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08 Plasticity 05 ThickCylinder PDF
08 Plasticity 05 ThickCylinder PDF
b2 / r 2 −1
σ rr = − p
b2 / a2 −1
b2 / r 2 +1
σ θθ = +p 2 2
b / a −1 (8.5.1)
σ zz = ν (σ rr + σ θθ ) + Eε zz
2ν
=p + Eε zz
b / a2 −1
2
There are no shear stresses and these are the principal stresses.
Axial Force
2π b 2π b
P= ∫ ∫ σ zz rdrdθ =
0 a
∫ ∫ [Eε
0 a
zz + ν (σ rr + σ θθ )]rdrdθ (8.5.2)
2π b
(
P = Eε zz π b 2 − a 2 + ν ) ∫ ∫ (σ rr + σ θθ )rdrdθ
0 a (8.5.3)
(
= Eε zz π b 2 − a 2 ) + 2νπpa 2
α/E
ε zz = p (8.5.4)
b / a2 −1
2
where
⎧1 − 2ν closed end
⎪
α =⎨ 0 plane strain (8.5.5)
⎪⎩ − 2ν open end
First Yield
It can be seen from 8.5.1, 8.5.4-5, that σ θθ > σ zz > 0 > σ rr and so the Tresca criterion
reads
b2 / r 2
σ rr − σ θθ = σ θθ − σ rr = 2 p ≡ 2k (8.5.6)
b2 / a2 −1
This expression has its maximum value at the inner surface, r = a , and hence it is here
that plastic flow first begins. From the above, plastic deformation begins when
⎛ a2 ⎞
p flow = k ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ (8.5.7)
⎝ b ⎠
As the pressure increases above p flow , the plastic region spreads out from the inner face;
suppose that it reaches out to r = c . With the material perfectly plastic, the material in
the annulus a < r < c satisfies the yield condition 8.5.6 at all times. Consider now the
equilibrium of this plastic material. Since this is an axi-symmetric problem, there is only
one equilibrium equation:
dσ rr 1
+ (σ rr − σ θθ ) = 0 . (8.5.8)
dr r
It follows that
dσ rr 2k
− = 0 → σ rr = 2k ln r + C1 . (8.5.9)
dr r
The constant of integration can be obtained from the pressure boundary condition at
r = a , leading to
σ rr = − p + 2k ln(r / a ) (a ≤ r ≤ c ) (8.5.10)
The stresses in the elastic region are again given by the elastic stress solution 8.5.1, only
with a replaced by c and the pressure p is now replaced by the pressure exerted by the
plastic region at r = c , i.e. p − 2k ln (c / a ) .
The precise location of the boundary c can be obtained by noting that the elastic stresses
must satisfy the yield criterion at r = c . Since in the elastic region,
b2 / r 2
σ θθ − σ rr = 2( p − 2k ln(c / a) ) (c ≤ r ≤ b ) (8.5.11)
b2 / c2 −1
p = 2k ln(c / a ) + k (1 − c 2 / b 2 ) (8.5.12)
p / k = 2 ln(b / a )
p
k
p / k = 1 − a 2 / b2
c=a c c=b
Figure 8.5.1: Extent of the plastic region r = c during confined plastic flow
The complete cylinder will become plastic when c reaches b, or when the pressure
reaches the collapse pressure (or ultimate pressure)
pU = 2k ln(b / a ) . (8.5.13)
Stress Field
c2 ⎛ b2 ⎞
σ rr = −k ⎜⎜ 2 − 1⎟⎟
b2 ⎝r ⎠
⎛ b2
c2 ⎞
σ θθ = + k ⎜⎜ 2 + 1⎟⎟ , c≤r≤b (8.5.14)
b2
⎝r ⎠
2
c
σ zz = +2kν 2 + Eε zz
b
For the plastic region, the radial and hoop stresses can be obtained from 8.5.10 and 8.5.6.
The Tresca flow rule, 8.4.33, implies that ε zzp = 0 and ε zz is purely elastic. Thus the
elastic relation σ zz = ν (σ rr + σ θθ ) + Eε zz holds also in the plastic region, and
⎛ c2 c⎞
σ rr = − k ⎜⎜1 − 2
+ 2 ln ⎟⎟
⎝ b r⎠
⎛ c2 c⎞
σ θθ = + k ⎜⎜1 + 2 − 2 ln ⎟⎟ , a≤r≤c (8.5.15)
⎝ b r⎠
⎛ c2 c⎞
σ zz = +2kν ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ln ⎟⎟ + Eε zz
⎝b r⎠
To determine the axial strain, consider again the axial force. First, using the equation of
equilibrium 8.5.8,
(σ rr + σ θθ )r = r (σ θθ − σ rr ) + 2rσ rr
dσ rr
= r2 + 2rσ rr (8.5.16)
dr
=
d 2
dr
(
r σ rr )
Then, from 8.5.2,
( )
P = Eε zz π b 2 − a 2 + ν 2π r 2σ rr [ ]
b
a
(8.5.17)
= Eε zz π (b 2
−a 2
) + 2νπpa 2
This axial force is the same as Eqn. 8.5.3. In other words, although σ zz in general varies
in the plastic zone, the axial force is independent of the plastic zone size c. Eqns. 8.5.3-4
are therefore again valid here and
α ⎛ c2 c⎞
Eε zz = k ⎜⎜1 − 2 + 2 ln ⎟⎟ (8.5.18)
b / a −1⎝ b
2 2
a⎠
From the third of 8.5.15, σ zz ≥ 0 for the closed-end and plane strain conditions. For the
open-end condition, the axial stress is tensile in some parts and negative in other parts (so
that the resultant force is P = 0 ) – note that this is not now a condition of plane stress.
As an example, consider the case of a = 1 , b = 2 , with c = 1.5 . The stresses for this case
are plotted in Fig. 8.5.2.
.
0.8
0.6
σ θθ / 2k
0.4
closed
0.2 σ zz / 2k
plane strain
-
σ rr / 2k
-
plastic elastic
Figure 8.5.2: Stress field in the cylinder for the case of a = 1, b = 2, c = 1.5
Displacement
1 +ν
ε rr = [(1 − ν )σ rr − νσ θθ ] − νε zz
E
(8.5.19)
1 +ν
ε θθ = [(1 −ν )σ θθ − νσ rr ] − νε zz
E
du r
ε rr =
dr
(8.5.20)
u
ε θθ = r
r
and 8.5.14,
1 +ν c 2 ⎛ b2 ⎞
ur = k ⎜ (1 − 2ν )r + ⎟⎟ − νrε zz , c≤r≤b (8.5.21)
E b 2 ⎜⎝ r ⎠
ε rr + ε θθ = ε rre + ε θθe
1
= [(1 − ν )(σ rr + σ θθ ) − 2νσ zz ]
E
1 (8.5.22)
= [(1 − ν )(σ rr + σ θθ ) − 2ν (Eε zz + ν )(σ rr + σ θθ )]
E
=
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) (σ + σ ) − 2νε
rr θθ zz
E
d
(ru r ) = (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) d r 2σ rr − 2νrε zz
( ) (8.5.23)
dr E dr
which integrates to
ur =
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) rσ − νrε zz +
C
(8.5.24)
rr
E r
Equations 8.5.22-24 are valid in both the elastic and plastic regions. The constant of
integration can be obtained from the condition σ rr = 0 at r = b , when u r equals the
elastic displacement 8.5.21, and so C = 2k (1 − ν 2 )c 2 / E and
ur =
(1 + ν )(1 − 2ν ) rσ + 2k
(1 −ν )c
2 2
− νrε zz , a≤r≤c (8.5.25)
rr
E Er
8.5.3 Unloading
Residual Stress
Suppose that the cylinder is loaded beyond p flow but not up to the collapse pressure, to a
pressure p 0 say. It is then unloaded completely. After unloading the cylinder is still
subjected to a stress field – these stresses which are locked into the cylinder are called
residual stresses. If the unloading process is fully elastic, the new stresses are obtained
by subtracting 8.5.1 from 8.5.14-15. Using Eqn. 8.5.7 {▲Problem 1},
⎛ c2 p0 ⎞⎛ a 2 a 2 ⎞
σ rr = −k ⎜⎜ 2
− ⎟⎜ − ⎟
⎟⎜ r 2 b 2 ⎟
⎝a p flow ⎠⎝ ⎠
⎛ c2 p ⎞⎛ a 2 a 2 ⎞
σ θθ = + k ⎜ 2 − 0 ⎟⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ , c≤r≤b (8.5.26)
⎜a p flow ⎟⎠⎝ r
⎝ b ⎠
⎛ c2 p ⎞ a2
σ zz = +2kν ⎜ 2 − 0 ⎟ 2
⎜a p flow ⎟⎠ b
⎝
⎡ p0 ⎛ a2 ⎞ r⎤
σ rr = −k ⎢ ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ − 2 ln ⎥
⎢⎣ p flow ⎝ r ⎠ a ⎥⎦
⎡ p0 ⎛ a2 ⎞ r⎤
σ θθ = −k ⎢ ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟ − 2 − 2 ln ⎥ , a≤r≤c (8.5.27)
⎣⎢ p flow ⎝ r ⎠ a ⎦⎥
⎡ p0 r⎤
σ zz = −2kν ⎢ − 1 − 2 ln ⎥
⎣⎢ p flow a ⎦⎥
p flow p0
= 0.375, = 0.624 (8.5.28)
2k 2k
0.2
-0.4
σ θθ / 2k
-0.6
plastic elastic
Figure 8.5.3: Residual stresses in the unloaded cylinder for the case of
a = 1, b = 2, c = 1.5
Note that the axial strain, being purely elastic, is completely removed, and the axial stress
is independent of the end condition.
There is the possibility that if the original pressure p 0 is very large, the unloading will
lead to compressive yield. The maximum value of σ θθ − σ rr occurs at r = a , where it
equals 2k ( p 0 / p flow − 1) and so, neglecting any Bauschinger effect, yield will occur if
p 0 ≥ 2 p flow . Yielding will not occur right up to the collapse pressure pU if the wall ratio
b / a is such that p 0 = pU < 2 p flow . From 8.5.7 and 8.5.13, this reads as
b ⎛ a2 ⎞
ln < 2⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ (8.5.29)
a ⎝ b ⎠
The largest wall ratio for which the unloading is completely elastic is b / a ≈ 2.22 . For
larger wall ratios, a new plastic zone will develop at the inner wall in which
σ θθ − σ rr = −2k .
Shakedown
⎡ ⎛ c2 c⎞ α ⎛ c2 c ⎞⎤
k ⎢(1 − 2ν )⎜⎜1 + 2 − 2 ln ⎟⎟ + 2ν − 2 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 + 2 ln ⎟⎟⎥ (8.5.30)
⎣ ⎝ b a⎠ b / a −1⎝ b a ⎠⎦
This quantity must be positive for all values of c up to the maximum value b, where it
takes its minimum value, and so one must have
⎛ b⎞ α ⎛ b⎞
2(1 − 2ν )⎜1 − ln ⎟ + 2ν − 2 2 ⎜ 2 ln ⎟ ≥ 0 (8.5.31)
⎝ a⎠ b / a −1⎝ a⎠
The solution is thus valid only for limited values of b / a . For ν = 0.3 , one must have
b / a < 5.43 (closed ends), b / a < 5.75 (plane strain), b / a < 6.19 (open ends). For higher
wall ratios, the axial stress becomes equal to the hoop stress. In this case, a solution
based on large changes in geometry is necessary for higher pressures.
8.5.5 Problems
1. Derive Eqns. 8.5.26-27.