FM Demodulation Techniques

& PLL
Updated: 4/26/15
Sections: 4-11 to 4-15
 Outline
•  FM Demodulation Techniques
 FM Demodulator Classification
•  Coherent & Non-coherent
–  A coherent detector has two inputs—one for a reference signal, such as the
synchronized oscillator signal, and one for the modulated signal that is to be
demodulated.
–  A noncoherent detector has only one input, namely, the modulated signal
port.
–  Example: The envelope detector is an example of a noncoherent detector.
•  Demodulator Classification
–  Frequency Discrimination
•  Noncoherent demodulator
•  FMàAMàEDàm(t)
–  Phase Shift Discrimination
•  Noncoherent demodulator
•  FMàPMàm(t)
–  Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Detector
•  Coherent demodulator Let’s look at each!
•  Superior performance; complex and expensive
 Frequency Discrimination
•  Components
–  Bandpass Limiter: Consists of Hard Limiter & BP Filter
–  Discriminator (frequency discriminator gain: KFD V/rad - assume unity)
–  Envelope Detector

Note: Df=Kf
Freq. deviation sensitivity THE OUTPUT WILL BE:

DC Component can be blocked

by an AC coupled circuit
 Frequency Discrimination - Discriminator
•  How the discriminator operates:
–  Generally, has a gain of KFD V/rad
–  In freq. domain: H(w) = jw KFD
–  In time domain: v2(t) d[v1(t)]/dt
Frequency Discrimination

FM Wave

Output of
Tuned Circuit
(discriminator)
Frequency Discrimination – Slope Detector
•  In practice the differentiator can be approximated by a
slope detector that has a linear frequency-to-amplitude
transfer characteristic over the bandwidth BW –One
drawback is that it is narrow band

Tuned Circuit

BT is Carson’s BW
Frequency Discrimination – Slope Detector
Transfer Output
Curve

Slope Detector Transfer

Characteristics
Frequency Discrimination – Slope Detector
•  Major Limitations:
–  It is inefficient, as it is linear in very limited frequency range.
–  It reacts to all amplitude changes (needs a limiter).
–  It is relatively difficult to tune, as tuned circuit must be tuned to
different frequency than carrier frequency.

Transfer
Curve
Frequency Discrim. – Balanced Slope Detector
Envelope Detector
•  Also called balanced discriminator
•  Uses two tuned circuits each set to a D1
fixed frequency T’: fc+ΔF
–  f1 = 3ΔF + fc & f2 = 3ΔF – fc
•  The center-tapped transformer feeds
the tuned circuits
–  Tuned circuits are 180 degrees out of phase
•  When fi>fcà Then output of T’(+Ve) >
output of T’’ (-Ve) à max voltage
across D1 (net voltage positive)
T’’: Fc-ΔF
•  When fi<fcà Then output of T’(+Ve) < D2
output of T’’ (-Ve) à max voltage
across D2 (net voltage negative)
•  When f=fcà voltage across D1=D2
(the net voltage will be zero)
Frequency Discrim. – Balanced Slope Detector
•  Uses two tuned circuits each set to a fixed frequency
–  f1 = 3ΔF + fc & f2 = 3ΔF - fc
90 Degree out of phase

K1 and K2 are constant

depending on values of the
After the series capacitors and
Limiter parallel resonant circuits
Balanced Slope Detector - Transfer Curve
Major Advantage: Larger Range
We still like to pull it to +/-δf !

Useful
Range
Phase Shift Discriminator – Quadrature Detector
•  Very common in TV receivers
•  It uses a phase shift circuit
•  It converts the instantaneous frequency deviation in an FM signal to phase shift
and then detects the changes of phase
–  Cs results in -90 deg. Shift
–  The tuned circuità additional phase shift proportional to instantaneous frequency
deviation from fc

Another approach
 Balanced zero-crossing FM detector
Free-running
•  This is a hybrid circuit fc Linear frequency-to-voltage
PW changes Characteristic: C[fi(t) – fc]
–  Analog and digital combination

For the case of FM:

fi(t) = (1/2p)Df m(t)

IF fi > fc à Tc>Ti
Qdc > Qdc à Vout > 0

IF fi < fc à Tc<Ti
Qdc < Qdc à Vout < 0
 Phase-Locked Loops
•  Applications: Frequency synthesizer, TV, Demodulators, clock recovery
circuits, multipliers, etc.
•  Basic Idea: A negative feedback control system
•  Basic Components: PD, Loop Filter (LPF), VCO
•  Types: Analog / Digital
•  Operation: when it is locked it will track the input frequency: wout=win

Mixer
 Basic Operation
Km
•  as

Kv

- Coherent demodulator
- Out of phase 90 deg.

Km V1(t) = Km Vin(t).Vo(t)
Vin(t) V1(t) Km is the gain of the multiplier

Vo(t)
 PLL Characteristics

http://www2.ensc.sfu.ca/people/faculty/ho/ENSC327/Pre_13_PLL.pdf
 Analog PLL
When locked, that is when no phase error à exactly 90 deg. Diff (90 deg. out of phase)

Phase detector constant gain V/rad Vp = KmAiAo/2=Kd

Analog PLL

Locked in frequency
Analog PLL – Linear Model (Transfer Function)
Phase Detector Phase Detector Gain
Open loop transfer function:

G(f) = Kv Kd F(f)/jw

G(f)

Vo(t)

VCO Gain
Analog PLL – Linear Model (Transfer Function)
Phase Detector
Open loop transfer function:

G(f) = Kv Kd F(f)/jw
Loop Gain: Kd Kv G(f)

Thus:
Θin ( f ) − Θo ( f ) = Θe ( f )
G( f ) +1
Θo ( f ) = Θe ( f )⋅ G( f ) → Θin ( f ) = Θo ( f ) Loop Gain: Kd Kv
G( f )
Θo ( f ) G( f ) K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F( f ) / jω K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F( f )
H( f ) = = = =
Θi ( f ) G( f ) +1 1+ K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F( f ) / jω jω + K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F( f )
Remember: G(f) is Open loop transfer function
Analog PLL – Linear Model (Phase Error Function)
Θe ( f ) Θin ( f ) − Θo ( f ) Θo ( f ) Phase Error
He ( f ) = = = 1− = 1− H ( f ) Transfer Function
Θi ( f ) Θi ( f ) Θi ( f )
jω
He ( f ) =
jω + K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F( f )
→ Θe ( f ) = H e ( f )⋅ Θi ( f )

What is the steady-state error?

We use Final Value Theorem of the Laplace Transform

Θe (∞) = lim s→0 sΘe (s);s = jω

Note that ideally we want this
s2 to be zero – this has to do with
Θe (∞) = lim s→0 Θi (s)⋅
s + K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F(s) K and F(s) – loop filter
characteristics!
à Lets look at special cases!
 Analog Loop Filter
•  There are e number of options for the loop filter
•  In the case of first-order PLL we assume F(s) = 1 (All-pass
filter)
 Analog Loop Filter – First Order
•  We assume All-pass filter: H e ( f ) = 1− H ( f )
–  F(f) = 1àFirst Order PLL
jω
He ( f ) =
jω + K d ⋅ K v
Kd ⋅ Kv
H( f ) =
jω + K d ⋅ K v
PLL Basic Operation
 Analog Loop Filter – First Order
•  Example 1: Assume the loop is locked and we have a phase
step change. Calculate the steady-state phase error:
Remember:
θ in (t) = Δθ ⋅ u(t)→ Θin (s) = Δθ / s Θe (∞) = lim s→0 sΘe (s);s = jω
s ⋅ Δθ s2
Θe (∞) = lim s→o =0 Θe (∞) = lim s→0 Θi (s)⋅
s + Kd ⋅ Kv s + K d ⋅ K v ⋅ F(s)
Indicating no phase error!

•  Example 2: Assume the loop is locked and we have a

frequency step change. Calculate the SS phase error:
ωin (t) = ω c + Δω ⋅ u(t)→ θ in (t) = Δω ⋅ t
Note that the larger K
2
Θin ( f ) = Δω / ( jω ) ;s = jω The smaller the error will be!
Θin (s) = Δω / (s)2
s2 Δω
Θe (∞) = lim s→o Θin (s) =
s + Kd ⋅ Kv Kd ⋅ Kv
Indicating a slight phase error!
 Analog Loop Filter – First Order
How does the control voltage v2(t) change if the
frequency of the input signal changes?
ωin (t) = ω c + Δω ⋅ u(t)→ θ in (t) = Δω ⋅ t
V1(t)
2
Θin ( f ) = Δω / ( jω ) ;s = jω
Θin (s) = Δω / (s)2

v1 (t) = K d ⋅ vo (t)⋅ vin (t)

V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Θe ( f )
jω
V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Θin ( f )⋅ ; F( f ) = 1
jω + K d ⋅ K v
jω
V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Δω / ( jω )2 ⋅
jω + K d ⋅ K v
K d ⋅ Δω
V1 ( f ) =
jω ( jω + K d ⋅ K v )
K d ⋅ Δω
v1 (t) = (1− e−kt );k = K d ⋅ K v
k
 Analog Loop Filter – First Order
How does the control voltage v2(t) change if the
frequency of the input signal changes?
ωin (t) = ω c + Δω ⋅ u(t)→ θ in (t) = Δω ⋅ t
V1(t)
2
Θin ( f ) = Δω / ( jω ) ;s = jω
Θin (s) = Δω / (s)2

v1 (t) = K d ⋅ vo (t)⋅ vin (t)

V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Θe ( f )
jω
V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Θin ( f )⋅ ; F( f ) = 1
jω + K d ⋅ K v
jω
V1 ( f ) = K d ⋅ Δω / ( jω )2 ⋅
jω + K d ⋅ K v
K d ⋅ Δω
V1 ( f ) =
jω ( jω + K d ⋅ K v )
K d ⋅ Δω
v1 (t) = (1− e−kt );k = K d ⋅ K v
k
 Analog Loop Filter – First Order
Where is the demodulated signal if the input is an FM modulated signal?

s(t)= Ac cos(ω c t + θ in (t))

D V1(t)
θ in (t) = D f ∫ m(τ )d τ ⇒ Θin (s) = f M (s)
s
K Θ (s)
Θout (s) = V2 (s)⋅ v ⇒ V2 (s) = s ⋅ out
s Kv
Θout (s) = Θin (s)H (s)
Kv (Hz/V)
% Df ( s Df Kd Kv
V2 (s) = ' M (s)⋅ H (s)* = ⋅ M (s) Frequency deviation sensitivity Kf (Hz/V);
& s ) Kv Kv s + Kv Kd Or Df (rad/V)

2π K f
ω 3−dB = K v K d >> 2π f ⇒ V2 (s) = M (s)
Kv
2π K f
v2 (t) = m(t)
Kv
Analog Loop Filter – First Order- Example
Assume s(t) =cos( 1000pi + 50sin(20pi.t)) passing through a PLL
Phase detector gain Kd=0.5 V/rad
VCO gain constant Kv=1000pi rad/sec-volt
Answer the following questions: V1(t)

1.  What is the modulating frequency?

2.  What is the carrier frequency?
3.  What is the modulation Index.
4.  Find the maximum freq. Deviation.
5.  Frequency Deviation Sensitivity (Df in rad/V)
6.  Calculate the total loop gain.
7.  What will be the expression for the modulating signal, m(t)?
8.  Find v2(t).
9.  Calculate the steady state phase error.
Analog Loop Filter – First Order- Example
Assume s(t) =cos( 1000pi + 50sin(20pi.t)) passing through a PLL
Phase detector gain Kd=0.5 V/rad
VCO gain constant Kv=1000pi rad/sec-volt
Answer the following questions: V1(t)

1.  What is the modulating frequency?

2.  What is the carrier frequency?
3.  What is the modulation Index.
4.  Find the maximum freq. Deviation.
5.  Frequency Deviation Sensitivity (Df in rad/V)
6.  Calculate the total loop gain.
7.  What will be the expression for the modulating signal, m(t)?
8.  Find v2(t).
9.  Calculate the steady state phase error.
s(t)= Ac cos(1000π t + 50sin(20π t))
ωin (t) = ω c + Δω ⋅ u(t)→ θ in (t) = Δω ⋅ t
Kd
Θin ( f ) = Δω / ( jω )2 ;s = jω V2 (s) = D f M (s)
s + Kv Kd
Θin (s) = Δω / (s)2
V2 (s) 2π K f K d 500π
s2 Δω 2π ⋅10 = = = 1@− 2.3o
Θe (∞) = lim s→o Θin (s) = = = 0.04 M (s) ω =20 π s + K v K d jω + 500π
s + Kd ⋅ Kv K d ⋅ K v 500π
→ 360(0.04) / 2π = 2.3deg v2 (t) = m(t)@− 2.3o = cos(20π t − 2.3o )
 Applications of PLL
•  Used as demodulators (FM or AM demodulator)
–  AM coherent Detectors
•  Frequency synthesizer
 Frequency Synthesizer Using PLL

The frequency of Vout is locked (synchronized) to the input frequency:

Classically, M and N are integers.

Fractional-N technique can be applied to make N non-integer
 References
•  Leon W. Couch II, Digital and Analog Communication
Systems, 8th edition, Pearson / Prentice, Chapter 4
•  Contemporary Communication Systems, First Edition by M
F Mesiya– Chapter 5
•  (http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0073380369/information_center_view0/)

See
Notes