OptiStruct For Linear Analysis v14 Rev20160122

OptiStruct for Linear Analysis
Linear Static, Modal, Buckling, and Inertia Relief Analysis
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Table of Contents
OptiStruct for Linear Analysis
Basic Linear and Dynamic Solutions
Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... 3
Section I: Linear Static Analysis Exercises ........................................................... 5
Chapter 1: Linear Static Analysis ........................................................................... 7

Exercise 1a: Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam ....................................................... 9
Exercise 1b: Static Analysis of a Solid Bracket. ............................................................. 25
Section II: Modal Analysis Exercises ................................................................... 37
Chapter 2: Modal Analysis .................................................................................... 39

Exercise 2a: Shell Clamped BEAM model. .................................................................... 41
Exercise 2b: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis ........................................................ 47
Section III: Buckling Analysis Exercises.............................................................. 57
Chapter 3: Buckling Analysis ................................................................................ 59

Exercise 3a: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis. ................................................................. 61
Section IV: Linear Static Analysis Exercises ....................................................... 67
Chapter 4: Inertia Relief Analysis ......................................................................... 69

Exercise 4a: Satellite Inertia Relief Analysis. ................................................................. 71
HyperWorks 14.0 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis 3

Proprietary Information of Altair Engineering, Inc.
4 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0
Section I
Linear Static Exercises

OptiStruct for Linear Analysis 6 HyperWorks 14.0
Chapter 1
Linear Static Analysis

Exercise 1a: Analysis of a Simply Supported Beam
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a simple supported beam. The
structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure below. The objective
is to create a finite element model that is good enough to predict the theoretical solution for this
model.
FEA model
Model Information
o Force = 1000 N (Applied in a segment equivalent to 2mm)
o Beam properties: L = 1000, B = 10 and H = 20 mm
o Material Steel: E =210000 MPa and Nu=0.3, UNITS: N, mm, ton, s
Theoretical Results
F *L H
M max c * 3FL FL3 FL3 FL3
σ max = = 4
3
2
= = 375MPa U max = − =− 3 = − = 14.881mm
I B*H
12 2 BH 2 48 EI 48 E BH
12 4 EBH 3
Problem Setup
Copy the file: Beam_shell_geometry.hm
Step 1: Launch HyperMesh Desktop and Set the User Profile
1. Launch HyperMesh Desktop.
The User Profiles dialog will appear by default.
2. Choose OptiStruct as the user profile by selecting the radio button beside it.
3. Click OK.
Step 2: Open the HyperMesh Desktop model Beam_shell_geometry.hm

This HM database only contains geometry information.
1. From the pull down menu, select File > Open Model….
An Open File pop up window appears to select the HyperMesh database.
2. Browse in the training directory for a file named Beam_shell_geometry.hm and click
Open.

Step 3: Define the Material
1. Right-click on the Model Browser tab and select Create > Material.
2. The new material card opens in the Entity Editor. Enter the following values for the card.
Here we will use MAT1 which is a linear isotropic material that can represent the steel
behavior well. For more details about this material or other material formulations, please
refer to the HyperWorks Online Help.
Step 4: Create Model Properties

1. Right-click on the Model Browser to Create > Property to create a new property card,
which opens in the Entity Editor.
2. Enter the following values to define the Beam property card.
Step 5: Assign the property to the component
1. In the Model Browser, expand the Component section and right-click on the component
Beam to select Assign.
2. In the dialog box, select the property Beam.
3. Click OK.
This will make all elements in this component use this property. Note that this assignment
serves as a default for this collector and will not change any element from this component
has another property directly associated with it in its element definition.
Step 6: Create the finite element mesh

1. From the pull down menu, click on Mesh > Create > 2D Automesh.
2. Click on surfs and choose all to select all surfaces.
3. Click mesh.

The element size is 10mm
4. Click return twice to accept the mesh and exit the panel.
Step 7: Apply constraint to your model

1. Right-click on the Model Browser tab and click on Create > LoadCollector.
2. In the Entity Editor, set the name to SPC and change the color of the load collector.
3. From the pull down menu, click on BCs > Create > Constraints.
4. Change the entity selection from nodes to points
5. Select the lower left-hand side point and fix 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 DOFs.
6. Select now the lower right-hand side point and fix 2 and 3 DOFs.
It is always important to setup the right BCs: the user should never over constrain the model
because in general leads to wrong results. Be careful before adding any constraint to the
model.
Step 8: Apply the forces to your model
1. Create a new load collector named Force and change its color to red.
2. From the pull down menu, click on BCs > Create > Forces
3. Change the entity selection from nodes to points
4. Select the middle point on the upper side of the beam.
5. Enter for magnitude = -1000 and change the direction selector to y-axis.
6. Click create.
7. Click return to exit the panel.

In our case the force should be applied uniformly in a 2 mm segment in the middle of the
beam. As we have only one node on this region, the total load is applied to it. It is important
to acknowledge this because it can generate some singularities that can lead to a very high
stress that is not physical, and appears only in the mathematical model.
Step 9: Define the load step

1. Right-click in the Model Browser and select Create > LoadStep.
2. Enter the following information into the new load step through the Entity Editor:

Step 10: Define the Analysis parameters (Optional)
1. From the pull down menu, click on Setup > Create > Control Cards.
2. Under GLOBAL_OUTPUT_REQUEST, select the DISPLACEMENT checkbox and fill out
as shown below:
With this card, the displacement result will be written in the H3D result file.
3. Under GLOBAL_OUTPUT_REQUEST, select the STRESS and fill out the card as shown
below:
4. Click return to exit the GLOBAL_OUTPUT_REQUEST page.

4. Look for the control card SCREEN and fill out, as shown below:
OptiStruct will show on the screen what it is writing in the .out file.
5. Look for the card PARAM panel and setup AUTOSPC NO, as shown below:
By default, OptiStruct uses AUTOSPC, ON as it helps to prevent undesired stops or failure

runs. For example, if the model has an element unattached to the structure with no
constraint applied to it, the run would stop complaining about a rigid body movement. With
AUTOSPC ON, OptiStruct would automatically fix this element and run the analysis.
The user should be aware of any DOF fixed by the AUTOSPC. As we discussed before, it
can lead to a wrong behavior. Also, do not forget that in the end, if the run is made with
“AUTOSPC ON”, to verify which DOF was fixed and if this has not affected the solution.
Step 11: Run the analysis

1. From the Analysis page, click OptiStruct to access the launch panel.
2. Click on save as… to select a location to run the solution at.
3. Click on OptiStruct to export the model with the default filename and start the solution.
4. Wait until the message Process completed successfully appears in the prompt window.
This message means that the process has run without error and the result files are available
for post-processing.
Step 12: Post-process the first results

1. From the OptiStruct launch panel, click on HyperView to launch the application.
2. Ensure that the animation mode is set to linear static .

NOTE: If the model is not displayed in the HyperView graphics area, expand the Components
tree in the Browser section of the HyperView Results tab to ensure that model visibility is turned
on, as shown below.
3. Click on the contour toolbar button and select the result Displacement. Click Apply.
Click on the Edit Legend… button at the bottom of the Legend tab to the far left of the
contour toolbar and change the properties, as shown below:
4. Click OK.
5. Click on the Deformed toolbar button and set the Scale: Scale factor, Type:
Uniform and Value: to 10. Change the undeformed shape: to edges and click Apply.
6. Click on the Page Layout toolbar button and select the 3 window layout .
7. Click on the Note toolbar button and change the actual text in the Description: to
BEAM MODEL and click Apply. From the pull-down menu, click Edit > Copy Window and
click on the second window, then click Edit > Paste Window. Repeat this procedure for the
third window.
In the end, the page should look similar to below:

Total displacement
8. With the lower left-hand window active, click on the contour toolbar button and change
the contour type to Von Mises Stress. Click to uncheck the Max: selected in the Display
tab and edit the legend to set the numerical precision to 3.
9. Select the right-hand window and change the contour to Element Stresses, XX stress
component, deselecting the Max in the legend.
10. Using the ctrl + middle mouse button, apply a zoom to the maximum stress on the window
3, as shown below:
Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) with XX Stress results [ELEMENT SIZE 10 mm]
As we can see the displacement results are very good with an error ~0.5%. However, the
stress results are not good with an error superior to 50%.
Here, the XX stress contour plot illustrates why the model can’t represent the right solution.
The first element on the top is in compression and the bottom element is in tension. This
means that there is a range of compressive and tensile behaviors between the existing
nodes that is not captured with this coarse mesh. To improve it, the user will need to refine
the mesh by increasing the number of nodes and elements.
Step 13: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 5 mm)

The next steps are used to determine a good mesh to solve this problem and it can be set aside
if the user has a good background in FEA analysis.
1. Return to the HyperMesh client using the Delete Page button in HyperMesh Desktop,
and click return to close the OptiStruct launch panel.
2. To refine the mesh, open the automesh panel and use the drop-down arrow to set the
yellow entity selector to elems. Select all of the elements in the model and re-mesh with a
uniform size of 5 mm. (refer to Step 6 for more detail)
Refined mesh (5mm)
3. Save this model as Beam_shell_geometry_5mm.hm.

4. Rerun the model using the OptiStruct panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)

Step 14: Post-processing the refined model (Optional 5 mm)
1. Reload the stress results, as shown in previous steps to display the refined mesh.
As we can see in the image below, the stress results looks much better, now the error is ~
26% which is a lot better than what we had for 10mm.
Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [ELEMENT SIZE 5 mm]
Now with 4 elements along the height, it is possible to represent better the bending
behavior. If the user plots the XX stress again, it will be clear that there is some step yet but
the transition now is a lot better.
Step 15: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 2.5 mm)

1. Now coming back to HyperMesh Desktop, click return to close the OptiStruct launch panel.
2. To refine the mesh, select the automesh panel with a uniform size of 2.5 mm. (refer to Step
6 for more detail)
Refined mesh (2.5mm)
3. Save this model as Beam_2.5mm.hm.

4. Rerun the model using the OptiStruct panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)
Step 16: Post-processing the refined model (Optional 2.5 mm)
1. Load the new 2.5mm results into HyperView and display the displacement and stress
contours.
As we can see in the image below, the stress results looks better again, now the error is ~
13% which is a lot better than what we had for 5mm.
Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [ELEMENT SIZE 2.5 mm]
Now with 8 elements along the height, it is possible to better represent the bending
behavior. If the user plots the XX stress again, it will be clear that there is some step yet but
the transition now is a lot better.
Global normal stress on X direction.
Step 17: NON-uniform refinement study (Optional Elem = 1 mm)

It is easy to notice that if we refine the whole model the results will get better, but refining the
whole model is very inefficient procedure. This is mainly because the solution time is a DOF
exponential function that can easily arrive in unfeasible time solutions.

Looking on the models we had simulated it, will be easy to notice that there is no important
change in stress or displacement at the end of the beam. We can conclude that the model with
5mm was good for these 2 regions, but looking to the center of the beam, we can easily see that
the last model is much better. To solve this problem, the best approach is to refine the mesh
only where it is necessary.
1. Now coming back to HyperMesh, the user should click return to close the OptiStruct launch
panel.
2. To refine the mesh where it is necessary the user should look at the stress results and
define regions based on the stress gradient. To divide the component, select Geometry >
Edit > Surface
Surface divided in 14 segments 1:5 linear.
This is just a suggestion; the size, the number of segments and progression is dependent of
the problem, but a good reference is that the mesh transition should not exceed 25% in size.
Another important point here is that we want to have elements with a size of 0.5 mm at the
force region. This means that the region where the force will be applied will have more then
one node, which should be distributed among them so it will not create a mathematical
singularity.
3. To save class time this model is already prepared, just open the file BEAM_REF.hm.
4. Run the model using the OptiStruct panel. (Refer to Step 11 for reference)
Step 16: Post-processing the final model (Optional NON-UNIFORM size)

1. Load the non uniform mesh results into HyperView and display the displacement and stress
contours.
As you can see in the image below, the stress results look better. Now the error is ~ 1%
which is a lot better than what we had for 2.5mm model. Also the number of DOFs is 55939,
compared with 21647 for the 2.5mm model. This is a very good improvement without a large
increase in the model size.
Total displacement (mm) and Von Mises (MPa) [NON-UNIFORM ELEMENT SIZE]
Now with 50 elements on the height it is easy to see that the bending behavior is well
represented.
Normal XX stress Normal XX stress variation on Y axis
As we can see the in the XY plot above the stress distribution evaluated by our model is in
accordance with the analytical solution that we were trying to reproduce. We now know how to
improve the model to match a known solution. Although this is not the case for real world
models where the analytical solution doesn’t exist and where the finite element method can
really show its advantage. The next exercise will cover this application.

Exercise 1b: Static analysis of a solid bracket
In this exercise, a structural analysis is performed on a bracket modeled with solid
elements. The structural model with loads and constraints applied are shown in the figure
below. The objective is to create a finite element model that is good enough to predict an
accurate solution for this problem with a reasonable model size.
123456
13456
FEA model
Model Information
o Force = (12000,12000, -20000) N
o Material Aluminium:
• E =70000 MPa
• Nu = 0.33
• S0 = 240 Mpa
• SADM = 0.7*S0
o UNITS: N, mm, ton, s
Problem Setup
Copy the file: nafems1.hm
Step 1: Launch HyperMesh Desktop with OptiStruct bulk profile and open the
nafems1.hm model
The bracket model loaded

Step 2: Create a material named Aluminum with the values shown below:
Material data for Aluminum

Step 3: Create a PSOLID property named BRACKET that references the Aluminum
material and assign it to the component Lower Torsion Link 1

Step 4: Create a new load collector named SPC and add constraints in DOFs 1-6 to
node 4830 and in DOFs 1,3,4,5, and 6 on node 4831.
Step 5: Create a new load collector named Force and create a force with constant
components (12000, 12000, -20000) on node 1.
Step 6: Create a load step named Force of type Linear Static.
*SPC is the load collector with the constraints, on this model SPC.
*Load is the load collector with the Force, on this model Force.

Step 7: Define the following control cards in the control cards panel:
1. GLOBAL_OUTPUT_REQUEST:
• Displacement: FORMAT(1): H3D, OPTION(1): ALL
• Stress: FORMAT(1): H3D , TYPE(1): ALL , LOCATION(1): CENTER , OPTION(1): YES
• Strain: FORMAT(1): H3D , TYPE(1): ALL, OPTION(1): ALL
2. PARAM > AUTOSPC > V1: NO
3. TITLE: NAFEMS BRACKET
4. SCREEN: OUT
The titles listed under Card in the Model Browser image above show the sections under
which each set of cards can be found. Note that the AUTOSPC card will be found at the
beginning of the Bulk data section after the BEGIN BULK entry in the deck. The remaining
cards are listed above the Case Control Section.
Step 8: Run the analysis and Post-process the results.
Von Mises Stress (Elem. Size = 10 mm), deformed shape scaled 100x
Total displacement (Elem. Size = 10 mm)
o It is easy to notice that the stress results are not ideal due to discontinuities in the mesh.
o The next step is to rerun this model with a refined mesh
Model Element Size Von Mises Displacement

(mm) (MPa) (mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06

Step 9: Repeat the whole setup process for the model with 6.5 mm elements with
model nafems2.hm
6.5 mm
Model with the refinement regions
Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Elem. Size = 6.5 mm)

(mm) (MPa) (mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06
2 6.5 63.3 1.08
Step 10: To save time, the next models are already solved: the user should only
use the report template to confirm the values.
Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Elem. Size = 5 mm) nafems3.h3d
Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 3 mm) nafems4.h3d

Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 2 mm) nafems5.h3d
Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 0.55 mm) nafems6.h3d
Von Mises Stress and total displacement (Element Size = 0.17 mm) nafems7.h3d
Convergence table
(mm) (MPa) (mm)
1 10 60.2 1.06
2 6.5 63.3 1.08
3 5 69.5 1.09
4 3 73.0 1.10
5 2 80.0 1.10
6 0.55 84.4 1.09
7 0.17 89.3 1.09
o Error Based on a refined model

with 2nd order elements (S=95MPa)
o Change =(Sn-Sn-1)/Sn
o Factor = Elem Sizen-1/Elem Sizen
Von Mises Stress convergence

Section II
Modal Analysis Exercises

Chapter 2: Modal Analysis
Chapter 2
Modal Analysis Exercises


Exercise 2a: Shell Clamped BEAM Model

This exercise runs a modal analysis on a very simple problem where the Eigen values and
eigenvectors are well known and can be found using analytical formulas. The problem
intends to describe all the cards involved in a modal analysis.
In this exercise, you will learn how to:
• Define a modal analysis in OptiStruct
• Post-process and understand the modal results
Problem description
Problem Statement
• Geometry:
o (L = 1000, h = 10, b = 10 mm)
• One load case: Normal Modes
o 3 first modes
• Material STEEL:
o ρ = 7.8e-9 T/mm3 [RHO] Density
o E = 210000 MPa [E] Young’s modulus
o ν = 0.3 - [nu] Poisson’s ratio
Problem Setup
You should copy the file: BEAM_SHELL_MODAL.hm

Step 1: Open the model BEAM_SHELL_MODAL.hm in HyperMesh Desktop.
Step 2: Mesh the model and create and assign the materials and properties
1. From the 2D page, select automesh.
2. Select the single surface, set the element size to 1000, and click mesh to mesh the
surface with all other options set to default, making one element across the face.
3. Click return to exit the automesh panel.
4. Right-click in the Model Browser and select Create > Material.
5. In the Entity Editor, name the new material Beam and set the card image to MAT1. Set
the following values: E = 210000, nu = 0.3 and rho = 7.85e-9.
6. Right-click in the Model Browser and select Create > Property.
7. In the Entity Editor, name the new material BeamShell with a PSHELL card image.
8. Assign the Beam material to this property and set T to 10.
9. In the Model Browser, assign the new property created above to the comp beam.
Step 3: Create modal subcase

1. Create a new Load Collector named SPC with no load collector type.
2. On the Analysis page, select the constraints panel and create the following constraints:
• With the entity selector set to surfs and the single surface in the model selected,
uncheck all DOFs except DOF 3 and click create to constrain Uz = 0
• With the entity selector set to lines, check all DOFs and select the edge closest to
the origin. Click create to constrain that edge in all six degrees of freedom.

3. Create a new load collector of type EIGRL named EIGRL and the following settings.
4. Right-click in the Model Browser to create a new loadstep of Analysis Type Normal
modes named Normal_Modes and fill in the parameters as follows.

Step 4: Run and study the results

1. Save this model as BEAM_SHELL_BASELINE_MODAL.HM.
2. Run this model, saving it as BEAM_SHELL_1000.FEM.
3. Run the same model with different mesh size, see the table below for reference and fill
the values you get for all models, filling in the table that corresponds to the longest mesh
edge length.
• Do it until you think the model can represent well the 3 first modes of the Beam.
• As the mesh size drops below 10mm, ensure that the every node on the constrained
edge has an SPC on it in all six DOFs.

Result Table
SIZE DOF 1ST MODE 2ND MODE 3RD MODE
500
250
100
50
20
10
0.5
Note that those meshes shaded in orange are outside of traditional bounds acceptable in
FEA for element aspect ratio while the results in blue are in violation of acceptable limits
for shell element thickness bounds as it regards bending behavior. Results in both of
these regions will be calculated, but are not considered good modeling practice.
MODES CONVERGENCY
10000.00
1000.00
Freq (Hz)
100.00
10.00
1.00
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
1 / elem size
1ST MODE 2ND MODE 3RD MODE
Analytical Solution:
EI EI EI
f 1 = 0.7482 = 8.3 f 2 = 1.8732 = 52.2 f 3 = 3.1342 = 146.2
mL4 mL4 mL4


Exercise 3b: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis

This exercise runs a modal analysis on a compressor system. This is very common problem
for an engine designer, who needs to find the best way to link the compressor with the
engine. To make this system viable the vibration produced by the engine can’t have
resonance with the compressor system, and then the key to the project is to develop a
bracket that makes the frequencies higher than excitations. Suppose that our 4-cycle engine
can work up to 8000 RPM, and then the excitations from the second order (2 explosions per
cycle) are up to ~266 Hz.
Then the objective of this project is to have a Bracket with the first frequency higher than
350 Hz.
• Determine if a FEA model is well defined
• Understand how well the modal results represent the model
5 Bolt link
Problem description
Problem Information
• Determine if the Bracket Baseline geometry passes the dynamic criteria:
o Natural frequencies > 350 Hz.
• Compressor: (Mass = 3 kg and CG = (-5.2, -14.5, 65.2)
• Material STEEL:
Problem Setup
You should copy the file: BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm

Step 1: Open the model BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd.hm in HyperMesh

Desktop
Step 2: Model Review

1. As the user can see this FEA model is already idealized.
FEA model with tetra10, RB2 and RB3.
a) The model is made with tetra10 ~5mm.

Is it ok? What would you change on this model?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
b) It is used RB3 to link the mass element.
Why we don’t use RB2 (rigid) for it?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
c) There is no representation for the Bolts and the compressor.
How much it can change? What is needed to make this hypothesis?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
d) The engine wall is considered rigid.

When this is important?
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________

Step 3: Create a MAT1 with these properties

Step 4: Create a PSOLID property and assign the new property to the
FEA_Bracket component.
Step 5: In the masses panel on the 1D page, create a mass element at the
dependent node of the RBE3 with value 0.003
Step 6: Create modal subcase

1. Create a Load Collector named SPC.
2. Add a displacement constraint to all 5 bolt locations RBE2 independent nodes (DOFs 1-
3).
3. Create a load collector with card image EIGRL named EIGRL.

4. Create a loadstep named Normal Modes as follows.


1. Save this model BRACKET_COMPRESSOR_FEA_2nd_FINAL.hm.
2. Include strain energy results by adding the card ESE in the
GLOBAL_OUPUT_REQUEST section of the control cards.
3. Run the model.

Q1: How much trust would you place on the first mode returned by this analysis?
______________________________________________________________________
Q2: What results can be used to identify if your model is good?
______________________________________________________________________
Q3: Should you improve the model?
______________________________________________________________________
Q4: How can you determine where the mesh needs to be refined?
______________________________________________________________________
Expected result:
1st mode (Hz) Time (s) N. DOFS *FEA ERROR
475 35 134769 ~2.2%
* Based on a very refined model (~2M DOFs)
Eigen Vector Contour (First Mode)
Strain Energy Contour (First Mode)

e) The model is made with tetra10 ~5mm.

Is it ok? What would you change on this model?
It is not a easy determine if a model is good enough, to do it the analyst needs

to start with a simple model and refine it until achieve a converged result, and
in general the analyst needs to do trade off (time vs. accuracy).
On a modal analysis the user should see which part of the model has the
highest STRAIN ENERGY to refine it up to achieve the convergence on the
frequency value.
ERROR FIRST MODE
100.0%
10.0%
ERROR
1st
2nd
1.0%
0.1%
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
TIME
f) It is used RB3 to link the mass element.

Why we don’t use RB2 (rigid) for it?
An RB2 would include a rigid condition between the compressors links that doesn’t
exist. For this model for example it would show that the first mode would be higher
than 700 Hz.

g) There is no representation for the Bolts and the compressor.

How much it can change? What is needed to make this hypothesis?
To do this kind of simplification the analyst needs to have know-how about the
system behavior, in general we can assume that the bolt is strong enough
(SIZE/MAT) to not change the modal result. But the compressor geometry needs to
be studied before any simplification.
h) The engine wall is considered rigid.

When this is important?
This is very important, some times the engine wall is thin on the region where
the bracket is fixed, and it can be very important on the modal behavior. Again here
the analyst needs to study the region to make the right assumption.
Answer 1: How much you trust on the first mode you have got on this analysis?
To answer this question the analyst should verify:
• The first mode is like was expected. (shape and value)
• The mesh is refined enough (Mode shape, strain energy convergence).
• Are there any tests, analytical or past results to calibrate the model.
Answer 2: Is there any result that you can look to identify if your model is good?
Strain energy can give to the analyst a very good indication if the mode is well
refined. It works like the stress for a static analysis.
Answer 3: Should you improve the model?
Based on the error plotting the answer should be no.
But in general the analyst doesn’t know the FEA error, then the measure needs to
be made based on the response variance, if it is less than a certain amount
considered admissible the model is ok.
Answer 4: How can you determine where the mesh needs to be refined?
Again the highest strain energy shows the places where the mesh needs to be
refined.


Section III
Buckling Analysis Exercises

Chapter 3: Buckling Analysis
Chapter 3
Buckling Analysis Exercises


Exercise 3a: Wing Linear Buckling Analysis

This exercise runs a linear buckling analysis on a simple aircraft wing. This is a typical
problem in aerospace structures that need to be very light and consequently become
slender. Because the structure has a high slenderness ratio, the buckling failure
verification becomes necessary. The objective of this project is to determine if the 3 static
load cases applied to the wing will cause failure.
• Verify a wing baseline design for buckling criteria:
Problem description
Model Information
• Design Criteria:
o Buckling: FIRST MODE > (1.5 x).
o Static: U < 20 mm and Von Mises < 70 MPa.
• Material Aluminum:
Problem Setup
Copy the file: WING.hm

Step 1: Open the model WING.hm in HyperMesh.
Step 2: Run a static analysis and verify the design for static failure.
The load, constraints and loadcases have already been created. All you have to do is
to submit the job.
Von Mises stress (MPa) and total displacement (mm).

o σ ADM < 70MPa
o U ADM < 20mm
Step 3: Create the linear buckling load cases

1. Create a load collector, card image EIGRL, named EIGRL.

2. Create the buckling loadsteps for each static loadstep as follows.


Step 4: Save the file under a new name, run the analysis, and study the results
First Buckling mode (Criteria Mode 1 > 1.5x)


Section IV
Inertia Relief Exercises

Chapter 4: Inertia Relief Analysis
Chapter 4
Inertia Relief Analysis


Exercise 4a: Satellite Inertia Relief Analysis

This exercise runs an inertia relief load case on a simple satellite. This is a test made with
aerospace structures that will need to support inertia loads. The objective of this kind of test
is to verify if the structure is strong enough to support these loads without a static failure.
• Setup a static analysis with inertia loads.
4 load cases
o 2 Gs on Z
o 3 Gs on Y
o 3 Gs on X
o 4.7 Gs SUM
Problem description
Model Information
• Design Criteria:
o Max Rel. disp. < 500 mm.
o Von Mises < 70 MPa. (Aluminum)
• Total Mass: 3.09 ton.
• Material:
Material [E] [RHO] Nu
MPa Ton/mm3
Aluminum 70000 2.1 x 10-9 0.33
Solar_panel 20000 1 x 10-11 0.4
System 1000 1 x 10-13 0.3
Antenna 20000 1 x 10-11 0.4
Problem Setup
Copy the file: Satellite.hm

Step 1: Open Satellite.hm in HyperMesh Desktop.
Step 2: Define INREL parameter as -1.

-2: Without suport or suport1
-1: With suport or suport1
0: Constrained analysis (fictitious supports are treated as SPCs)
Control Card: Param > INREL in HyperMesh
Step 3: Create the four linear load cases with the name and details listed
below, if you have doubt on it take a look on the end of this exercise:
All load steps will have the same fictitious support:
Suport: (SUPORT1 load type)
i. Node 2: Uy = 0
ii. Node 3: Ux, Uy, Uz = 0
iii. Node 4: Ux, Uy, = 0
1. LOADSTEP: 2 Gz F(node 1) =(0,0, 61800) N Equivalent to 2 Gs

2. LOADSTEP: 3 Gy F(node 1) =(0, 92700,0) N Equivalent to 3 Gs
3. LOADSTEP: 3 Gx F(node 1) =(92700,0,0) N Equivalent to 3 Gs
4. LOADSTEP: SUM 4.7 G F(node 1) =(92700, 92700, 61800) N Equivalent to 4.7
Gs

Total displacement (Criteria Umax < 500 mm)
Von Mises (Criteria σmax < 70 MPa)

Hints
1. Create a load collector named SUPPORT with no card image.
2. On the Constraint Panel create the constraint listed on Step 3 with load types:
SUPPORT1.
3. Create a LoadCollector named 2 Gz with no card image.
4. Go to the force panel and create the force on the RBE3 center node (1) with the value
and direction described Step 3.
5. Repeat Steps 3 and 4 for the other 2 load directions 3 Gy and 3 Gx.
6. Create another LoadCollector named SUM 4.7 G with card image load and fill out the
card, as shown below:
7. Create the 4 load steps for each force applied as shown below:

LOAD = 2Gz_force

LOAD = 3Gy_force

LOAD = 3Gz_force

LOAD = SUM 4.7 G


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OptiStruct for Linear Analysis

Linear Static, Modal, Buckling, and Inertia Relief Analysis

www.altairhyperworks.com | HyperWorks is a division of

Location Telephone e-mail

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Section I: Linear Static Analysis Exercises ........................................................... 5

Chapter 1: Linear Static Analysis ........................................................................... 7

Exercise 1b: Static Analysis of a Solid Bracket. ............................................................. 25

Section II: Modal Analysis Exercises ................................................................... 37

Chapter 2: Modal Analysis .................................................................................... 39

Exercise 2b: Compressor Bracket Modal Analysis ........................................................ 47

Section III: Buckling Analysis Exercises.............................................................. 57

Chapter 3: Buckling Analysis ................................................................................ 59

Section IV: Linear Static Analysis Exercises ....................................................... 67

Chapter 4: Inertia Relief Analysis ......................................................................... 69

HyperWorks 14.0 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis 3

Linear Static Exercises

HyperWorks 14.0 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis 5

Linear Static Analysis

Step 2: Open the HyperMesh Desktop model Beam_shell_geometry.hm

10 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

Step 4: Create Model Properties

Step 6: Create the finite element mesh

12 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

Step 7: Apply constraint to your model

7. Click return to exit the panel.

Step 9: Define the load step

14 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

4. Click return to exit the GLOBAL_OUTPUT_REQUEST page.

By default, OptiStruct uses AUTOSPC, ON as it helps to prevent undesired stops or failure

Step 11: Run the analysis

Step 12: Post-process the first results

2. Ensure that the animation mode is set to linear static .

16 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

18 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

Step 13: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 5 mm)

Refined mesh (5mm)

3. Save this model as Beam_shell_geometry_5mm.hm.

20 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

Step 15: Refinement study (Optional Elem = 2.5 mm)

Refined mesh (2.5mm)

3. Save this model as Beam_2.5mm.hm.

Global normal stress on X direction.

Step 17: NON-uniform refinement study (Optional Elem = 1 mm)

22 OptiStruct for Linear Analysis HyperWorks 14.0

Surface divided in 14 segments 1:5 linear.

Step 16: Post-processing the final model (Optional NON-UNIFORM size)

Normal XX stress Normal XX stress variation on Y axis