a mistake.
- Advise
I'd advise waiting until tomorrow.
- Appreciate - used to thank someone in a polite way or to say that you are
grateful for something they have done
I appreciate having your advice.
- somebody can’t help (doing) something
I can't help thinking of her
She can't help coming to his party.
- can't stand/ help/ bear/ resist + V-ing
She can't stand answering the phone all day
- Complete
- Consider - to think about something carefully, especially before making a
choice or decision
I considered asking for my money back.
- Delay - to wait until a later time to do something
Big companies often delay paying their bills.
- Deny
She denied taking the money.
- Discuss
 - Dislike
I dislike eating dinner alone.
- Enjoy (doing something)
Young children enjoy helping around the house.
I enjoyed watching the game on TV.
- Finish
He finished cleaning the kitchen.
- give up doing something
I gave up trying to persuade him to continue with his studies.
- Imagine
I can’t imagine living without music.
- Involve
Running your own business usually involves working long hours.
- Keep
He kept talking to me.
I keep thinking about Joe, all alone in that place.
I keep telling you, but you won’t listen!
- Mention – to talk or write about something or someone, usually quickly and
without saying very much or giving details
My wife mentioned seeing you the other day.
- Mind (mind doing something)
Did you mind being away from home for so long?
- Miss
I miss seeing you every day.
- Practice
We practiced hitting the ball.
Today we’re going to practise parking.
- Postpone to change the date or time of a planned event or action to a later
one (put back)
They’ve decided to postpone having a family for a while.
- Quit - to stop doing something, especially something that is bad or annoying
(give up)
He’s been given six months to live if he doesn’t quit drinking.
I wish you’d all quit complaining.
- Recall - to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past (doing
something)
I don’t recall seeing any cars parked outside.
- Recollect - to be able to remember something (remember) - recollect doing
something
I recollect seeing Ryder some years ago in Bonn.
- Recommend - to advise someone to do something
I recommend writing your feelings down on paper.
- Resent - to feel angry or upset about a situation or about something that
someone has done, especially because you think that it is not fair
I resented having to work such long hours.
- Resist - to stop yourself from having something that you like very much or
doing something that you want to do
She can never resist buying new shoes.
- Risk – to do something that you know may have dangerous or unpleasant
results
It's always a risk starting up a new business.
- Suggest - to tell someone your ideas about what they should do
I suggested going for a walk in the park.
- Tolerate - to accept behaviour and beliefs that are different from your own
I won't tolerate lying.
- Understand
- It's no use/It's no good +V-ing
There's nothing you can do about the situation, so it's no use worrying about it.
It's no good trying to persuade me. You won't succeed.
- Would you mind /Do you mind + verb-ing...?
Would/ Do you mind helping me for a few minutes?
Would/ Do you mind not smoking?
- To be used to V-ing / to be accustomed to
I am used to living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
- to be busy
I don't have time to hate people who hate me, cause I'm too busy loving people
who love me.
- It +to be+ (not) worth +V-ing
It's worth making an arrangement before you go.
I live only a short walk from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi.
- To be looking forward
I'm looking forward to seeing you again.
- have hard time/trouble/difficulty + Ving
He has difficulty listening to English
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- Acknowledge: to admit or accept that something is true
She acknowledged having been at fault.
- Report
Spies reported seeing a build-up of soldiers.
- Dread - to feel anxious or worried about something that is going to happen or
may happen
I'm dreading having to meet his parents
- keep on - to continue doing something, or to do something many times
You just have to keep on trying. (keep on doing something)
- resume
He stopped to take a sip of water and then resumed speaking.
- Anticipate - to expect that something will happen and be ready for it
They anticipate having several applicants for the job.
- Permit - to allow something to happen, especially by an official decision, rule,
or law
The prison authorities permit visiting only once a month.
Are you prepared to risk traveling without an armed guard?
- object to
The expression mind/not mind (something) is used especially in spoken English.
In written English, people often use object/not object (to something) instead:
Many people do not object to paying higher taxes for better services.
- Endure - to be in a difficult or painful situation for a long time without
complaining
He can’t endure being apart from me.
- Necessitate - to make it necessary for you to do something
This would necessitate interviewing all the staff.
- Confess - In everyday English, people usually say admit rather than confess
He confessed to sleeping/having slept through most of the movie.
- Fancy - to like or want something, or want to do something
Sorry, but I don’t fancy going out tonight.
I didn't fancy swimming in that water.
- Prevent - to stop something from happening, or stop someone from doing
something
His disability prevents him (from) driving.

INFINITIVES
- Afford
I can't afford to buy a new car.
- Agree
He agreed to play with me.
- Appear
He appears to be unhappy.
- Arrange
My mother arranges to have an appointment with my teacher.
- Ask
I asked him to open the window.
- Attempt
They were attempting to climb the mountain.
- Choose
I chose to learn English rather than Japanese.
I chose to ignore his advice.
- Beg - to ask for something in an anxious or urgent way, because you want it
very much
The children begged to come with us.
- Care
- Claim - to state that something is true
No responsible therapist will claim to cure your insomnia.
- Consent - permission to do something
Her parents gave their consent to the marriage.
- Decide
Tina’s decided to go to Rome for her holidays.
- Demand
She demanded to see the hotel manager to make a complaint.
- Deserve - to have earned something by good or bad actions or behaviour
We didn’t deserve to win.
- Expect
I expect to be back within a week.
The company expects to complete work in April.
- Fail - to not succeed in achieving something
Doctors failed to save the girl’s life.
The letter failed to arrive.
- Hesitate
Don't hesitate to call me if you need any help.
- Hope
We’re hoping to get tickets to the concert.
I hope to see you soon.
- Learn
She’s learning to play the piano.
I learnt to drive when I was 17.
- Manage
How do you manage to stay so slim?
We somehow managed to persuade him.

- Mean
I’ve been meaning to ask you if you want to come for a meal next week.
I didn’t mean to upset you.
- Need
I need to clean the house.
I need to catch up on my office work.
- Offer
My dad has offered to pick us up.
I offered to help her with the dishes.
- Plan
Maria didn’t plan to kill Fiona. It was an accident.
He said he planned to write his essay tonight.
- prepare
Her parents were busy preparing to go on holiday.
Buy the album, and prepare to be amazed.
- Pretend
The book doesn’t pretend to be for beginners.
- Promise
She’s promised to do all she can to help.
He promised to help.
- Refuse
The chairman refused to answer any more questions.
- Seem
I seem to have lost my car keys.
- Struggle
She’s struggling to bring up a family alone.
- Swear - to promise that you will do something
Mona swore never to return home.
- Threaten
He threatened to take them to court.
- volunteer
Helen volunteered to have Thanksgiving at her house this year.
- Wait
Are you waiting to use the phone?
- Want
You want to see a doctor about that cough.
Do you want to have some more coffee?
- Wish
I wish to make a complaint.

V + O + to infinities
- Advise
His lawyer advised him to plead guilty.
- Allow
My parents wouldn’t allow me to go to the party.
Her boss allows her to work from home.
- Ask - to make a request for help, advice, information etc
Ask John to mail those letters tomorrow.
- Beg
I begged Helen to stay, but she wouldn’t listen.
- Cause
The warmer temperatures caused the ice caps to melt.
The injury caused him to lose the game.
- Challenge
Every teacher ought to be challenging kids to think about current issues.
- Convince - to persuade someone to do something
I’ve been trying to convince Jean to come with me.
- Dare
They dared Ed to steal a bottle of his father’s whiskey.
- Encourage
A 10p rise in cigarette prices is not enough to encourage smokers to stop.
- Except
- Forbid
His doctor had strictly forbidden him to drink alcohol.
- Force
Government troops have forced the rebels to surrender.
I had to force myself to get up this morning.
- Hire
- Instruct - to officially tell someone what to do
My secretary was instructed me to cancel all my engagements.
- invite
Did they invite you to the wedding?
She invited me to her house.
- Need
I need you to help me with the cooking.
- Order - to tell someone that they must do something
Her doctor had ordered her to rest for a week.
- Permit
The moon permitted me to see a little way into the distance.
- Persuade
I finally managed to persuade her to go out for a drink with me.
- Remind
Remind me to buy some milk tonight.
- Require
The ruling requiring companies to disclose the value of stock.
- Teach
I’m teaching English to Vietnamese students.
Parents need to teach their children to share.
- Tell
He told me to sit down.
- Urge - to strongly suggest that someone does something
I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.
- Want
They want their son to go to a good university.
I want you to find out what they’re planning.
- Warn
I warned you not to walk home alone.
Gerund – Infinitives
- Remember / Forget
Remember to verb = 1 remember 2 do it
Remember to visit the Eiffel Tower. – advice
I remember to buy the milk. What do I need to do?
Remember verbing = 1 do it 2 remember
I remember visiting the Eiffel Tower.
I remember buying the milk. (senses, seeing in my mind)
Forget to verb = 1 forget 2 don’t do it
I forgot to eat the cake. (sad face)
He forgot to water the plants, now they dead. (sad face)
Forget verbing = 1 do it 2 forget
I forgot eating the cake. ( I ate and I forgot I ate)
He forgot watering the plants , they’re still alive.
- Try to do or Try doing
Try to Verb: attempt difficult action, try one’s best, fail?
Maria tried to climb Mt Everest.
I tried to watch Horror Film, but it was too scary.
 He tried to study, but he was too tired.
Try verbing: experiment, not difficult, what happen = unknown, do sth new
Try adding salt in your potatoes.
If you cannot reach me by email, try calling me.
- Stop to do or Stop doing
I stopped to talk. 1 walk 2 stop 3 talk.
I stopped to smoked. 1 walk 2 stop walking 3 smoke
I stopped talking. No talking. I was talking and then I stop, I not talking
anymore.
I stopped smoking. 1 smoking 2 stop smoking anymore.
- Regret to do or Regret doing
I regret to tell you that we are unable to help you. (present)
I regret leaving school at 22. It was a big mistake! (past)
- Go on to do or Go on doing
- Mean to do or Mean doing
Sorry! I didn’t mean to interrupt you. (intend)
Spending all the money today means starving tomorrow. (consequence)

Like, Love, Hate, Prefer

I hate to stand/standing up while I am eating.
We always prefer to stay/staying in small houses.
He likes to do/doing parachute jumps.
Advice, Allow, Permit, Forbid, Recommend, Encourage
- Advice, Allow,… + object + to infinitive
The teacher permitted us to go out.
 He encouraged his daughter to lose weight.
- Advice, Allow,… + verbing
The teacher permitted going out.
I would not advice taking the car. There is nowhere to park.

Begin, start, continue, intend, bother, propose

It has started to rain/raining.
I intend to tell/telling her what I think.