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Metals and Non-Metals
Metals and Non-Metals
METALS
KYLA
DURING THE COURSE OF ME DOING THIS PROJECT I
LEARNED A LOT AND HOPE TO USE THIS NEWLY AQUIRED
INFORMATION TO AID IN MY STUDIES. PLEASE ENJOY
DONE BY:
KYLA QUASHIE
5F
MS. SAWH
1
Oxygen is a highly reactive element, highly paramagnetic, and is easily capable of combining with other
elements. One of oxygen’s most important chemical properties is that it supports combustion. Oxygen
also combines with elements at room temperature, for example, for the formation of rust. Decaying is
also an example of oxygen reacting with compounds .Carbon dioxide and water are the main products of
decay.
At standard conditions, water is a polar liquid that slightly dissociates disproportionately or self ionizes
into an hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.
2H
2O ⇌ H
3O+
+ OH−
The dissociation constant for this dissociation is commonly symbolized as Kw and has a value of about
10−14 at 25 °C; see here for values at other temperatures. Pure water has a concentration of the
hydroxide ion (OH−) equal to that of the hydrogen ion (H+), which gives a pH of 7 at 25 °C.[68]
Zinc Forms a zinc oxide, Forms zinc oxide Forms zinc oxide -forms zinc vapor
nitrogen dioxide and and carbon and water and oxygen
oxygen dioxide
Iron Forms an iron oxide Forms iron oxide Forms iron oxide
and nitrogen and and carbon and water
oxygen dioxide
Extracting iron
Iron is extracted from iron ore in a huge container called a blast furnace. Iron ores such as haematite
contain iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. The oxygen must be removed from the iron(III) oxide in order to leave the
iron behind. Reactions in which oxygen is removed are called reduction reactions.
Blast furnace. Iron ore, carbon, limestone enter at top. Air enters at side near bottom. Three zones. Air
into zone 1, waste gases out above zone 3. Slag out below zone 1, iron out at very bottom.
Carbon is more reactive than iron, so it can displace iron from iron(III) oxide. Here are the equations for
the reaction:
In this reaction, the iron(III) oxide is reduced to iron, and the carbon is oxidised to carbon dioxide.
In the blast furnace, it is so hot that carbon monoxide can be used, in place of carbon, to reduce the
iron(III) oxide:
Extraction of aluminum
Aluminium is the most abundant (found in large quantities) metal in the Earth's crust. It is expensive,
largely because of the amount of electricity required in the extraction process.
Aluminium ore is called bauxite. The bauxite is purified to produce aluminium oxide, a white powder
from which aluminium can be extracted.
The extraction is done by electrolysis. The ions in the aluminium oxide must be free to move so that
electricity can pass through it. Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point (over 2000°C) so it would
be expensive to melt it. Aluminium oxide does not dissolve in water, but it does dissolve in molten
cryolite. This is an aluminium compound with a lower melting point than aluminium oxide. The use of
cryolite reduces some of the energy costs involved in extracting aluminium
Diagram showing the extraction of Aluminum
Diagram of extraction of iron
3.
Calcium and magnesium are slightly less reactive with oxygen . Cupper and
Redox reactions
ELEMENT OXIDATION REDUCTION FORMULA
COLLECTION OF OXYGEN
When preparing and collecting oxygen the water displacement method is used . This method can also be
used for gases of any density by reacting a solid in water as long as the gas is not to soluble in water .
Since all the gases are less dense than the liquid it will displace the water downwards
Thee method for preparing and collecting a gas more dense than air is by reacting a solid and liquid .The
more dense gas sinks down and displaces the less dense air upwards .The method is called downward
delivery .Calcium carbonate with hydrochloric acid makes carbon dioxide
PREPARATION OF AMMONIA
Ammonia gas is lighter than air in order to collect it ammonia gas must be heated by a solid reactant.
The ammonia gas rises into an upside down test tube where it displaces the denser air downward. This
method is known as the upward delivery
To make dry ammonia a U-tube packed with granules of calcium oxide between the horizontal pyrex
tube and the vertically inverted collection test tube
5.
A metallic solid or liquid that is composed of a homogeneous mixture of two or more metals or of
metals and nonmetal or metalloid elements, usually for the purpose of imparting or increasing specific
characteristics or properties
(i)
(ii)
Converting pure metals into alloys often increases the strength of the product. For example, brass is an
alloy of copper and zinc. It is stronger than copper or zinc alone. Alloys often have properties that are
different to the metals they contain. Solid metals have a regular lattice structure. When a force is
applied to a metal, layers of atoms can move past each other. The more difficult it is for the layers to
move, the more force is needed and the stronger the metal.
Copper and zinc atoms are different sizes. This distorts the regular lattice structure in brass, so layers of
atoms cannot slide over each other so easily. This makes brass stronger than copper or zinc alone.
This makes them more useful than the pure metals alone.
(iii)
Carbon
Carbon is unique among the atoms. It is used to make other organic compounds amd can form single,
double and triple bonds with other carbon atoms and elements. Some of its uses are:
Sulphur
Phosphorus
Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it
is highly reactive , phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It can be used:
Chlorine is one of the most abundant, essential minerals on Earth. Due to its disinfection properties
It has helped improve the lives of billions pf people around the world. Chlorine also is an essential
chemical building block. It is used:
As an antiseptic
To purify water for drinking
To treat swimming pools
Used to produce table salt (NaCl)
Nitrogen
Nitrogen makes up 78% of the air, by volume. It is obtained by the distillation of liquid air. Nitrogen is
cycled naturally by living organisms through the ‘nitrogen cycle’. It is taken up by green plants and algae
as nitrates, and used to build up the bases needed to construct DNA, RNA and all amino acids. It is used:
Silicon
Silicon makes up 27.7% of Earth’s crust; it is the second most abundant element in the crust, being
surpassed only by oxygen. It is used:
To make silicone (which is a silicon oxygen polymer with methyl groups attached).
Silicone oil is used as a lubricant as it is added to cosmetics and hair conditioners.
To make chips for computers and electronics.
6. the importance of metals
(i)
There are many metal ions that are important to living things. Some of these metal ions are found
attached to carbon compounds be coordinate covalent bonds. These are referred to as organic
compounds.
Sodium controls water balance in body fluids assists in the transmission of nerve impulses ans
assists in muscle contractions.
Potassium is found in high concentrations in all living cells and it is necessary for the cells to
function properly. The transport or nerve impulses and the contraction of muscle cells depend
on the movement of sodium and potassium ions,
Calcium is an important part of the structure of the plant cell walls and cell membranes. In
animals, calcium is essential in building strong bones and teeth. It is also involved in muscle
contraction and prevents muscle cramps.
Magnesium is also very important. Mg2+ ions are found in all living cells. These ions are
important in the function of DNA, which controls all the activities in cell, especially protein
manufacture and reproduction. A magnesium ion plays an essential role in the role of ATP.
Many enzyme also work only when they have magnesium ions bonded to them.
Iron is an important component of hemoglobin, the substance in red blood cells that carries
oxygen from your lungs to transport it throughout your body. Hemoglobin represents about
two-thirds of the body's iron. If you don't have enough iron, your body can't make enough
healthy oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
Trace metals
Treace metals asre metals needed in small quantities and are often alled micronutrients.
Magnesium
Manganese
Zinc
Boron
Copper
Molybdenum
Cobalt
(ii)
Carbon monoxide Formed when fossil fuels are Poisonous; combines with the
incompletely burned hemoglobin of the blood,
preventing oxygen intake
Lead compounds Released when leaded gasoline Cumulative poison;
is burnt concentrated in marine
organisms and water; affects
cell metabolism
Global warming
Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded
history. And experts see the trend is accelerating: All but one of the 16 hottest years in NASA’s 134-year
record have occurred since 2000.
Climate change deniers have argued that there has been a “pause” or a “slowdown” in rising global
temperatures, but several recent studies, including a 2015 paper published in the journal Science, have
disproved this claim. And scientists say that unless we curb global-warming emissions, average U.S.
temperatures could increase by up to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century. Global warming
occurs when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants and greenhouse gases collect in the
atmosphere and absorb sunlight and solar radiation that have bounced off the earth’s surface. Normally,
this radiation would escape into space—but these pollutants, which can last for years to centuries in the
atmosphere, trap the heat and cause the planet to get hotter. That's what's known as the greenhouse
effect.
In the United States, the burning of fossil fuels to make electricity is the largest source of heat-trapping
pollution, producing about two billion tons of CO2 every year. Coal-burning power plants are by far the
biggest polluters. The country’s second-largest source of carbon pollution is the transportation sector,
which generates about 1.7 billion tons of CO2 emissions a year.
7
(i)
Water's Solvent Properties. Water, which not only dissolves many compounds but also dissolves more
substances than any other liquid, is considered the universal solvent. A polar molecule with partially-
positive and negative charges, it readily dissolves ions and polar molecules.
When ionic compounds are added to water, individual ions interact with the polar regions of the water
molecules during the dissociation process, disrupting their ionic bonds. Dissociation occurs when atoms
or groups of atoms break off from molecules and form ions. Consider table salt (NaCl, or sodium
chloride): when NaCl crystals are added to water, the molecules of NaCl dissociate into Na+ and Cl– ions,
and spheres of hydration form around the ions. The positively-charged sodium ion is surrounded by the
partially-negative charge of the water molecule’s oxygen; the negatively-charged chloride ion is
surrounded by the partially-positive charge of the hydrogen in the water molecule.
Dissociation of NaCl in waterWhen table salt (NaCl) is mixed in water, spheres of hydration form around
the ions.
The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is higher than any other
common substance. As a result, water plays a very important role in temperature regulation.
Volatility
Liquids that boil at low temperatures, such as gasoline, are volatile liquids, while liquids that boil at
higher temperatures, such as water, are less volatile or nonvolatile. Extremely volatile substances have
such low boiling points that they exist as gases at room temperature, such as oxygen gas.
Therefore water can be said to be nonvolatile since it has a boiling point of 100°C .
(ii)
Hardness of water
Hard water contains dissolved magnesium and calcium ions. These make it more difficult for the water
to form a lather with soap by reacting with it to form scum which is left in basins and baths. On the
other hand, hard water contains minerals that promote strong bones and teeth.
(iii)
Treatment of water
The treatment of wateris a process thet reduces the amount of inorganic and organic materials it
contains. We can treat water at hom in the following ways :
Green chemistry
(i)
Green chemistry, also called sustainable chemistry, is an area of chemistry and chemical engineering
focused on the designing of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous
substances. The concept of greening chemistry is a relatively new idea which developed in the business
and regulatory communities as a natural evolution of pollution prevention initiatives. In our efforts to
improve crop protection, commercial products, and medicines, we also caused unintended harm to our
planet and humans. We are able to develop chemical processes and earth-friendly products that will
prevent pollution in the first place. Through the practice of green chemistry, we can create alternatives
to hazardous substances we use as our source materials. We can design chemical processes that reduce
waste and reduce demand on diminishing resources. We can employ processes that use smaller
amounts of energy. We can do all of this and still maintain economic growth and opportunities while
providing affordable products and services to a growing world population.
Sustainable and green chemistry in very simple terms is just a different way of thinking about how
chemistry and chemical engineering can be done. Over the years different principles have been
proposed that can be used when thinking about the design, development and implementation of
chemical products and processes. These principles enable scientists and engineers to protect and
benefit the economy, people and the planet by finding creative and innovative ways to reduce waste,
conserve energy, and discover replacements for hazardous substances.
(ii)
1. Prevention
It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it has been created.
2. Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process
into the final product.
8. Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of
physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because such steps require
additional reagents and can generate waste.
9. Catalysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.