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Glenco - Solution - Manual - k-12 PDF
Glenco - Solution - Manual - k-12 PDF
Except as
permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be
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ISBN: 0-02-834177-5
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 024 08 07 06 05 04
Chapter 1 Linear Relations and Functions
8.
1-1 Relations and Functions x y y
4 7
12
Pages 8–9 Check for Understanding 3 4
1. 2 1 8
x y y 1 2 4
4 2 4 0 5
6 1 1 8 4 O 2 4x
2
0 5 2 11 4
8 4 8 4 O 4 8x 3 14
2 2 2 4 17
4 0 4 9.
x y y
2. Sample answer:
1 5
y
2 5
3 5 O x
4 5
5 5
O x 6 5
7 5
8 5
3. Determine whether a vertical line can be drawn 10. {3, 0, 1, 2}; {6, 0, 2, 4}; yes; Each member of the
through the graph so that it passes through more domain is matched with exactly one member of
than one point on the graph. Since it does, the the range.
graph does not represent a function.
11. {3, 3, 6}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no; 6 is matched with
4. Keisha is correct. Since a function can be two members of the range.
expressed as a set of ordered pairs, a function is
12a. domain: all reals; range: all reals
always a relation. However, in a function, there is
exactly one y-value for each x-value. Not all 12b. Yes; the graph passes vertical line test.
relations have this constraint. 13. f(3) 4(3)3 (3)2 5(3)
5. Table: Graph: 108 9 15 or 84
14. g(m 1) 2(m 1)2 4(m 1) 2
x y y
2(m2 2m 1) 4m 4 2
1 3 2m2 4m 2 4m 4 2
2 2 2m2
3 1 O x 15. x 1 0
4 0 x 1
5 1 The domain excludes numbers less than 1.
6 2 The domain is {xx 1}.
7 3 16a. {(83, 240), (81, 220), (82, 245), (78, 200),
(83, 255), (73, 200), (80, 215), (77, 210), (78, 190),
Equation: y x 4
(73, 180), (86, 300), (77, 220), (82, 260)}; {73, 77,
6. {(3, 4), (0, 0), (3,4), (6, 8)}; D {3, 0, 3, 6}; 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86}; {180, 190, 200, 210, 215,
R {8, 4, 0, 4} 220, 240, 245, 255, 260, 300}
7. {(6, 1), (4, 0), (2, 4), (1, 3), (4, 3)};
D {6, 4, 2, 1, 4}; R {4, 0, 1, 3}
1 Chapter 1
16b. 22. {(4, 0), (5, 1), (8, 0), (13, 1)};
300
D {4, 5, 8, 13}; R {0, 1}
280 23. {(3, 2), (1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1)};
260 D {3, 1, 0, 1}; R {2, 0, 1}
Weight 240 24. {(5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 1), (2, 2), (4, 4)};
(lb) D {5, 3, 1, 2, 4}; R {4, 2, 1, 3, 5}
220
25. {(3, 4), (3, 2), (3, 0), (3, 1), (3, 3)}; D {3};
200 R {4, 2, 0, 1, 3}
180 26. y
x y O x
O 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86
4 9
Height (in.)
3 8
16c. No; a vertical line at x 77, x 78, x 82, or 2 7
x 83 would pass through two points.
1 6
0 5
Pages 10–12 Exercises 1 4
17. Table Graph: 27.
x y y x y y
1 3 24 1 1
2 6 2 2 O x
18
3 9 3 3
4 12 12 4 4
5 15 5 5
6
6 18 6 6
7 21 O 2 4 6 8 10 x 28.
8 24 x y y
9 27 5 5
Equation: y 3x 4 4
18. Table: 3 3
y 2 2
x y
O x
6 11 1 1
O x
5 10 0 0
4 9 1 1
3 8 29.
2 7 x y y
1 6 1 0
Equation: y x 5 2 3
19. Table: Graph: 3 6
y 4 9
x y
4 4 5 12
3 5
2 6
1 7
0 8
O x
1 9
30.
2 10
3 11 x y y
4
4 12 O x 11 3
3 2
Equation: y 8 x 11
20. {(5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 1), (1, 1)};
O 4 8 12 x
D {5, 3, 1, 1}; R {5, 3, 1, 1}
–2
21. {(10, 0), (5, 0), {0, 0), (5, 0)};
D {10, 5, 0, 5}; R {0} –4
Chapter 1 2
31. x y y 51a. x 1
4 2
4 2
O x
51b. x 5
32. {4, 5, 6}; {4}; yes; Each x-value is paired with
exactly one y-value.
33. {1}; {6, 2, 0, 4}; no; The x-value 1 is paired with
more than one y-value.
34. {0, 1, 4); {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}; no; The x-values 1 and 4
are paired with more than one y-value.
35. {0, 2, 5}; {8, 2, 0, 2, 8}; no; The x-values 2 and 5
are paired with more than one y-value. 51c. x 2, 2
36. {1.1, 0.4, 0.1}; {2, 1}; yes; Each x-value is
paired with exactly one y-value.
37. {9, 2, 8, 9}; {3, 0, 8}; yes; Each x-value is paired
with exactly one y-value.
38. domain: all reals; range: all reals; Not a function
because it fails the vertical line test.
39. domain: {3, 2, 1, 1, 2, 3}; range: {1, 1, 2, 3};
52a. {(13,264, 4184), (27,954, 4412), (21,484, 6366),
A function because each x-value is paired with
(23,117, 3912), (16,849, 2415), (19,563, 5982),
exactly one y-value.
(17,284, 6949)}; {13,264, 16,849, 17,284, 19,563,
40. domain: {x8 x 8}; range: {y8 y 8}; 21,484, 23,117, 27,954}; {2415, 3912, 4184, 4412,
Not a function because it fails the vertical line 5982, 6366, 6949}
test.
52b.
41. f(3) 2(3) 3 7
6 3 or 9
6
42. g(2) 5(2)2 3(2) 2
20 6 2 or 12 Number 5
1 Attending
43. h(0.5)
0.5 (thousands) 4
2
3
44. j(2a) 1 4(2a)3
1 4(8a3) 2
1 32a3 O 12 16 20 24 28
45. f(n 1) 2(n 1)2 (n 1) 9 Number Applied
2(n2 2n 1) n 1 9 (thousands)
2n2 4n 2 n 1 9
2n2 5n 12 52c. Yes; no member of the domain is paired with
3 (b2 1) more than one member of the range.
46. g(b2 1)
5 (b2 1) x1
3 b2 1 2 b2
53. x 2m 1, so 2 m.
6 b2 or 6 b2 x1
Substitute 2 for m in f(2m 1) to solve for f(x),
47. f(5m) (5m)2 13
24m3 36m2 26m
25m2 13
x1 3 x1 2 x1
48. x 5 0
2 242 362 262
x3 3x2 3x 1 x2 2x 1 x1
x2 5 24
8 364 262
x 5 ; x 5 3x3 9x2 9x 3 9x2 18x 9 13x 13
49. x2 9 0 3x3 4x 7
x2 9 54a. t(500) 95 0.005(500)
3 x 3; x 3 or x 3 92.5°F
50. x2 7 0 54b. t(750) 95 0.005(750)
x2 7 91.25°F
7 x 7; x 7 or x
7
54c. t(1000) 95 0.005(1000)
90°F
54d. t(5000) 95 0.005(5000)
70°F
3 Chapter 1
54e. t(30,000) 95 0.005(30,000) 3.
55°F
55a. d(0.05) 299,792,458(0.05)
14,989,622.9 m
d(0.02) 299,792,458(0.2)
59,958,491.6 m
d(1.4) 299,792,458(1.4)
419,709,441.2 m
d(5.9) 299,792,458(5.9)
1,768,775,502 m
55b. d(0.008) 299,792,458(0.08)
23,983,396.64 m
(1)(2) 1
56. P(4) 3 1
(2)(3) 1
P(5) 1 7
(3)(1) 1 4 4. Sample answer: The (sum/difference/product/
P(6) 7 7
quotient) of the function values is the function
57. 72 (32 42) 49 (9 16) values of the (sum/difference/product/quotient)
49 25 or 24 of the functions.
The correct choice is B. 5. Sample answer: For functions f(x) and g(x),
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x); (f g)(x) f(x) g(x);
f f(x)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x); and g(x)
g(x) , g(x) 0
Chapter 1 4
7. [f g](x) f(g(x)) f(x) g(x)
x
x 1 (x 1)
2
f(x2 2x) x (x2 1)(x 1)
2(x2 2x) 3 x1
x1
2x2 4x 3 x x3 x2 x 1
x1
x1
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x3 x2 2x 1
g(2x 3) ,
x1 x 1
(2x 3)2 2(2x 3) f(x) g(x)
x
(x2 1)
x1
(4x2 12x 9) 4x 6 x(x 1)(x 1)
4x2 16x 15
x1
8. Domain of f(x): x 1 x x, x 1
2
x
Domain of g(x): all reals
x1
f
(x)
g(x) 1 g x2 1
x 1
x31 x
1 x2 1
x 2
x
x3 x2 x 1 , x 1 or 1
Domain of [f g](x) is x 2. 3
13. f(x) g(x) x 7 x 5x
2
9. x1 f(x0) f(2)
3 (x2 5x)(x 7)
2(2) 1 or 5 x7
x7
x2 f(x1) f(5) x7
3 x3 7x2 5x2 35x
x7
2(5) 1 or 11
x3 2x2 35x 3
x3 f(x2) f(11) x7 ,x 7
2(11) 1 or 23 f(x) g(x)
3
x 7 (x 5x)
2
5, 11, 23 3 (x2 5x)(x 7)
10a. [K C](F) K(C(F)) x7
x7
K9(F 32)
5 3 x3 7x2 5x2 35x
x7
x7
5
9(F 32) 273.15 x3 2x2 35x 3
5 x7 ,x 7
10b. K(40) 9(40 32) 273.15 3
40 273.15 or 233.15 f(x) g(x) x 7 (x 5x)
2
5 3x 15x
2
K(12) 9(12 32) 273.15 x7 , x 7
3
24.44 273.15 or 248.71
x7
(x)
5 f
K(0) 9(0 32) 273.15 g x2 5x
3 1
17.78 273.15 or 255.37
x 7 x2 5x
5
K(32) 9(32 32) 273.15
3
, x 5, 0, 7
x3 2x2 35x
0 273.15 or 273.15 2x
14. f(x) g(x) x 3 x5
5
K(212) 9(212 32) 273.15 (x 3)(x 5) 2x
x5
x5
100 273.15 or 373.15 x2 2x 15 2x
x5
x5
x2 15
x5 , x 5
Pages 17–19 Exercises
2x
f(x) g(x) x 3 x5
11. f(x) g(x) x2 2x x 9
(x 3)(x 5) 2x
x2 x 9 x5
x5
f(x) g(x) x2 2x (x 9) x2 2x 15 2x
x5
x5
x2 3x 9
x2 4x 15
f(x) g(x) (x2 2x)(x 9) x5
, x 5
x3 7x2 18x
2x
f(x) g(x) (x 3) x5
x2 2x
g(x)
f
x9 , x 9
2x 6x
2
x5 , x 5
x
x1 x 1
12. f(x) g(x) 2
x3
g(x)
f
x (x2 1)(x 1) 2x
x1 x1
x5
x x3 x2 x 1 x5
x1 x1 x 3 2
x
x3 x2 1 x2 2x 15
, x 1
x1 2
x , x 0 or 5
5 Chapter 1
15. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 21. [f g](x) f (g(x))
f(x 4) f
x 1
1
(x 4)2 9 1
x2 8x 16 9
x1 1
x2 8x 7 1 x1
x1 x1
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x
g(x2 9)
x 1, x 1
x2 9 4 [g f ](x) g(f(x))
x2 5 g(x 1)
16. [f g](x) f(g(x))
1
x11
f(x 6) 1
1 x, x 0
2(x 6) 7
1 22. Domain of f(x): all reals
2x 3 7
Domain of g(x): all reals
1
2x 4 Domain of [f g](x): all reals
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) 23. Domain of f(x): x 0
1
g(2x 7) Domain of g(x): all reals
1 g(x) 0
2x 7 6
1
7x0
2x 1 7x
17. [f g](x) f(g(x)) Domain of [f g](x) is x 7.
f(3x2) 24. Domain of f(x): x 2
3x2 4
Domain of g(x): x 0
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(x) 2
g(x 4) 1
3(x 4)2 x
4 2
3(x2 8x 16) 1 8x
3x2 24x 48 1
8 x
18. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 1
f(5x2) Domain of [f g](x) is x 8, x 0.
(5x2)2 1 25. x1 f(x0) f(2)
25x4 1 9 2 or 7
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x2 f(x1) f(7)
g(x2 1) 9 7 or 2
5(x2 1)2
x3 f(x2) f(2)
5(x4 2x2 1)
9 2 or 7
5x4 10x2 5
7, 2, 7
19. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x3 x2 1) 26. x1 f(x0) f(1)
2(x3 x2 1) (1)2 1 or 2
2x3 2x2 2 x2 f(x1) f(2)
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) (2)2 1 or 5
g(2x) x3 f(x2) f(5)
(2x)3 (2x)2 1 (5)2 1 or 26
8x3 4x2 1 2, 5, 26
20. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 27. x1 f(x0) f(1)
f(x2 5x 6) 1(3 1) or 2
1 x2 5x 6 x2 f(x1) f(2)
x2 5x 7 2(3 2) or 2
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) x3 f(x2) f(2)
g(1 x) 2(3 2) or 2
(x 1)2 5(x 1) 6 2, 2, 2
x2 2x 1 5x 5 6
x2 7x 12
Chapter 1 6
28. $43.98 $38.59 $31.99 $114.56 34a. I prt
Let x the original price of the clothes, or 5000(0.08)(1)
$114.56. 400
Let T(x) 1.0825x. (The cost with 8.25% tax rate) I prt
5400(0.08)(1)
Let S(x) 0.75x. (The cost with 25% discount)
432
The cost of clothes is [T S](x).
I prt
[T S](x) T(S(x)) 5832(0.08)(1)
T(0.75x) 466.56
T(0.75(114.56))
I prt
T(85.92)
6298.56(0.08)(1)
1.0825(85.92)
503.88
93.0084
I prt
Yes; the total with the discount and tax is $93.01.
6802.44(0.08)(1)
29. Yes; If f(x) and g(x) are both lines, they can be 544.20
represented as f(x) m1x b1 and g(x)
(year, interest): (1, $400), (2,$432), (3, $466.56),
m2x b2. Then [f g](x) m1(m2x b2) b1
(4, $503.88), (5, $544.20)
m1m2x m1b2 b1
34b. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; {$400, $432, $466.56, $503.88,
Since m1 and m2 are constants, m1m2 is a
$544.20}
constant. Similarly, m1, b2, and b1 are constants,
so m1b2 b1 is a constant. Thus, [f g](x) is a 34c. Yes; for each element of the domain there is
linear function if f(x) and g(x) are both linear. exactly one corresponding element of the range.
30a. Wn Wp Wf 35. {(1, 8), (0, 4), (2, 6), (5, 9)}; D {1, 0, 2, 5};
R {9, 6, 4, 8}
Fpd Ff d
d(Fp Ff) 36. D {1, 2, 3, 4}; R {5, 6, 7, 8}; Yes, every element
in the domain is paired with exactly one element
30b. Wn d(Fp Ff)
of the range.
50(95 55) (4)3 5
2000 J 37. g(4)
4(4)
64 5
31a. h[f(x)], because you must subtract before
16
figuring the bonus 59 11
16 or 3 16
31b. h[f(x)] h[f(400,000)] y
h(400,000 275,000) 38.
x y
h(125,000)
2 6
0.03(125,000)
$3750 1 3
32. (f g)(x) f(g(x)) 0 0
f(1 x2) 1 3
x2(x2 1) 2 6
1 x2
3 9 x
x2 O
(1 x2) 1
So, f(x) x 1 and f 2 2 1 2.
1 1 1 39. f(n 1) 2(n 1)2 (n 1) 9
7p 2(n2 2n 1) n 1 9
33a. v(p) 47 33b. r(v) 0.84v 2n2 5n 12
33c. r(p) r(v(p)) The correct choice is C.
7p
r47
7p
0.8447
5.88p
4
14 7p 1-3 Graphing Linear Equations
7 or 1175
147(4 23.18)
33d. r(423.18)
1175
$52.94 Page 23 Check for Understanding
147(2 25.64) 1. m represents the slope of the graph and b
r(225.64)
1175 represents the y-intercept
$28.23 2. 7; the line intercepts the x-axis at (7, 0)
147(7 97.05)
r(797.05)
1175
3. Sample answer: Graph the y-intercept at (0, 2).
Then move down 4 units and right 1 unit to graph
$99.72
a second point. Draw a line to connect the points.
7 Chapter 1
4. Sample answer: Both graphs are lines. Both lines 1
9. 2x 6 0
have a y-intercept of 8. The graph of y 5x 8
1
slopes upward as you move from left to right on x
2 6
the graph and the graph of y 5y 8 slopes x 12
downward as you move from left to right on the
y
graph. 12
5. 3x 4(0) 2 0 3(0) 4y 2 0
3x 2 0 4y 2 0 8
3x 2 4y 2 4
2 1
x 3 y 2
12 8 4 O x
y
4
O x y
24
16
6. x 2(0) 5 0 0 2y 5 0
8
x50 2y 5 0
x5 2y 5 4 2 O 2 4x
5
y 2
11a. (38.500, 173), (44.125, 188)
y
188 173
11b. m
44.125 38.500
(0, 52 )
15
5.625 or about 2.667
y 4x 9
O x
8. The y-intercept is 5. Graph (0, 5).
The slope is 0.
13. The y-intercept is 3. The slope is 0.
y y
y3
(0, 5)
O x
O x
Chapter 1 8
14. 2x 3y 15 0 19. 2x y 0
3y 2x 15 y 2x
2
y 3x 5 The y-intercept is 0. The slope is 2.
2
The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 3. y
y
O x
2x 3y 15 0
2x y 0
2
O x 20. The y-intercept is 4. The slope is 3.
15. x 4 0 y
x4
There is no slope. The x-intercept is 4. O x
y
y 23 x 4
x40
O x
21. The y-intercept is 150. The slope is 25.
y
y 25x 150
100
16. The y-intercept is 1. The slope is 6.
y 50
6 4 2 O 2x
y 6x 1
50
O x 22. 2x 5y 8
5y 2x 8
2 8
y 5x 5
8 2
17. The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 2. The y-intercept is 5. The slope is 5.
y y
y 5 2x 2x 5y 8
x
O
O x
18. y 8 0 23. 3x y 7
y 8 y 3x 7
The y-intercept is 8. The slope is 0. y 3x 7
y The y-intercept is 7. The slope is 3.
O x y
O x
3x y 7
y80
9 Chapter 1
24. 9x 5 0 f (x ) 33a. (1.0, 12.0), (10.0, 8.4)
8.4 12.0
9x 5 m
f (x ) 9x 5 10.0 1.0
5
x 9 3.6
9 or 0.4
The y-intercept is 5. (0.4) 0.4 ohms
( 59 , 0) 12 v
O x 33b. 0.4
1.0 25.0
12 v
25. 4x 12 0 f (x ) 0.4
24
4x 12 9.6 12 v
f (x ) 4x 12
x3 v 2.4 volts
97 2 19
The y-intercept is 12. 34. m
4 3 7
a (4)
(3, 0) 2 2 8
7
7
a4
O x
2(a 4) 56
26. 3x 1 0 f (x ) 2a 8 56
3x 1 2a 48
1
f (x ) 3x 1
x 3 a 24
The y-intercept is 1. ( 13 ,0) 35a. (86.85, 90), (126.85, 100)
100 – 90
O x m
126.85 – 86.85
10 1
or
27. 14x 0 f (x ) 40 4
Chapter 1 10
38. A function with a slope of 0 has no zeros if its
y-intercept is not 0; a function with a slope of 0 1-3B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
has an infinite number of zeros if its y-intercept is Analyzing Families of Linear
0; a function with any slope other than 0 has Graphs
exactly 1 zero.
39a. (56, 50), (76, 67.2)
67.2 50 Page 26
m
76 56 1. See students’ graphs. All of the graphs are lines
17.2
2
0 or 0.86 with y-intercept at (0, 2). Each line has a
39b. 1805(0.86) $1552.30 different slope.
39c. 1 MPC 1 0.86 2. A line parallel to the ones graphed in the Example
0.14 and passing through (0, 2).
39d. 1805(0.14) $252.70 3. See students’ sketches. Sample answer: The
graphs of lines with the same value of m are
40. (f g)(x) 2x x2 4 or x2 2x 4
parallel. The graphs of lines with the same value
(f g)(x) 2x (x2 4) for b have the same y-intercept.
x2 2x 4
41a. 1 0.12 0.88
d(p) 0.88p
41b. r(d) d 100 1-4 Writing Linear Equations
41c. r(d(p)) r(0.88p)
0.88p 100
Page 29 Check for Understanding
41d. r(799.99) 0.88(799.99) 100
1. slope and y-intercept; slope and any point; two
603.9912 or about $603.99
points
r(999.99) 0.88(999.99) 100
2. Sample answer:
779.9912 or about $779.99
Use point-slope Use slope-intercept
r(1499.99) 0.88(1499.99) 100
form: form.
1219.9912 or about $1219.99
y y1 m(x x1) y mx b
42. [f g](3) f(g(3)) 1 1
f(3 2) y (4) 4(x 3) 4 4(3) b
f(5) 1 3
y 4 4x 4
19
4 b
(5)2 4(5) 5
25 20 5 or 50 x 4y 19 0 Substitute the slope
and intercept into the
[g f ](3) g( f(3))
general form.
g((3)2 4(3) 5) 1 19
g(9 12 5) y 4x 4
g(26) Write in standard form.
26 2 or 24
x 4y 19 0
43. f(9) 4 6(9) (9)3
3. 55 represents the hourly rate and 49 represents
4 54 729 or 671 the fee for coming to the house.
44. No; the graph fails the vertical line test. 3 0 1
4. m
06 y 2x 3
45. 3 1
x y
6 or 2
3 14
5. Sample answer: When given the slope and the
2 13 y-intercept, use slope-intercept form. When given
1 12 {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12), the slope and a point, use point-slope form. When
0 11 (0, 11)}, yes given two points, find the slope, then use point-
slope form.
46. Let s sum. 1
s 6. y mx b → y 4x 10
4 15 92
7. y 2 4(x 3) 8. m
75
s 60
y 2 4x 12 2
7
The correct choice is D.
y 4x 10 7
y 2 2(x 5)
7 35
y 2 2x 2
7 31
y 2x 2
9. y 2 0(x (9)) 10a. y 5.9x 2
y20
y2
11 Chapter 1
10b. y 5.9(7) 2 27b. Using sample answer from part a,
41.3 2 or 43.3 in. 9
y 7(19) 7
16
10c. Sample answer: No; the grass could not support 171 16 187
it own weight if it grew that tall. 7 7 or 7 or about 26.7 mpg
27c. Sample answer: The estimate is close but not
exact since only two points were used to write
Pages 30–31 Exercises the equation.
11. y mx b → y 5x 2 28a. See students’ work.
12. y 5 8(x (7)) 28b. Sample answer: Only two points were used to
y 5 8x 56 make the prediction equation, so many points lie
off of the line.
y 8x 61
3 29. Yes; the slope of the line through (5, 9) and (3, 3)
13. y mx b → y 4x 39 3
1
is
3 5 or 4 . The slope of the line through
14. y mx b → y 12x
2 63 3
(3, 3), and (1, 6) is
1 (3) or 4 . Since these two
15. y 5 6(x 4) 16. x 12
lines would have the same slope and would share
y 5 6x 24
a point, their equations would be the same. Thus,
y 6x 19 they are the same line and all three points are
95 4
17. m
8 1 y 5 9(x 1) collinear.
4 4 4
y 5 9x 9 30. 3x 2y 5 0 y
9
4 49 2y 3x 5
y 9x 9 3x 2y 5 0
3 5
5 y 2x 2
18. (8, 0), (0, 5) y 0 8(x (8))
50 5 O x
m
0 (8) y 8x 5
5
8
11
19. m
3 8 y 1 0(x 8)
0 y10 31a. (1995, 70,583), (1997, 82,805)
11 or 0 y1 82,805 70,583
m
1997–1999
20. x 4 21. x 0 12,222
22. y 0 0.25(x 24) 2 or 6111; $6111 billion
y 0.25x 6 31b. The rate is the slope.
23. y (4)
1
2(x (2)) 32. g[f(2)] g(f(2))
1
g((2)3)
y4 2x 1 g(8)
1
x y50 3(8) or 24
2
33. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
x 2y 10 0
x3(x2 3x 7)
x 2y 10 x5 3x4 7x3
3 0
g(x)
f 3
24. m
1 (2)
x
, where g(x) 0
x 3x 7
2
3
3 34. x y
1 4 16
y 0 1(x 2) 3 9
y x 2 2 4 {(4, 16), (3, 9), (2, 4)}, yes
x y 2
y2 1
x 7000 y
25a. t 2
2000 1 y1
y
14,494 7000 35. x
y
y
2
25b. t 2
2000 y2 1
2 3.747 or 5.747; about 5.7 weeks y
26. Ax By C 0 2
y2 1 1
By Ax C y 2
A C A
y Bx B; m B y2 1
2
y
27a. Sample answer: using (20, 28) and (27, 37),
37 28 9 The correct choice is A.
m
27 20 y 28 7(x 20)
9 9 180
7 y 28 7x 7
9 16
y 7x 7
Chapter 1 12
Page 31 Mid-Chapter Quiz 10b. y – 6,478,216 170,823.7(x – 1990)
1. {2, 2, 4}, {8, 3, 3, 7}; No, 2 in the domain is y – 6,478,216 170,823.7x – 339,939,163
paired with more than one element of the range. y 170,823.7x – 333,460,947
3
2. f(4) 7 42 3. g(n 2)
n21
7 16 or 9 3
n1
4. Let x original price of jacket 1-5 Writing Equations of Parallel and
Let T(x) 1.055x. (The cost with 5.5% tax rate) Perpendicular Lines
Let S(x) 0.67x. (The cost with 33% discount)
The cost of the jacket is [T S](x).
[T S](x) T(S(x)) Pages 35–36 Check for Understanding
T(0.67x) 1. If A, B, and C are the same or the ratios of the As
1.055(0.67x) and the Bs and the Cs are proportional, then the
The amount paid was $49.95. lines are coinciding. If A and B are the same and
C is different, or the ratios of the As and the Bs
45.95 1.055(0.67x)
are proportional, but the ratio of the Cs is not,
43.55 0.67x then the lines are parallel.
65 x; $65 2. They have no slope.
5. [f g)(x) f(g(x) 3. 4x 3y 19 0
f(x 1) 4 19
1 y 3x 3
x11 4 3
1 3; 4
, x 0
x
4. All vertical lines have undefined slope and only
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) horizontal lines are perpendicular to them. The
1
g(
x 1)
slope of a horizontal line is 0.
1 5. none of these 6. perpendicular
x1 1
1 x1
7. y x 6 xy80
x1 x1
yx8
x
x 1, x 1
parallel
6. 2x 4y 8 y 8. y 2x 8 4x 2y 16 0
4y 2x 8 y 2x 8
1 coinciding
y 2x 2 O x
9. y 9 5(x 5)
2x 4y 8
y 9 5x 25
5x y 16 0
10. 6x 5y 24
6 24
y 5x 5
7. 3x 2y y
5
3 y (5) 6(x (10))
x
2 y
5 25
y 5 6x 3
O 6y 30 5x 50
x 5x 6y 80 0
3x 2y 84 24
11. m of EF: m
43 m of EH: m
63
4 2
1 or 4 3
8. 5x 3 0 26 68
m of GH: m
67 m of FG: m
74
5x 3
4 2
x 5
3
1 or 4 3
85 3 parallelogram
9. m
72 y 5 5(x 2)
3 3 6
5 y 5 5x 5
3 19
5x y 5 0 Pages 36–37 Exercises
12. y 5x 18 2x 10y 10 0
3x 5y 19 0 1
y 5x 1
10a. (1990, 6,478,216), (2000, 8,186,453)
8,186,453 6,478,216 slopes are opposite reciprocals; perpendicular
m
2000 – 1990
1,708,237
10 or about 170,823.7
13 Chapter 1
13. y 7x 5 0 y 7x 9 0 28a. 5y 4x 10
y 7x 5 y 7x 9 4x 5y 10 0 m
4 4
(5) or 5
same slopes, different y-intercepts; parallel 4
y 8 5(x (15))
14. different slopes, not reciprocals; none of these 4
15. horizontal line, vertical line; perpendicular y 8 5x 12
16. y 4x 3 4.8x 1.2y 3.6 5y 40 4x 60
y 4x 3 4x 5y 100 0
5
same slopes, same y-intercepts; coinciding 28b. perpendicular slope: 4
17. 4x 6y 11 3x 2y 9 5
2 11 3 9
y 8 4(x (15))
y x
3
6 y 2x
2 5 75
y 8 4x 4
Slopes are opposite reciprocals; perpendicular.
4y 32 5x 75
18. y 3x 2 3x y 2
5x 4y 43 0
y 3x 2 29a. 8x 14y 3 0 kx 7y 10 0
different slopes, not reciprocals; none of these 8 4 k k
5 14
m
(14) or 7 m
(7) or 7
19. 5x 9y 14 y 9x 4 k
5 14
9
7 7 → k 4
y 9x
9 k 7
29b.
7 4
same slopes, same y-intercepts; coinciding
4k 49
20. y 4x 2 0 y 4x 1 0 49
k 4
y 4x 2 y 4x 1
30a. Sample answer: y 1 0, x 1 0
same slopes, different y-intercepts; parallel
30b. Sample answer: x 7 0, x 9 0
21. None of these; the slopes are not the same nor
opposite reciprocals. 31. altitude from A to BC:
5 (5)
22. y (8) 2(x 0) m of BC
10 4
y 8 2x 0
6 or 0
2x y 8 0 m of altitude is undefined; x 7
4 4
23. m
(9) or 9 altitude from B to AC:
4 5 10
y (15) 9(x 12) m of AC
47
4 16 15
y 15 9x 3
3 or 5
9y 135 4x 48 m of altitude 5
1
4x 9y 183 0 1
y (5) 5(x 10)
24. y (11) 0(x 4) 1
y 11 0 y 5 5x 2
25. y (3) 5(x 0)
1 5y 25 x 10
1 x 5y 15 0
y3 5x
altitude from C to AB:
5y 15 x 5 10
m of AB
10 7
x 5y 15 0 15
6 1 3 or 5
(1) or 6; perpendicular slope is 6
26. m
1
1 m of altitude 5
y (2) 6(x 7)
1
y 2 6x 6
1 7 y (5) 5(x 4)
1 4
6y 12 x 7 y 5 5x 5
x 6y 5 0 5y 25 x 4
27. x 12 is a vertical line; perpendicular slope is 0. x 5y 29 0
y (13) 0(x 6) 32. We are given y m1x b1 and y m2x b2 with
y 13 0 m1 m2 and b1 b2. Assume that the lines
intersect at point (x1, y1). Then y1 m1x1 b1
and y1 m2x1 b2. Substitute m1x1 b1 for y1 in
y1 m2x1 b2. Then m1x1 b1 m2x1 b2.
Since m1 m2, substitute m1 for m2. The result is
m1x1 b1 m1x1 b2. Subtract m1x1 from each
side to find b1 b2. However, this contradicts the
given information that b1 b2. Thus, the
Chapter 1 14
assumption is incorrect and the lines do not share 36a. (40, 295), (80, 565)
any points. 565 295
m
80 40
33a. Let x regular espressos. 270
4
0 or 6.75
Let y large espressos.
216x 162y 783 248x 186y 914 y 565 6.75(x 80)
4 29 4 457 y 565 6.75x 540
y 3x
6 y 3x
93
y 6.75x 25
No; the lines that represent the situation do not
36b. $6.75 36c. $25
coincide.
37. 3x 2y 6 0 y
33b. Let x regular espressos. 3
y x 3 3x 2y 6 0
Let y large espressos. 2
15 Chapter 1
4b. Sample answer: using (1995, 2294) and 7a. Personal Income
(2002, 3158)
3158 – 2294 35
m
2002 – 1995 30
864 Dollars 25
7 or 123.4
(thousands) 20
y 3158 123.4(x 2002) 15
y 123.4x 243,888.8
0
4c. y 132.8x 262,621.2; r 0.98 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
4d. y 132.8(2010) 262,621.2 Year
4306.8 7b. Sample answer: using (1995, 23,255) and
$4306.80; yes, the correlation coefficient shows a (2002, 30,832)
strong correlation. 30,832 – 23,255
m
2002 – 1995
5a. Students per Computer 7577
25
or 1082.43
7
y 7x 44
0
6c. y 7.57x 33.38; r 0.88 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
6d. y 7.57(16) 33.38 Acorn Size (cm3)
154.5
155; yes, r is fairly close to 1. (Actual data is
159.)
Chapter 1 16
9b. Sample answer: using (0.3, 233) and (3.4, 7900) 12b. Sample answer: a medication that proves to help
7900 233 delay the progress of a disease; because any
m
3.4 0.3
7667
positive correlation is better than none or a
or 2473.23
3.1 negative correlation.
y 7900 2473.23(x 3.4) 12c. Sample answer: comparing a dosage of medicine
y 2473.23x 508.97 to the growth factor of cancer cells; because the
greater the dosage the fewer cells that are
9c. y 885.82 6973.14; r 0.38
produced.
9d. The correlation value does not show a strong or
13. Men’s Median Salary Women’s Median Salary
moderate relationship.
LinReg LinReg
10a. Working Women
y ax b y ax b
40
a 885.2867133 a 625.041958
35
b –1,742,768.136 b –1,234,368.061
30 r .9716662959 r .9869509009
25 The rate of growth, which is the slope of the
Percent in graphs of the regression equations, for the women
20
Management
15
is less than that of the men’s rate of growth. If
that trend continues, the men’s median salary will
10 always be more than the women’s.
5 14a. Let x computers.
0 Let y printers.
’86 ’88 ’90 ’92 ’94 ’96 ’98 ’00 ’02 ’04
24x 40y 38,736
Year
y 0.6x 968.4
10b. Sample answer: using (1990, 26.2) and
(2003, 37.6) 30x 50y 51,470
37.6 – 26.2 y 0.6x 1029.4
m
2003 – 1990
11.4 No; the lines do not coincide.
1
3 or 0.88 14b. Let x computers.
y 26.2 0.88(x 1990) Let y printers.
y 0.88x 1725 24x 40y 38,736
y 0.6x 968.4
10c. y 0.84x 1648.27; r 0.984
30x 50y 48,420
10d. y 0.84(2008) 1648.27 or 38.45
y 0.6x 968.4
38.45%; yes, r is very close to 1.
Yes; the lines coincide.
11a. World Population 15. y (4) 6(x (3))
7000 y 4 6x 18
6000 6x y 22 0
5000
Millions 4000 16a. y
of People 25
3000
20 y 0.82x 24
2000
15
1000 10
0 5
0 1000 2000
Year
O 1 2 3 4 5x
11b. Sample answer: using (1, 200) and (2000, 6050) 16b. $24 billion
6050 – 200
m
2000 – 1
16c. If the nation had no disposable income, personal
5850 consumption expenditures would be $24 billion.
or 2.93
1999 For each 1 billion increase in disposable income,
y 200 2.93(x 1) there is a 0.82 billion dollar increase in personal
y 2.93x 197.07 consumption expenditures.
11c. y 1.65x 289.00; r 0.56 17. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x 1)
11d. y 1.65(2010) 289.00
(x 1)3
3027.5
x3 3x2 3x 1
3028 million; no, the correlation value is not
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
showing a very strong relationship.
g(x3)
12a. Sample answer: the space shuttle; because x3 1
anything less than perfect could endanger the
18. Yes; each domain value is paired with exactly one
lives of the astronauts.
range value.
17 Chapter 1
19. The y-intercept is 1. 8. y
x f(x)
The slope is 3 (move down 3 and right 1).
1 4
The correct choice is C.
0 3
1 2
2 1 O x
1-7 Piecewise Functions 3 0
4 1
Pages 48–49 Check for Understanding 9. greatest integer function; h is hours, c(h) is the
1. f(x) x if x 0
x if x 0 cost, c(h)
50h if [[h]] h
50[[h 1]] if [[h]] h
2. reals, even integers
x 2 if x 0 x f(x) y
3. f(x) x if 0 x 4 0x1 50
400
x 2 if x
4 1x2 100
4. Alex is correct because he is applying the 2x3 150 300
definition of a function. 3x4 200 200
5. y
100
x
O 2 4 6 8 10
10. long term lot:
2(6) 3(1) 12 3 or 15
shuttle facility:
O x 4(3) 12
6. y shuttle facility
O x
7. O x
x f(x)
3 x 2 3
2 x 1 2
1 x 0 1
0x1 0 12. y
1x2 1 x f(x)
2x3 2 1 4
3x4 3 3 2
4x5 4 5 0
7 2
y 9 4
O x
13. y
O x x f(x)
2 x 1 0
1 x 0 1
0x1 2
1x2 3 O x
2x3 4
Chapter 1 18
14. y 18.
x f(x) x f(x)
5 7 1 x
2
3 3
3 3
2 1
1.5 0 3 x 3 2
0 3 1
3 x0 1
2 7
1
O x 0x
3 0
1 2
15.
x f(x)
3 x
3 1
2 x 1 3 2
x1 2
3
1 x 0 2
0x1 1 y
1x2 0 4
2x3 1 2
y
–1 O 1 x
–2
–4
O x
19. 20. y
y
16. ART y
O x
O x
21.
x f(x)
2
O x 5 x 4 5
1
17. 4 x 3 2
x f(x)
2
0 6 3 x 2 3
1 4
2 x 1 1
2 2
1 x 0 2
3 0
1x2 2
4 2
2x3 1
y 2
3x4
3
1
4x5
2
2
5x6
5
y
2
O x
1
O x
1
2
19 Chapter 1
22. y 26c.
x f(x)
5 6
3 0
1 6 Shipping
(dollars)
0 9
1 6
3 0
5 6 O 25 50 75 100 125 150
O x Value of Order
23. Step; t is the time in hours, c(t) is (dollars)
the cost in dollars, 27. If n is any integer, then all ordered pairs (x, y)
6 if t 1 where x and y are both in the interval [n, n 1)
2
1
t 1
are solutions.
c(t) 10 if 2 28a. absolute value 28b. d(t) 65 t
16 if 1 t 2
28c. d (t )
24 if 2 t 24
80
d(t)
24 60
d (t ) |65 t |
16 40
8 20
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 t O 20 40 60 80 t
24. Greatest integer; w is the weight in ounces, c(w) is
the cost in dollars, 28d. d(63) 65 63 or 2
c(w)
0.37 0.23(w 1) if [[w]] w
0.37 0.23[[w]] if [[w]] w
d(28) 65 28 or 37
2 37
19.5 heating degree days
2
c(w) 29a. step
x f(x) 1.0 5% if x $10,000
0x1 0.37
0.8 29b. t(x) 7.5% if $10,000 x $30,000
1 0.37
1x2 0.60
0.6 9.3% if x
$30,000
2 0.60 0.4 29c. y
2x3 0.83 0.2
10
3 0.83 O 2 4 w
Tax
25. Absolute value; w is the weight in pounds, d(w) is Rate
the discrepancy, d(w) 1 w (percent)
5
d(w)
x f(x)
0 1
1 0
0 10 20 30 x
2 1
Income
3 2 (thousands of dollars)
29d. 9.5%
O w 30. No; the functions are the same if x is positive.
26a. step However, if x is negative, the functions yield
different values. For example, [g f ](1.5) 1
26b. v is the value of the order, s(v) is the shipping, and [f g](1.5) 1; [g f ](1.5) 2 and
3.50 if 0.00 v 25.00 [f g](1.5) 1.
5.95 if 25.01 v 75.00
s(v)
7.95 if 75.01 v 125.00
9.95 if 125.01 v
Chapter 1 20
31a. Public Transport
60
1-8 Graphing Linear Inequalities
50
Percent who use 40 Pages 54–55 Check for Understanding
public transportation 30 1. y 2x 6
20 2. Graph the lines 3 2x y and 2x y 7. The
10 graph of 3 2x y is solid and the graph of
0
2x y 7 is dashed. Test points to determine
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 which region(s) should be shaded. Then shade the
Working Population correct region(s).
(hundreds of thousands) 3. Sample answer: The boundaries separate the
31b. Sample answer: using (3,183,088, 53.4) and plane into regions. Each point in a region either
(362,777, 3.3) does or does not satisfy the inequality. Using a
3.3 53.4 test point allows you to determine whether all of
m
362,777 3,183,088 the points in a region satisfy the inequality.
50.1
or 0.0000178
2,820,311 4. y
y 53.4 0.0000178(x 3,183,088)
y 0.0000178x 3.26
31c. y 0.0000136x 4.55, r 0.68
31d. y 0.0000136(307,679) 4.55
y 8.73
8.73%; No, the actual value is 22%. O x
32. y 2 2(x 4) xy!4
y 2 2x 8
2x y 6 0 5. ART y
15 29
33a. (39, 29), (32, 15) 33b. m
32 39
14
O x
7 or 2
33c. The average number of points scored each 3x y ^ 6
minute.
34. p(x) (r c)(x)
(400x 0.2x2) (0.1x 200)
399.9x 0.2x2 200
35. Let x the original price, or $59.99.
Let T(x) 1.065x. (The cost with 6.5% tax rate) 6. y
Let S(x) 0.75x. (The cost with 25% discount)
[T S](x) (T(S(x))
(T(0.75x)) 7!xy^9
(T(0.75(59.99))
(T(44.9925)
1.065(44.9925)
$47.92
36. {7, 2, 0, 4, 9}; {2, 0, 2, 3, 11}; Yes; no element O x
of the domain is paired with more than one
element of the range. 7. y
37. 5 612 10,883,911,680
5 612 2,176,782,341
So, 5 612 is not greater than 5 612.
The correct choice is A.
O x
y ! |x 3|
21 Chapter 1
8a. c(m) 45 0.4m 14. y
8b. c(m)
70
60
c (m) ^ 45 0.4m
O x
50
–4 ^ x y ^ 5
40
30
20 15. y 16. y
y 6 |x | 2 ^ x 2y ^ 4
10
x
O 20 40 60 80 100 m
O
8c. Sample answer: (0, 45), (10, 49), (20, 50) O x
y<3
O x
O x
10. 18. y
y
y ! |2x 3|
O x
x–y>–5
O x
11. 19. y
y
8 ^ 2x y ! 6
2x 4y 6 7
O x
O x
O x
O x
O x
Chapter 1 22
21. y 26b. y
4.252
x60
y60 4.25
4.248
O 7.998 8 8.002 x
O x
1
y (2) 3(x 0)
1
y 2 3x
3y 6 x
25a. points in the first and third quadrants
x 3y 6 0
25b. If x and y satisfy the inequality, then either 74 3
x 0 and y 0 or x 0 and y 0. If x 0 and 30. m
51 y 7 4(x 5)
y 0, then x x and y y. Thus, 3
4
3 1
y 4x 34
x y x y. Since x y is positive,
x y x y. 31a. (0, 23), (16, 48);
48 23
If x 0 and y 0, then x x and y y. m
16 0
Then x y x (y) or (x y). Since 25
16 or 1.5625
both x and y are negative, (x y) is negative,
and x y (x y). 31b. the average change in the temperature per hour
1 1 1 95 94 59,049 6561
26a. 8 x ; 44 y 32.
8 8
500 500
52,488
8 or 6561 or 94
The correct choice is E.
23 Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Study Guide and Assessment 20. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
4 x2 3x or 4 3x x2
Page 57 Understanding the Vocabulary (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
1. c 2. f 4 x2 (3x)
4 3x x2
3. d 4. g
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
5. i 6. a
(4 x2)(3x)
7. h 8. j 12x 3x3
(x)
9. e 10. b f f(x)
g g(x)
4 x2
,
3x x 0
Pages 58–60 Skills and Concepts 21. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
11. f(4) 5(4) 10 x2 7x 12 x 4
20 10 or 10 x2 8x 16
12. g(2) 7 (2)2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
7 4 or 3 x2 7x 12 (x 4)
13. f(3) 4(3)2 4(3) 9 x2 6x 8
36 12 9 or 57 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
14. h(0.2) 6 2(0.2)3 (x2 7x 12)(x 4)
6 0.016 or 5.984 x3 11x2 40x 48
(x)
f f(x)
2
15. g
1 g g(x)
3
1
5 3 x2 7x 12
x4
2 (x 4)(x 3)
6
5
or
5
x4
3
x 3, x 4
16. k(4c) (4c)2 2(4c) 4 22. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
16c2 8c 4 x2 1 x 1
17. f(m 1) (m 1)2 3(m 1) x2 x
m2 2m 1 3m 3 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
m2 5m 4 x2 1 (x 1)
18. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) x2 x 2
6x 4 2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
6x 2 (x2 1)(x 1)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x) x 3 x2 x 1
6x 4 (2)
(x)
f f(x)
g g(x)
6x 6 x2 1
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
x1
(6x 4)(2) (x 1)(x 1)
x1
12x 8
x 1, x 1
(x)
f f(x)
g g(x) 23. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
6x 4
2 x2 4x
4
x4
3x 2 x3 8x2 16x 4
x4
19. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x) 4
x2 4x x 2 x2 4x
x 4, x4
x2 5x 2 (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
4
x2 4x
x4
x2 4x (x 2)
x2 3x 2
x3 8x2 16x 4
x4
(f g)(x) f(x) g(x) 4
(x2 4x)(x 2) x 4x
2
x 4, x 4
x3 2x2 8x (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
f f(x)
(x)
4
g g(x ) (x2 4x)
x4
x2 4x
,
x2 x 2 4x, x 4
(x)
f f(x)
g g(x)
x2
4x x3 8x2 16x
4 or , x 4
4
x4
Chapter 1 24
24. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 31. The y-intercept is 6. The slope is 3.
f(2x) y
(2x)2 4 18
4x2 4
12
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
y 3x 6
g(x2 4) 6
2(x2 4)
2x2 8 6 O 6 12 x
25. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 32. The y-intercept is 8. The slope is 5.
f(3x2)
y
0.5(3x2) 5
1.5x2 5 y = 8 – 5x
8
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(0.5x 5) 4
3(0.5x 5)2
0.75x2 15x 75 x
–4 O 4
26. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(3x) 33. y 15 0
2(3x)2 6 y 15
18x2 6 The y-intercept is 15. The slope is 0.
[g f ](x) g( f(x)) y
g(2x2 6)
3(2x2 6) 20 y 15 0
6x2 18 10
27. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x2 x 1) x
10 O 10
6 (x2 x 1)
x2 x 7
34. 0 2x y 7
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(6 x) y 2x 7
(6 x)2 (6 x) 1 The y-intercept is 7. The slope is 2.
x2 11x 31 y
28. [f g](x) f(g(x)) O x
f(x 1)
(x 1)2 5
x2 2x 4
[g f ](x) g( f(x))
y 2x 7
g(x2 5)
x2 5 1
x2 4
29. [f g](x) f(g(x)) 35. The y-intercept is 0. The slope is 2.
f(2x2 10) y
3 (2x2 10)
2x2 7 y 2x
[g f ](x) g(f(x)) O x
g(3 x)
2(3 x)2 10
2x2 12x 28
30. Domain of f(x): x 16 36. The y-intercept is 2. The slope is 8.
Domain of g(x): all reals y
g(x) 16 O x
5 x 16 y 8x 2
x 11
Domain of [f g](x) is x 11.
25 Chapter 1
37. 7x 2y 5 1
50. y (8) 2(x 4)
7 5
y 2x 1
2 y 8 2x 2
5 7
The y-intercept is 2. The slope is 2. 2y 16 x 4
y x 2y 20 0
4 1
7x 2y 5 (2) or 2, perpendicular slope is 2
51. m
1
y 4 2(x 1)
O x
1 1
y 4 2x 2
2y 8 x 1
1 x 2y 9 0
38. The y-intercept is 6. The slope is .
4
52. x 8 is a vertical line; perpendicular slope is 0.
y
y (6) 0(x 4)
4 O 2 4 x
y60
53a. Overseas Visitors
y 1x 6 28
4
21
39. y 2x 3 40. y x 1
1 Visitors
14
41. y 2 2(x (5)) (millions)
1 5
y 2 2x 2 7
1 9
y 2x 2
52
42. m
2 (4)
0
1994 1996 1998 2000
3 1
6 or 2 Year
1
y 5 2(x 2) 53b. Sample answer: using (1994, 18,458) and
1 (2000, 25,975)
y 5 2x 1 25,975 – 18,458
1 m
2000 – 1994
y 2x 4
7517
43. (1, 0), (0, 4) or 1252.8
6
4 0
m y 25,975 1252.8(x 2000)
01
4 y 1252.8x 2,479,625
or 4
1
53c. y 1115.9x 2,205,568; r 0.9441275744
y (4) 4(x 0)
53d. y 1115.9(2008) 2,205,568
y 4 4x 35,159.2
y 4x 4 35,159,200 visitors; Sample answer: This is a
44. y 1 45. y 0 good prediction, because the r value indicates a
46. y 0 0.1(x 1) strong relationship.
y 0.1x 0.1 54. f (x )
47. y 1 1(x 1)
y1x1
xy0
1
48. y 6 3(x (1))
1 1 O x
y 6 3x 3
3y 18 x 1
x 3y 19 0
2
49. m 1 or 2
y 2 2(x (3))
y 2 2x 6
2x y 4 0
Chapter 1 26
55. h (x ) 60. ART y
x^5
O x
O x
61. y
56.
x f(x)
O x
2 x 1 1
1 x 0 0 xy^1
0x1 1
1x2 2
62. y
2x3 3
f (x ) 2y x ^ 4
O x
f (x ) x 1
O x
63. y 64. y
y 3x 1 2
O x
O x
57. g (x ) y ^ |x |
x f(x)
2 8
65. y
1 4 y ! |x| 2
g (x ) |4x |
0 0
1 4
O x
2 8 O
x
58. k (x)
x f(x) 66. y
2 6
1 4
0 2
1 4
O x
2 6 y ! |x 2|
O x
59. y
y14
O x
27 Chapter 1
Page 61 Applications and Problem Solving 2. Since this is a multiple-choice question, you can
67a. d
1
(20)(1)2 try each choice. Choice A, 16, is not divisible by 12,
2
so eliminate it. Choice B, 24, is divisible by both 8
10 and 12. Choice C, 48, is also divisible by both 8
1
d 2(20)(2)2 and 12. Choice D, 96, is also divisible by both 8
40 and 12. It cannot be determined from the
1 information given. The correct choice is E.
d 2(20)(3)2
3. Write the mixed numbers as fractions.
90 1 13 3 13
1
43 3 25 5
d (20)(4)2
2 Remember that dividing by a fraction is
160 equivalent to multiplying by its reciprocal
1
d 2(20)(5)2 1
43 13
3
3 13 5
3 1
5
250 3 3
13
25
5
10 m, 40 m, 90 m, 160 m, 250 m
The correct choice is B.
67b. Yes; each element of the domain is paired with
exactly one element of the range. 4. Since this is a multiple-choice question, try each
choice to see if it answers the question. Start with
68a. (1999, 500) and (2004, 636)
636 – 500
10, because it is easy to calculate with tens. If 10
m
2004 – 1999 adult tickets are sold, then 20 student tickets
136 must be sold. Check to see if the total sales
or 27.2;
5 about $27.2 billion
exceeds $90.
68b. y 500 27.2(x 1999) Students sales Adult sales
$90
y 27.2x 53,872.8
20($2.00) 10($5.00) 40 50 $90
69. y 0.284x 12.964; The correlation is
So 10 is too low a number for adult tickets. This
moderately negative, so the regression line is
eliminates answer choices A, B, C, and D. Check
somewhat representative of the data.
choice E. Eleven is the minimum number of adult
tickets.
19($2.00) 11($5.00) 38 55 $93
Page 61 Open-Ended Assessment
The correct choice is E.
1. Possible answer: f(x) 4x 4, g(x) x2;
[f g](x) f(g(x)) 4(x2) 4 4x2 4 5. Recall the definition of absolute value: the number
of units a number is from zero on the number line.
2a. No; Possible explanation: If the lines have the
Simplify the expression by writing it without the
same x-intercept, then they either intersect on
absolute value symbols.
the x-axis or they are the same line. In either
case, they cannot be parallel. 7 7
2b. Yes; Possible explanation: If the lines have the 7 7
same x-intercept, they can intersect on the 7534 7 5 12 24
x-axis. If they have slopes that are negative The correct choice is A.
reciprocals, then they are perpendicular. 6. Write each part of the expression without
4 if x 4 exponents.
3a. y
2x 4 if x 4 (4)2 16
x 1 if x 1 1
(2)4 24 1
1
3b. y 6
3x 1 if x 1 1 3 13 13
16 1
6 4 16 16 16 16
Chapter 1 28
8. First combine the numbers inside the square root 10. First find the number of fish that are not tetras.
symbol. Then find the square root of the result.
18(24) or 3 are tetras. 24 3 or 21 are not
64
36 100 10 2
tetras. Then 3 of these are guppies.
The correct choice is A.
9. 60 2 2 3 5 23(21) 14
22 3 5 The answer is 14.
The number of distinct prime factors of 60 is 3.
The correct choice is C.
29 Chapter 1
Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations and Inequalities
6. y no solution
2-1 Solving Systems of Equations in yx2
Two Variables
O
4y 2
Page 70 Check for Understanding
3, 2
1 1 1
1. Sample answer: y 2
1 3
4x 7x 21 9. 30 3x 2y 30(4) 10x 45y 120
y 2x 1 →
2(5x 4y) 2(14) 10x 8y 28
The substitution method is usually easier to use 37y 148
whenever one or both of the equations are already
y4
solved for one variable in terms of the other.
5x 4y 14
2. Sample answer: Madison might consider whether
5x 4(4) 14
the large down-payment would strap her
5x 30
financially; if she wants to buy the car at the end
x6 (6, 4)
of the lease, then she might also consider which
lease would offer the best buyout. 10. Let b represent the number of baseball racks and
k represent the number of karate-belt racks.
3. Sample answer: consistent systems of equations
have at least one solution. A consistent, b 6k b 6k
independent system has exactly one solution; a 3b 5k 46,000 6(2000)
consistent, dependent system has an infinite 3(6k) 5k 46,000 12,000
number of solutions. An inconsistent system has 23k 46,000
no solution. See students’ work for examples and k 2000
solutions. 12,000 baseball, 2000 karate
3
4. 2y 3x 6 y 2x 3
→ 3
4y 16 6x y 2x 4 Pages 71–72 Exercises
1
Inconsistent; Sample answer: The graphs of the 11. x 3y 18 y 3x 6
3 →
equations are lines with slope 2, but each x 2y 7
1
y 2x 2
7
y 5x 2 inconsistent
7 11
13. 35x 40y 55 y 8x 8
→ 7 11
(1, 3) 7x 8y 11 y 8x 8
y 2x 5
consistent and dependent
O x
Chapter 2 30
14. y 15. y 25. 2(3x 10y 5) 6x 20y 10
x4 →
y 45 x 4 3(2x 7y 24) 6x 21y 72
41y 82
x5 2x 7y 24 y2
O x
2x 7(2) 24
y 3 (4, 3)
O (5, 0) x 2x 10
x5 (5, 2)
26. 2x y 7 x 2y 8
(5, 0) (4, 3) 2(2y 8) y 7 x 2(3) 8
16. y 17. y 3y 9 x 2
y3 (2, 3)
O x y 13 x 56
y 3x 10 27. 3(2x 5y) 3(4) 6x 15y 12
y x 2 O x 2(3x 6y) 2(5) → 6x 12y 10
(2, 4) 3y 2
y 13 x 2
2x 5y 4 y 3
2x 53 4
2
6
4 4
3 5y 8
17x 51
320
x3 5y 4
3
5x y 16
5(3) y 16
64
y 4
3 463 , 6443
y 1 30. 2(3x y) 2(9) 6x 2y 18
4x 2y 8 → 4x 2y 8
y 1 (3, 1)
22. 3x 5y 8 3x 5y 8 2x 10
3(x 2y) 3(1) → 3x 6y 3 3x y 9 x 5
11y 11 3(5) y 9
x 2y 1 y1 y 6
x 2(1) 1 y 6 (5, 6)
x 1 (1, 1) 31. Sample answer: Elimination could be considered
23. x 4.5 y y6x easiest since the first equation multiplied by 2
x 4.5 6 x y 6 5.25 added to the second equation eliminates b;
2x 10.5 y 0.75 substitution could also be considered easiest since
x 5.25 (5.25, 0.75) the first equation can be written as a b, making
substitution very easy.
24. 5(2x 3y) 5(3) 10x 15y 15
12x 15y 4 → 12x 15y 4 ab0 3a 2b 15
22x 11 ab 3(b) 2b 15
1 5b 15
2x 3y 3 x 2
b 3
22 3y 3
1
ab0
a (3) 0
3y 2
a 3 (3, 3)
2, 3
2 1 2
y 3 32a. B
31 Chapter 2
32b. S 4V 0 S V 30,000 38. Let x represent the number of people in line
S 4V 4V V 30,000 behind you. 200 x represents the number in
5V 30,000 front of you. Let represent the whole line.
V 6000 200 x 1 x
S 4V 0 3x
S 4(6000) 0 200 x 1 x 3x 3x
S 24,000 0 201 x 3(201)
S 24,000 603 people 603
Spartans: 24,000; visitors: 6000 39. y
33a. Let b represent the base and represent the leg.
Perimeter of first triangle: b 2 20
Perimeter of second triangle: 6 b 20
b 2 20
b 20 2 2x 7 y
6 b 20 b 2 20
6 20 2 20 b 2(6) 20 O x
6 b8
6
6, 6, 8; 6, 6, 8 40. f (x )
x f(x)
33b. isosceles 2 1
34. y (3) 4(x 4) 1 1
y 4x 19
1 0 3 O x
y (3) 4(x 4) 1 1
1 f (x) 2|x| 3
y 4x 2 2 1
35a. Let x represent the number of refills. Then,
x 1 number of drinks purchased. 41. y 6 2(x 0)
C 2.95 0.50x y 2x 6
C 0.85 0.85x 42. $12,500
C 2.95 0.50x 43. [f g](x) f(g(x))
0.85 0.85x 2.95 0.50x f(x 2)
0.35x 2.1 3(x 2) 5
x6 3x 1
x17 C 2.95 0.50x
44. {18}, {3, 3}; no, because there are two range
C 2.95 0.50(7) or 5.95
values paired with a single domain value.
(7, 5.95)
35b. If you drink 7 servings of soft drink, the price for 45.
25
5
5
5
each option is the same. If you drink fewer than
1
7 servings of soft drink during that week, the
disposable cup price is better. If you drink more 1
than 7 servings of soft drink, the refillable mug The correct choice is A.
price is better. See students’ choices.
35c. Over a year’s time, the refillable mug would be
more economical.
2-2 Solving Systems of Equations in
a d
36a.
b e
Three Variables
a d
36b. , c f
b e
a d
36c. , c f
b e Page 76 Check for Understanding
37. Let x represent the full incentive. 1. Solving a system of three equations involves
Let y represent the value of the computer. eliminating one variable to form two systems of
x 516 y two equations. Then solving is the same.
3.5
x
4 264 y
3.5
x
4 264 y
3.5
(516
4 y) 264 y
451.5 0.875y 264 y
y $1500
Chapter 2 32
2. The solution would be an equation in two 1
7. 75 2a(1)2 v0(1) s0
variables. Sample example: the system 2x 4y
0.5a v0 s0
6z 12, x 2y 3z 6, and 3x 5y 6z 1
27 has a solution of all values of x and y that 75 2a(2.5)2 v0(2.5) s0
satisfy 5x y 39. 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
1
2x 4y 6z 12 2(x 2y 3z) 2(6) 3 2a(4)2 v0(4) s0
3x 5y 6z 27 2x 4y 6z 12 8a 4v0 s0
5x y 39 ↓
2x 4y 6z 12 2.5(75) 2.5(0.5a v0 s0)
2x 4y 6z 12 75 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
0 0
↓
all reals
187.5 1.25a 2.5v0 2.5s0
3. Sample answer: Use one equation to eliminate one 75 3.125a 2.5v0 s0
of the variables from the other two equations.
112.5 1.875a 1.5s0
Then eliminate one of the remaining variables
from the resulting equations. Solve for a variable
4(75) 4(0.5a v0 s0)
and substitute to find the values of the other
3 8a 4v0 s0
variables.
4. 4(4x 2y z) 4(7) 2(4x 2y z) 2(7) ↓
2x 2y 4z 4 x 3y 2z 8 300 2a 4v0 4s0
↓ ↓ 3 8a 4v0 s0
16x 8y 4z 28 8x 4y 2z 14 297 6a 3s0
2x 2y 4z 4 x 3y 2z 8
18x 10y 24 9x 7y 6 2(112.5) 2(1.875a 1.5s0)
297 6a 3s0
18x 10y 24 18x 10y 24 ↓
2(9x 7y) 2(6) → 18x 14y 12 225 3.75a 3s0
4y 12 297 6a 3s0
y 3 72 2.25a
9x 7y 6 4x 2y z 7 32 a
9x 7(3) 6 4(3) 2(3) z 7
x3 z1 297 6a 3s0 3 8a 4v0 s0
(3, 3, 1) 297 6(32) 3s0 3 8(32) 4v0 s0
5. 2(x y z) 2(7) x 2y 3z 12 35 s0 56 v0
x 2y 3z 12 3x 2y 7z 30 acceleration 32 ft/s2, initial velocity: 56 ft/s,
↓ 2x 4z 18 initial height: 35 ft
2x 2y 2z 14
x 2y 3z 12
x 5z 2
Pages 76–77 Exercises
8. 3(5x 3y z) 3(11)
2(x 5z) 2(2) 2x 10z 4 x 2y 3z 5
→
2x 4z 18 2x 14z 18
↓
14z 14
15x 9y 3z 33
z1
x 2y 3z 5
x 5z 2 xyz7
16x 11y 28
x 5(1) 2 7y17
x7 y 1 (7, 1, 1)
2(5x 3y z) 2(11)
6. 2(2x 2y 3z) 2(2x 3y 7z) 3x 2y 2z 13
2(6) 2(1)
↓
4x 3y 2z 0 4x 3y 2z 0
10x 6y 2z 22
↓ ↓
3x 2y 2z 13
4x 4y 6z 12 4x 6y 14z 2
7x 4y 9
4x 3y 2z 0 4x 3y 2z 0
y 4z 12 3y 12z 2
4(16x 11y) 4(28) 64x 44y 112
→
11(7x 4y) 11(9) 77x 44y 99
3(y 4z) 3(12) 3y 12z 36
→ 13x 13
3y 12z 2 3y 12z 2
x1
0 38
16x 11y 28 x 2y 3z 5
no solution
16(1) 11y 28 1 2(4) 3z 5
y 4 z4
(1, 4, 4)
33 Chapter 2
9. 7(x 3y 2z) 7(16) x 3y 2z 16 13. 3(x y z) 3(3) 2(x y z) 2(3)
7x 5y z 0 x 6y 2z 18 4x 3y 2z 12 2x 2y 2z 5
↓ 3y 2z 2 ↓ ↓
7x 21y 14z 112 3x 3y 3z 9 2x 2y 2z 6
7x 5y z 0 4x 3y 2z 12 2x 2y 2z 5
26y 15z 112 7x z 21 0 11
no solution
15(3y z) 15(2) 45y 15z 30 14. 3(36x 15y 50z) 3(10)
26y 15z 112 → 26y 15z 112 5(54x 5y 30z) 5(160)
71y 142 ↓
y2 108x 45y 150z 30
3y z 2 x 6y z 18 270x 25y 150z 800
3(2) z 2 x 6(2) 4 18 162x 20y 770
z4 x 2
(2, 2, 4) 81(2x 25y) 81(40) 162x 2025y 3240
10. 2(2x y 2z) 2(11) 162x 20y 770 → 162x 20y 770
x 2y 9z 13 2005y 4010
↓ y2
4x 2y 4z 22 2x 25y 40 36x 15y 50z 10
x 2y 9z 13 2x 25(2) 40 36(5) 15(2) 50z 10
3x 5z 35 x 5 z4
(5, 2, 4)
3(x 3z) 3(7) 3x 9z 21 15. 4(x 3y z) 4(54)
→
3x 5z 35 3x 5z 35 4x 2y 3z 32
14z 14 ↓
z1 4x 12y 4z 216
x 3z 7 2x y 2z 11 4x 2y 3z 32
x 3(1) 7 2(10) y 2(1) 11 10y 3z 184
x 10 y 7
(10, 7, 1) 5(2y 8z) 5(78) 10y 40z 390
11. 3(x 3y 2z) 3(8) 5(x 3y 2z) 10y z 184 → 10y z 184
5(8) 41z 574
3x 5y z 9 5x 6y 3z 15 z 14
↓ ↓ 2y 8z 78 x 3y z 54
3x 9y 6z 24 5x 15y 10z 40 2y 8(14) 78 x 3(17) 14 54
3x 5y z 9 5x 6y 3z 15 y 17 x 11
4y 7z 33 9y 13z 55 (11, 17, 14)
9(4y 7z) 9(33) 36y 63z 297
→ 16. 1.8x 1.2y z 0.7
4(9y 13z) 4(55) 36y 52z 220
1.2y z 0.7
11z 77
1.8x 1.2y 0
z7
4y 7z 33 x 3y 2z 8
3(1.8x 1.2y) 3(0) 5.4x 3.6y 0
4y 7(7) 33 x 3(4) 2(7) 8
1.2(1.5x 3y) 1.2(3) → 1.8x 3.6y 3.6
y 4 x 6
7.2x 3.6
(6, 4, 7)
x 0.5
12. 8x y z 4 1.5x 3y 3 1.8x z 0.7
yz5 1.5(0.5) 3y 3 1.8(0.5) z 0.7
8x y 9 y 0.75 z 0.2
(0.5, 0.75, 0.2)
1(8x y) 1(9) 8x y 9
11x y 15 → 11x y 15 17. y x 2z z 1 2x
3x 6 y (y 14) 2z 7 1 2x
x2 7z 4 x
8x z 4 yz5 x y 14
8(2) z 4 y 12 5 4 y 14
z 12 y 7 10 y (4, 10, 7)
(2, 7, 12)
Chapter 2 34
18.
5 3 1 1
x y z
2 4 6 3 52(12) 20c. Sample answer: x y z 6;
1 2 5
x y z
2x y 2z 8; x 2y 3z 2
8 3 6 8 1
21. 124 2a(1)2 v0(1) s0
↓
1
15
1
5 5 272 2a(3)2 v0(3) s0
2 y 6 z 30
x
8
1
1
x
2
y
5
6z 8 82 2a(8)2 v0(8) s0
8 3
1 ↓
2x y
4 38 1
124 a
2 v0 s 0
9
7 3
1 1
4 4x 6y 3z 7
4(12) 272 a
2 3v0 s0
3 5
x y z
7
25 82 32a 8v0 s0
16 8 12
↓
1(124) 12a v0 s0
1
21 7 7
6 x 24 y 12 z
1 21
9
3 5 7 272 2a 3v0 s0
x
16 y
8 1
2 z 25
9 11 ↓
8x y
12 4 1
124 2a v0 s0
9
272 a 3v0 s0
9 1 9 9 9 171 2
2x 4y (38) x 64y 8 148 4a 2v0
16
9 11
16
→ 8
9 11
8x 12y 4 8x 12y 4 1(124) 12a v0 s0
1
203 203
192 y 8 82 32a 8v0 s0
y 24 ↓
1
1 3 1 1 124 2a v0 s0
2x y
4 38 x
4 y
6 3z 12
1 3 1 1 82 32a 8v0 s0
2x 4(24) 38 (16)
4 6(24) 3z 12 42 31.5a 7v0
x 16 z 12
(16, 24, 12) 7(148) 7(4a 2v0)
2(42) 2(31.5a 7v0)
19. Let x represent amount in International Fund, y
↓
represent amount in Fixed Assets Fund, and z
1036 28a 14v0
represent amount in company stock.
84 63a 14v0
x y z 2000 1120 35a
x 2z 32 a
1
0.045x 0.026y 0.002z 58 148 4a 2v0 124 2a v0 s0
1
148 4(32) 2v0 124 2(32) 138 s0
x y z 2000
2z y z 2000 138 v0 2 s0
y 3z 2000 (32, 138, 2)
y 2000 3z 22a. Sample answer: A system has no solution when
you reach a contradiction, such as 1 0, as you
0.045x 0.026y 0.002z 58 solve.
0.045(2z) 0.026y 0.002z 58 22b. Sample answer: A system has an infinite number
0.026y 0.088z 58 of solutions when you reduce the system to two
equivalent equations such as x y 1 and
0.026y 0.088z 58 2x 2y 2.
0.026(2000 3z) 0.088z 58
z 600
x 2z x y z 2000
x 2(600) 1200 y 600 2000
x 1200 y 200
International Fund $1200; Fixed Assets Fund
$200; company stock $600
20a. Sample answer: x y z 15;
2x z 1; 2y z 7
20b. Sample answer: 4x y z 12;
4x y z 10; 5y z 9
35 Chapter 2
23. x yz 2 26. y
D (3, 6)
y xz 2
z xy 2
x yz 2 x yz 2 (1, 3)
→ A
y xz 2 y xz 2 C (6, 2)
(x y) (yz xz) 0
(x y) z(x y) 0
(1 z)(x y) 0 O x
B (2, 1)
1 z 0 or x y 0
z1 xy AB: d
(1 3)2 (2
(1))2 5
y xz 2 y xz 2
→ BC: d
(2 (
1))
2 (6 2)2 5
z xy 2 z xy 2
( y z) (xz xy) 0 CD: d
(6 2
)2 (3 6)2 5
( y z) x(y z) 0 AD: d
(6 3
) (3
2 (1))2 5
1 3 2 (1)
(1 x)(y z) 0 AB: m C: m
B
2 (1) 62
1 x 0 or y z 0 4 3
x1 yz 3 4
If z 1 and x 1, 1 1y 2 and y 1. AB BC CD AD 5 units; ABCD is
If z 1 and y z, x 1 1 2 and x 1. 4 3
B
rhombus. Slope of A 3 and slope of B 4,
C
If x y and x 1, 1 1z 2 and z 1.
If x y and y z, x y z. so
AB⊥B C
. A rhombus with a right angle is a
xxx2 square.
x x2 2 27a. (20, 3000), (60, 5000)
x x20
2
m
5000 3000
60 20
(x 2)(x 1) 0 2000
x 2 0 or x 1 0 40 or 50
x2 2 x1 y 5000 50(x 60)
If x 2, y 2 and z 2. y 50x 2000
The answers are (1, 1, 1) and (2, 2, 2). C(x) 50x 2000
24. 3x 4y 375 → 3x 4y 375 27b. $2000; $50
2(5x 2y) 2(345) 10x 4y 690
27c. c (x )
7x 315 4
x 45 3
5x 2y 345 Cost
5(45) 2y 345 2 c(x) 50x 2000
($1000)
y 60 (45, 60) 1
25. y
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9x
Televisions Produced
x 28. A s2 A r2
O 2 s2 (2 )2
y 13 x 2 2s 2
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 2 36
4. Anthony is correct. A third order matrix has 3 18. x 2y y 2(2y) 6
rows and 3 columns. This matrix has 4 rows and 3 y 2x 6 y2
columns.
5. 2y x 3 2y y 5 3 x 2y
xy5 y2 x 2(2)
xy5 x4 (4, 2)
x25 19. 27 3y 27 3y
x7 (7, 2) 8 5x 3y 9y
6. 18 4x y 24 12y
24 12y 2y 8 5x 3y
18 4x y 8 5x 3(9)
18 4x 2 7x (7, 9)
5x (5, 2) 20. 4x 3y 11
7. 16 4x 16 4x xy1
0y 4x
2x 8 y (4, 0) 4x 3y 11 4x 3y 11
3(x y) 1 → 3x 3y 3
8. X Z 4 (1) 13
2 0 6 (2) 7x 14
x2
3 4
xy1
2 4
2y1
9. impossible
y 1 (2, 1)
1 4 31
10. Z X
0 (2) 2 6 21. 2x 10
y 3x
2x 10
x 5
y 3x
y 3(5)
5
2 y 15 y 15
2 8 (5, 15)
11. 4X
4(2) 4(6)
4(4) 4(1) 22. 12 6x 12 6x 2y1
2y1 2 x 1y
8 24
16 4 12y 10 x
(2, 1)
23. x y 0
12. impossible y y2
2 6
4 1
13. YX [0 3] 3 2y x
6 4 2x
[0(4) (3)(2) 0(1) (3)(6)]
6 4 2x xy0
or [6 18]
1 x 1 y 0
14. y1 (1, 1)
Budget Viewers 24. x2 1 2
($ million)
(million) xy5
soft-drink
40.1 78.6 5yx
package delivery 22.9 21.9 y42
telecommunications 154.9 88.9 y42 xy5
y6 x65
x 1 (1, 6)
Pages 83–86 Exercises
3 x y 1 15
25. 6
15. y 2x 1 y 2(y 5) 1 4 3z 6z 3x y
xy5 y 11 3x 3y 3
15 6
12 9z 6z 3x y
xy5
x 11 5 3x 15
x6 (6, 11) 12 6z
3y 3 6
16. 9 x 2y 13 4x 1
9z 3x y
13 4x 1 3x
3x 15 12 6z 3y 3 6
9 x 2y
x5 2z y3
9 3 2y
(5, 3, 2)
3y (3, 3)
17. 4x 15 x 4x 15 x
5 2y x5
5 2y
2.5 y (5, 2.5)
37 Chapter 2
2 w 5 x z 16 4
5(6) 5(1)
5(5) 5(7)
26. 37. 5A
3y 8 6 2x 8z
2w 10 2x 2z 16 4
30 5
25 35
6y 16 6 2x 8z
2w 10 16 2w 10 16 6y 6
6y 6 w3 y 1
38. BA
13 58 65 71
2x 2z 4 3(5) 5(6) 3(7) 5(1)
16 2x 8z
1(5) 8(6) 1(7) 8(1)
15 26
or
2x 2z 4 2x 2z 4 53 1
2x 8z 16 2x 2(2) 4
39. impossible
10z 20 x0
4 2
z 2 (3, 0, 1, 2) 3
40. FC 6 1 0 5
3 75
0 1
6 5(1)
1 4 0
27. A B 9 0 1
18
6(4) (1)(5) 0(9)
7 9
8 12 1(4) 4(5) 0(9)
3 3 1 0 1 2
8 4
13 4 1 41. ED
3 1 5
2
2 3
4 4 2
0
31. B A B (A)
8(0) (4)(2) 2(4)
3 5 5 7
1 8
6 1
3(0) 1(2) (5)(4)
3 (5) 5 (7) 2 2 8(1) (4)(3) 2(4)
1 6 8 (1)
or
5 7 3(1) 1(3) (5)(4)
8(2) (4)(0) 2(2)
32. C D C (D)
4 2 0 1 2 3(2) 1(0) (5)(2)
3
5 0 1 2 3
0 16 4 12
9 0 1 4 4 2 22 14 16
4 0 2 (1) 3 (2)
42. AA
5 7 5 7
52 0 (3) 1 0
6 1 6 1
9 (4) 0 (4) 12 5(5) 7(6) 5(7) 7(1)
4 3
1 6(5) 1(6) 6(7) 1(1)
or 7 3 1
or 17
42
5 4 3 36 41
33. 4(0) 4(1) 4(2) 0 1 2
6 1 0
4D 4(2) 4(3) 4(0)
4(4) 4(4) 4(2)
43. FD
1 4 0 2 3
4 4 2
0
0 4 8
6(0)1(0)
(1)(2) 0(4)
8 12 0
4(2) 0(4)
16 16 8
6(1) (1)(3) 0(4)
34. 2F 2(6) 2(1) 2(0)
2(1) 2(4) 2(0) 1(1) 4(3) 0(4)
6(2) (1)(0) 0(2)
12
2 0
1(2) 4(0) 0(2)
2 8 0 9 12
2
35. F E F (E) 8 13 2
6 1 0 8 4 2
1
4 0
3 1 5 E FD
8 2 4 (9) 2 (12)
3 (8) 1 13 5 2
14 3 2
2 3 5 10
5
13
14
10
3
36. E F E (F)
8 4
16
2 1 0
3 1 5 4 0
14 3
2
2 3 5
Chapter 2 38
65 71 13 58
2 4
44. 3AB 3 3 3
47. 3XY 3 6
8 4
5 4 2
(3)(5) 3(7) 2
(3)(6) 3(1) 1 8
3 5 6
3(2) 3(4)
3 3
6
3(8) 3(4)
15 21
18 3 1 8
3 5
5 4 2
3(2) 3(6)
15(3) (21)(1)
18(3) (3)(1)
6 12
3 3
6
24 12
5 4 2
15(5) (21)(8) 6 18
18(5) (3)(8) 6(3) 12(5) 6(3) 12(4)
57 243
24
66
24(3) (12)(5) 24(3) (12)(4)
6(3) 18(5) 6(3) 18(4)
6(6) 12(2)
8 4
1 8 6 13 1 5
45. (BA)E 3 5 5 7 2
24(6) (12)(2)
6(6) 18(2)
3(5) 5(6) 3(7) 5(1)
1(5) 8(6) 1(7) 8(1)
78 30 12
12 120 168
8 4
3 1 5
2
72 90 72
48. 2K 3J 2 1 7 (3) 4
15 26 8 4
5
53 1 3 1 5
2
3 2 1 1
3(5)
15(8) 26(3) 15(4) 26(1)
53(8) 1(3) 53(4) 1(1)
2(1) 2(7) (3)(4)
2(3) 2(2)
(3)(1) 3(1)
2 14 12 15
15(2) 26(5)
53(2) 1(5) 6 4 3 3
14
42 86 160 2 12 (15)
421 213 111
6 (3) 43
14 29
46. F 2EC F (2EC)
4 2
3 7
3
2EC 2 8 4
2 49. Sample answer:
5 0 1
3 1 5 1996 2000 2006
9 0 1
2(8) 2(4) 2(2)
18 to 24 8485 8526 8695
10,102 9316 9078
2(3) 2(1) 2(5) 25 to 34
8766 9036 8433
4 2
3 35 to 44
5 0 1 45 to 54 6045 6921 7900
9 0 1 55 to 64 2444 2741 3521
4 2 2381 2440 2572
3 65 and older
16 8 4
0 1
5 18 24 19 26 31 24
6 2 10
9 0 1 16 24 17 22 28 21
50a.
16(4)
8(5) (4)(9) 6 6 6 12 9 7
6(4) (2)(5) 10(9) 12 2 4 17 4 6
16(2) 8(0) (4)(0) 18 24 19 26 31 24
6(2) (2)(0) 10(0) 26 24 17 22 28 21
16(3) 8(1) (4)(1) 6 6 6 12 9 7
6(3) (2)(1) 10(1) 12 2 4 17 4 6
18 (26) 24 (31) 19 (24)
60 32 60
56 12 6 16 (22) 24 (28) 17 (21)
6 (12) 6 (9) 6 (7)
6 1 32 0 (60)
F (2EC) (60)
12 (17) 2 (4) 4 (6)
1 56 4 12 0 (6)
66 60 8 7 5
31
57 16 6 6 4 4
or
6 3 1
5 2 2
TV Radio Recording
Classical 8 7 5
Jazz 6 4 4
Opera 6 3 1
Musicals 5 2 2
50b. classical performances on TV
39 Chapter 2
2 2
3 a b 3 2x 6y 8z 5
51a. 55.
4 5 c d 4 5 2x 9y 12z 5
2(a) 3(c) 2(b) 3(d) 2
3 15y 20z 10
4(a) (5)(c) 4(b) (5)(d) 4 5
2(2x 9y 12z) 2(5) → 4x 18y 24z 10
2a 3c 2 2b 3d 3 4x 6y 4z 3 4x 6y 4z 3
4a 5c 4 4b 5d 5 24y 20z 13
15y 20z 10 → 15y 20z 10
2(2a 3c) 2(2) → 4a 6c 4 1(24y 20z) 1(13) 24y 20z 13
4a 5c 4 4a 5c 4 9y 3
c 0 1
y 3
4a 5c 4
4a 5(0) 4 15y 20z 10 2x 6y 8z 5
153 20z 10 2x 63 84 5
1 1 1
a1
2(2b 3d) 2(3) → 4b 6d 6 1
z 4
1
x 2
4b 5d 5 4b 5d 5
d 1
12, 13, 14 7
56. 4x 2y 7 y 2x 2
4b 5d 5 → 7
4b 5(1) 5 12x 6y 21 y 2x 2
b0 consistent and dependent
51b. a matrix equal to the original matrix 57. y
52a. [42 59 21 18]
52b. 33.81 30.94 27.25
15.06 13.25 8.75 6 3x y 12
[42 59 21 18]
54 54 46.44
52.06 44.69 34.38 x
O
Chapter 2 40
64.
2x 3
2
x
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
3x
a21 a22 b21 b22
2d. Let A a11 a12 , B b11 b12 ,
c
and C c
4x 6 3x x2 11 c12 .
x2 x 6 0 21 c22
(x 3)(x 2) 0 (AB)C a11b11 a12b21 a11b12 a12b22 c11 c12
x 3 0 or x 2 0
a21b11 a22b21 a21b12 a22b22 c21 c22
x 3 x2 a11b12c21 a12b21c11 a21b22c21
The correct choice is A. a
a 11b11c11
b c
21 11 11 a21b12c21 a22b21c11 a22b22c21
a11b11c12 a11b12c22 a12b21c12 a12b22c22
a21b11c12 a21b12c22 a22b21c12 a22b22c22
Page 86 Graphing Calculator Exploration
A(BC) a11 a12 b11c11 b12c21 b11c12 b12c22
1. All of the properties except for the Commutative
a21 a22 b21c11 b22c21 b21c12 b22c22
Property of Multiplication hold true. When
a11b11c11 a11b12c21 a12b21c11 a21b22c21
multiplying matrices, the order of the a b c a b c a b c a b c
multiplication produces different results. 21 11 11 21 12 21 22 21 11 22 22 21
However, in addition of matrices, order is not a11b11c12 a11b12c22 a12b21c12 a12b22c22
important. a21b11c12 a21b12c22 a22b21c12 a22b22c22
2a. Let A a11 a12 and B b11 b12 .
a21 a22 b21 b22 Therefore (AB)C A(BC).
3. All properties except the Commutative Property of
a a b b
AB 11 12 11 12
Multiplication will hold for square matrices. A
a21 a22 b21 b22
proof similar to the ones in Exercises 2a-2d can be
b11 a12 b12
a
a 11
21
b21 a22 b22
used to verify this conjecture.
a b a
b b a
b
11 11 12 12
a
21 21 22 22
2-4A Transformation Matrices
b b a a
bb a a
11 21 11 12
21 12 21 22
a a , B b b ,
2b. Let A a a b b
11 12 11 12 Page 87
21 22 21 22 1. The new figure is a 90° counterclockwise rotation
c c
and C c c 11 12 of LMN.
21 22 2. The new figure is an 180° counterclockwise
a b a b
a b a b c c
c c rotation of LMN.
(A B) C 11 11 12 12 11 12
21 21 22 22 21 22
(a b ) c (a b ) c
(a b ) c (a b ) c
11
21
11
21
11
21
12
22
12
22
12
22
(b c ) a (b c )
a (b c ) a (b c )
a 11
21
11
21
11
21
12
22
12
22
12
22
b c b c
a a b c b c
a a 11 12 11 11 12 12
21 22 21 21 22 22
41 Chapter 2
1 3 3 1 1 1 1 1
4. See students’ work for graphs. Multiplying a
vertex matrix by 0 1 results in a vertex
6. 3 3 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 0
2 2 2
3
2
matrix for a figure that is a 90° counterclockwise 1 1 3
rotation of the original figure. Multiplying a A(2, 1), B(2, 1), C(2, 3), D(2, 3)
1
0
vertex matrix by results in a vertex y
0 1
matrix for a figure that is a 180° counterclockwise A B
rotation of the original figure. Multiplying a B
A
0 1
vertex matrix by results in a vertex O
1 0 C x
matrix for a figure that is a 270° counterclockwise D
rotation of the original figure. D C
1 0 1 4 3
0
7.
2-4 Modeling Motion with Matrices 0 1 2 1 2 1
1 4
3 0
2 1 2 1
Pages 92–93 Check for Understanding A(1, 2), B(4, 1), C(3, 2), D(0, 1)
1. Translation, reflection, rotation, dilation; y
translations do not affect the shape, size, or
orientation of figures; reflections and rotations do A A
not change the shape or size of figures; dilations B B
do not change the shape, but do change the size of
O x
figures.
D D
2. 90° counterclockwise (360 90)° or 270° C C
clockwise; 180° counterclockwise (360 180)° 0 1 3 1 2 4 2
1
or 180° clockwise; 270° counterclockwise 8.
1 0 2 4 2 3 1 1
(360 270)° or 90° clockwise.
P(2, 3), Q(4, 1), R(2, 1)
3. Sample answer: the first row of the reflection
matrix affects the x-coordinates and the second y
row affects the y-coordinates. A reflection over Q
the x-axis changes (x, y) 0 (x, y), so the first
row needs to be [1 0] so the x is unchanged P
and the second row needs to be [0 1] so the Q
O
y-coordinates are the opposite. Similar reasoning
R x
can be used for a reflection over the y-axis, which
R
changes (x, y) to (x, y) and a reflection over the line
P
y x, which interchanges the values for x and y.
4a. 6 4b. 2 4c. 3 4d. 4
9. 1 1 0
0 1 0
5. 1.5 2 1 0 3 1.5
0
0 1 0 1 0 1
5 3 2 7.5 4.5 3
6 3 1 6 3 1
1 0
J(3, 7.5), K(1.5, 4.5), L(0, 3)
0 1 4 2 2 4 2 2
J y L(6, 4), M(3, 2), N(1, 2)
L y
J
K
M N
K
O x
N
x
L M
L L
10b. x 3
10a.
y4
Landing
4N
3E
Ball
Chapter 2 42
14b. 3 1 0 1 3 0 3
Pages 93–96 Exercises
0 0
0 1 0 1 0 3 0 3
1 1 5 3 3 15
11. 3
2 3 0 3 0 6 0 6
1 4 1 3 12 3 0
A(3, 3), B(3, 12), C(15, 3) 0 3 0 3 0 6 0 6
A(3, 0), B(0, 3), O(3, 0), D(0, 3); A(6, 0),
y
B B(0, 6), C(6, 0), D(0, 6)
12
10 y B
8
6 B
4 A B
2 A
C
C
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 x A A A B C
C C x
D
15 9
0
3
12. 4 08 5 3
9 2
6
4
27
3
4
D
4 2
Z X
Z
O x W O
3 2 1 4 6 4 2 8
x
13. 2 W Y
0 2 3 2 0 4 6 4
P(6, 0), Q(4, 4), R(2, 6), S (8,4) Y
16. 0 1 4 3 2 2 2 2
y
R
0 5 7 2 1 1 1 1
2 1 2 1
Q
R
S
1 4 6 1
Q Q(2, 1), P(1, 4), Q(2, 6), R(1, 1)
S
y Q
Q
P P O x P
P
14a. 2 1 0 1 2 0 2
0 0
0 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 R
3 2 0 2 0 6 0 6
0 2 0 2 0 6 0 6
0
O
R
x
A(2, 0), B(0, 2), C(2, 0), D(0, 2); A(6, 0), O
B(0, 6), C(6, 0), D(0, 6) 3 1 5
1 3 3 3 3 0 4 8 4
17.
y B 1 5 1 3 4 4 4 4 5 9 5 1
C(0, 5), D(4, 9), E(8, 5), F(4, 1)
B y D
A A A B C
C C x
D C D E
D
C E
D F
O x
43 Chapter 2
6 6 6 2 6 4 0 1
1 1
4 0 2 1 2 3 1 2 1
18a. 22.
3 1 2 2 2 1 1 3 0 1 2 1 1 2 3
L(1, 1), M(2, 2), N(1, 3)
F(2, 1), G(6, 1), H(4, 3)
18a-b. y
y
G N
F M
G L
O L N x
G H F
M
F O x
H
1 0 4 4
0 0 4 4 0 0
23.
H 0 1 0 0 4 4 0 0 4 4
2 6 4 1 5 3
O(0, 0), P(4, 0), Q(4, 4), R(0, 4)
1 1 1
18b.
1 1 3 5 5 5 4 6 2
y
F (1, 4), G(5, 6), H(3, 2) R Q
18c. translation of 5 units left and 3 units up
1 1 0 2
1 0 0 2
19.
0 1 2 4 3 2 4 3 P
A(1, 2), B(0, 4), C(2, 3) O O P x
y
B
R
C Q
A
1 3 5 4 2
1 0 2
0 1
24.
O x 1 2 4 4
A
2 1 2 4 4
C
B 1 3 5 4 2
S(2, 1), T(1, 3), U(2, 5), V(4, 4),
1 0 3 1 2 6 3
2 6 1
20. W(4, 2)
0 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
D(2, 4), E(6, 2), F(3, 4), G(1, 2) y
U
y V
D D
T
E E
W
S
O T Ox
x U S
G G
V W
F F
25a. Let a
b
Rx-axis
c d
21. 0 1 1 3 1 2 2
1 0 2
1 5 4
1
1 3 1 2
5 4
a b 1 2 1
c d
3 1 3
1 2 1
3
1 3
H(2, 1), I(1, 3), J(5, 1), K(4, 2) a 3b 2a b a 3b 1 2 1
c 3d 2c d c 3d 3 1 3
y
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1
J
K c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By
K
substitution, Rx-axis 1
0 .
I x 0 1
H O
J
H
I
Chapter 2 44
26. 1 6 3 1
25b. Let a
b R 0 6 3 1
y-axis.
c d 0 1 4 2 2 4 2 2
1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 4 1 1
a b 2 1 6
c d 3 1 3 3 1 3 4 2 2 5 5 5 1 3 7
a 3b 2a b a 3b 1
2 1 J(4, 1), K(1, 3), L(1, 7)
c 3d 2c d c 3d 3 1 3
y
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1 L
c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By
1 0 . J
substitution, Ry-axis 0 1 K
K
L
25c. Let a b Ry x.
c d J
a b 1 2 1 3 1 3
c d
3 1 3
1 2 1 L
O x
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3 1 3 K
c 3d 2c d c 3d
1 2 1 J
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3 0 6 3 1 6 3 1
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1 27. 1
0 1
4 2 2 4 2 2
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By 1 0 6 3 1
6 3 1
4 2 4 2 2
0 1 0 1 2
substitution, Ry x .
1 0 J(6, 4), K(3, 2), L(1, 2)
a b
25d. Let Rot90
c d y
1 2 1 3
a b 1 3 J
c d 3 1 3 1 2 1 L L
K
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3
1 3
c 3d 2c d c 3d 1 2 1
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3 O x
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1
K L K
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By
0 1
substitution, Rot90
1 0 J J
c d
25e. Let a b Rot180. 28.
1 0
0 1 4
6 3 1
2 2
6 3
4 2 2
1
1 2 1 1 2 1
a b 0 1 4 2 2
1 0 4 2
6 3 1
c d 3 1 3 3 1 3
2 6 3 1
a 3b 2a b a 3b 1 2 1
c 3d 2c d c 3d
3 1 3 J(4, 6), K(2, 3), L(2, 1)
a 3b 1 2a b 2 a 3b 1 y
J
c 3d 3 2c d 1 c 3d 3
Thus, a 1, b 0, c 0, and d 1. By J J
1
0 .
substitution, Rot180 K K
0 1 K
25f. Let a b Rot270.
c d L
O x
a b 1 2 1 3 1 3
c d
3 1 3 1
2 1 L L
a 3b 2a b a 3b 3 1 3
c 3d 2c d c 3d 1
2 1
29a. The bishop moves along a diagonal until it
a 3b 3 2a b 1 a 3b 3
encounters the edge of the board or another
c 3d 1 2c d 2 c 3d 1
piece. The line along which it moves changes
Thus, a 0, b 1, c 1, and d 0. By vertically and horizontally by 1 unit with
0 1 .
substitution, Rot270 each square moved, so the translation
1 0 matrices are scalars. Sample matrices are
1 , c 1 1 , and
c 1 1 ,c 1
1 1
1 1 1 1
45 Chapter 2
37. Let x represent hardback books and y represent
c 1 1 , where c is the number of squares
1 1
moved.
paperback books.
4x 7y 5.75
29b. The knight moves in combinations of 2 vertical-1 3x 5y 4.25
horizontal or 1 vertical-2 horizontal squares. 3(4x 7y) 3(5.75) 12x 21y 17.25
These can be either up or down, left or right. →
4(3x 5y) 4(4.25) 12x 20y 17
Sample matrices are 1 1 ,
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
y 0.25
1
, , , , 4x 7y 5.75
2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
4x 7(0.25) 5.75
2 , 2 2 , and 2 2 . x1
121 1 1 1 1 hardbacks $1, paperbacks $0.25
29c. The king can move 1 unit in any direction. The 38. x y 3 y
matrices describing this are 1 1 ,
1 1 , 0 0 ,
0 0 y x 3 (2, 4) (3, 2)
0 0 , 1 1 , 1 1 ,
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (4, 2)
1 1 1 1
1 1
, and
1 1
. O (0, 0)
xy3
x
30. Consider
c d
a b
.
(3, 2)
Dilation with scale factor 1 39. y 1 4(x 2))
a b
a b y 1 4x 8
1
c d c d 4x y 9 0
Rotation of 180°
40. y 6 2(x 1)
1 a b
0 a b
y 2x 4
0 1 c d c d
41. (f g)(x) f(x) g(x)
The vertex matrices for the images of a dilation
x3(x2 3x 7)
with scale factor 1 and a rotation of 180° are the
x5 3x4 7x3
same, so the images are the same.
g(x) g(x)
f f(x)
31. (0, 125); (125, 0), (0, 125), (125, 0)
x3
32. Sample answer: There is no single matrix to
x2 3x 7
achieve this. You could reflect over the x-axis and
42. 2x y 12 2x y 12
then translate 2(4) or 8 units upward. →
2(x 2y) 2(6) 2x 4y 12
33. See students’ work; the repeated dilations animate
3y 24
the growth of something from small to large,
y 8
similar to a lens zooming into the origin.
2x y 12
34. 1 1 4
2 2x (8) 12
1 2 0 3 x 10
34a. Sample answer: the figure would be enlarged
disproportionally.
2x 2y 2(10) 2(8)
1 1 4 3 3 12
3 y0 2 6 4
34b.
0 62 B1 2 0 3 2 4 0 6
4 B The correct choice is B.
2 C C
A A 2 4 6 8 10 12 x
4 D Page 96 Mid-Chapter Quiz
1 1 2
6 5y 17 y 1
0x 35
1. x
D 2
→ 3
3x 2y 18 y 2x 9
y
3x 2y 18
34c. See students’ work; the figure appears as if
blown out of proportion.
31 85
3 8 1 5
35. (4, 3)
2 4 2 8 2 (2) 4 8
4
4 13 1
2 x 5y 17
12
O x
36. x y z 1.8 x 2y 4.6
y z 5.6 x 2y 3.8
x 2y 3.8 2x 0.8
x 0.4
x 2y 3.8 y z 5.6
Chapter 2 46
2. 4x y 8 6x 2y 9 10. The result is the original figure. The original
y 8 4x 6x 2(8 4x) 9
1
x 2
figure is represented by a b c . The
d e f
reflection over the x-axis is found by
4x y 8
42 y 8
1
1
0 1
0 a b c
d e f
a b
d e f c . The
reflection of the image over the x-axis is found by
y6 2, 6 1
1
0
a b
c a b c . The matrix
3. Let x represent trucks and y represent cars. 0 1 d e f d e f
for the final image is the same as that of the
x 4y
original figure.
6x 5y 29,000 x 4y
6(4y) 5y 29,000 x 4(1000)
y 1000 4000
4000 trucks, 1000 cars
2-5 Determinants and Multiplicative
4. 2x y 4z 13 Inverses of Matrices
3x y 2z 1
5x 2z 12
2(3x y 2z) 2(1) 6x 2y 4z 2 Page 102 Check for Understanding
→
4x 2y z 19 4x 2y z 19 1. Sample answer: a matrix with a nonzero
10x 3z 17 determinant
2. Sample answer: 3
2 0 is not a square
2(5x 2z) 2(12) 10x 4z 24
→ 4 3 5
10x 3z 17 10x 3z 17
2 5
5x 2z 12
7z 7
z1
2x y 4z 13
0 9
matrix. 1 1 also has no determinant.
1 0 0 0
5x 2(1) 12 2(2) y 4(1) 13 0 1 0 0
x2 y5 3. Sample answer:
0 0 1 0
(2, 5, 1) 0 0 0 1
5. x y 1 xy1
1 4. Sample answer: The system has a solution if
2x y 2 3 y 1 ad bc 0, since you can use the inverse of the
1
3x 1
1
x 3
y 13
matrix a c to find the solution.
b d
47 Chapter 2
4 1 2
4 x 3
11. 35
5 y 24 20. 0 2 1 4
2 1
1 3
(1)
0 1
2 3
(2)
0 2
2 1
5 4 1 5 4 2 1 3
1
4(5) 1(2) 2(4)
3
5 4 3 5 13 3 5
5 26
5 4
1 5 4 x 2 1
1
3
3 3 5 3 5 y 21. 3 0 2
1 5 4
3
1
3 3 5 24 1 3 0
0 2 3 2
2 (1) 3
3 0
y 3 0 1 0 1 3
x 111
13
129
2(6) 1(2) 3(9)
37
13
11131 , 11239
8 9 3
6 3
22. 3 5 7 8
5 7
2 4
9
3 7
1 4
3
3 5
1 2
1 2 4
x 63
12.
5 9 y 85 8(6) 9(19) 3(11)
9 3 1 9 3 90
1
3
3
5
6
5 6 9 5 6
4 6 7
2 4 3 4 3 2
9
23. 3 2 4 4 6 7
9 3 6 3 1 9 3
5 6 5
1 x 63 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 39 5 6 85 1 1 1
9 9 y
4(2) 6(7) 7(5)
x 8
1
y 5
(8, 5) 25 36 15
24. 31 12 2
13. Let x represent the amount of metal with 55%
17 15 9
aluminum content, and let y represent the amount
of metal with 80% aluminum content.
25 12 2 36 31 2 15 31 12
x y 20 15 9 17 9 17 15
0.55x 0.8y 0.7(x y) 25(78) 36(313) 15(669)
0.55x 0.8y 0.7x 0.7y 3183
0.15x 0.1y 0
1.5 3.6 2.3
15x 10y 0
x y 20
25.
4.3
1.6
0.5 2.2
8.2 6.6
1 1 x 20
15x 10y 0
→
15 10
y
0 1.5 0.5 2.2 (36) 4.3 2.2
8.2 6.6 1.6 6.6
10 1 1 10 1 23
4.3 0.5
15
1
25 15
1.6 8.2
1 1 1 1
15 10 1.5(14.74) 3.6(31.9) 2.3(36.06)
175.668
10 1 1 4
15
1 1 1 x 0
2
5 1 15 10 y
1 10 1
26. 3 2 3 0
2 3
3 4
1
3 3
8 4
(4)
3
8 3
2
8 3
2 20 4
5 15
1 0
0(17) 1(12) 4(25)
y 12
x 8 112
3 2(2) (2)(3) or 10
8 kg of the metal with 55% aluminum and 12 kg of 27.
22 2
1 2 3
the metal with 80% aluminum
10 2 2
14.
2 5
3 4 3(5) 2(4) or 7 does not exist
12 16 6 7
30. 6(7) (6)(7) or 84
2 3 2(1) (2)(3) or 4 6 7
17.
2 1 7
76
1
18.
13 7 13(8) (5)(7) or 69 84 6
5 8 4
19.
6
5 6(8) 0(5) or 48 31.
8 12
6 4(12) 8(6) or 0
Chapter 2 48
279
5 1 y 1
13 9(36) 27(13) or 27 9 3 x 1
32. 39.
36
3
36 13
9 51 39
1 1 1 1
2
7 27 9
9 3 5 6
5 1
1 3 1 3
5 1 y 5
3 1 1 9 3 x 1 1
33.
8 42 58 or 1
3 1 1 6
4 5 9 6 9 1
1
5
1
2 x
3
1
1
y 2
2 8 3
3
5
4 1
,
3
2
3
4 1
x 1
2 4
34. 3 3 x
1 2 y 7 40. 1 2 2 y 0
1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 z 1
4 1 1 4 9 1 4
4 1 10 3 2
1 2 1
3 x
4 1
3 3 3 1 2 2 y
1 4 1
1 2 1 x 1 2 1 1 9
9 5 1 8 2 1 1 z
9 2 y 1 4 7
4 10 4
1
x 1
1
9 3 3 3 0
y 3
(1, 3) 5 1 8 1
4(4)
x 1(0) (10)(1)
9 6
4 6 y 12
x 12 1
35. y 9 3(4) 3(0) (3)(1)
z 5(4) 1(0) 8(1)
4 9
4 9
1 6 6 6 6 1
9 6 x 6
78 1
4 6 y 9 9
9 6 12
1 6 6 x 1 6 6 12 z
78 4 78 4 9 12
9 4 6 y
x 2
x 0 y
3
y 2 z 1
(0, 2) 4
3
1 5 x 26
36.
3 2
y
41
2
,
3 1,
4
3
2 5 1 2 5
1
6 9
5 3 x
3
1 5
3 1 17 3 1
2 41. 9 2 1 y 5
2 5 1 2 5 1
1 1 5 x 26 3 1 1 z
1 1
73 3 2 7 3 1 41 1 2 6
1 y 1 5 3 x
1
9
9 12 15 21 9 2 1 y
x
y 7 15 21 33 3 1 1 z
1 2 9
(9, 7) 1
1
9 12 15 21
4 8 x 7 5
37.
3 3 y 0 15 21 33 1
1(9) (2)(5) 1(1)
3 8 1 3 8
1 x 1
y 9 12(9) (15)(5) 21(1)
3 4
36 3
4 8 4
3 3
z 15(9) 21(5) (33)(1)
1 3 8 1 3 8
4 8 x 7 2
36 3 3 x
4 3 3 y 6 3 4 0 1
y 9 12
z 3
y
x 7
12
7
x
9
12
y 4
172 , 172 z
3
3 5 x 24 1
38. 5 4 y
3
3
49 Chapter 2
12
0.3 0.5 x 4.74 48. Let x represent the number of gallons of 10%
44.
6.5 y 1.2 alcohol solution, and let y represent the number of
6.5 0.5 1 6.5 0.5
1 gallons of 25% alcohol solution.
12 0.3
7.95 12
0.3 0.5 0.3
12 6.5 x y 12
1 6.5 0.5 0.10x 0.25y 0.15(x y)
0.3 0.5 x
7.95 12 0.3 12 65 y 0.10x 0.25y 0.15x 0.15y
1 6.5 0.5 0.05x 0.10y 0
7.95 4.74
12 0.3 1.2 x y 12 →
0.05
1
0.10 y
1 x 12
0
0.05x 0.10y 0
x 3.8
0.10 1 0.10 1
y 7.2 1 1
0.05 1
1 1 0.15 0.05 1
(3.8, 7.2)
0.05 0.10
45. 2(x 2y z) 2(7) 2x 4y 2z 14 0.10 1
→
0.05
1 1 1 x
6x 2y 2z 4 6x 2y 2z 4
0.15 1 0.05 0.10 y
8x 2y 18 1 0.10 1
12
0.15 0.05
1 0
2(6x 2y 2z) 2(4) → 12x 4y 4z 8
x 8
4x 6y 4z 14 4x 6y 4z 14
y 4
16x 10y 22 8 gal of 10% and 4 gal of 25%
49. Yes
168 2
10 y 22
x 18
A a b . Does (A2)1 (A1)2
c d
8 16 8
1 10 2 1 10 2
A a bc ab bd2
2
8 2 2
16
16 112
10 ac cd bc d
bc d2 ab bd
8 2
1 10 2 x 1 10 2 18 1
112 16 8 22
(A2)1
a2d2 2abcd b2d2
112 16 8 16 10 y ac cd a2 bc
x 2
b b
cd
1 d
y 1 A1
ad bc ad bc ad bc
x 2y z 7 a c a
2 2(1) z 7 ad bc ad bc
d ab
acbc cd
bd
1 2
z3 (A1)2
a2d2 2abcd b2d2
a2 bc
(2, 1, 3)
Thus, (A2)1 (A1)2.
46. Let x represent the number of cars produced in
1
a b 1
the first year, and let y represent the number of 50. A 2 c d 1
cars in the second year.
e f 1
x y 390,000 → x y 390,000 1 3 1
x y 90,000 x y 90,000 2
1
0 4 1
1 1 x 390,000 3 0 1
1 1
1 4 1 (3) 0 1 1 0 4
y 90,000 1
2
1 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 3 0
1 1
1 1
1 1
(1(4) 3(3) 1(12))
1
1 1 2
2
1 1
1 1 2
17
or 8.5
1
1 1 1 x 1
2
1 1 1 y 1
82 or 8.5 square units
2 1 1 390,000
1
1 1 90,000 51. Let x represent the cost of complete computer
x 240,000 systems, and let y represent the cost of printers.
y 150,000 day 1: 38x 53y 49,109
150,000 in the second year and 240,000 in the first year day 2: 22x 44y 31,614
day 3: 21x 26y 26,353
47. Let A a11 a12 and I 1 0 .
a21 a22 0 1 using day 1 and day 2:
38 53 x 49,109
a22 a12
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12
22 44 y 31,614
A1
44 53 1 44 53
a21
a 1
11
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12
38 53
22 38
506 22 38
22 44
53 38 53 x
22
a11a22 a21a12 a11a12 a12a11 1 44
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12 506 38 22 44 y
AA1 a21a22 a21a22 a11a22 a21a12
53
22
1 44 49,109
a11a22 a21a12 a11a22 a21a12 506 38 31,614
1 0 I
0 1 xy 959
239
Thus, AA1 I. computer system: $959, printer: $239
Chapter 2 50
52. Let x represent Jessi’s first test score, and let y 60. [f g](x) f(g(x))
represent Jessi’s second test score. f(x 1)
x y 179 x y 179 (x 1)2 3(x 1) 2
→
yx7 x y 7 x2 2x 1 3x 3 2
x2 x
1 1 x 179
1 1 y 7 [g f ](x) g(f(x))
1 1 1 1 1 g(x2 3x 2)
1
x2 3x 2 1
1 1
2 1
1 1 1
1 1
x2 3x 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 x 179
2 2 61. No, more than one element of the range is paired
1 1 1 y 1 1 7
with the same element of the domain.
x 86
62. The radius of circle E is 3, so the circumference is
y 93
2(3) or about 18.85. The diagonal of the square
first test: 86, second test: 93
6 62
has length 6, so each side has length
53. 8 4 0 4 3 3 3 3
5 1 5 9 4 4 4 4 3
2
2. The perimeter of the square is 4(3
2
2) or
4 (3)
8 (3) 4 (3) 0 (3)
54 14 54 94 12 2 16.92.
3
5 1 1 The difference between the circumference of the
9 5 9 13 circle and the perimeter of the square is
H(5, 9), I(1, 5), J(3, 9), K(1, 13) approximately 18.85 16.92 1.93.
The correct choice is B.
7 21
48 6 4
3
54.
4 0
3 0
55. x 3y 2z 6 x 3y 2z 6 Graphing Calculator Exploration:
→
2(4x y z) 2(8) 8x 2y 2z 16 2-5B Augmented Matrices and
9x y 22 Reduced Row-Echelon Form
4(4x y z) 4(8) → 16x 4y 4z 32
7x 5y 4z 10 7x 5y 4z 10
9x y 22 Page 106
1 2 : 1 0 0 : 1
2 7
1(9x y) 1(22) → 9x y 22 1. 1 2 5 : 1 , 0 1 0 : 5 ,
9x y 22 9x y 22 4 1 1 : 1 0 0 1 : 2
0 0 (1, 5, 2)
infinitely many solutions
1 1 1 : 6 1 0 0 : 7
56. g (x) 2. 2 3 4 : 3 , 0 1 0 : 1 ,
x f(x)
4 8 4 : 12 0 0 1 : 2
6 x 5 2
O x (7, 1, 2)
5 x 4 0
1 1 1 1 : 0 1 0 0 0 : 1
4 x 3 2 2 1 1 1 : 1 0 1 0 0 : 1
3. ,
3 x 2 4 1 1 1 1 : 0 0 0 1 0 : 2
2 x 1 6 g (x) 2x 5 0 2 1 0 : 0 0 0 0 1 : 2
(1, 1, 2, 2)
1 4. Exercise 1: x 1, y 5, z 2; Exercise 2:
57. y 5 2(x 2)
x 7, y 1, z 2; Exercise 3: w 1, x 1,
1
y 5 2x 1 y 2, z 2; They are the solutions for the
system.
2y 10 x 2
5. The calculator would show the first part of the
x 2y 8 0
number and follow it by ....
35
58. m
21
2
1 or 2
2-6 Solving Systems of Linear
(y 5) 2(x 1) or (y 3) 2(x 2)
y 5 2(x 1)
Inequalities
y 5 2x 2
y 2x 7 Page 109–110 Check for Understanding
1
1a. the sum of twice the width and twice the height
59a. 12 or approximately 0.0833
1 x
1b. Sample answer: skis, fishing rods
59b.
12 18 2. Tomas is correct. There are functions in which the
18 12x coordinates of more than one vertex will yield the
1.5 x; 1.5 ft same value for the function.
51 Chapter 2
3. You might expect five vertices; however, if the 8. Let x represent the number of greeting cards sold,
equations were dependent or if they did not and let y represent the income in dollars.
intersect to form the sides of a convex polygon, x0
there would be fewer vertices. y0
4. y y 0.45x 1500
y 1.70x
x 2y 4
y y 1.70x
O x 6000
(3 13, 13)
4000
xy3 y 0.45x 1500
2000 (1200, 2040)
5. y
O 2000 4000 6000 x
(0, 4)
(1, 3) at least 1200 cards
(0, 2) (1,0)
(4, 3)
O x
O (213, 13 ) x
yx1
f(x, y) 4x 3y
y
f(0, 2) 4(0) 3(2) or 6 10.
f(4, 3) 4(4) 3(3) or 25 3
y 3x 3
f 23, 3 423 33 or 83
1 1 1 1 1
2
25, 6 (0, 1) ( 23, 1)
7. y 1 y 1
(7, 7) y 3x1
1 O 1 2 x
(3, 5) 11. y
(5, 3)
2x 5y 25
x
O
f(x, y) 3x 4y
O x
f(3, 5) 3(3) 4(5) or 11 5x 7y 14
f(7, 7) 3(7) 4(7) or 7
f(5, 3) 3(5) 4(3) or 3
y 3x 2
3, 11
Chapter 2 52
13. y 18. y
y 2x 2
y 0.5x 1 (0, 4)
(0, 2) x22
f(x, y) 3x y x 4y 7
f(0, 2) 3(0) 2 or 2 (1, 2) (3, 1)
f(5, 4) 3(5) 4 or 19 x
f(5, 2) 3(5) 2 or 17 (2, 2) O
(4, 1)
19, 2
x 6y 10
2x y 7
f(x, y) 2x y
f(2, 2) 2(2) (2) or 0
f(1, 2) 2(1) 2 or 4
f(3, 1) 2(3) 1 or 5
f(4, 1) 2(4) (1) or 9
9, 4
53 Chapter 2
22. y 2x y 2 16 25b. f(x, y) 5x 6y
f 52, 0 552 6(0) or 272
1 1 1
(1, 8) (3, 8) y8
(1, 4)
f 72, 82 572 682 or 882
1 1 1 1 1
(6, 2)
y2
f 22, 82 522 682 or 632
(3, 2) 1 1 1 1 1
O y5x x
f 5, 5 55 65 or 335
6 23 6 23 1
f(x, y) 2x y 5
f 22, 2 522 6(2) or 242
1 1 1
f(1, 4) 2(1) 4 5 or 7
max at 72, 82 882; min at 22, 2 242
1 1 1 1 1
f(1, 8) 2(1) 8 5 or 11
f(3, 8) 2(3) 8 5 or 7 26. x y 200
f(6, 2) 2(6) 2 5 or 5 2x y 300
f(3, 2) 2(3) 2 5 or 1 x0
y0
11, 5
23. x 4, x 4, y 4, y 4 y
24. Sample answer: y 3, x 4, 4x 3y 12 300
(0, 200)
25a. 3y 2x 11 3y 2x 11 200 2x y 300
y0 3(0) 2x 11 x0
(100, 100)
1
52 x 512, 0 100
(0, 0) x y 200
y 2x 13 y 2x 13 O y 0 200 300 x
y0 0 2x 13 (150, 0)
1
62 x 1
62, 0 f(x, y) $6.00x $4.80y
y 16 x y 16 x f(0, 0) $6.00(0) $4.80(0) or 0
y 2x 13 2x 13 16 x f(0, 200) $6.00(0) $4.80(200) or $960
29 f(100, 100) $6.00(100) $4.80(100) or $1080
x 3
f(150, 0) $6.00(150) $4.80(0) or $900
y 16 x $1080
29
y 16 3 27a. Let x represent the Main Street site, and let y
3
19
239 , 139 represent the High Street site.
x 20
y 16 x 2y 17
2y 17 2(16 x) 17 y 20
1 10x 20y 1200
x 72
y x 20
2y 17
y 82
1
712, 812 (20, 50 )
2y 17 2y 17 10x 20y 1200
1
y 3x 1 y 82 y 20
y 3x 1 (20, 20 ) (80, 20 )
1
82 3x 1 O x
1
22 x 22, 82 1 1
27b. f(x, y) 30x 40y
y 7 2x y 7 2x 27c. f(x, y) 30x 40y
y 3x 1 3x 1 7 2x f(20, 20) 30(20) 40(20) or 1400
6
x 5 f(20, 50) 30(20) 40(50) or 2600
y 7 2x
f(80, 20) 30(80) 40(20) or 3200
y 7 25
6
80 ft2 at the Main St. site and 20 ft2 at the High
23
5 65, 253 St. site
3y 2x 11 3y 2x 11 27d. Main Street: $1200
$10 120 ft2
y 7 2x 3(7 2x) 2x 11 120 30 3600 customers
1
22 x High Street: $1200
20 60 ft2
y 7 2x 60 40 240 customers
y 7 222
1 The maximum number of customers can be
2 212, 2 reached by renting 120 ft2 at Main St.
Chapter 2 54
28a. 3 is $3 profit on each batch of garlic dressing and 2. Sample answer: In an infeasible problem, the
2 is $2 profit on each batch of raspberry region defined by the constraints contains no
dressing. points. An unbounded region contains an infinite
28b. 2x 3y 18 number of points.
2x y 10 3. Sample answer: First define variables. Then write
x0 the constraints as a system of inequalities. Graph
y0 the system and find the coordinates of the vertices
y of the polygon formed. Then write an expression to
be maximized or minimized. Finally, substitute
values from the coordinates of the vertices into the
2x y 10 expression and select the greatest or least result.
(0, 6) 4. y
(3, 4) 8
2x 3y 18 7
x0 6
5 0.5x 1.5y 7
(0, 0) (5, 0) 4
3
O y0 x 2 3x 9y 2
1 O x
f(x, y) 3x 2y
f(0, 0) 3(0) 2(0) or 0 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
f(0, 6) 3(0) 2(6) or 12 5a. 25x 50y 4200
f(3, 4) 3(3) 2(4) or 17
5b. 3x 5y 480
f(5, 0) 3(5) 2(0) or 15
3 batches garlic dressing, 4 batches raspberry 5c. y
160
dressing 140
120 (0, 84)
29.
32 12
2(2) (3)(1) or 7 100
80
3x 5y 480
25x 50y 4200
60
23 12
1 (120, 24)
40
7
20 (0,0) (160,0)
y x
30.
O 20 60 100 140
5d. P(x, y) 5x 8y
O x 5e. P(x, y) 5x 8y
P(0, 0) 5(0) 8(0) or 0
P(0, 84) 5(0) 8(84) or 672
y 2x 8 P(120, 24) 5(120) 8(24) or 792
P(160, 0) 5(160) 8(0) or 800
160 small packages, 0 large packages
d
80 5f. $800
31. 60
40 5g. No; if revenue is maximized, the company will
20 not deliver any large packages, and customers
O
with large packages to ship will probably choose
32120 1 2 3 p
another carrier for all of their business.
40
60 6. Let x the number of brochures.
80 Let y the number of fliers.
3x 2y 600
y
32. {16}, {4, 4}; no, two y-values for one x-value x 50
wxyz x 50
33. 15 y 150 300
4 (50, 225)
w x y z 60 200 (100, 150)
y 150
100
(50, 150)
3x 2y 600
2-7 Linear Programming O 100 200 300 x
C(x, y) 8x 4y
C(50, 150) 8(50) 4(150) or 1000¢
Pages 115–116 Check for Understanding C(50, 225) 8(50) 4(225) or 1300¢
1. Sample answer: These inequalities are usually C(100, 150) 8(100) 4(150) or 1400¢
included because in real life, you cannot make less 50 brochures, 150 fliers
than 0 of something.
55 Chapter 2
7. Let x the number of Explorers. 11. y
x4
Let y the number of Grande Expeditions.
x y 375 y ( 34 , 3) y3
2x 3y 450 400
(4, 3)
x0 300
y0 x0 x y 375
200 O (3, 0) (4, 0) x
(0, 150) 2x 3y 450 4x 3y 12
100
(0, 0) (225, 0) x f(x, y) 3 3y
f 4, 3 3 3(3) or 12
O 100 200 300 3
y0
f(4, 3) 3 3(3) or 12
R(x, y) 250x 350y f(4, 0) 3 3(0) or 3
R(0, 0) 250(0) 350(0) or 0 f(3, 0) 3 3(0) or 3
R(0, 150) 250(0) 350(150) or 52,500 alternate optimal solutions
R(225, 0) 250(225) 350(0) or 56,250
12a. Let g the number of cups of Good Start food
225 Explorers, 0 Grande Expeditions
and s the number of cups of Sirius food.
8. Let x the number of loaves of light whole wheat. 0.84g 0.56s 1.54
Let y the number of loaves of regular whole
12b. 0.21g 0.49s 0.56
wheat. y 12c. s
2x 3y 90 60
x 2y 80 40 x 2y 80
x0 (0, 30) 3 (0, 2.75)
2x 3y 90
y0 20
x0
(0, 0) (45, 0) x
2 0.81y 0.56 s 1.54
O 20 40 60 80
y0
20 0.21g 0.49 s 0.56
1
(1.5, 0.5)
P(x, y) 1x 1.50y
P(0, 0) 1(0) 1.50(0) or 0 (2.67, 0)
P(0, 30) 1(0) 1.50(30) or 45 O 1 2 g
P(45, 0) 1(45) 1.50(0) or 45
alternate optimal solutions 12d. C(g, s) 36g 22s
12e. C(g, s) 36g 22s
C(0, 2.75) 36(0) 22(2.75) or 60.5
Pages 116–118 Exercises C(1.5, 0.5) 36(1.5) 22(0.5) or 65
9. y infeasible C(2.66, 0) 36(2.66) 22(0) or 95.76
0 cups of Good Start and 2.75 cups of Sirius
12f. 60.5¢
y6
13a. Let d the number of day-shift workers
and n the number of night-shift workers.
5x 3y 15 d5
n6
x d n 14
O
13b. d
10. y unbounded
56
48
40 2x y 48 (6, 8) d n 14
32
24 d5
16 x 2y 42 (9, 5)
8 x
O 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 n6
O n
13c. $5.50 4 $7.50 4 $52
$7.50 8 $60
C(n, d) 52d 60n
13d. C(n, d) 52d 60n
C(6, 8) 52(8) 60(6) or 776
C(9, 5) 52(5) 60(9) or 800
8 day-shift and 6 night-shift workers
Chapter 2 56
13e. $776 17. Let x amount to deposit at First Bank.
14a. Let x the number of acres of corn. Let y amount to deposit at City Bank.
Let y the number of acres of soybeans. x y 11,000 y
0 x 7500 x 7500
x y 180 y
x 40 200 x 40 1000 y 7000 12,000 x y 11,000
y 20 8000 (4000, 7000) y 7000
x 2y x y 180 (0, 7000)
4000 (7500, 3500)
100 x 2y (7500, 1000)
(0, 1000)
(40, 20) (120, 60)
(160, 20) O 4000 8000 12,000x
y 20 x y 1000
O 100 200 I(x, y) 0.06x 0.065y
P(x, y) 150x 250y I(0, 1,000) 0.06(0) 0.065(1,000) or 65
P(40, 20) 150(40) 250(20) or 11,000 I(0, 7000) 0.06(0) 0.065(7,000) or 455
P(120, 60) 150(120) 250(60) or 33,000 I(4000, 7000) 0.06(4000) 0.065(7000) or 695
P(160, 20) 150(160) 250(20) or 29,000 I(7500, 3500) 0.06(7500) 0.065(3500) or 677.5
120 acres of corn, 60 acres of soybeans I(7500, 1000) 0.06(7500) 0.065(1000) or 515
14b. $33,000 $4000 in First Bank, $7000 in City Bank
15. Let x the questions from section I. 18. Let x the number of nurses.
Let y the questions from section II. Let y the number of nurse’s aides.
6x 15y 90 y x y 50 y
y2 x y 20
x0 12 x 0 y 12 60
x 2y x y 50
8 (0, 6) 40 x 2y
6x 15y 90 x y 20 (33.3, 16.7)
4 (10, 2)
20 y 12
(0, 2) y 2 x (24, 12) (38, 12)
O 4 8 12 16 O 20 40 60 x
57 Chapter 2
20. Let x batches of soap. 23b. Sample answer: Spend more than 30 hours per
Let y batches of shampoo. week on these services.
12x 6y 48 y 24. y
20x 8y 76 20
(0, 8) 20x 8y 76
x0 y x 5 10 yx5
12x 6y 48
y0 (0, 5)
x0
20 10 O 10 20 x
(3, 2) 10
(15, 10)
(3.8, 0) y 5 5
(0, 0) 20 (15, 10)
O y0 x
1 1
3 batches of soap and 2 batches of shampoo f(x, y) 3x 2y
21. Let x the number of small monitors. 1
f(15, 10) 3(15) 2(10) or 0
1
Let y the number of large monitors. 1 1 1
x 2y 16 y f(0, 5) 3(0) 2(5) or 22
xy9 xy9 1 1
f(15, 10) 3(15) 2(10) or 10
x 4y 24 12 x 2y 16
1
x0 x 4y 24 minimum: 22, maximum: 10
8
y0 (4, 5) 25. 4x y 6 4x y 6
(0, 6)
4 x 2y 12 4(2y 12) y 6
x0 (9, 0) 8y 48 y 6
O 4 8 12 x y6
(0, 0) y 0 x 12y 12
P(x, y) 40x 40y x 2(6) 12 or 0 (0, 6)
P(0, 0) 40(0) 40(0) or 0 26. y
x y
P(0, 6) 40(0) 40(6) or 240
P(4, 5) 40(4) 40(5) or 360 1 9
y 3|x 2|
P(9, 0) 40(9) 40(0) or 360
0 6
alternate optimal solutions
22. y E (0, 14) 1 3
2x 6y 84
12 D (12, 10) 2 0
F (0, 11) O x
8 3 3
C (12, 9)
8x 3y 33
4 2x 3y 3 27. Sample answer: C $13.65 $0.15(n 30);
A (0, 1) B (3, 3) x 12
C $13.65 $0.15(n 30)
O 4 8 12 x C $13.65 $0.15(42 30)
y0
$15.45
1 2x 3 3x
Area of trapezoid ACDE 2(12)(13 1) 28. 2
x
84
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
1
Area of ABF 2(10)(3) 4x 6 3x x2
15 x2 x 6 0
(x 3)(x 2) 0
Area of shaded origin 84 15
69 square units x 3 0 or x 2 0
x 3 x2
23a. Let x oil changes.
Let y tune-ups. The correct choice is A.
y
x 25 x 25
0 y 10 60
30x 60y 30(60) 40 30x 60y 1800
(25, 10) Chapter 2 Study Guide and Assessment
20 (40, 10)
y 10 (60, 0)
y 0O x Page 119 Understanding and Using the Vocabulary
20 40 60
(25, 0) 1. translation 2. added
P(x, y) 12x 20y 3. determinant 4. inconsistent
P(25, 0) 12(25) 20(0) or 300 5. scalar multiplication 6. equal matrices
P(25, 10) 12(25) 20(10) or 500 7. polygonal convex set 8. reflections
P(40, 10) 12(40) 20(10) or 680 9. element 10. multiplied
P(60, 0) 12(60) 20(0) or 720
$720
Chapter 2 58
Pages 120–122 Skills and Concepts 18. x 2y 6z 4 2(x 2y 6z) 2(4)
11. 2y 4x y x 2 x y 2z 3 2x 3y 4z 5
2(x 2) 4x y 2 2 3y 4z 7 ↓
2x 4 4x y 4 2x 4y 12z 18
x2 2x 3y 4z 15
(2, 4) 7y 16z 13
12. 6y x 0 yx5 4(3y 4z) 4(7) → 12y 16z 28
6(x 5) x 0 y65 7y 16z 13 7y 16z 13
6x 30 x 0 y1 5y 15
x6 y3
(6, 1) 3y 4z 7 x y 2z 3
13. 3y x 1 2x 5y 3(3) 4z 7 x 3 2(0.5) 3
x 1 3y 2(1 3y) 5y z 0.5 x 1
2 6y 5y (1, 3, 0.5)
2 19. x 2y z 7 2(3x y z) 2(2)
11 y
3x y z 2 2x 3y 2z 7
2x 5y 4x y 9 ↓
2x 511
2
6x 2y 2z 4
2x 3y 2z 7
x 11
5
151, 121 8x 5y 11
14. 2y 15x 4 y 6x 1 5(4x y) 5(9) → 20x 5y 45
2(6x 1) 15x 4 y 6(2) 1 8x 5y 11 8x 5y 11
12x 2 15x 4 y 13 (2, 13) 28x 56
x2 x2
15. 5(3x 2y) 5(1) 15x 10y 5 4x y 9 x 2y z 7
2(2x 5y) 2(12) → 4x 10y 24
4(2) y 9 2 2(1) z 7
19x 19 y 1 z3
x1 (2, 1, 3)
2x 5y 12
A B 7 (3) 8 (5)
2(1) 5y 12
20. 0 2 4 (2)
y2
(1, 2) 4 3
16. x 5y 20.5 x 5y 20.5 2 6
→ x 3y 13.5 3 7 5 8
3y x 13.5
8y 34
21. BA 2 0 2 (4)
10 13
x 5y 20.5
x 5(4.25) 20.5
y 4.25
2 2
x 0.75
(0.75, 4.25) 3(3) 3(5)
22. 3B
17. 3(x 2y 3z) 3(2) 3(x 4y 3z) 3(14) 3(2) 3(2)
9 15
3x 5y 4z 0
↓
3x 5y 4z 0
↓
6 6
4(2)
3x 6y 9z 6
3x 5y 4z 0
3x 12y 9z 42
3x 5y 4z 0
23. 4C
4(5)
8
y 5z 6
7(y 5z) 7(16)
7y 13z 42
7y 35z 42
20
→
8 3 5
7y 13z 42 7y 13z 42
48z 0
24. AB 7
0 4 2 2
7(5) 8(2)
z0
7(3) 8(2)
y 5z 6 x 2y 3z 2 0(3) (4)(2) 0(2) (4)(2)
or 5 51
y 5(0) 6
y 6
x 2(6) 3(0) 2
x 10
8 8
(10, 6, 0) 25. impossible
26. 4A 4B 4A (4B)
4(3) 4(5)
4(7) 4(8)
4A 4B
4(0) 4(4) 4(2) 4(2)
28 32 12 20
0 16 8 8
4A (4B) 28 12 32 20
0 (8) 16 8
40 52
8 8
59 Chapter 2
4 2 4 2 5
32. 1
27. impossible 0 5
0 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
4 2 3 3 3 7 1
5 2
28. 0 1 4 2 5 3 1 3
3 1 3 4 4 4
A(7, 1), B(1, 3), C(2, 7)
1 3 7
1 0 3 1 3 4 2 5
A(3, 4), B(1, 2), C(3, 5)
A y
C y
B
A
O x B
A B
B
C O x
C
C
A
2 1 0 2 1
0
10 1 0 1
29. 4 4 4
6 6 6 3 35 35 3
5 1 1 1
1 3 2 4 2 3 2 4 2 33.
3 3
W(2, 3), X(1, 2), Y(0, 4), Z(1, 2)
y 34.
3 5
3(7) (4)(5) or 1
4 7
Y
W
35.
8 4
8(3) (6)(4) or 0
X Z 6 3
3 1
4
36. 5 2 6
O x
7 3 4
X Z 2 2
W
3
3 4
6
(1)
5
7 4
6
4
57 3
Y 3(10) 1(62) 4(29)
24
1 2 1 1 2 2 1
0 2 1 0 4
30. 5
0 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 3 37. 7 3 1
D(2, 3), E(2, 5), F(1, 5), G(1, 3) 2 2 6
1 0 7 1 (4)
y
F
5
2
3
6 2 6
72 3
2
E
5(16) 0(44) 4(20)
G D 160
38. no, not a square matrix
O x
39.
1 5
3 8 3(5) (1)(8) or 23
5 8
1
23 1 3
D G
F E
40.
5
10 4
2
5(4) 10(2) or 0
no inverse
3 1 1 1.5 0.5 0.5 41. 3
4
5 3(4) 1(5) or 7
31. 0.5
2 1 2 1 0.5 1 4
4 5
P(6, 8), Q(2, 4), R(2, 2)
1
7 1 3
y Q
4
42. 3 2 3(7) 5(2) or 11
R Q 5 7
2
7 2
1
R x
11 5 3
2 O 2 4 6
2 43. 2 5 2(1) 6(5) or 32
6 1
4 P 1
1 5
32 6 2
6
2 4 2(2) (1)(4) or 0
8
44.
1 2
P
no inverse
Chapter 2 60
1
2 5 x 1 50. y
45.
3 y 2 x y 11
3 5 1 3 5 12 (0, 9) x 6
1
(4, 7)
1 2y x 18
2 5 1 2 1 2
1 8
(0, 4) (6, 5)
3 5 3 5
2 5 x 1
1 1 4
1 2 1 3 y 1 2 2 y4 (6, 4)
x 13
O 4 8 12 x
y 5
(13, 5) f(x, y) 3x 2y 1
3 2 x 3
46.
6 4 y
6
f(0, 4) 3(0) 2(4) 1 or 9
f(0, 9) 3(0) 2(9) 1 or 19
4 2 1 4 2
1
f(4, 7) 3(4) 2(7) 1 or 27
6
6 3
3 2 24 6 3
4 f(6, 5) 3(6) 2(5) 1 or 29
2 3 2 x 1 4 2 3 f(6, 4) 3(6) 2(4) 1 or 27
46
1
24 3 6 4 y 24 6 3 6 29, 9
1 51. Let x gallons in the truck.
x
y 0 Let y gallons in the motorcycle.
(1, 0) x y 28 y
3 5 x 0 x 25
1 30 x y 28 x 25
47.
2 4 y 2 0y6
4 5 1 4 5
1 20
3 5
2 3
2 2 3
2 4 10 (0, 6)
(22, 6)
4 5 3 5 5
2 y6
1 x 1 4 1 (25, 3)
2 2
3 2 4 y 2 3 2 y0O 10 20 30 x
x 7
(0, 0) (25, 0)
y 4 m(x, y) 22x 42y
(7, 4) m(0, 0) 22(0) 42(0) or 0
m(0, 6) 22(0) 42(6) or 252
1 8.8 2.7 1 8.8 2.7
48. 4.6 2.7
2.9 4.6 48.31 2.9 4.6 m(22, 6) 22(22) 42(6) or 746
2.9 8.8
m(25, 3) 22(25) 42(3) or 676
4.6 2.7
1 8.8 2.7 x
48.31 2.9 m(25, 0) 22(25) 42(0) or 550
4.6 2.9 8.8 y
22 gallons in the truck and 6 gallons in the
1 8.8 2.7 8.4
48.31 2.9 4.6 74.61
motorcycle
x 5.7
y 6.6
Page 123 Applications and Problem Solving
(5.7, 6.6)
2(5) 5(3) 5(1)
49. y y 10 2x 2 5 5 5 30
52. 8 2 3 3 8(5) 2(3) 3(1) 49
(1, 5)
yx6 6 4 1 1 6(5) 4(3) 1(1) 43
Broadman 30; Girard 49; Niles 43
x1 (4, 2)
x
O
(1, 2)
y 2 (6, 2)
f(x, y) 2x 3y
f(1, 2) 2(1) 3(2) or 4
f(1, 5) 2(1) 3(5) or 17
f(4, 2) 2(4) 3(2) or 14
f(6, 2) 2(6) 3(2) or 6
17, 4
61 Chapter 2
53. Let x the shortest side. Chapter 2 SAT & ACT Preparation
Let y the middle-length side.
Let z the longest side.
x y z 83 x y z 83 Page 125 SAT and ACT Practice
z 3x x y 3x 83 1. Translate the information from words into an
1
z 2(x y) 17 4x y 83 equation. Then solve the equation for x. Use the
1 correct order of operations.
z 2(x y) 17
1
1 (1 2)(2 3)(3 4) 2(20 x)
3x 2(x y) 17
1
5x y 34 (3)(5)(7) 2(20 x)
45
1 x 83 1
105 2(20 x)
1 y 34
1 210 20 x
5 4 5
1 1 1 1
1
x 190
4 1 9
5 1 4
The correct choice is D.
1 1 1 1
5 4 5 1 y
4 34
1 4 1 x 1 83
9 2. First convert the numbers to improper fractions.
5
9
1 1 16 25
53 64 3 4
y 31
x 13
Express both fractions with a common
z 3x denominator. Then subtract.
z 3(13) 1 1 16 25
z 39 53 64 3 4
64 75
13 in., 31 in., 39 in. 12 12
54a. Let x number of Voyagers. 11
12
Let y number of Explorers.
The correct choice is A.
5x 6y 240 y 3x 2y 120
3x 2y 120 3. You can solve this problem by writing algebraic
60 5x 6y 240 expressions.
5x 18y 540
x0 (18, 25) Amount of root beer at start: x
40 (30, 15)
y0 (0, 30) 5x 18y 540
Amount poured into each glass: y
20 Number of glasses: z
y0 (40, 0) Total amount poured out: yz
O 20 40 60 x Amount remaining: x yz
(0, 0) The correct choice is D.
P(x, y) 2.40x 5.00y 4. 2x 2 1 5
P(0, 0) 240(0) 5.00(0) or 0 2x 2 6
P(0, 30) 2.40(0) 5.00(30) or 150
x 2 3
P(18, 25) 2.40(18) 5.00(25) or 168.20
P(30, 15) 2.40(30) 5.00(15) or 147 x 2 3 or x 2 3
P(40, 0) 2.40(40) 5.00(0) or 96
x 5 or xor x 1
18 Voyagers and 25 Explorers
The correct choice is D.
54b. $168.20
5. The total amount charged is $113. Of that, $75 is
for the first 30 minutes. The rest (113 $75
$38) is the cost of the additional minutes. At $2
Page 123 Open-Ended Assessment
per minutes, $38 represents 19 minutes. (19 $2
1a. A(2, 2), B(1, 2), C(2, 1), and D(3, 0)
$38). The plumber worked 30 minutes plus 19
Sample answer: Two consecutive 90° rotations is
minutes, for a total of 49 minutes.
the same as one 180° rotation. An additional
180° rotation will return the image to its original The correct choice is C.
position.
1b. Two consecutive 90° rotations is the same as one
180° rotation.
2. No; such a coefficient matrix will not have an
inverse. Consider the matrix equation
2 4 x 12 . The coefficient 2 4 has a
4 8 y 24 4 8
determinant of 0, so it has no inverse.
Chapter 2 62
6. Start by simplifying the fraction expression on the 8. Start by representing the relationships that are
right side of the equation. given in the problem. Let P represent the number
2x 2 2 of pennies; N the number of nickels; D the number
5x 5 5
2x 4
of dimes; and Q the number of quarters. He has
5x 5 twice as many pennies as nickels.
To finish solving the equation, treat it as a P 2N
proportion and write the cross products. Similarly, N 2D and D 2Q. You know he has
2x 4 at least one quarter. Since you need to find the
5x 5
least amount of money he could have, he must
5(2 x) 4(5 x) have exactly one quarter.
10 5x 20 4x
Since he has 1 quarter, he must have 2 dimes,
x 10
because D 2Q. Since he has 2 dimes, he must
The correct choice is E. have 4 nickels. Since he has 4 nickels, he must
7. Notice that the question asks what must be true. have 8 pennies.
There are two ways to solve this problem. The Now calculate the total amount of money.
first is by choosing specific integers that meet the 1 quarter $0.25
criteria and finding their sums. 2 dimes $0.20
I. 2 3 5, 3 4 7 4 nickels $0.20
Choose consecutive integers where the first 8 pennies $0.08
one is even and where the first one is odd. In The total amount is $0.73. The correct choice is D.
either case, the result is odd. So statement I is
true. Eliminate answer choice B.
3
3
2 2 3 4 12 2
II. 2 3 4 9, 3 4 5 12 9. 2
2 9 1
8 3
63 Chapter 2
Chapter 3 The Nature of Graphs
Symmetry and Coordinate Algebraically: Substituting (x, y) into the
3-1 equation followed by substituting (x, y) is the
Graphs same as substituting (x, y).
6. f(x) x6 9x
Page 133 Graphing Calculator Exploration f(x) (x)6 9(x) f(x) (x6 9x)
1. f(x) f(x) 2. f(x) f(x) f(x) x6 9x f(x) x6 9x
3. even; odd no
4. f(x) x8 3x4 2x2 2 1
f(x) (x)8 3(x)4 2(x)2 2 7. f(x) 5x x19
x8 3x4 2x2 2 f(x) 5x x19
1 1
f(x)
5(x) (x)
19
f(x)
1 1
f(x) x7 4x5 x3 f(x) 5x x19 f(x) 5x x19
f(x) (x)7 4(x)5 (x)3 yes
x7 4x5 x3 8. 6x2 y 1 → 6a2 b 1
(x7 4x5 x3) x-axis 6a2 (b) 1
f(x) 6a2 b 1 no
5. First find a few points of the graph in either the y-axis 6(a)2 b 1
first or fourth quadrants. For an even function, a 6a2 b 1 yes
few other points of the graph are found by using yx 6(b)2 a 1
the same y-values as those points, but with opposite 6b2 a 1 no
x-coordinates. For an odd function, a few other y x 6(b)2 (a) 1
points are found by using the opposite of both the 6b2 a 1 no
x- and y-coordinates as those original points. y-axis
6. By setting the INDPNT menu option in TBLSET 9. x3 y3 4 → a3 b3 4
to ASK instead of AUTO, you can then go to x-axis a3 (b)3 4
TABLE and input x-values and determine their a3 b3 4 no
corresponding y-values on the graph. By inputting y-axis (a)3 b3 4
several sets of opposite pairs, you can observe a3 b3 4 no
whether f(x) f(x), f(x) f(x), or neither of yx (b)3 (a)3 4
these relationships is apparent. a3 b3 4 yes
y x (b) (a)3 4
3
a3 b3 4 no
Pages 133–134 Check for Understanding yx
1. The graph of y x2 12 is an even function. 10. y
The graph of xy 6 is an odd function. The graphs (2.5, 3) (2.5, 3)
(4, 2) (4, 2)
of x y2 4 and 17x2 16xy 17y2 225 are
neither. (1, 2) (1, 2)
2. The graph of an odd function is symmetric with O x
respect to the origin. Therefore, rotating the graph
180° will have no effect on its appearance. See
student’s work for example.
3a. Sample answer: y 0, x 0, y x, y x
3b. infinitely many 11. y 2 x2 → b
2 a2
3c. point symmetry about the origin x-axis b
2 a2 no
4. Substitute (a, b) into the equation. Substitute y-axis b
2 ( a)2
(b, a) into the equation. Check to see whether b
2 a2 yes
both substitutions result in equivalent equations. y
5. Alicia 2
(0√2)
Graphically: If a graph has origin symmetry, then (1,1) (1,1)
any portion of the graph in Quadrant I has an 1
image in Quadrant III. If the graph is then (√2,0) (√2,0)
symmetric with respect to the y-axis, the portion 2 1 O 1 2 x
in Quadrants I and II have reflections in 1
Quadrants II and IV, respectively. Therefore, any
piece in Quadrant I has a reflection in Quadrant 2
IV and the same is true for Quadrants II and III.
Therefore, the graph is symmetric with respect to
the x-axis.
Chapter 3 64
12. y x3 → b a3 18. f(x) 7x5 8x
x-axis b a3 f(x) 7(x)5 8(x)
b a3 yes f(x) 7x5 8x
f(x) (7x5 8x)
y-axis b (a)3
f(x) 7x5 8x
b a3 no
yes
y 1
19. f(x) x x100
f(x) x x100
1 1
f(x) (x)100
(x)
(1,1) 1 1
f(x) x x100 f(x) x x100
O x
(1,1) no
20. yes;
x2 1
g(x) x
(x)2 1
x2 y2 g(x) Replace x with x.
13. x-intercept:
25
9 1 (x)
x2 1
x2 02 g(x) x (x)2 x2
9 1
25
x2
g(x)
x2 1
x Determine the opposite
1 of the function.
25
x2 25 g(x) g(x)
x 5 (5, 0) 21. xy 5 → ab 5
other points: x-axis a(b) 5
when x 6 when x 6 ab 5
36 y2 36 y2
ab 5 no
25 9 1
25 9 1 y-axis (a)b 5
y2 11 y2 11 ab 5
9 25 9 25 ab 5 no
99 99 yx (b)(a) 5
y2 y2 25
25 ab 5 yes
311
311 y x (b)(a) 5
y
5 y
5
ab 5 yes
y x and y x
6,
5 , 6, 5 , 6,
311 311 311
5
22. x y2 1 → a b2 1
x-axis a (b)2 1
a b2 1 yes
Pages 134–136 Exercises y-axis (a) b2 1
14. f(x) 3x a b2 1 no
f(x) 3(x) f(x) (3x) yx (b) (a)2 1
f(x) 3x f(x) 3x b a2 1 no
yes y x (b) (a)2 1
15. f(x) x3 1 b a2 1 no
x-axis
f(x) (x)3 1 f(x) (x3 1)
23. y 8x → b 8a
f(x) x 1
3 f(x) x3 1
x-axis (b) 8a
no
b 8a no
16. f(x) 5x2 6x 9 y-axis b 8(a)
f(x) 5(x)2 6(x) 9 b 8a no
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 yx (a) 8(b)
f(x) (5x2 6x 9) a 8b no
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 y x (a) 8(b)
no a 8b no
17. f(x) 1 none of these
4x7
f(x)
4x7
1 1
f(x)
4(x)7
1 1
f(x)
4x7
f(x)
4x7
yes
65 Chapter 3
1 1 28. y (4, 4)
24. y x2 → b a2
1 (1, 2)
x-axis (b) a2
1 (2, 1)
b a2 no
1 (2, 1) O x
y-axis b
(a)2
1 (1, 2)
b a2 yes
1 (4, 4)
yx (a)
(b)2
1
(4, 4) y (4, 4)
a b2 no 29.
(1, 2) (1, 2)
1
y x (a)
(b)2
(2, 1) (2, 1)
1
a b2 no; y-axis
O x
25. x2 y2 4 → a2 b2 4
x-axis a2 (b)2 4
a2 b2 4 yes
y-axis (a)2 b2 4
a2 b2 4 yes 30. Sample answer:
yx (b)2 (a)2 4 y (4, 4)
a2 b2 4 yes
y x (b)2 (a)2 4 (1, 2)
a2 b2 4 yes (2, 1)
all
4x2 4a2 O x
26. y2 9 4 → b2 9 4
4a2
x-axis (b)2 9 4
(2, 3)
4a2
b2 9 4 yes
4(a)2
y-axis b2 9 4 31. y2 x2 → b2 a2
4a2 x-axis (b)2 a2
b2 9 4 yes b2 a2
4(b)2 y-axis b2 (a)2
yx (a)2 9 4
4b2
b2 a2 yes; both
a2 9 4 no
y
4(b)2
y x (a)2 9 4
4b2
a2 9 4 no
x-axis and y-axis O x
27. x2 1 → a2 b2
1
y2
1
x-axis a2
(b)2
1
a2 b2 yes
32. x 3y → a 3b
y-axis (a)2 1
b2 x-axis a 3(b)
a2 1 yes a 3b no
b2
y-axis (a) 3b
yx (b)2 1 a 3b yes
(a)2
b2 1 y-axis
a2
y
a2 1 yes
b2
y x (b)2 1
(a)2
b2 1
a2 O x
a2 1 yes
b2
x-axis, y-axis, y x, y x
Chapter 3 66
33. y2 3x 0 → b2 3a 0 37. y x3 x →
b a3 a
x-axis (b)2 3a 0 x-axis (b) a3 a
b2 3a 0 yes b a3 a yes
y-axis b 3(a) 0
2 y-axis b (a)3 (a)
b2 3a 0 no b a3 a no
x-axis x-axis
y The equation y x3 x is symmetric about the
x-axis.
y
1
O x
1 O 1 x
67 Chapter 3
y2 x2 7
41. 16 1 46. 4x 2y 7 y 2x 2
12
(6)2 x2
→ 7
12 16 1 12x 6y 21 y 2x 2
x2
3 16 1 consistent and dependent
x2 47. y
16 2
yx
x2 32
x 42
(42 , 6) or (42, 6) O
x
42. No; if an odd function has a y-intercept, then it yx2
must be the origin. If it were not, say it were
(0, 1), then the graph would have to contain (1, 0).
This would cause the relation to fail the vertical
line test and would therefore not be a function. 16 2
48. m
2 0
But, not all odd functions have a y-intercept.
1 14
Consider the graph of y x.
2 or 7
y
1 y 2 7(x 0)
yx
y 7x 2
49. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x 6)
O x
2(x 6) 11
2x 23
[g f ](x) g(f(x))
g(2x 11)
43. Let x number of bicycles. (2x 11) 6
Let y number of tricycles. 2x 5
3x 4y 450 y 50. 753 757 7537
5x 2y 400 5x 2y 400 7510
x0 150
The correct choice is B.
y0 (0, 112.5)
100
x0 (50, 75)
50 3x 4y 450
(0, 0) y0 3-2 Families of Graphs
O 50 100 150 x
(80, 0)
P(x, y) 6x 4y Page 142 Check for Understanding
P(0, 0) 6(0) 4(0) or 0 1. y (x 4)3 7
P(0, 112.5) 6(0) 4(112.5) or 450 2. The graph of y (x 3)2 is a translation of y x2
P(50, 75) 6(50) 4(75) or 600 three units to the left. The graph of y x2 3 is a
P(80, 0) 6(80) 4(0) or 480 translation of y x2 three units up.
50 bicycles, 75 tricycles
3. reflections and translations
44. 4 3 8 5 4(8) 3(9) 4(5) 3(6)
7 2
9 6
7(8) 2(9) 7(5) 2(6) 4. When c
1, the graph of y f(x) is compressed
horizontally by a factor of c.
59 38 When c 1, the graph of y f(x) is unchanged.
74 47 When 0 c 1, the graph is expanded
1
45. 3(2x y z) 3(0) 6x 3y 3z 0 horizontally by a factor of c.
→
3x 2y 3z 21 3x 2y 3z 21 3
5a. g(x) x 1
9x y 21 3
5b. h(x) x1
3x 2y 3z 21 3
5c. k(x) x21
4x 5y 3z 2
7x 3y 23 6. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) translated
left 4 units.
3(9x y) 3(21) 27x 3y 63
→ 7. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) compressed
7x 3y 23 7x 3y 23 1
20x 40 horizontally by a factor of 3, and then reflected
x 2 over the x-axis.
9x y 21 2x y z 0 8a. expanded horizontally by a factor of 5
9(2) y 21 2(2) (3) z 0 8b. translated right 5 units and down 2 units
y 3 z7 8c. expanded vertically by a factor of 3, translated
(2, 3, 7) up 6 units
Chapter 3 68
9a. translated up 3 units, portion of graph below 20a. reflected over the x-axis, compressed
x-axis reflected over the x-axis
horizontally by a factor of 0.6
9b. reflected over the x-axis, compressed 20b. translated right 3 units, expanded vertically by a
1
horizontally by a factor of 2 factor of 4
1
9c. translated left 1 unit, compressed vertically by a 20c. compressed vertically by a factor of 2, translated
factor of 0.75 down 5 units
10. y 11. y 21a. expanded horizontally by a factor of 5
21b. expanded vertically by a factor of 7, translated
down 0.4 units
O x 21c. reflected across the x-axis, translated left 1 unit,
O expanded vertically by a factor of 9
x 22a. translated left 2 units and down 5 units
22b. expanded horizontally by a factor of 1.25,
reflected over the x-axis
3
12a. 22c. compressed horizontally by a factor of 5,
x f(x) translated up 2 units
0x1 50 23a. translated left 2 units, compressed vertically by
1x2 100 1
a factor of 3
2x3 150 23b. reflected over the y-axis, translated down 7 units
3x4 200 23c. expanded vertically by a factor of 2, translated
4x5 250 right 3 units and up 4 units
24a. expanded horizontally by a factor of 2
1
$250 24b. compressed horizontally by a factor of 6,
$200 translated 8 units up
$150 24c. The portion of parent graph on the left of the y-
axis is replaced by a reflection of the portion on
$100
the right of the y-axis.
$50 2
25a. compressed horizontally by a factor of 5,
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 translated down 3 units
Time (h) 25b. reflected over the y-axis, compressed vertically
by a factor of 0.75
12b.
$250 25c. The portion of the parent graph on the left of the
$200 y-axis is replaced by a reflection of the portion on
$150 the right of the y-axis. The new image is then
$100 translated 4 units right.
$50 26. y x2 y
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (h)
12c. $225
69 Chapter 3
30. y 31. y 36a. 0
O x
O x
32. y 33. y
4 [7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
36b. 0.66
O x 4 O 4 8x
4
8
12
34. y
8
y f (|x |)
4
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
36c. 0.25
8 4 O 4 x
4
y f (x ) 8
35a. 0
Chapter 3 70
37c. 0.6 42a. (1) y x2 (2) y x3
(3) y x2 (4) y x3
42b. (1) y (2) y
4
4 O 4 8x
4
4 O 4 8x
4 8
71 Chapter 3
5 7. y 8. y
51. 5d 2p 500 → p 2d 250
250
52. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x2 6x 9)
2 O x
3(x2 6x 9) 2
2
3x2 4x 4 O x
[g f](x) g(f(x))
g3x 2
2 9. y
3x 2 63x 2 9
2 2 2
4 8
9x2 3x 4 4x 12 9
4 20 O x
9x2 3x 25
50
53. If m 1; d 1 1 or 49.
50
If m 10; d 10 10 or 5.
50 10. Case 1 Case 2
If m 50; d 50 50 or 49.
x 6
4 x 6
4
50
If m 100; d 100
100 or 99.5
(x 6)
4 x6
4
50 x 6
4 x
2
If m 1000; d 1000
1000 or 999.95. x
10
The correct choice is A. x 10
{xx 10 or x
2}
11. Case 1 Case 2
3x 4 x 3x 4 x
3-3 Graphs of Nonlinear Inequalities (3x 4) x 3x 4 x
3x 4 x 2x 4
4x 4 x2
Page 149 Check for Understanding x1
1. A knowledge of transformations can help {x 1 x 2}
determine the graph of the boundary of the 12a. x 12 0.005
shaded region, y 5 x. 2
12b. Case 1 Case 2
2. When solving a one variable inequality x 12 0.005 x 12 0.005
algebraically, you must consider the case where (x 12) 0.005 x 12 0.005
the quantity inside the absolute value is non- x 12 0.005 x 12.005
negative and the case where the quantity inside x 11.995
the absolute value is negative. x 11.995
3. Sample answer: Pick a point not on the boundary 12.005 cm, 11.995 cm
of the inequality, and test to see whether it is a
solution to the inequality. If that point is a
solution, shade all points in that region. If it is not
Pages 150–151 Exercises
a solution to the inequality, test a point on the
13. y x3 4x2 2 14. y x 2 7
other side of the boundary and shade accordingly. ? (1)3 4(1)2 2 ? 3 2 7
0 8
4. This inequality has no solution since the two 0 1; no 8 8; no
graphs do not intersect
15. y
x 11 1
y
1
? (2)
11 1
1
2; yes
16. y 0.2x2 9x 7
? 0.2(10)2 9(10) 7
63
63 63; no
x2 6
O x 17. y x
(6)2 6
9 ?
6
5. y 5x4 7x3 8 9 5; yes
3 ? 5(1)4 7(1)3 8
18. y 2x3 7
3 4; yes ? 203 7
0
6. y 3x 4 1 0 7; yes
3? 3(0) 4 1
3 3; no
Chapter 3 72
19. y x 2 y x 2 30. y 31. y
0? 0 2 4? 12
0 2; yes 4 3; no
y x 2 y x 2
1? 1 2 0? 1
2 O x
1 3; yes 0 i 2; no
y x 2 O x
1 ? 12
1 3; yes
(0, 0) (1, 1) and (1, 1); if these points are in the 32. y
shaded region and the other points are not, then
the graph is correct.
20. y 21. y
O x
O x
O x 33. Case 1 Case 2
x 4
5 x 4
5
(x 4)
5 x4
5
y x 4
5 x
1
22. 23. y
x
9
12 x 9
{xx 9 or x
1}
8
34. Case 1 Case 2
4 3x 12 42 3x 12 42
(3x 12) 42 3x 12 42
O 4 8 12 x O x 3x 12 42 3x 30
3x 54 x 10
24. y 25. y x 18
{xx 18 or x 10}
35. Case 1 Case 2
7 2x 8 3 7 2x 8 3
O x (7 2x) 8 3 7 2x 8 3
7 2x 8 3 2x 4
O x 2x 18 x
2
x9
y {x2 x 9}
26. 27. y
36. Case 1 Case 2
5 x x 5 x x
(5 x) x 5xx
O x 5 x x 2x 5
5 0; true x 2.5
{xx
2.5}
O x 37. Case 1 Case 2
5x 8 0 5x 8 0
28. y 29. y (5x 8) 0 5x 8 0
5x 8 0 5x 8
8
5x 8 x
5
8
x
5
O x
no solution
38. Case 1 Case 2
2x 9 2x 0 2x 9 2x 0
O x
(2x 9) 2x 0 2x 9 2x 0
2x 9 2x 0 9 0; true
4x 9
9
x 4
all real numbers
73 Chapter 3
39. Case 1 Case 2 45b. The shaded region shows all points ( x, y) where
2 2
3x 5 8 3x 5 8 x represents the number of cookies sold and y
2 2 represents the possible profit made for a given
3((x 5)) 8 3(x 5) 8
2 2 10
week.
3(x 5) 8 3x 3 8 46. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) reflected over
2 10 2 14
x 8 3x 3 the x-axis and expanded vertically by a factor of 2.
3 3
2 34 1 1
x
3 3 x7 47. y a4 → b a4
x 17 x-axis (b) a4
1
{x17 x 7} 1
40. x 37.5 1.2 b a4 no
1
Case 1 Case 2 y-axis b
(a)4
x 37.5 1.2 x 37.5 1.2 1
(x 37.5) 1.2 x 37.5 1.2 b a4 yes
x 37.5 1.2 x 38.7 yx (a)
1
(b)4
x 36.3 1
x 36.3 a
(b)4
no
36.3 x 38.7 y x (a)
1
(b)4
41. Case 1 Case 2 1
3x 7 x 1 3x 7 x 1 a
(b)4
no
3((x 7)) x 1 3(x 7) x 1 y-axis
3(x 7) x 1 3x 21 x 1
5 3 1 5
3x 21 x 1 2x 20
3
1
48. 8 3
4
28 4
4x 22 x 10
4 5
8 8
x
5.5
3 3
(8) (7)
7
{x5.5 x 10}
4
3 8 4 4
49.
4
3 3
0 (4) (0)
42. 30 units2 4 4
The triangular region has vertices A(0, 10), 21
6
B(3, 4), and C(8, 14). The slope of side AB is 2. 4
The slope of side AC is 0.5, therefore AB is 3 0
perpendicular to AC. The length of side AB is 50.
35 . The length of side AC is 45 the area of x f(x) f (x)
the triangle is 0.5(35)(45 ) or 30. 2 11
43. 0.10(90) 0.15(75) 0.20(76) 1 8
0.40(80) 0.15(x) 80 0 5
0.15x 12.55
2 1 8
x 833
2 11
44.
O x
51.
50
45
40
States 35
with 30
Teen 25
Courts 20
15
10
[1, 8] scl:1 by [1, 8] scl:1 5
44a. b 0 0
0 1980 1990 2000 2010
44b. none Year
44c. b 0 or b
4 52. [f g](4) f(g(4))
44d. b 4 f(0.5(4) 1)
f(1)
44e. 0 b 4
5(1) 9
45a. P (x ) 14
400 [g f ](4) g(f(4))
300
g(5(4) 9)
g(29)
200 0.5(29) 1
13.5
100
Chapter 3 74
53. Student A 15 4. y x 1 → b a 1
1
Student B 3(15) 15 or 20 x-axis (b) a 1
b a 1 no
Let x number of years past. y-axis b (a) 1
20 x 2(15 x) b a 1 yes
20 x 30 2x yx (a) (b) 1
x 10 a b 1 no
y x (a) (b) 1
a b 1 no
Page 151 Mid-Chapter Quiz y x 1 → f(x) x 1
1. x2 y2 9 0 → a2 b2 9 0 f(x) x 1 f(x) (x 1)
x-axis a2 (b)2 9 0 f(x) x 1 f(x) x 1 no
a2 b2 9 0 yes y-axis
y-axis (a)2 b2 9 0 5a. translated down 2 units
a2 b2 9 0 yes 5b. reflected over the x-axis, translated right 3 units
yx (b)2 (a)2 9 0 1
5c. compressed vertically by a factor of 4, translated
a2 b2 9 0 yes
up 1 unit
y x (b)2 (a)2 9 0
a2 b2 9 0 yes 6a. expanded vertically by a factor of 3
x2 y2 9 0 → f(x) x2 9 6b. expanded horizontally by a factor of 2 and
translated down 1 unit
f(x) (x)
2 9 f(x) ( x2 9)
6c. translated left 1 unit and up 4 units
f(x) x
2 9 f(x) x2 9
yes 7. y 8. y
x-axis, y-axis, y x, y x, origin
2. 5x2 6x 9 y → 5a2 6a 9 b
x-axis 5a2 6a 9 (b)
5a2 6a 9 b no O x
y-axis 5(a)2 6(a) 9 b
5a2 6a 9 b no
O x
yx 5(b)2 6(b) 9 (a)
5b2 6b 9 a no
9. Case 1 Case 2
y x 5(b)2 6(b) 9 (a)
2x 7 15 2x 7 15
5b2 6b 9 a no
(2x 7) 15 2x 7 15
5x2 6x 9 y → f(x) 5x2 6x 9
2x 7 15 2x 22
f(x) 5(x)2 6(x) 9
2x 8 x 11
5x2 6x 9
x
4
f(x) (5x2 6x 9)
4 x 11
f(x) 5x2 6x 9 no
none of these 10. x 64 3
Case 1 Case 2
7 7
3. x y → a b x 64 3 x 64 3
7 (x 64) 3 x 64 3
x-axis a
(b) x 64 3 x 67
7
a b no x 61
7 x
61
y-axis (a) b 61 x 67
7
a b no
7
yx (b) (a)
7
a b yes 3-4 Inverse Functions and Relations
7
y x (b)
(a)
7 Pages 155–156 Check for Understanding
a b yes
1. Sample answer: First, let y f(x). Then
7 7
x y → f(x) x interchange x and y. Finally, solve the resulting
equation for y.
f(x)
7
(x)
f(x) x
7
2. n is odd
7 7
f(x) x f(x) x yes 3. Sample answer: f(x) x2
y x, y x, origin 4. Sample answer: If you draw a horizontal line
through the graph of the function and it intersects
the graph more than once, then the inverse is not
a function.
75 Chapter 3
5. She is wrong. The inverse is f 1(x) (x 3)2 2, 9. f(x) 3x 2
which is a function. y 3x 2
6. x 3y 2
f(x) x 1 f1(x)
x 2 3y
x f(x) x f1(x) 1 2
y 3x 3
2 3 3 2
1 2
1 2 2 1 f1(x) 3x 3; f1(x) is a function.
1
0 1 1 0 10. f(x) x3
1 2 2 1 1
y x3
2 3 3 2 1
x y3
f (x ) f (x )
1
y3 x
1
y
x or
1
f 1(x )
3
3
x
O 1
x f1(x) 1
x ; f (x) is a function.
3
f 1(x )
O x O x
1
13. f(x) 2x 5
8.
f(x) (x 3)2 1 f1(x) 1
y 2x 5
x f(x) x f1(x) 1
x 2y 5
1 3 3 1
1
2 0 0 2 x 5 2y
3 1 1 3 y 2x 10
4 0 0 4 f1(x) 2x 10
5 3 3 5 [f f1](x) f(2x 10)
1
2(2x 10) 5
f (x )
x
22x 5 10
1
x
O x
Since [f f1](x) [f1 f ](x) x, f and f1 are
f (x ) inverse functions.
14a. B(r) 1000(1 r)3
B 1000(1 r)3
B
1000 (1 r)3
1 r
3 B
1000
3
B
r 1
10
Chapter 3 76
3
B
18.
14b. r 1 f(x) x5 10 f1(x)
10
3
1100
x f(x) x f1(x)
1
10 or 0.0323; 3.23% 2 42 42 2
1 11 11 1
0 10 10 0
Pages 156–158 Exercises 1 9 9 1
15. 2 22 22 2
f(x) x 2 f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) f (x )
2 4 4 2 f (x )
1 3 3 1 10
f 1(x )
0 2 2 0
10 O 10 x
1 3 3 1
10
2 4 4 2
f (x )
f (x ) f 1(x ) 19.
f(x) [x]
x f(x)
O x 2 x 1 2
1 x 0 1
0x1 0
1x2 1
16. 2x3 2
f(x) 2x f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) f1(x)
2 4 4 2 x f1(x)
1 2 2 1 2 2 x 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 x 0
1 2 2 1 0 0x1
2 4 4 2 1 1x2
f (x ) 2 2x3
f (x ) f 1(x ) f (x ) f 1(x )
O x
O f (x ) x
17.
f(x) x3 2 f1(x)
x f(x) x f1(x) 20.
f(x) 3 f1(x)
2 10 10 2
x f(x) x f1(x)
1 3 3 1
2 3 3 2
0 2 2 0
1 3 3 1
1 1 1 1
0 3 3 0
2 6 6 2
1 3 3 1
f (x ) f (x ) 2 3 3 2
f 1(x ) f (x )
f (x )
O x
O x
f 1(x )
77 Chapter 3
21.
f(x) x2 2x 4 f1(x) 24. f(x) x2 4
x f(x) x f1(x) y x2 4
x y2 4
3 7 7 3
x 4 y2
2 4 4 2
y x ; 4 f1(x) x
4
1 3 3 1
0 4 4 0 f(x) x2 4 f1(x) x 4
1 7 7 1 x f(x) x f1(x)
2 8 8 2
f (x )
8 1 5 5 1
f (x ) 0 4 4 0
4
f 1(x ) 1 5
8 4 O 4 8x 2 8
4 f (x )
f (x )
8
4
22.
f(x) (x 2)2 5 f1(x)
4 O 4 x
x f(x) x f1(x)
4 f 1(x )
4 9 9 4
3 6 6 3
2 5 5 2
25. f(x) 2x 7
1 6 6 1 y 2x 7
0 9 9 0 x 2y 7
x 7 2y
f (x ) x7
O x y 2
f 1(x ) x7
f1(x) 2; f1(x) is a function.
f (x )
26. f(x) x 2
y x 2
x y 2
y x 2
f1(x) x 2; f1(x) is a function.
1
23. f(x) x
f(x) (x 1)2 4 f1(x) 27.
f1(x)
1
x f(x) x y x
4 5 5 4 1
x y
2 3 3 2 1
1 4 4 1 y x
1
0 3 3 0 f1(x) x; f 1(x) is a function.
2 5 5 2 28. f(x) x2
1
f (x ) f (x ) y x2
1
f 1(x ) x y2
1
1
y2 x
O
y
x 1
f1(x)
1
x; f 1(x) is not a function.
29. f(x) (x 3)2 7
y (x 3)2 7
x (y 3)2 7
x 7 (y 3)2
x
7y3
y 3 x 7
f1(x) 3 x ; 7 f 1(x) is not a function.
Chapter 3 78
30. f(x) x2 4x 3 35. Reflect the part of the graph of x2 that lies in the
y x2 4x 3 first quadrant about y x. Then, translate 5 units
x y2 4y 3 to the left.
x 1 y2 4y 4 f (x )
x 1 (y 2)2
x
1y2
y 2 x 1
f1(x) 2 x; 1 f 1(x) is not a function.
1
O x
31. f(x)
x2
1
y
x2
1
x
y2
1 36. Reflect the graph of x2 about y x. Then,
y 2 x translate 2 units to the right and up 1 unit.
1
y x 2 f (x )
1
f1(x) x 2; f 1(x) is not a function.
1
32. f(x)
(x 1)2 x
1 O
y
(x 1)2
1
x
( y 1)2
1
( y 1)2
x
37. Reflect the graph of x3 about y x to obtain the
y1
x
1
3 3
graph of x. Reflect the graph of x about the
1
y 1 x
x-axis. Then, translate 3 units to the left and
down 2 units.
1
f1(x) 1 ; f 1(x) is not a function.
x
f (x )
2
33. f(x)
(x 2)3
2
y
(x 2)3
2 O x
x
( y 2)3
2
( y 2)3 x
y 2 3 x
2
y 2 3 x
2
translate 4 units to the right. Finally, stretch the
2
f1(x) 2 3 x; f 1(x) is not a function. translated graph vertically by a factor of 2.
3 f (x )
34. g(x)
x2 2x
3
y
x2 2x
3
x
y2 2y
3 O x
y2 2y x
3
y2 2y 1 x 1
3
(y 1)2 x 1
y 1 x 1
3
3
y 1 x 1
3
g1(x) 1 x 1
79 Chapter 3
v2
39.
2
f(x) 3x 6
1
42a. v 2gh 42b. h 64
v2 2gh (75)2
2
y 3x 6
1
v2
h 64
2 1
h
2g h 87.89
x 3y 6 v2 Yes. The pump can propel
h
2(32)
1 2
x 6 3y v2 water to a height of about
h
64 88 ft.
3 1
y 2x 4
43a. Sample answer: y x
3 1
f1(x) 2x 4 43b. The graph of the function must be symmetric
[f f1](x) f 2x 4 about the line y x.
3 1
1 2KE
46a. KE 2mv2
x d(x) x d1(x) m
2KE mv2 v
2(15)
6 2 2 6 1
2KE
5 1 1 5
m v2 v 5.477; 5.5 m/sec
v
2KE
4 0 0 4
m
3 1 1 3
46c. There are always two velocities.
2 2 2 2
47a. Yes; if the encoded message is not unique, it may
d 1(x) not be decoded properly.
47b. The inverse of the encoding function must be a
function so that the encoded message may be
decoded.
47c. C(x) 2 x 3
y 2 x 3
O x x 2 y 3
x 2 y 3
(x 2)2 y 3
41b. No; the graph of d(x) fails the horizontal line test.
y (x 2)2 3
41c. d1(x) gives the numbers that are 4 units from x 1
C (x) (x 2)2 3
on the number line. There are always two such
numbers, so d1 associates two values with each
x-value. Hence, d1(x) is not a function.
Chapter 3 80
47d. C1(x) (x 2)2 3 53. y
C1(1) (1 2)2 3 or 6, F
C1(2.899) (2.899 2)2 3 or 21, U
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N
C1(0.449) (0.449 2)2 3 or 3, C
C1(2.796) (2.796 2)2 3 or 20, T
C1(1.464) (1.464 2)2 3 or 9, I
C1(2.243) (2.243 2)2 3 or 15, O
O x
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N
C1(2.690) (2.690 2)2 3 or 19, S 54.
1 1
4; 4 4 1;
neither
4
C1(0) (0 2)2 3 or 1, A 27
C1(2.583) (2.583 2)2 3 or 18, R 55. m 50
y y1 m(x x1)
C1(0.828) (0.828 2)2 3 or 5, E 5
5 or 1 y 7 1(x 0)
C1(1) (1 2)2 3 or 6, F
C1(2.899) (2.899 2)2 3 or 21, U y x 7
C1(2.123) (2.123 2)2 3 or 14, N 56. b c 180
FUNCTIONS ARE FUN If
PQ is perpendicular to Q
R, then m∠PQR 90.
48. Case 1 Case 2 Since the angles of a triangle total 180,
2x 4 6 2x 4 6 a d 90 180.
(2x 4) 6 2x 4 6 a d 90
2x 4 6 2x 2 a b c d 180 90 or 270
2x 10 x1 The correct choice is C.
x 5
{x5 x 1}
49. both
50a. a 0, b 0, 4a b 32, a 6b 54 3-5 Continuity and End Behavior
50b. b a 6b 54
(0, 9)
(6, 8) Page 165 Check for Understanding
1. Sample answer: The function approaches 1 as x
4a b 32 approaches 2 from the left, but the function
a0
approaches 4 as x approaches 2 from the right.
This means the function fails the second condition
in the continuity test.
(8, 0) 2.
an n x→ p(x) →
O (0, 0) b 0 a
positive even
G(a, b) a b positive even
G(0, 0) 0 0 or 0
positive odd
G(0, 9) 0 9 or 9
G(6, 8) 6 8 or 14 positive odd
G(8, 0) 8 0 or 8
14 gallons an n x→ p(x) →
51. 4x 2y 10 4x 2y 10
→ negative even
y6x xy6
negative even
41 21 xy 106
negative odd
negative odd
1 2 2
1 4 1
1 1 1
3. Infinite discontinuity; f(x) → as x → ,
4 2 2 4
1 1
f(x) → as x → .
1 2 1 2
1
1 4 2 x 1 10
2 4. f(x) x2 is decreasing for x 0 and increasing for
2 4 1 1 y 1 4 6
x
0, g(x) x2 is increasing for x 0 and
1
x decreasing for x 0. Reflecting a graph switches
y 7 the monotonicity. In other words, if f(x) is
(1, 7) increasing, the reflection will be decreasing and
1 1 vice versa.
(9) (3)
1 9 3 2
52. 2
5. No; y is undefined when x 3.
2 6 6 1
(6)
1
(6)
2 2 6. No; f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 2 from the
left but f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 2
3
9 3
2 2
from the right.
3
81 Chapter 3
7. an: positive, n: odd 24. 1
y x2
y → as x → , y → as x → .
x y
8. an: negative, n: even
10,000 1 108
y → as x → , y → as x → .
1000 1 106
9. f (x )
100 1 104
10 0.01
0 undefined
x
O 10 0.01
100 1 104
1000 1 106
10,000 1 108
decreasing for x 3; increasing for x
3 y → 0 as x → , y → 0 as x → .
10. y
25.
1
f(x) x3 2
x f(x)
O x 10,000 2
1000 2.000000001
100 2.000001
10 2.001
decreasing for x 1 and x
1; increasing for 0 undefined
1 x 1 10 1.999
11a. t 4 11b. when t 4 11c. 10 amps 100 1.999999
1000 1.999999999
10,000 2
Pages 166–168 Exercises
f(x) → 2 as x → , f(x) → 2 as x → .
12. Yes; the function is defined when x 1; the
function approaches 3 as x approaches 1 from 26.
both sides; and y 3 when x 1.
13. No; the function is undefined when x 2.
14. Yes; the function is defined when x 3; the
function approaches 0 as x approaches 3 from
both sides; and f(3) 0.
15. Yes; the function is defined when x 3; the
function approaches 1 (in fact is equal to 1) as x
approaches 3 from both sides; and y 1 when [6, 6] scl:1 by [30, 30] scl:5
x 3. increasing for x 3 and x
1; decreasing for
3 x 1
16. No; f(x) approaches 7 as x approaches 4 from
the left, but f(x) approaches 6 as x approaches 4 27.
from the right.
17. Yes; the function is defined when x 1; f(x)
approaches 3 as x approaches 1 from both sides;
and f(1) 3.
18. jump discontinuity
19. Sample answer: x 0; g(x) is undefined when
x 0.
[7.6, 7.6] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
20. an: positive, n: odd
decreasing for all x
y → as x → , y → as x → .
21. an: negative, n: even
y → as x → , y → as x → .
22. an: positive, n: even
y → as x → , y → as x → .
23. an: positive, n: even
y → as x → , y → as x → .
Chapter 3 82
28. 33b. Since f is odd, its graph must be symmetric with
respect to the origin. Therefore, f is increasing
for 2 x 0 and decreasing for x 2. f must
have a jump discontinuity when x 3 and
f(x) → as x → .
f (x)
34a. polynomial
34b.
83 Chapter 3
37b. The inverse must be monotonic. If the inverse
were increasing on one interval and decreasing 3-5B Gap Discontinuities
on another interval, the inverse would fail the
horizontal line test. That would mean the
function fails the vertical line test, which is Page 170
impossible. 1. {all real numbers xx
3}
38a.
40
35
Percent
30
with
25
Similar
20
Computer
15
Usage
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 [10, 10] scl:1 by [6, 50] scl:10
38b. 0 x 1, 1 x 2, 2 x 4, 4 x 6, 2. {all real numbers x2 x 4}
6 x 8, x
8
39. For the function to be continuous at 2, bx a and
x2 a must approach the same value as x
approaches 2 from the left and right, respectively.
Plugging in x 2 to find that common value gives
2b a 4 a. Solving for b gives b 2. For the
function to be continuous at 2, b x and
bx a must approach the same value as x
approaches 2 from the left and right,
respectively. Plugging in x 2 gives b 2 [9.4, 9.4] scl:1 by [6.2, 6.2] scl:1
2b a. We already know b 2, so the 3. {all real numbers xx 3 or x 1}
equation becomes 0 4 a. Hence, a 4.
40. f(x) (x 5)2
y (x 5)2
x (y 5)2
x y5
y 5 x
f 1(x) 5 x
41. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) translated
left 2 units and down 4 units. [18.8, 18.8] scl:1 by [12.4, 12.4] scl:1
42. f (x, y) x 2y 4. {all real numbers xx 3 or x
2}
f(0, 0) 0 2(0) or 0
f(4, 0) 4 2(0) or 4
f(3, 5) 3 2(5) or 13
f(0, 5) 0 2(5) or 10
13, 0
4 5(2) 8(4) or 42
43. 5
8
2
44a. c 47.5h 35
44b. c 47.5h 35 [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [25, 25] scl:10
1
c 47.5 24 35 5. {all real numbers xx 1 or x
1}
c $141.875
45. f(x) 2x2 2x 8
f(2) 2(2)2 2(2) 8
8 4 8 or 20
46. The volume of the cube is x3.
The volume of the other box is
x(x 1)(x 1) x(x2 1) or x3 x.
The difference between the volumes of the two
boxes is x3 (x3 x) or x. [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [3.1, 3.1] scl:1
The correct choice is A.
Chapter 3 84
6. {all real numbers xx 6 or x
2} 12. Yes; sample justification: if f(x) is a polynomial
f(x)
function, then the graph of y
(x [[x]] 0.25)
is like the graph of f(x), but with an infinite
number of “interval bites” removed.
13. Yes; sample justification: the equation y
x2(x 2) (2x 4)(x 4)
is a possible equation for
((x 2) or (x 4))
the function described.
14a.
[9.4, 9.4] scl:1 by [6.2, 6.2] scl:1
7. {all real numbers xx 3 or x 4}
85 Chapter 3
3. Sample answer: 12c. $58.80 per acre
y 12d. Rain or other bad weather could delay harvest
(4, 6) and/or destroy part of the crop.
12b. 2 weeks
Chapter 3 86
23. rel. max.: (1, 1); rel. min.: (0.25, 3.25) 35b.
87 Chapter 3
40. If a cubicle has one critical point, then it must be 47. Let x number of 1-point free throws.
a point of inflection. If it were a relative maximum Let y number of 2-point field goals.
or minimum, then the end behavior for a cubic Let z number of 3-point field goals.
would not be satisfied. If a cubic has three critical 1x 2y 3z 32
points, then one must be a maximum, another a x y z 17
minimum, and the third a point of inflection. y 0.50(18)
41. No; the function is undefined when x 5. 1x 2y 3z 32 → 1x 2y 3z 32
y 1(x y z 17) x y z 17
42.
y 2z 15
y 0.50(18) y 2z 15
y9 9 2z 15
z3
O x x y z 17
x 9 3 17
x5 5 free throws, 9 2-point field
goals, 3 3-point field goals
43. Let x units of notebook paper. 48. y 6 4 y
Let y units of newsprint. y 2
x y 200 y
x 10 200 (10, 190)
y 80 x y 200 O x
(120, 80)
100 y 80
(10, 80)
x 10 2
x 49. 2x 3y 15 → y 3x 5
O 100 200 3
6x 4y 16 → y 2x 4
P(x, y) 400x 350y 2 3
3 2 1; perpendicular
P(10, 80) 400(10) 350(80) or 32,000
P(10, 190) 400(10) 350(190) or 70,500 50. A relation relates members of a set called the
P(120, 80) 400(120) 350(80) or 76,000 domain to members of a set called the range. In a
120 units of notebook and 80 units of newsprint function, the relation must be such that each
y member of the domain is related to one and only
44.
one member of the range. You can use the vertical
A (3, 4) B (2, 4) line test to determine whether a graph is the
graph of a function.
51. The area of PTX is equal to the area of RTY.
The area of STR is 25% of the area of rectangle
O x PQRS. The correct choice is D.
D (3, 1) C (2, 1) P X Q
T
3 x 2, 1 y 4
45. 1
2
5
3 1(5) 2(3) or 1; yes
S Y R
4 2
46. 3A 3
5 7
3(7) 15 6 21
3(4) 3(2) or 12
3(5)
2B 2 3
4 53
or 6 10
2(4) 2(5)
2(3)
2(3) 8 6
6 6
15 21 8 106
3A 2B 12
12 (6) 6 10
15 (8) 21 6
27
6 4
7
Chapter 3 88
x3
6. x 2, x 1 y
3-7 Graphs of Rational Functions (x 2)(x 1)
x3
y
x2 x 2
x3
Pages 185–186 Check for Understanding
x3
y
1. f (x ) x2
x 2
x3 x3
x3
O x
1
y
1 1 2
x3
x x2
no horizontal
asymptotes
1
x1 2
7. f(x)
O 8
x O x
9. The parent graph is translated 2 units left and
down 1 unit. The vertical asymptote is now at x
2 and the horizontal asymptote is now y 1.
Slant Asymptote y
y
O x
O
x
10. 3x 5
20
x 33x2
4x 5 → 3x 5
x3
x (x 1)
3. Sample answer: f(x)
x1 3x 9x
2
13a. P
O V
89 Chapter 3
13b. P 0, V 0 (x 1)2
19. x 1 y
x2 1
13c. The pressure approaches 0. x2 2x 1
y
x2 1
x2 2x 1
x2 x2
x2
Pages 186–188 Exercises
y
x2 1
2x x2
14. x 4 f(x)
x4
x2
2 1
y
2x x x2
1
x4
y 1 ;y1
y(x 4) 2x 1
x2
xy 4y 2x
xy 2x 4y 20. x 2
x3
x(y 2) 4y y
(x 2)4
4y
x x3
y 2; y 2
y x4 8x3 24x2 32x 16
x2
15. x 6 y
x6
x3
x4
x2
y
x4 8x3 24x2 32x 16
x2 x
4 x4 x4 x4
y
x4
x2 6
x2
x2 1
x
1 y ; y 0
y
8 24 32 16
1 6 1 x3 x4
x x2
x x2
1
no horizontal x3 1
21. f(x)
asymptote 1
x2 3
22. f(x)
1 x1
16. x 2, x5 y
(2x 1)(x 5)
1
23. f(x) x 1
x1
y
2x2 9x 5 24. The parent graph is translated 3 units up. The
x 1 vertical asymptote, x 0, is unchanged. The
x2
x2 horizontal asymptote is now y 3.
y
2x2 9x 5
y
x2 x2 x2
1 1
x2
x
y
9 5 ;y0
2
x x2
x2 O
17. x 1, x 3 y
x2 4x 3 x
x 2
x2
x2
y x 2 25. The parent graph is translated 4 units right and
4x 3
x2
x2 x2 expanded vertically by a factor of 2. The vertical
1 2 asymptote is now x 4. The horizontal asymptote,
x2
x y 0, is unchanged.
y 4 3 ;y0
1 y
x x2 8
x2
18. no vertical asymptote, y
x2 1 4
x2 O
x2 8 4 4 8x
y
x2 1
4
x2
x2
1 8
y 1 ;y1
1
x2
Chapter 3 90
26. The parent graph is translated 3 units left. The 30. x1
1
translated graph is then expanded vertically by a x 4x2 3x3 → x1 x4
factor of 2 and translated 1 unit down. The x 4x
2
4
37. y 38. y
4 O 4 8 12 x
4
8 O (2, 0)
x O x
12 (2, 14 )
8
12
16
91 Chapter 3
480 3t 48. abs. max.: (2, 1)
41a. C(t)
40 t
480 3t
41b. C(t)
40 t
480 3t
10
40 t
400 10t 480 3t
7t 80
t 11.43 L
42. Sample answer: The circuit melts or one of the
components burns up.
[1, 6] scl:1 by [5, 2] scl:1
43. To get the proper x-intercepts, x 2 and x 3
should be factors of the numerator. The vertical 49. x2 9 y
asymptote indicates that x 4 should be a factor y2 9 x
of the denominator. To get point discontinuity y2 x 9
at (5, 0), make x 5 a factor of both the y x 9
numerator and denominator with a bigger 50. f(x, y) y x
exponent in the numerator. Thus, a sample f(0, 0) 0 0 or 0
(x 2)(x 3)(x 5)2
. f(4, 0) 0 4 or 4
answer is f(x) (x 4)(x 5)
f(3, 5) 5 3 or 2
44a. V x2 h A(x) 4x h 2x2 f(0, 5) 5 0 or 5
A(x) 4xx
2 2x
120
120 x2 h 2 5; 4
51. 4 6 5 4(6) 4(5)
120 480
h A(x) x 2x2
x2 8 4 4(8) 4(4)
24 20
44b. A(x )
320 32 16
300 52. Let x price of film and y price of sunscreen.
280 8x 2y 35.10
260
240 3x y 14.30 8x 2y 35.10
220 y 14.30 3x 8x 2(14.30 3x) 35.10
200 2x 28.60 35.10
180 x 3.25
160
y 14.30 3x
140
y 14.30 3(3.25)
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1618 x y 4.55
$3.25; $4.55
44c. The surface area approaches infinity.
53. x y 3 xy3
45. If the degree of the denominator is larger than ? ?
003 323
that of the numerator, then y 0 will be a
0 3 no 5 3 yes
horizontal asymptote. To make the graph intersect
xy3 xy3
the x-axis, the simplest numerator to use is x. ? ?
x 4 2 3 2 4 3
Thus, a sample answer is f(x)
x2 1 . 2 3 no 2 3 no
46a. A vertical asymptote at r 0 and a horizontal (3, 2)
1 1
asymptote at F 0. 54. 15y x 1 → y 1
5 x 15
46b. The force of repulsion increases without bound 55. [f g](x) f(g(x))
as the charges are moved closer and closer f(2 x2)
together. The force of repulsion approaches 0 as 8(2 x2)
the charges are moved farther and farther apart. 16 8x2
a2 9 [g f ](x) g(f(x))
47a.
a3
g(8x)
47b. 2 (8x)2
x 2.9 2.99 3 3.01 3.1
m 5.9 5.99 — 6.01 6.1 2 64x2
Chapter 3 92
56. Let x the width of each card and y the height 12a. V khg2
of each card. The rectangle has a base of 4x or 5y. 288 k(40)(1.5)2
The rectangle has a height of x y. 3.2 k
A bh V 3.2hg2
180 4x(x y) 4x 5y 12b. V 3.2hg2
180 4xx 5
4x 4x
y 5 V 3.2(75)(2)2
36x2 4(5) V 960
180 5 y 5 50 960 48,000 m3
25 x2 y4
5x
Perimeter 2(4x) 2(x y) Pages 194–196 Exercises
P 2(4 5) 2(5 4) 13. y kx y 0.2x
P 58 in. 0.3 k(1.5) y 0.2(6)
The correct choice is B. 0.2 k y 1.2
14. xy k xy 50
25(2) k x(40) 50
50 k x 1.25
3-8 Direct, Inverse, and Joint Variation 15. y kxz y 15xz
36 k(1.2)(2) y 15(0.4)(3)
15 k y 18
Pages 193–194 Check for Understanding
1a. inverse 16. x2y k x2y 36
(2)2(9) k 32y 36
1b. neither
36 k y4
1c. direct
17. r kt2 r 16t2
2. Sample answer:
4 k2 r 164
1 2 1 2
Suppose y varies directly as xn.
Then y1 kx1n and y2 kx2n 16 k r1
y1 kx1n 18. xy k
y1 kx1
Division property of equality. 1.21
(0.44) k
y2 kx
y1 x1
2
0.484 k
Simplify. 1
y2 x2
xy 0.484 or y 0.484 x
3. The line does not go through the origin, therefore 1
y 0.484
its equation is not of the form y kxn. 0.16
4a. Sample answer: The amount of money earned y 1.21
varies directly with the number of hours worked. 1
19. y kx3z2 y 1 3 2
2x z
4b. Sample answer: The distance traveled by a car
1
varies inversely as the amount of gas in the car. 9 k(3)3(2)2 y 1 3
2 (4) (3)
2
93 Chapter 3
25. C varies directly as d; . m1 m2
40b. F G d
2
1
26. y varies directly as x; . (5.98 1024)(7.36 1022)
4
4
1.99 1020 G
(3.84 108)2
27. y varies jointly as x and the square of z; 3. N m2
4
6.67 1011 G; 6.67 1011
kg2
28. V varies directly as the cube of r; .
3 m1 m2
29. y varies inversely as the square of x; 4.
5 40c. F G d
2
(5.98 1024)(1.99 1030)
30. y varies inversely as the square root of x; 2. (6.67 1011)
(1.50 1011)2
31. A varies jointly as h and the quantity b1 b2; 0.5. 3.53 1022 N
32. y varies directly as x and inversely as the square 40d. 3.53 1022 (1.99 1020)x
1
of z; 3. 178 x; about 178 times greater
33. y varies directly as x2 and inversely as the cube of kL 1.68 108(3)
z; 7. 41. R
r2 R
(0.003)2
k2
34. y varies jointly as the product of the cube of x and 1.07 102
(0.001)2 R 1.78 103
z and inversely as the square of w. 1.68 108 k
35a. Joint variation; to reduce torque one must either 42. y
reduce the distance or reduce the mass on the 8
end of the fulcrum. Thus, torque varies directly 6
4
as the mass and the distance from the fulcrum. 2
Since there is more than one quantity in direct O
variation with the torque on the seesaw, the 8642 2 4 6 8x
2
variation is joint. 4
6
35b. T1 km1d1 and T2 km2d2 8
T1 T 2
km1d1 km2d2 Substitution property 43. f(x) (x 3)3 6
m1d1 m2d2 of equality y (x 3)3 6
35c. m1d1 m2d2 x (y 3)3 6
75(3.3) (125)d2 x 6 (y 3)3
1.98 d2; 1.98 meters 3
x6y3
36a. tr k
3
y x63
36b. tr k tr 36,000 1
f (x)
3
x 6 3; f1(x) is a function.
45(800) k t(1000) 36,000 1 0 3 1 3 1 3
1 1 3
36,000 k t 36 minutes 44.
0 1 2 2 4 0 2 2 4 0
37. If y varies directly as x then there is a nonzero A(1, 2), B(
constant k such that y kx. Solving for x, we find 2), C(1, 4), D(3, 0)
1 1
x ky k is a nonzero constant, so x varies 7
directly as y. 45. 4x 2y 7 → y 2x 2
7
k
38a. I d2 12x 6y 21 → y 2x 2
k 576 consistent
y and dependent
38b. I d2 a2 b2 c2 I d
2
Chapter 3 94
The correct choice is D. a2 b 4 no
x-axis
17. x 2y → a 2b
x-axis a 2(b)
a 2b no
y-axis (a) 2b
a 2b no
yx (b) 2(a)
b 2a no
y x (b) 2(a)
b 2a no; none
1 1
Chapter 3 Study Guide and Assessment 18. x2 y → a2 b
1
x-axis a2
(b)
Page 197 Understanding and Using the 1
Vocabulary a2 b no
1. even 2. continuous 3. point 1
y-axis (a)2 b
4. decreasing 5. maximum 6. rational 1
a2 b yes
7. inverse 8. monotonic 9. slant
1
10. Joint yx (b)2 (a)
1
b2 a no
1
Pages 198–200 Skills and Concepts y x (b)2
(a)
11. f(x) 2(x) f(x) (2x) b2
1
ay
no; y-axis
f(x) 2x f(x) 2x yes y
19. The graph of g(x) is a translation of the graph of
12. f(x) (x)2 2 f(x) (x2 2)
f(x) up 5 units.
f(x) x2 2 f(x) x2 2 no
20. The graph of g(x) is a translation of the graph of
13. f(x) (x)2 (x) 3
f(x) left 2 units.
f(x) x2 x 3
f(x) (x2 x 3) 21. The graph of O x graph of f(x) expanded
g(x) is the
f(x) x2 x 3 no vertically by a factor of 6. O x
14. f(x) (x)3 6(x) 1 22. The graph of g(x) is the graph of f(x) expanded
4
f(x) x3 6x 1 horizontallyy by a factor of 3 and translated
y down
f(x) (x3 6x 1) 4 units.
f(x) x3 6x 1 no
23. 24.
15. xy 4 → ab 4 O x
x-axis a(b) 4
ab 4 no
y-axis (a)b 4
O x
ab 4 no
yx (b)(a) 4
ab 4 yes
y x (b)(a) 4
ab 4 yes 25. 26.
y x and y x
16. x y2 4 → a b2 4
x-axis a (b)2 4
a b2 4 yes
y-axis (a) b2 4
a b2 4 no
yx (b) (a)2 4
a2 b 4 no
y x (b) (a)2 4 27. Case 1 Case 2
4x 5
7 4x 5
7
(4x 5)
7 4x 5
7
4x 5
7 4x
2
95 Chapter 3
f(x)4x
3x
121 x
0.5 32.
f1(x) f(x) (x 1)2 4 f1(x)
x 3
x f(x) x f1(x) x f(x) x f1(x)
{xx 3 or x
0.5}
2 7 7 2 3 0 0 3
28. Case 1 Case 2
1 4 4 1 2 3 3 2
x 3 2 11 x 3 2 11
0 1 1 0 1 4 4 1
(x 3) 2 11 x 3 2 11
1x 5 2 11 2 x1 12 0 3 3 0
f (x )x 6 1 0 0 1
x f (6
x)
1 f (x )
{x6 x 12} f (x ) f 1(x )
29. f (x )
O x O x
1
f(x) 4x 5 f1(x)
x f1(x) 33. f(x) (x 2)3 8
x f(x)
5.5 2 y (x 2)3 8
2 5.5 x (y 2)3 8
1 5.25 5.25 1
x 8 (y 2)3
0 5 5 0 3
x8y2
3
1 4.75 4.75 1 y x82
1
f (x)
3
x 8 2; yes
2 4.5 4.5 2
34. f(x) 3(x 7)4
f (x ) y 3(x 7)4
6 x 3(y 7)4
30. 4
f (x ) x
2
3 (y 7)4
x
64 O 2 4 6 x
y 7
4 3
4 1 x
y 7
4
6 f (x ) 3
x
f1(x) 7
; no
3
4
y → 1 as x → , y → 1 as x → .
41. an: positive, n: odd
y → as x → , y → as x → .
Chapter 3 96
x
42. 52. x 1 y
x1
x
x
y
x 1
x x
1
y 1 ; y1
1 x
x2 1
[5, 5] scl:1 by [20, 10] scl:5 53. x 2 y
x2
decreasing for x 2 and x
1; x2 1
increasing for 2 x 1 x2 x2
y
x 2
43.
x2 x2
1
1 x
2
y
1 2
x x2
no horizontal asymptotes
(x 3)2
54. x 3, y
x2 9
x2 6x 9
[6, 6] scl:1 by [5, 20] scl:5 y
x2 9
decreasing for x 3 and 0 x 3;
x2 6x 9
increasing for 3 x 0 and x
3
x2 x2 x2
44. abs. max.: (2, 1) y
x2 9
x2 x2
45. rel. max.: (0, 4), rel. min.: (2, 0)
6 9
46. f(2.9) 0.029 1 x x
2
f(3) 0 y
9
;y1
f(3.1) 0.031 min. 1 x
2
97 Chapter 3
60a.
x C(x) Page 201 Open-Ended Assessment
1a. Sample answer: x y2
0x1 0.40
1x2 0.80 y
2x3 1.20
3x4 1.60
4x5 2.00 O x
5x6 2.40
3.60
3.20
2.80 1b. Sample answer: y x2
2.40
Cost 2.00 y
(dollars) 1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
0 x
0123456789
O
Time (min)
0.5
2. Sample answer: 2(x 4)2 1
O 0.5 1 t
61b. 1.08 m
Chapter 3 98
3a. Sample answer: 3. Notice that 450 miles is the distance to
y Grandmother’s house, not the round trip. This is a
multiple-step problem. First calculate the number
of gallons of gasoline used in each direction of the
trip.
miles
(0, 0)
miles per gallon gallons
O x 450
18 gallons
(2, 1) 25
99 Chapter 3
8.Simplify the expression inside the square root 10. There are two equations and two variables, so this
symbol. Factor 100 from each term. Then factor is a system of equations. First simplify the
the trinomial. equations. Start with the first equation. Divide
100x2
60
0x 9
00
100(x2
6x
9) both sides by 2.
x3 x3 4x 2y 24
10
x2 6
x9 2x y 12
x3 Now simplify the second equation. Multiply both
10
(x 3
)(x
3) sides by 2x.
x3 7y
2x 7
10
(x 3
)2
7y 7(2x)
x3
10(x 3) 7y 14x
x3 Divide both sides by 7.
10 y 2x
The correct choice is B. You need to find the value of x. Substitute 2x for y
9. Since a b c, substitute a b for c in in the first equation.
a c 5. So, a (a b) 5. Then b 5 or 2x y 12
b 5. Substitute 5 for b in b c 3. So, 2x (2x) 12
5 c 3. Then c 8 or c 8. 4x 12
The correct choice is B. x3
The answer is 3.
Chapter 3 100
Chapter 4 Polynomial and Rational Functions
11. 2; x2 14x 49 0
4-1 Polynomial Functions (x 7)(x 7) 0
x70 x70
x7 x7
Pages 209–210 Check for Understanding
f (x)
1. A zero is the value of the variable for which a
polynomial function in one variable equals zero. A 60
(0, 49)
root is a solution of a polynomial equation in one
40 f (x ) x 2 14x 49
variable. When a polynomial function is the
related function to the polynomial equation, the 20
zeros of the function are the same as the roots of (7, 0)
the equation. x
O 4 8 12
2. The ordered pair (x, 0) represents the points on
the x-axis. Therefore, the x-intercept of a graph of
a function represents the point where f(x) 0. 12. 3; a3 2a2 8a 0
a(a2 2a 8) 0
3. A complex number is any number in the form
a(a 4)(a 2) 0
a bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is
a0 a40 a20
the imaginary unit. In a pure imaginary number,
a 4 a2
a 0 and b 0. Examples: 2i, 3i;
Nonexamples: 5, 1 i f (a)
30
4. y
f (a)
20
a 2 2a 2 8a
10
(4, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0)
O x
4 2 O 2 4a
10
13. 4; t4 1 0
5. 3; 1 6. 5; 8 (t2 1)(t2 1) 0
(t 1)(t 1)(t2 1) 0
7. no; f(x) x3 5x2 3x 18
t10 t10 t2 1 0
f(5) (5)3 5(5)2 3(5) 18
t1 t 1 t2 1
f(5) 125 125 15 18
t i
f(5) 33
8. yes; f(x) x3 5x2 3x 18 f (t )
f(6) (6)3 5(6)2 3(6) 18
f(6) 216 180 18 18
f(6) 0
9. (x (5))(x 7) 0 (1, 0) (1, 0)
(x 5)(x 7) 0
O t
x2 2x 35 0; even; 2
f (t ) t 4 1
10. (x 6)(x 2i)(x (2i))(x i) (x (i)) 0
(x 6)(x 2i)(x 2i)(x i)(x i) 0
14a. x2 r2 62 V(x) Bh
(x 6)(x2 4i2)(x2 i2 ) 0
r2 36 x2 V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
(x 6)(x2 4)(x2 1) 0
(x3 6x2 4x 24)(x2 1) 0 14b. V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
x5 6x4 5x3 30x2 4x 24 0; V(x) (36 x2)(2x)
odd; 1 V(x) 72x 2x3
14c. V(x) 72x 2x3
V(4) 72(4) 2(4)3
V(4) 502.65 units3
101 Chapter 4
1
22. No; a1, which is a negative exponent. 37. (x (1))(x 1)(x 4)(x (4)(x 5) 0
a (x 1)(x 1)(x 4)(x 4)(x 5) 0
23. yes; f(a) a4
13a2 12a
(x2 1)(x2 16)(x 5) 0
f(0) (0)4 13(0)2 12(0)
(x4 17x2 16)(x 5) 0
f(0) 0
x5 5x4 17x3 85x2 16x 80 0; odd; 5
24. no; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
38. (x (1))(x 1)(x 3)(x (3)) 0
f(1) (1)4 13(1)2 12(1)
(x 1)(x 1)(x 3)(x 3) 0
f(1) 1 13 12
(x2 1)(x2 9) 0
f(1) 24
x4 10x2 9 0
25. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
39. 1; x 8 0 f (x)
f(1) (1)4 13(1)2 12(1)
x 8
f(1) 1 13 12 (0, 8)
f(1) 0
26. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a f (x) x 8
f(4) (4)4 13(4)2 12(4)
f(4) 256 208 48
f(4) 0
27. no; f(a) a4 13a2 12a (8, 0) O x
f(3) (3)4 13(3)2 12(3)
f(3) 81 117 36 40. 2; a2 81 0
f(3) 72 (a 9)(a 9) 0
a90 a90
28. yes; f(a) a4 13a2 12a
a9 a 9
f(3) (3)4 13(3)2 12(3)
f(3) 81 117 36 (9, 0) f (a) (9, 0)
f(3) 0 20 10 O 10 20a
29. f(b) b4 3b2 2b 4 20
f(2) (2)4 3(2)2 2(2) 4 2
40 f (a) a 81
f(2) 16 12 4 4
f(2) 12; no 60
30. f(x) x4 4x3 x2 4x
80 (0, 81)
f(1) (1)4 4(1)3 (1)2 4(1)
f(1) 1 4 1 4
41. 2; b2 36 0 f (b)
f(1) 0; yes 80
b2 36
31a. 3; 1 31b. 2; 2 31c. 4; 2 b 6i 60
32. (x ( 2))(x 3) 0 f (b)
(x 2)(x 3) 0 b 2 36 40
x2 x 6 0; even; 2 (0, 36)
20
33. (x (1))(x 1)(x 5) 0
(x 1)(x 1)(x 5) 0
(x2 1)(x 5) 0 4 2 O 2 4b
x3 5x2 x 5 0; odd; 3 42. 3; t3 2t2 4t 8 0
34. (x (2))(x (0.5))(x 4) 0 t2(t 2) 4(t 2) 0
(x 2)(x 0.5)(x 4) 0 (t 2)(t2 4) 0
(x2 2.5x 1)(x 4) 0 (t 2)(t 2)(t 2) 0
x 4x 2.5x2 10x x 4 0
3 2
t20 t20 t20
x3 1.5x2 9x 4 0 t 2 t 2 t2
2x3 3x2 18x 8 0; odd; 3
f (t)
35. (x (3))(x (2i))(x 2i) 0 4
(x 3)(x 2i)(x 2i) 0 (2, 0) (2, 0)
(x 3)(x2 4i2) 0 4 2 O 2 4 t
(x 3)(x2 4) 0 4
x 3x2 4x 12 0; odd; 1
3
Chapter 4 102
43. 3; n3 9n 0 47. 4; 4m4 17m2 4 0
n(n2 9) 0 (4m2 1)(m2 4) 0
n(n 3)(n 3) 0 4m 1 0 m2 4 0
1
n0 n30 n30 m
4 m 4
n3 n 3
m 0.5i m 2i
f (n)
20 f (m)
10
(3, 0) (0, 0) (3, 0)
(0, 4)
4 2 O 2 4n
10 f (m) 4m 4 17m 2 4
f (n ) n 3 9n
20
O m
44. 3; 6c3 3c2 45c 0 48. (u 1)(u2 1) 0
c(6c2 3c 45) 0 (u 1)(u 1)(u 1) 0
c(c 3)(6c 15) 0 u10 u10 u10
c0 c30 6c 15 0 u 1 u 1 u1
c3 c 6
15
f (u)
c 2.5
f (c)
100 (1, 0) (1, 0)
(2.5, 0) 50 O u
(0, 1)
(0, 0) (3, 0)
f (u)
4 2 O 2 4c (u 1)(u 2 1)
50
f (c) 6c 3 y
49a. y 49b.
100 3c 2 45c
45. 4; a 4 a2 2 0
(a2 2)(a2 1) 0
(a2 2)(a 1)(a 1) 0
a2 2 0 a10 a10
O x O x
a2 2 a1 a 1
a 2 i
f (a) 49c. y 49d. y
(1, 0) (1, 0)
a O x O x
f (a) O
a 4 a 2 2 (0, 2)
10 (0, 9)
(3, 0)(1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)
4 2 O 2 4x
10
f (x)
20
x 4 10x 2 9
103 Chapter 4
50. 56. (x B)(x C) 0
x2 Cx Bx BC 0
x2 (C B)x BC 0
C B B
BC C
from x2 Bx C 0
B1
C 1 1
C 2
C 2
[5, 5] sc11 by [2, 8] sc11
Sample answer: 1; 2
50a. 4 50b. 2; 1, 1
x2
50c. There are 4 real roots. However, there is a 57. y
x(x 2)(x 2)
double root at 1 and a double root at 1. 1
58a. Let x the width. The length 2(52 2x) or
51a. V(x) 99,000x3 55,000x2 65,000x
26 x. A(x) x(26 x)
51b. r 0.15 x1r
x 1 0.15 58b. A(x) x(26 x)
x 1.15 A(x) 26x x2
V(x) 99,000x3 55,000x2 65,000x
V(1.15) 99,000(1.15)3 55,000(1.15)2
65,000(1.15)
V(1.15) 150,566.625 72,737.5 74,750
V(1.15) 298,054.125; about $298,054.13
52. 1 and 3 are two of its zeros.
1 1
53a. d(t) 2at2 d(t) 2at2
1 1
d(30) 2(16.4)(30)2 d(60) 2(16.4)(60)2 [5, 30] sc15 by [2, 200] sc120
d(30) 7380 ft d(60) 29,520 ft x 13
1 26 x 26 13
d(t) 2at2 13
1
d(120) 2(16.4)(120)2 13 yd by 13 yd
d(120) 118,080 ft 59. The graph of y 2x3 1 is the graph of y 2x3
shifted 1 unit up.
53b. It quadruples; (2t)2 4t2.
60. (6, 9)
54. Let x the width of the sidewalk.
The length of the pool would be 70 2x feet. 61. 15 5 15(3) (9)(5)
The width of the pool would be 50 2x feet. 9 3
A w 45 45 or 0; no
2 1 3 9
2400 (70 2x)(50 2x) 2
62. AB
2400 3500 240x 4x2 3 4 5 7 6
2(3) (1)(5) 2(9) (1)(7)
0 4x2 240x 1100
0 x2 60x 275
3(3) 4(5) 3(9) 4(7)
0 (x 55)(x 5) 2(2) (1)(6)
x 55 0 x50 3(2) 4(6)
x 55 x5 1 25
29 18
10
Use x 5 since 55 is an unreasonable solution.
1
5 ft
63. x 4y 9 y
55. Let x the number of pizzas. 4y x 9
(160 16x)(16 0.40x) 4000 1 9
6.4x2 192x 2560 4000 y 4x 4
6.4x2 192x 1440 0
x2 30x 225 0
O x
(x 15)(x 15) 0
x 15 0 x 15 0 x 4y 9
x 15 x 15
16 0.40x 16 0.40(15)
64. Parallel; the lines have the same slope.
$10
Chapter 4 104
65. [f g](x) f(g(x)) Completing the Square
1
f 2x 6 x2 4x 5 0
x2 4x 5
1
x 6 2 4 x 4x 4 5 4
2
2
1
x2 6x 36 4 (x 2)2 9
4
x 2 3
1
x2 6x 32
4 x23 x 2 3
[g f ](x) g( f(x)) x1 x 5
Quadratic Formula
g(x2 4)
1 4
42 4
(1)(5)
2(x2 4) 6 x
2(1)
1 4 36
2x2 2 6 x 2
1
2x2 4 4 6
x 2
66. The pictograph shows two more small car symbols x 2 3
in the row for 1999 than it does for 2000. These x 2 3 x 2 3
two small cars represent the 270 additional cars x1 x 5
that were sold in 1999 compared to 2000. Since See students’ work.
the two small cars represent 270 real cars, each
270 5. x2 8x 20 0
small car symbol must represent or 135 real x2 8x 20
2
cars. x2 8x 16 20 16
The correct choice is A. (x 4)2 36
x 4 6
x46 x 4 6
x2 x 10
4-2 Quadratic Equations
6. 2a2 11a 21 0
11 21
a2 2a 2 0
Pages 218–219 Check for Understanding 11 21
a2 2a 2
1. Add 4 to each side of the equation to get t2 6t
11 121 21 121
4. Determine the value needed to make t2 6t a2 2a 1
6 2 16
a perfect square trinomial. Add this value (9) to
each side. Take the square root of each side of the a 1412 21869
11 17
equation and solve the two resulting equations. a 4 4
t 3 13 11 17 11 17
a 4 4 a 4 4
2. Quadratic Formula; Since the leading coefficient 3
does not equal 1 and the discriminant equals 185 a 2 a 7
which is not a perfect square, the Quadratic 7. b2 4ac 4(1)(36)
122
Formula would be the best way to get an exact 0; 1 real
answer. Completing the square can also be used,
0
but errors in arithmetic are more likely. A graph m 12
2(1)
will give only approximate solutions. 12
m 2 or 6
13 (13)
2 4(5)(7) 13 29
p
2(5) or
10 8. b2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(13)
3a. equals 0 3b. negative number 16; 2 imaginary
3c. positive number (6) 16
t
2(1)
4. Graphing
6 4i
2
f (x ) f (x )
x 2 4x 54 3 2i
(5, 0) (1, 0) 9. p2 6p 5 0
(p 5)(p 1) 0
6 4 2 O 2x
p50 p10
4
p5 p1
8 10. r2 4r 10 0
(4)
(4)2
4(1
)(10)
r
2(1)
4 24
Factoring r
2
x2 4x 5 0 4 2i6
r
(x 5)(x 1) 0 2
105 Chapter 4
11. P 12I 0.02I 2 17. t2 3t 7 0
1600 12I 0.02I 2 t2 3t 7
0.02I 2 12I 1600 0 9
t2 3t 4 7 4
9
I 2 600I 80,000 0 3 2
(I 200)(I 400) 0 t
2
37
4
I 200 0 I 400 0 3 37
t 2
2
I 200 amps I 400 amps 3
37
t 2
2
1 2
18. 2 4
1
Pages 219–221 Exercises
12. z2 2z 24 0 19. b2 4ac (6)2 4(4)(25)
z2 2z 24 364
z2 2z 1 24 1 2 imaginary; the discriminant is negative.
(z 1)2 25 20. b2 4ac 72 4(6)(3) or 121; 2 real
z 1 5 m
7 121
2(6)
z15 z 1 5 7 11
z6 z 4 m
12
3 1
13. p2 3p 88 0 m 2, 3
p2 3p 88
9 9 21. b2 4ac (5)2 4(1)(9) or 11; 2 imaginary
p2 3p 4 88 4 5 11
s
3 2
p 2
361
4
2(1)
5 i11
3 19 3 19 s
2
p
2 2 p 2 2
22. b2 4ac (84)2 4(36)(49) or 0; 1 real
p 11 p 8 84 0
14. x2 10x 21 0 d
2(36)
84 7
x2 10x 21 d or
72 6
x2 10x 25 21 25
(x 5)2 4 23. b2 4ac (2)2 4(4)(9) or 140; 2 imaginary
2 140
x 5 2 x
2(4)
x52 x 5 2 2 2i35
x7 x3 x
8
1 i35
3 1 x
15. d2 4d 8 0 4
3 1 24. 3p2 4p 8
d2 4d 8
3p2 4p 8 0
3 9 1 9
d2 4d 6
4 8 64
b2 4ac 42 4(3)(8) or 112; 2 real
4 112
d 382 614 p
2(3)
4 47
3
d 8 8
1 p
6
2 27
3
d 8 8
1 3
d 8 8
1
p
3
d
1
d
1
25. 2k2 5k 9
2 4
2k2 5k 9 0
16. 3g2 12g 4 b2 4ac 52 4(2)(9) or 97; 2 real
4
g2 4g 3 k
5 97
2(2)
4
g2 4g 4 3 4 k
5 97
4
8
(g 2)2 3
26. 7 i5 27. 5 2i
26
g2 3 28. s
b
b2 4ac
2a
26
g 2 5
(5)2
4(3)(9)
3 s
2(3)
5 83
s
6
5 i83
s
6
Chapter 4 106
29. x2 3x 28 0 35. b2 4ac 0
(x 7)(x 4) 0 82 4(1)(c) 0
x70 x40 64 4c 0
x7 x 4 4c 64
30. 4w2 19w 5 0 c
16
(4w 1)(w 5) 0 36a. A bh
4w 1 0 w50 A 12(16)
4w 1 w 5 A 192
1 1
w 4 (12 2x)(16 2x) 2(192)
31. 4r2 r 5 (12 2x)(16 2x) 96
4r2 r 5 0 36b. (12 2x)(16 2x) 96
(4r 5)(r 1) 0 192 56x 4x2 96
4r 5 0 r10 4x2 56x 96 0
4r 5 r 1 x2 14x 24 0
5
r 4 f (x)
b
b2 4ac 20
32. p
2a
2 22 4
(1)(8) 10
p
2(1)
2 28
p
2 O x
10 20
2 2i7 10
p
2
f (x )
p 1 i7
20 x 2 14x 24
26 (26 )
2 4(
1)(2)
33. x
2(1) 36c. roots: 2, 12
32
26
x 12 2x 12 2(2) or 8
2
42
26
16 2x 16 2(2) or 12
x
2 8 ft by 12 ft
x 6 22 12 2x 12 2(12) or 12
34a. P 0.01A2 0.05A 107 16 2x 16 2(12) or 8
P 0.01(25)2 0.05(25) 107 ∅
P 6.25 1.25 107 1 d (t)
37a. d(t) v0t 2gt2
P 114.5 mm Hg 1
d(t) 5t 2(32)t2 O t
34b. P 0.01A2 0.05A 107
125 0.01A2 0.05A 107 d(t) 5t 16t2
0 0.01A2 0.05A 18
b b2 4
ac
d (t) 5t 16t 2
A
2a
0.05 0.052 18)
4(0.01)(
A
2(0.01)
0.05 0.722
5
A
0.02 37b. 0 and about 0.3
5
0.05 0.722 0.05 0.722
5 37c. The x-intercepts indicate when the woman is at
A
0.02 or A
0.02
the same height as the beginning of the jump.
A 40 A 45
37d. d(t) 5t 16t2
40 years old
50 5t 16t2
34c. P
150 37e. 50 5t 16t2
125 16t2 5t 50 0
b b2 4ac
100 P t
2a
2
75 0.01A 0.05A 107 5 (5) 2 4(1
6)(5
0)
t
2(16)
50
5 3225
25 t
32
5 3225
5 3225
O 25 50 75 100 A t
32 t
32
107 Chapter 4
38. ax2 bx c 0 The Remainder and Factor
b
x2 ax a 0
c 4-3
Theorems
b c
x2 ax a
2 2 Page 226 Check for Understanding
x2 ax 2a a 2a
b b c b
1. The Remainder Theorem states that if a
2
x 2ba ac 4ba
2
2 polynomial P(x) is divided by x r, the remainder
2 4ac b is P(r). If a division problem has a remainder of 0,
x 2ba
2
4a 2 then the divisor is a factor of the dividend. This
b
b2 4ac leads to the Factor Theorem which states that the
x
2a
2a
binomial x r is a factor if and only if P(r) 0.
b
b2 4
ac
x 2a
2a 2. (x3 4x2 7x 8)
(x 5); x2 x 2; 2
b b2 4
ac 3. The degree of a polynomial is one more than the
x
2a
degree of its depressed polynomial.
39. 2; 18a2 3a 1 0 4. Isabel; if f(3) 0, then (x (3)) or (x 3) is a
(3a 1)(6a 1) 0 factor.
3a 1 0 6a 1 0
5. 2 1 1 4 6. 5 1 1 17 15
3a 1 6a 1
1 1 2 2 5 20 15
a 3 a 6 1 1 6 1 4 3 0
f (a) x 1, R6 x2 4x 3
7. f(x) x2 2x 15
f(3) (3)2 2(3) 15
f (a)
9 6 15 or 0; yes
18a 2 3a 1
8. f(x) x4 x2 2
f(3) (3)4 (3)2 2
81 9 2 or 92; no
O a
9. f(x) x3 5x2 x 5 1 1 5 1 5
f(1) (1)3 5(1)2 1 5 1 4 5
40. y 1 5 1 5 or 0 1 4 5 0
x y
x 1 is a factor x2 4x 5 (x 5)(x 1)
2 0
(x 5), (x 1), (x 1)
1 1
10. f(x) x3 6x2 11x 6
0 2 x f(1) (1)3 6(1)2 11(1) 6
O
1 1 1 6 11 6 or 0
y |x | 2 1 1 6
2 0 11 6
1 5 6
1 5 6 0
41. f(x) (x 9)2 x 1 is a factor x2 5x 6 (x 2)(x 3)
y (x 9)2 (x 1), (x 2), (x 3)
x (y 9)2 11. 1 1 0 7 k 6k2
x y9 1 1 6 k 4
y x 9 1 1 6 6k
f1(x) x 9
12a. 12 12b. 12 12c. 11
42. 3x 4y 375 3x 4y 375
→ 12d. f(x) x7 x9 x12 2x2
2(5x 2y) 2(345) 10x 4y 690
x12 x9 x7 2x2
7x 315
x(x11 x8 x6 2x)
x 45
x2(x10 x7 x5 2)
3x 4y 375 x, x2, x11 x8 x6 2x, or x10 x7 x5 2
3(45) 4y 375
13. h r 4 V r2h
y 60 (45, 60)
V r2(r 4)
43. m
619 – 595
60
619 – x
5 r2(r 4)
2.8 – 2.4 2.8 – 3.2
5 r3 4r2
24
m
0.4 619 x 24 0 r3 4r2 5
0 (r3 4r2 5)
m 60 x $643 1 1 4 0 5
44. 3y 8x 12 1 5 5
3y 8x 12 1 5 5 0
8 r10 hr4
y 3x 4; 3
r 1 in. h 1 4 or 5 in.
45. x2 x 20 (x 5)(x 4)
The correct choice is A.
Chapter 4 108
Pages 226–228 Exercises 31. 4 1 5 2 8
14. 7 1 20 91 15. 3 1 9 27 28 4 4 8
7 91 3 18 27 1 1 2 0
1 13 0 1 6 9 1 x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
x 13 x2 6x 9, R 1 (x 4), (x 2), (x 1)
16. 2 1 1 0 0 1 32. 2 1 2 4 8
2 6 12 24 2 0 8
1 3 6 12 23 1 0 4 0
x3 3x2 6x 12, R23 x2 4 (x 2)(x 2)
(x 2), (x 2), (x 2)
17. 2 1 0 8 0 16
2 4 8 16 33. 1 1 4 1 4
1 2 4 8 0 1 5 4
x3 2x2 4x 8 1 5 4 0
x2 5x 4 (x 1)(x 4)
18. 1 3 2 5 4 2
(x 1), (x 1), (x 4)
3 5 10 14
3 5 10 14 12 34. 1 1 3 3 1
1 2 1
3x3 5x2 10x 14, R12
1 2 1 0
19. 1 2 0 2 3
x2 2x 1 (x 1)(x 1)
2 2 0
(x 1), (x 1), (x 1)
2 2 0 3
2x2 2x, R 3 35. 2 1 0 9 0 24 0 16
2 4 10 20 8 16
20. f(x) x2 2 21. f(x) x5 32
1 2 5 10 4 8 0
f(1) (1)2 2 f(2) (2)5 32
x5 2x4 5x3 10x2 4x 8
1 2 or 1; no 32 32 or 0;
2 1 2 5 10 4 8
yes
2 8 6 8 8
22. f(x) x4 6x2 8 1 4 3 4 4 0
f(2 ) (2 )4 6(2 )2 8 x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4
4 12 8 or 0; yes 2 1 4 3 4 4
23. f(x) x3 x 6 2 12 30 52
f(2) (2)3 2 6 1 6 15 26 56
8 2 6 or 12; no 2 times
24. f(x) 4x3 4x2 2x 3 36. 1 1 2 1 2
f(1) 4(1)3 4(1)2 2(1) 3 1 1 2
4 4 2 3 or 13; no 1 1 2 0
25. f(x) 2x3 3x2 x x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
f(1) 2(1)3 3(1)2 1 1 time; 2, 1
2 3 1 or 0; yes 37. f(x) 2x3 x2 x k
26a-d. f(1) 2(1)3 (1)2 1 k
r 1 3 2 8 0211k
1 1 4 2 6 2 k
1 1 2 4 4 38. f(x) x3 kx2 2x 4
2 1 5 8 8 f(2) (2)3 k(2)2 2(2) 4
2 1 1 4 0 0 8 4k 4 4
d
0 4k 8
27. (6)4 36 36 36 or 0 2k
28. 1 1 7 1 7 39. f(x) x3 18x2 kx 4
1 6 7 f(2) (2)3 18(2)2 k(2) 4
1 6 7 0 0 8 72 2k 4
x2 6x 7 (x 1)(x 7) 0 2k 68
(x 1)(x 1)(x 7) 34 k
29. 2 1 1 4 4 40. f(x) x3 4x2 kx 1
2 6 4 f(1) (1)3 4(1)2 k(1) 1
1 3 2 0 0 1 4 k 1
x2 3x 2 (x 1)(x 2) 0k4
(x 2), (x 1), (x 2) 4 k
30. 1 1 1 49 49
1 0 49
1 0 49 0
x2 49 (x 7)(x 7)
(x 1), (x 7), (x 7)
109 Chapter 4
1 44b. V (x )
41. d(t) v0t 2at2 25O
1
25 4t 2(0.4)t2
20O
0 0.2t2 4t 25
5 0.2 4 25 15O
1 25 V (x )
0.2 5 0 10O 2x 3 38x 2 180x
t50
50
t5s
42. 1 1 1 7 a b
O 4 8 12 x
1 2 5 5 a
1 2 5 5 a 5 a b 44c. V(x) 2x 38x 180x
3 2
224 2x3 38x2 180x
2 1 2 5 5 a 5 a b
2 0 10 10 2a 44d. 224 2x3 38x2 180x
1 0 5 5 a 15 a b 0 2x3 38x2 180x 224
5 a b 0 5 a b 0 0 x3 19x2 90x 112
15 a b 0 5 a 10 0 2 1 19 90 112
20 2b 0 a50 2 34 112
2b 20 a 5 1 17 56 0 2 in.
b 10 45. P(3 4i) 0 and P(3 4i) 0 implies that these
43a. V(x) (3 x)(4 x)(5 x) are both roots of ax2 bx c. Since this
V(x) (12 7x x2)(5 x) polynomial is of degree 2 it has only these two
V(x) x3 12x2 47x 60 roots.
x 3 4i
43b. V (x )
x 3 4i
(x 3)2 16
V (x )
x 6x 9 16
2
x 3 12x 2 47x 60
x2 6x 25 0
O x a 1, b 6, c 25
46. r2 5r 8 0
r2 5r 8
25 25
r 5r 4 8 4
2
2
43c. V w h r 52 57
4
V 3 4 5 or 60 5 57
3 3
V (60)
r 2
2
5 5
5 57
36 r 2 2
V(x) x3 12x2 47x 60 47a. f(x) x4 4x3 x2 4x
36 x3 12x2 47x 60 f(2) (2)4 4(2)3 (2)2 4(2)
43d. 36 x3 12x2 47x 60 f(2) 16 32 4 8 or 12; no
0 x3 12x2 47x 24 47b. f(0) (0)4 4(0)3 (0)2 4(0)
f(0) 0 0 0 0 or 0; yes
47c. f(2) (2)4 4(2)3 (2)2 4(2)
f(2) 16 32 4 8 or 36; no
47d. f(4) (4)4 4(4)3 (4)2 4(4)
f(4) 256 256 16 16 or 0; yes
48. f(x) x5 32
Chapter 4 110
50. Let x number of 100 foot units of Pipe A and y
number of 100 foot units of Pipe B. 4-4 The Rational Root Theorem
4x 6y 48
2x 2y 18
2x 2y 18 y 2x y 16
2x y 16 (0, 8) Page 232 Graphing Calculator Exploration
(3, 6) 4x 6y 48
x0 1. 3; 1, 1, 2
y0 2. 2; 1, 2
x0 (7, 2) 3. (1) 1 positive;
f(x) (x)4 4(x)3 3(x)2 4(x) 4
f(x) x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4; 3 or 1
(2) 1 positive; f(x) (x)3 3(x) 2
O (0, 0) y 0 (8, 0) x
f(x) x3 3x 2; 2 or 0
P(x, y) 34x 40y 4. In the first function, there are 2 negative zeros,
P(0, 0) 34(0) 40(0) or 0 but according to Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there
P(0, 8) 34(0) 40(8) or 320 should be 3 or 1 negative zeros. This is because
P(3, 6) 34(3) 40(6) or 342 the 2 is a double zero. In the second function,
P(7, 2) 34(7) 40(2) or 318 there is one negative zero, but according to
P(8, 0) 34(8) 40(0) or 272 Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there should be 2 or 0
3 100 foot units of A, or 300 ft of A zeros. This is because 1 is a double root.
6 100 foot units of B, or 600 ft of B 5. One number represents two zeros of the function.
51. 4x 2y 3z 6 4x 2y 3z 6
2x 7y 3z → 2x 7y 3z 0
3x 9y 13 2z 3x 9y 2z 13 Page 233 Check for Understanding
4x 2y 3z 6
1. possible values of p: 1, 2, 3, 6
2x 7y 3z 0
possible values of q: 1
6x 9y 6
possible rational roots: 1, 2, 3, 6
2(2x 7y 3z) 2(0)
3(3x 9y 2z) 3(13) 2. If the leading coefficient is 1, then q must equal 1.
p p
↓ Therefore, q becomes 1 or p, and p is defined as a
4x 14y 6z 0 factor of an.
9x 27y 6z 39 3. Sample answer: f(x) x3 x2 x 3;
5x 13y 39 f(x) (x)3 (x)2 (x) 3
5(6x 9y) 5(6) f(x) x3 x2 x 3; 0
6(5x 13y) 6(39) 3 or 1 possible positive zeros and no possible
↓ negative zeros
30x 45y 30 4. Sample answer: You can factor the polynomial,
30x 78y 234 graph the function, complete the square, or use
33y 204 the Quadratic Formula if it is a second-degree
68 function, or use the Factor Theorem and the
y 11
Rational Root Theorem. I would factor the
6x 9y 6 4x 2y 3z 6 polynomial if it can be factored easily. If not and it
6x 9 6 211 3z 6
68 91 68
4(11) is a second-degree function, I would use the
11
546 294 Quadratic Formula. Otherwise, I would graph the
6x 1
1 3z 11
function on a graphing utility and use the
91 98
x 11 z 11 Rational Root Theorem to find the exact zeros.
111 Chapter 4
6. p: 1, 3 Pages 234–235 Exercises
q: 1, 2 p
P 1 3 10.
q: 1, 2, 3, 6
:
q 1, 3, 2, 2
r 1 2 5 6
r 2 3 8 3
1 1 3 2 8
1 2 5 3 0
2 1 4 3 0
1 2 1 9 12
1
2 4 6 0 x2 4x 3 0
2
(x 3)(x 1) 0
1
2 2 2 6 1.5 x 3, x 1
rational roots: 3, 1, 2
3 2 9 19 60
p
3 2 3 1 0 11. :
q 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
1
rational roots: 3, 2, 1 r 1 2 1 18
7. 2 or 0; f(x) 8(x)3 6(x)2 23(x) 6 1 1 3 4 14
f(x) 8x3 6x2 23x 6; 1 2 1 4 9 0
p 1 3 1 3 1 3
:
q 1, 2, 3, 6, 2, 2, 4, 4, 8, 8
x2 4x 9 0
r 8 6 23 6 does not factor
rational root: 2
1 8 2 21 15
p
2 8 10 3 0 12. :
q 1, 2
8x2 10x 3 0 r 1 5 9 7 2
(4x 1)(2x 3) 0 1 1 4 5 2 0
4x 1 0 2x 3 0
4x 1 2x 3 x3 4x2 5x 2
1 3 1
x 4 x 2 or 12 r 1 4 5 2
1 1
12, 4, 2 2 1 2 1 0
Chapter 4 112
15. p: 1 20. 2 or 0 positive
q: 1, 2, 3, 6 f(x) 10x3 17x2 7x 2
p 1 1 1 1 negative
:
q 1, 2, 3, 6
r 10 17 7 2
r 6 35 1 7 1 1
2 10 22 4 0
1
6 38 18 2 0
2
10x2 22x 4 0
5x2 11x 2 0
6x3 38x2 18x 2
(5x 1)(x 2) 0
1
r 6 38 18 2 x 5, x 2
1 1
3
1
6 36 6 0 rational zeros: 2, 5, 2
21. 2 or 0 positive
6x2 36x 6 0 f(x) x4 2x3 9x2 2x 8
x2 6x 1 0 2 or 0 negative
does not factor
1 1 r 1 2 9 2 8
rational roots: 3, 2
1 1 3 6 8 0
16. 4; 3 or 1; x3 3x2 6x 8
f(x) (x)4 2(x)3 7(x) 4(x) 15
f(x) x4 2x3 7x 4x 15; 1 negative r 1 3 6 8
1 positive 1 1 2 8 0
17. f(x) x3 7x 6 x2 2x 8 0
0 or 2 negative (x 4)(x 2) 0
x 4, x 2
r 1 0 7 6 rational zeros: 4, 1, 1, 2
1 1 1 6 12 22. 2 or 0 positive
1 1 1 6 0 f(x) x4 5x2 4
x2 x 6 0 2 or 0 negative
(x 3)(x 2) 0 r 1 0 5 0 4
x 3, x 2 1 1 1 4 4 0
rational zeros: 2, 1, 3
18. 1 positive x3 x2 4x 4
f(x) x3 2x2 8 r 1 1 4 4
1 negative 1 1 0 4 0
f(x) x3 2x2 8x
x2 4 0
0 x(x2 2x 8)
(x 2)(x 2) 0
x(x 4)(x 2)
x 2, x 2
x 0, x 4, x 2
rational zeros: 2, 1, 1, 2
rational zeros: 2, 0, 4
23a. f(x) (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
19. 1 positive
0 (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
f(x) x3 3x2 10x 24
x20 x20 (x 1)2 0
2 or 0 negative
x2 x 2 x10
r 1 3 10 24 x 1
3 1 6 8 14 23b. f(x) (x 2)(x 2)(x 1)2
f(x) (x2 4)(x2 2x 1)
x2 6x 8 0 f(x) x4 2x3 3x2 8x 4
(x 4)(x 2) 0 23c. 1 positive
x 4, x 2 f(x) x4 2x3 3x2 8x 4
rational zeros: 4, 2, 3 3 or 1 negative
23d. There are 2 negative zeros, but according to
Descartes’ Rule of Signs, there should be 3 or 1.
This is because 1 is actually a zero twice.
24a. Let the length.
w4
h 2 1
V() w h
V() ( 4)(2 1)
V() (2 4)(2 1)
V() 23 92 4
113 Chapter 4
2x 3 3x
24b. V() 23 92 4 33. 2
x
2208 23 92 4
2(2x 3) x(3 x)
24c. 2208 23 92 4 4x 6 3x x2
0 23 92 4 2208 x2 x 6 0
(x 3)(x 2) 0
r 2 9 4 2208
x30 x20
12 2 15 184 0
x 3 x2
12 w4 h 2 1 The correct choice is A.
w 12 4 or 8 h 2(12) 1 or 23
12 in. 8 in. 23 in.
25a. Sample answer: x4 x3 x2 x 3 0 Page 235 Mid-Chapter Quiz
25b. Sample answer: x3 x2 2 0 1. (x 1)(x (1))(x 2i)(x (2i)) 0
25c. Sample answer: x3 x 0 (x 1)(x 1)(x 2i)(x 2i) 0
26a. Let the length. (x2 1)(x2 4) 0
h9 x4 3x2 4 0
1
V() 3Bh 2. 3; x 11x 30x 0
3 2
(x2 1)(x2 4) 0
x4 5x2 4 0 r 1 6 10 3
32. y 4.3x 8424.3 3 1 3 1 0
y 4.3(2008) 8424.3 x2 3x 1 0
y $210.10 does not factor
rational root: 3
Chapter 4 114
9. 1 positive 4. Nikki; the sign changes between 2 and 1.
F(x) x4 4x3 3x2 4x 4 5. r 1 4 2
3 or 1 negative
2 1 6 10
r 1 4 3 4 4 1
0
1
1
5
4
2
3
1 1 5 8 4 0
1 1 3 5
x3 5x2 8x 4 0 2 1 2 6
3 1 1 5
r 1 5 8 4
1 1 4 4 0
4
5
1
1
0
1
2
3
4 and 5, 1 and 0
x2 4x 4 0
(x 2)(x 2) 0 6. r 1 3 2 4
x 2, x 2
rational zeros: 2, 1, 1
2
1
1
1
5
4
8
2
12
2
10. Let r radius. 0 1 3 2 4
hr6 1 1 2 4 0←
1
V 3r2h 2 1 1 4 4
1
27 3r2(r 6)
3
4
1
1
0
1
2
2
2
12
1
0 r3 2r2 27 2 and 1, at 1, 3 and 4
3
0 r3 6r2 81 7. r 2 4 0 3
0 2 4 0 3
r 1 6 0 81 1 2 2 2 5
3 1 9 27 0 2 2 0 0 3
r3 hr6 3 2 2 6 15
h 3 6 or 9 approximate zero: 2.3
r 3 cm, h 9 cm 8. r 1 3 2
2 1 1 0
1 1 2 0
115 Chapter 4
11b. V w h 1.5V 1.5(3750) 17. r 2 0 1 3 3
V 25(30)(5) 1.5V 5625 3 2 6 19 60 183
V 3750 2 2 4 9 21 45
V(x) x3 60x2 1025x 3750
1 2 2 3 6 9
5625 x3 60x2 1025x 3750
0 2 0 1 3 3
11c. 5625 x3 60x2 1025x 3750
0 x3 60x2 1025x 1875 1 2 2 3 0 3
r 1 60 1025 1875 2 2 4 9 16 35
1
2
1
1
61
62
1086
1149
789
423
no real zeros
18. r 6 24 54 3
x 1.7 6 6 12 18 111
25 x 25 1.7 30 x 30 1.7 5 6 6 24 117
26.7 31.7 yes; f(6) 111, f(5) 117
5 x 5 1.7 19–25. Use the TABLE feature of a graphing
6.7 calculator.
about 26.7 cm by 31.7 cm by 6.7 cm
19. 0.7, 0.7 20. 2.6, 0.4
21. 2.5 22. 0.4, 3.4
23. 1, 1 24. 1.3, 0.9, 7.4
Pages 240–242 Exercises
25. 1.24
12. r 1 0 0 2
1 1 1 1 3 26. Sample answers:
0 1 0 0 2 r 3 2 5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 6 5
upper bound: 1
2 1 2 4 6
f(x) 3x3 2x2 5x 1
3 1 3 9 25 r 3 2 5 1
1 and 2 0 3 2 5 1
13. r 2 5 1 lower bound: 0
1 2 7 8 27. Sample answers:
0
1
2
2
5
3 2
1
r
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
2
3
2
2
1
1
1
4
2 1
upper bound: 2
1 1
Chapter 4 116
29. Sample answers: 32f. 1.4, 3.4 (Use TABLE feature of a graphing
r 1 5 3 20 calculator.)
1 1 6 3 17 33a. 1890: P(0) 0.78(0)4 133(0)3 7500(0)2
2 1 7 11 2 147,500(0) 1,440,000
upper bound: 2 1,440,000
f(x) x3 5x2 3x 20 1910: P(20) 0.78(20)4 133(20)3 7500(20)2
r 1 5 3 20 147,500(20) 1,440,000
1 1 4 7 13 2,329,200
2 1 3 9 2 1930: P(40) 0.78(40)4 133(40)3 7500(40)2
3 1 2 9 7 147,500(40) 1,440,000
4 1 1 7 8 1,855,200
5 1 0 3 5 1950: P(60) 0.78(60)4 133(60)3 7500(60)2
6 1 1 3 38 147,500(60) 1,440,000
lower bound: 6 1,909,200
30. Sample answers: 1970: P(80) 0.78(80)4 133(80)3 7500(80)2
r 1 3 2 3 5 147,500(80) 1,440,000
1 1 2 4 1 6 1,387,200
2 1 1 4 5 15 The model is fairly close, although it is less
3 1 0 2 3 14 accurate at for 1950 and 1970.
4 1 1 2 11 39 33b. 1980 1890 90
upper bound: 4
P(90) 0.78(90)4 133(90)3 7500(90)2
f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5
147,500(90) 1,440,000
r 1 3 2 3 5
P(90) 253,800
1 1 4 2 1 6
2 1 5 8 13 21 33c. The population becomes 0.
lower bound: 2 33d. No; there are still many people living in
31. Sample answers: Manhattan.
r 1 5 3 20 0 15 34. Sample answer:
1 1 6 3 23 23 8 f(x) (x 2 )(x 2)(x 1)
upper bound: 1 f(x) (x2 2)(x 1)
f(x) x5 5x4 3x3 20x2 15 f(x) x3 x2 2x 2; 2 , 1
r 1 5 3 20 0 15 f (x )
1 1 4 7 27 27 8
2 1 3 9 38 76 137 f (x ) x 3
3 1 2 9 47 141 408 x 2 2x 2
4 1 1 7 48 192 753
5 1 0 3 35 175 860 O x
6 1 1 3 2 12 57
7 1 2 11 57 399 2808
lower bound: 7
32a. 4 32b. 1, 5 35a. 37.44 60x3 60x2 60x
32c. 3 or 1; f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5 35b. f(x) 60x3 60x2 60x 37.44
1 negative real zero
35c. f (x )
32d. r 1 3 2 3 5 f (x ) 4O
5 1 2 8 43 210 60x 3 60x 2 60x 37.44
4
3
1
1
1
0 2
2 11
3
39
14
2O
2 1 1 4 5 15 2 1 O 1 2x
1 1 2 4 1 6 20
0 1 3 2 3 5
40
1
2
1
1
4
5
2
8 13
1
6
21 1
3 1 6 16 45 130 about 2
2 and 1, 3 and 4 35d. 0.4 (Use TABLE feature of a graphing
32e. Sample answers: calculator.)
upper bound: 4 (See table in 32d.) 36. Sample answer: f(x) x2 1
f(x) x4 3x3 2x2 3x 5
r 1 3 2 3 5
1 1 4 2 1 6
2 1 5 8 13 21
lower bound: 2
117 Chapter 4
37a. f (x ) f (x )
0.125x 5 3.125x 4 4000
42.
73 96
7(6) 3(9) or 15
100,000 3 8 2 4
43. (x, y) 2, 2
80,000
(2.5, 1)
60,000
44. x 2y 4 0
40,000 1 1
y 2x 2; 2; 2
2O,000
45. A
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 x
b 5 (b 5)(b 3) b 3 (b 5)(b 3)
9
3
9(b 3) 3(b 5)
O x 9b 27 3b 15
y x 4x 1 6b 42 0
b7
Chapter 4 118
t4 3 16
7.
t t4
t2 4t
Pages 247–250 Exercises
t4 16 12
t
3
(t)(t 4)
t4
t2 4t (t)(t 4)
12. t 8
t 0
(t 4)(t 4) 3(t) 16 12
t 8 t
t (0)t
t2 16 3t 16 12 t2 8t 0
t2 3t 0 t2 8t 12 0
t(t 3) 0 (t 6)(t 2) 0
t0 t30 t60 t20
t 3 t6 t2
But t 0, so t 3.
1 m 34
3p 1 3p 1 13.
2m2
8.
p2 1
(p 1)(p 1)
m
m 34
3p 1
A B m12m2 2m 2m
2
2
p1 p1
p2 1
m2 34m 2m2
3p 1 A(p 1) B(p 1) 0 m2 34m
Let p 1. 0 m(m 34)
3(1) 1 A(1 1) B(1 1) m0 m 34 0
2 2B m 34
1B But m 0, so m 34.
Let p 1.
2 3 y
3(1) 1 A(1 1) B(1 1) 14.
y2 y
y2
4 2A y
2A
y 2 y (y)(y 2) y 2 (y)(y 2)
2
3
3p 1
2 1 2y 3(y 2) y2
p1 p1
p2 1
5y 6 y2
1 16
9. 5 x
x; exclude: 0 y2 5y 6 0
( y 3)( y 2) 0
5x 1 16 y30 y20
5x 15 y 3 y 2
x3 But y 2, so y 3.
1 16
(1)
(1)
Test x 1: 5 10 2n 5 2n 5
15.
n2 1
n1 n1
4
16 true 2n 5 2n 5
Test x 1: 5 1
1
1 16
n 1 n 1 (n 1)(n 1) n 1 (n 1)(n 1)
10
2
6 6 false
5 7
2(a 1) (12)(a 1)(a 1)
3a
Test a 36: 1 36 1 6
4(a 1)7a 3(a 1)5 6(a 1)3a
1 7
1 7 6 28a2 28a 15a 15 18a2 18a
48 49 10a2 25a 15 0
true
42 42 2a2 5a 3 0
Solution: a 1, a 31 (2a 1)(a 3) 0
3 60 20 2a 1 0 a30
11a.
3x 57.14 1
a 2 a3
3 60 20
11b.
3x 57.14
3 60 20 57.14(3 x)
200 171.42 57.14x
0.50 x; 0.50 h
119 Chapter 4
1 a
1 x6 x6
1a a1
18.
23.
x2 2x x(x 2)
1(1 a)(a 1) (1 a)(a 1)
1 a
x6
1a a1 A B
x2 2x x x2
a 1 a2 a a 1 a(1 a) x 6 A(x 2) B(x)
a2 2a 1 a2 2a 1 Let x 2.
00 2 6 A(2 2) B(2)
all reals except 1 4 2B
2q 2q
1 2 B
19. 2q 3 2q 3 Let x 0.
2q 2q
(2q 3)(2q 3) 1(2q 3)(2q 3)
2q 3 2q 3
0 6 A(0 2) B(0)
6 2A
2q(2q 3) 2q(2q 3) (2q 3)(2q 3)
3A
4q2 6q 4q2 6q 4q2 9 x6 2
0 4q2 12q 9 3
x 2x
2 x x2
12 144
9)
4(4)(
q
24 5m 4 5m 4
24.
12 288
m2 4 (m 2)(m 2)
5m 4
8 A B
12 122 m2 4 m2 m2
8 5m 4 A(m 2) B(m 2)
3 32 Let m 2.
2 5(2) 4 A(2 2) B(2 2)
1 6m 9 3m 3 6 4B
20.
3m 3m 4m 1.5 B
31m 6m 9
(12m)
3m
(12m)
3m 3
4m
Let m 2.
4 4(6m 9) 3(3m 3) 5(2) 4 A(2 2) B(2 2)
4 24m 36 9m 9 14 4A
15m 23 3.5 A
5m 4 3.5 1.5
m 2135 m 4
2 m2 m2
4y 4y
21. 4 7
3 25.
x1 2x x1 3y2 4y 1 (3y 1)(y 1)
4y A B
4
(x 1)(2 x)(x
x1
1)
7
2x
3
x1
3y2 4y 1 3y 1 y1
4y A(y 1) B(3y 1)
(x 1)(2 x)(x 1)
Let y 1.
4(2 x)(x 1) 7(x 1)(x 1)
4(1) A(1 1) B(3(1) 1)
3(x 1)(2 x)
4 2B
4(x2 x 2) 7(x2 1)
2 B
3(x2 3x 2)
4x2 4x 8 4x2 9x 13 Let y 13.
5 13x 413 A13 1 B313 1
5
x
13 43 23A
22a. (n 1)(n 2) 22b. 1, 2
2A
n6 4 4y 2
22c. 1
n1 n2
2
3y2 4y 1 3y 1 y1
1 (n 1)(n 2) (n 1)(n 2)
n6
n1
4
n2 26. 9 9x
9 9x
x2 9 (x 3)(x 3)
(n 1)(n 2) (n 2)(n 6) 4(n 1) 9 9x A B
n2 n 2 n2 4n 12 4n 4
x2 9 (x 3) (x 3)
2n2 n 18 0 Let x 3.
n
1 1
(2)(1
48) 9 9(3) A(3 3) B(3 3)
22
18 6B
1 145
4
3 B
Let x 3.
9 9(3) A(3 3) B(3 3)
36 6A
6 A
9 9x 6 3
x 9
2 x3 x3
6 3
,
x3 x3
27a. a(a 6)
Chapter 4 120
a2 a4 x2 16
27b.
a
a6
30. 0
x2 4x 5
a2
a
(a)(a 6) a4
a6
(a)(a 6)
x2 16
(x 5)(x 1)
0; exclude 5, 1
(a 2)(a 6) (a 4)(a) x2 160
a2 8a 12 a2 4a x2 16
12 4a x 4
3a Test x 5:
(5)2 16
0
(5 5)(5 1)
27c. 0, 6 9
0 true
1 2 1 4 40
27d. Test a 1: (2)2 16
1 1 6 Test x 2:
(2 5)(2 1)
0
5
3 7 false 12
0 false
12 14 7
Test a 1: 0 16
1 16 Test x 0: 0
3 02 4(0) 5
1 5 true 16
0 true
42 44 5
Test a 4: 4.52 16
4 46 Test x 4.5:
(4.5 5)(4.5 1)
0
1
0 false 4.25
2 0 false
72 74 2.75
Test a 7: 6 16
2
7 76 Test x 6: 0
5 62 24 5
3 true 20
7 0 true
7
Solution: 0 a 3, 6 a
Solution: x 4, 1 x 4, x
5
2
28. 3
2w
9
; exclude: 0 1 5 1
w 31.
4a 8a
2; exclude: 0
2 3w 29 1 5 1
w9
4a 8a 2
2 29
Test w 1:
1
3
1
2 5 4a
7
1
29 true
4 a
Test w 1: 1 3
21
2 9
Test a 1:
1 5 1
4(1) 8(1)
2
5
29 false 7 1
Test w 10: 2 29
3
8
2 false
(10) 10
1 5 1
32
21
9
0
true 4(1) 8(1)
2
Test a 1:
10
Solution: w 0, w
9 7 1
8
2 true
(x 3)(x 4)
29. 0; exclude 5, 6 1 5 1
(x 5)(x 6)2 Test a 2:
4(2) 8(2)
2
(x 3)(x 4) 0 7 1
x30 x40
16
2 false
x3 x4 Solution: 0
7
a 4
(0 3)(0 4)
Test x 0: 2 0
(0 5)(0 6)
12
0 true
180
(3.5 3)(3.5 4)
Test x 3.5: 2 0
(3.5 5)(3.5 6)
0.25
0 false
9.375
(4.5 3)(4.5 4)
Test x 4.5: 2 0
(4.5 5)(4.5 6)
0.75
0 true
1.125
(5.5 3)(5.5 4)
Test x 5.5: 2 0
(5.5 5)(5.5 6)
3.75
0 false
0.125
6.5 3)(6.5 4)
Test x 6.5:( 2 0
(6.5 5)(6.5 6)
8.75
0 false
0.375
Solution: x 3, 4 x 5
121 Chapter 4
1 1 8 1 x2
32.
2b 1
b 1
15 ; exclude: 2 , 1
35.
x5
0.30
1 1 8 x2
2b 1
b1
15
x5 0.30; exclude 5
15(b 1) 15(2b 1) 8(2b 1)(b 1) x 2 0.30(x 5)
45b 30 16b2 24b 8 x 2 0.30x 1.5
0 16b2 21b 22 0.7x 3.5
0 (16b 11)(b 2) x 5
16b 11 0 b20 Test x 6:
6 2
6 5
0.30
11
b 16 b2
0.36
0.30 true
1 1 8
2(2) 1 2 1
15
Test b 2:
Test x 0:
02
0.30
05
4 8
3
1
5 false 0.4
0.30 false
1 1 8 62
2(0.8) 1 (0.8) 1
15
Test b 0.8:
6 5
0.30
Test x 6:
10 8
1 8
0.30 true
3 5 true
1 1 8 Solution: x 5 or x
5
Test b 0.6:
2(0.6) 1(0.6) 1
15 1 1 1
5 8 36a. d 3
2
15 false 8 i 2
1 1 8 1 1 1
2(0) 1 0 1
15
Test b 0: 36b.
8 d 3
2
i
8
2
15 true 18(32di) d1 312 (32di)
i
1
1
Test b 3: 2(3) 1 3 1
1
8 4di 32 di
5
11 8 3di 32
false 2
28 15 di 103 cm
11 1
Solution: 1 b 16, 2 b 2 x 1
x3 x2
37. Sample answer:
7
33.
y1
7; exclude 1 38. Let x capacity of larger truck.
5 x
7 7(y 1)
2 x3
1y1
5(x 3) 2x
0y
7
5x 15 2x
Test y 2:
2 1
7 3x 15
7
7 false x 5 tons
7 1 1 1 1
0.5 1
7
Test y 0.5: 39a.
10 2r r 2
0
14
7 true 1 1 1 1
7 39b.
10 2r r 2
0
Test y 1:
11
7
7
7 false
110 (20r) 21r 1r 210 (20r)
2
2r 10 20 r
Solution: 1 y 0 r 30
34. Let x the number. 2r 2(30) or 60; 60 ohms, 30 ohms
4x x 105
1 2
40. Let x the number of quiz questions to be
20 5x2 52x answered.
11 x
5x2 52x 20 0
20 x 0.70
(5x 2)(x 10) 0 11 x 0.70(20 x)
5x 2 0 x 10 0 11 x 14 0.70x
2
x 5 x 10 0.3x 3
x 10 questions
41. Let x the speed of the wind.
1062 738
200 x
200 x
1062(200 x) 738(200 x)
212,400 1062x 147,600 738x
64,800 1800x
36 x; 36 mph
Chapter 4 122
42.
1 1 1
48. 5 1 0 30 0
a b c
5 25 25
1 1
(a)(b)(c)
a b c(a)(b)(c)
1
1 5 5 25
bc ac ab no
bc ab ac 49. 2; 12x2 8x 15 0
bc a(b c) (6x 5)(2x 3) 0
bc
a 6x 5 0 2x 3 0
bc 5 3
x 6 x 2
2y z
1 1 1 1
43a.
x
50. 3x 12 0
23
0 45
1 1 1 1
3x 12
x
3x 12 3x 12
23
0 45
1 1 1 1
43b. x4 x 4
x
1 1 1
x 6
0 90
2x 3
51. y x
(360x)
1
x
1
60
1
90 (360x) ? 2(6) 3
3 6
360 6x 4x 5
3 2 false
360 10x
36 x no
44. Let x number of gallons of gasoline. 52. y2 121x2 → b2 121a2
20 m 15,000 m 52a. (b)2 121a2 52b. b2 121(a)2
x
g g b2 121a2 yes b2 121a2 yes
20x 15,000 52c. (a) 121(b)
2 2 52d. (a)2 121(b)2
x 750 gallons a2 121b2 no a2 121b2 no
750 $1.20 $900
53a. Let x short answer questions and y
x $1.20 $900 $200
1 essay questions. y
x 5833 gallons x y 20 20
Let y number of miles per gallon. 2x 12y 60
16
15,000 m x0
ym
g 1 y0 12 x y 20
5833 g
1 8 2x 12y 60
5833y 15,000 (0, 5)
y 25.7; about 25.7 mpg 4 (18, 2)
x0
x
d
45. T s O 4 8 12 16 20
2 26 26
(0, 0) y 0 (20, 0)
103
s5 s5
S(x, y) 5x 15y
1032(3)(s 5)(s 5)
s 5 s 5 (3)(s 5)(s 5)
26
26
S(0, 0) 5(0) 15(0) or 0
32(s 5)(s 5) 26(3)(s 5) 26(3)(s 5) S(0, 5) 5(0) 15(5) or 75
32s2 800 78s 390 78s 390 S(18, 2) 5(18) 15(2) or 120
32s 156s 800 0
2 S(20, 0) 5(20) 15(0) or 100
8s2 39s 200 0 18 short answer and 2 essay for a score of
(8s 25)(s 8) 0 120 points
8s 25 0 s80
25
s 8 s8
8 mph
3x 5y 3x 5y
46.
5y 5y 5y
11 1
10
47.
3 5
r
3
1
1
2
1 0 5
2 3
1
1
1
0
1 4
1
1
0 1 2 3 5
5
1 1 3 0
2 1 4 5 5
123 Chapter 4
53b. Let x short answer questions and y Radical Equations and
essay questions. 4-7
x y 20 20
y Inequalities
2x 12y 120 x y 20
16 Pages 254–255 Check for Understanding
x0
y0 12 2x 12y 120 1. To solve the equation, you need to get rid of the
(0, 10)
(12, 8)
radical by squaring both sides of the equation. If
8 the radical is not isolated first, a radical will
x0 remain in the equation.
4
2. The process of raising to a power sometimes
x creates a new equation with more solutions than
O 4 8 12 16 20 the original equation. These extra or extraneous
(0, 0) y 0 (20, 0)
solutions do not solve the original equation.
S(x, y) 5x 15y 3. When solving an equation with one radical, you
S(0, 0) 5(0) 15(0) or 0 isolate the radical on one side and then square
S(0, 10) 5(0) 15(10) or 150 each side. When there is more than one radical
S(12, 8) 5(12) 15(8) or 180 expression in an equation, you isolate one of the
S(20, 0) 5(20) 15(0) or 100 radicals and then square each side. Then you
12 short answer and 8 essay for a score of 180 isolate the other radical and square each side. In
points both cases, once you have eliminated all radical
54. 1
1 1
1 3
3
5 x
5 signs, you solve for the variable.
4. 1 t 4 2 Check: 1t 4 2
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) x
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) 1 4t 4
4t 3
1 44 2
3
1 32
0 0 3
x t 4
0 0 22
y y1 m(x x1)
3 3
55. 5. x 4 12 3 Check: x 4 12 3
y 1 2(x (3))
3 3
x 4 9 733
4 12 3
y 1 2x 6
3
x 4 729 729
12 3
2x y 7 0 x 733 9 12 3
3000 5000 33
56a. m
20 60 56b. $2000; $50
6. 5 x 42 Check: 5 x 42
m 50
x 4 3 5 13 4 2
y 3000 50(x 20)
x49 5 9 2
y 50x 2000
x 13 53 2
C(x) 50x 2000
no real solution
56c. C (x ) 7. 6x 4 2x 0 1
6x 4 2x 10
$4000 4x 14
x 3.5
$3000 2000
C (x ) 50x Check: 6x
4 2x
0 1
Cost
$2000
62
7
4
22
7
10
$1000 21
4 70 1
17
17
0
0 2 4 6 8 x 8. a
4 a
37
Televisions Produced a
4 7 a 3
1 a 4 49 14a 3a3
57. A of JKL 2(9)(7) or 31.5 42 14a 3
1
A of small triangle 2(5)(3) or 7.5 1764 196(a 3)
9a3
A of shaded region 31.5 7.5 or 24 12 a
The answer is 24. Check: a 4 a37
12
4 12
37
16
97
437
Chapter 4 124
9. 5x
48 5x 4 0 16. 4
3m2 15 4
5x 4 64 5x 4
3m2 15 1
5x 60 x 0.8 3m2 15 1
x 12 3m2 16
Test x 1: 5(1)
48 16
m2 3
1
8 meaningless 4
Test x 0: 5(0)
48 m 33
4 8 true Check: 4
3m2
15 4
Test x 13: 5(13)
48
2
4 333
15 4
4
69
8 false
Solution: 0.8 x 12 414
10. 3 4a5 10 4a 5 0 44
4a5 7 4a 5 Check: 4
3m2
15 4
4a 5 49 a 1.25
2
4 333
15 4
4
4a 54
a 13.5 41 4
Test a 0: 3 4(0)
5 10 44
3 5
10 meaningless 17. 9u4 7u 20
Test a 2: 3 4(2)
5 10 9u 4 7u 20
4 3 10 true 2u 16
Test a 14: 3 4(14)
5 10 u 8
3 51
10 false Check: 9u
4 7u
20
Solution: 1.25 a 13.5 9(8)
4 7(8)
20
11a. v v02
64h 76 76
90 102 64h no real solution
3
90 100
64h 18. 56u 2 3
3
11b. 90 100
64h Check: 90 100
64h 56u 5
8100 100 64h 90 100
5)
64(12 6u 5 125
8000 64h 90 8100
6u 120
1125 h; 125 ft 90 90 u 20
3
Check: 56u 2 3
3
6(20
) 5 2 3
3
125
2 3
Pages 255–257 Exercises
5 2 3
12. x
85 Check: x 85
3 3
x
8 25 17
8 5
x 17 255 19. 4m2 3m 2 2m 5 0
55 4m2 3m 2 2m 5
3 3 4m2 3m 2 4m2 20m 25
13.
y74 Check: y74
3 23 23m
y 7 64 71
74
3 1 m
y 71 644
Check: 4m2 3m 2 2m 5 0
44
4(1) 2 3(
1) 2 2(1) 5 0
14. 8n
5 12 Check: 8n
5 12 9250
8n
5 3
84
7
512 330
00
8n 5 9 5
14 12
8n 14 312 20. k 9 k 3
7 k 9 3 k
n 4 22
k 9 3 23k k
15. x 16 x 4 6 23k
x 16 x 8x 16 36 4(3k)
0 8x 36 12k
0 x 3k
0x Check: k 9 k 3
Check: x 16 x 4 3 9 3 3
0 1 0
6 4 12 3 3
16
4 23 3 3
44 3 3
125 Chapter 4
21. a1 2 1 a 2 1 26. 2x
1 2x
65
a 21 2a 1 2 1 a 12 2x
1 5 2x
6
2a 1 2 10 2x 1 25 102x
6 2x 6
4(a 21) 100 30 102x 6
a 21 25 3 2x
6
a4 9 2x 6
Check: a 1 2 1 a 2 1 3 2x
41 2 1 4 2 1 3
x
2
25
1 16
514 Check:
2x 1 2x
65
44
22
3
1
22
3
65
22. 3x
4 2x 73
4 95
3x
4 3 2x 7 235
3x 4 9 62x 7 2x 7 55
x 2 62x 7
27. 3x
0 1 x 11 1
x2 4x 4 36(2x 7)
3x 10 x 11 2x 11 1
x2 68x 256 0
2x 2 2x 11
(x 4)(x 64) 0
x40 x 64 0 x 1 x 11
x4 x 64 x2 2x 1 x 11
3x x2 3x 10 0
Check: 4 2x 73
(x 5)(x 2) 0
3(4)
4 2(4)
73
16 1 3 x50 x20
413 x5 x 2
33 Check: 3x 0 1 x 11 1
Check: 3x
4 2x
73 3(5)
10 5 1 1 1
3(64)
4 2(64)
73 25
16 1
196
121 3 541
14 11 3 5 3
33 Check: 3x
0 1 x 11 1
3
23. 21 3(2)
10 2 11 1
7b 4 0
3 4 9 1
21 7b 4
231
8(7b 1) 64
22
7b 1 8
Solution: x 2
7b 9
9 28a. 3t4 1 t 6
b 7 3t
4 1 6 t
3
Check: 21
7b 4 0 3t 14 36 12t t2
2 77 1 4 0
39 0 t2 15t 50
0 (t 5)(t 10)
3
40
28 t50 t 10 0
440 t5 t 10
00 Check: 3t
4 4
4 1 t 6
24. 3t
20 Check: 3t
20 3(5)
14 5 6
4
3t
2 3
4
136 2 0 1 56
156
4
3t 16 20
16 66
16
t 3 220 Check: 3t
4 1 t 6
00 3(10)
14 10 6
16 10 6
25. x 2 7 x9
4 10 6
x 2 14x 2 49 x 9
14 6
14x 2 42
196(x 2) 1764 10
x29 28b. 5
x7
Check: x 2 7 x 9
7 2 7 7 9
374
4 4
no real solution
Chapter 4 126
29. 2x
75 Test x 0: 2(0)
75 34. m
2 3m
4
2x 7 25 7
5 m 2 3m 4
2x 32 meaningless 2m 2
x 16 Test x 4: 2(4)
75 m 1
2x 7 0 8 75 m20
2x 7 15 m 2
7
x 2 false 3m 4 0
Test x 17: 2(17)
75 3m 4
27
5 m 3
4
true
Solution: x 16 Test m 3: 3 2 3(3)
4
1 5 meaningless
30. b 46 Test b 5: 5 4 6
b 4 36 1 6 Test m 1.6: 1.6
2 3(1.
6) 4
b 32 meaningless 0.4
0.8
b40 Test b 0: 0 46 meaningless
b 4 4 6 Test m 1.2: 1.2
2 3(1.
2) 4
26 0.8
0.4 false
true Test m 0: 0 2 3(0)
4
Test b 33: 334 6 2 4 true
37 6 Solution: m 1
false 35. 2c
5
7 Test c 0: 2(0)
57
Solution: 4 b 32 2c 5
49 5
7
31. a 54 Test a 0: 0 54 2c
54 meaningless
a 5 16 54 c
27 Test c 5: 2(5)
57
a 21 meaningless 2c 5 0 5 7
a50 Test a 6: 6 54 2c 5 false
a5 1 4 c 2.5 Test c 28: 2(28)
5 7
14 51
7
true true
Test a 22: 225 4 Solution: c
27
17 4
36a. t
3
2s 14.4
36b.
false g g
Solution: 5 a 21 14.4
3
9 g
2(7.2)
g
32. 2x 56 Test x 0: 2(0)
56
9g 14.4
3
14.4
2x 5 36 5 6
g
2x 41 meaningless g 1.6 m/s2
3
x 20.5 Test x 5: 2(5)
56 37. x 5 x3
x 5 (x 3
3
2x 5 0 5 6 )2
x 5 x 6
3
2x 5 true 2 x9
x 2.5 Test x 22: 2(22)
56 (x 5)3 x2 6x 9
39
6 x3 15x2 75x 125 x2 6x 9
false x3 16x2 81x 134 0
Solution: 2.5 x 20.5 Use a graphing calculator to find the zero.
4 4
33. 5y 9 2 Test y 0: 5(0) 92
4
5y 9 16 9 2
5y 25 meaningless
4
y5 Test y 2: 5(0) 92
4
5y 9 0 1 2
5y 9 true
4
y 1.8 Test y 6: 5(6) 92
4
212
false
Solution: 1.8 y 5 [2, 10] sc11 by [10, 10] sc11
about 7.88
38a. s 30fd
s 30(0.6
)(25)
s 450
s 21.2 mph
38b. s 30fd
35 30(0.6
)d
1225 18d
68.06 d; about 68 ft
127 Chapter 4
38c. No; it is not a linear function. p
44. :
q 6, 3, 2, 1
39a. T 2
39b. t 2
g g r 1 5 5 5 6
T 2
T 2
1 1
1 1 6 11 6 0
9.8 8.9
T 2.01 s T 2.11 s x3 6x2 11x 6 0
39c. Let x the new length of the pendulum. r 1 6 11 6
22
2
x
1 1 5 6 0
g g
x2 5x 6 0
4
g 2
x
g (x 3)(x 2) 0
x30 x20
2
g
g
x
x
x 3 x 2
4g g 3, 2, 1, 1
4 x 45a. point discontinuity
It must be multiplied by 4. 45b. jump discontinuity
ra 3
r
Ta 45c. infinite discontinuity
40.
Tb p
b
v 10O
46a. p w p 1056
r
67,200,000 3
225
687
1056
w
0 3
47. 4 1 6 2 2 4(0) (1)(2) 6(5)
42. T 2
tc
2
tc
p2
2
4 0 2
5 1
4(0) 0(2) 2(5)
t (200)
4(3)(1)(2) 6(1)
108
2
4(3) 0(2) 2(1)
2
502
t (200) 2
28
10 14
20
108 2
2
t 200 t 200 2
2500
48. 4(a b c) 4(6) → 4a 4b 4c 24
2a 3b 4c 3 2a 3b 4c 3
t 416 t 400t 40,000 2
2500
2
t2 832t 173,056
4
t2 400t 50,000
2a 7b 21
4
4 4(a b c) 4(6) → 4a 4b 4c 24
t2 832t 173,056 t2 400t 50,000 4a 8b 4c 12 4a 8b 4c 12
123,056 1232t 12b 12
99.88 t; about 99.88 psi b1
a2 a 3 1 2a 7b 21 abc6
43.
2a 1 3
4a 2 ; exclude: 2
2a 7(1) 21 71c6
a2 a7 c 2
2a 1 (6)(2a 1) 3 2(2a 1) (6)(2a 1)
a
3
(7, 1, 2)
6(a 2) a(2)(2a 1) 3(3)
49. y 3.54x 7125.4
6a 12 4a2 2a 9
y 3.54(2010) 7125.4
0 4a2 4a 3
y 10 students
0 (2a 3)(2a 1)
2a 3 0 2a 1 0 50. 7y 4x 3 0
4 3
a 2
3 1
a 2 y 7x 7
7
3
perpendicular slope: 4
2
7
y 5 4(x 2)
7 3
y 4x 2
51. A r2 A r2
1 2
2 (1)2
1
4 1
1 5
1
4 4
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 4 128
Modeling Real-World Data with 12. f(x) 1.25x 5
4-8 13. f(x) 8x2 3x 9
Polynomial Functions
14. Sample answer:
f(x) 1.03x4 5.16x3 6.08x2 0.23x 0.94
Pages 261-262 Check for Understanding
15. Sample answer:
1a. Sample answer: y
f(x) 0.09x3 2.70x2 24.63x 65.21
16. Sample answer:
f(x) 4.05x4 0.09x3 6.69x2 222.03x
2697.74
O x
17. Sample answer:
f(x) 0.02x3 8.79x2 3.35x 27.43
18a. Sample answer: f(x) 1.99x2 1.74x 2.76
18b. Sample answer:
1b. Sample answer: y f(x) 0.96x3 0.56x2 0.36x 4.05
18c. Sample answer: Cubic; the value of r2 for the
cubic function is closer to 1.
19a. Sample answer: f(x) 0.126x 22.732
O x 19b. Sample answer:
2010 1900 110
f(x) 0.126x 22.732
f(110) 0.126(110) 22.732
y f(110) 36.592
1c. Sample answer:
37
19c. Sample answer:
2025 1900 125
f(x) 0.126x 22.732
f(125) 0.126(125) 22.732
O x
f(125) 38.482
38
20. Sample answer:
2. You need to recognize the general shape so that
you can tell the graphing calculator which type of x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
polynomial function to use as a model. f(x) 1 3 6 3 –13 –49 –112 –209 –347
3. Sample answer: If companies use less packaging
21a. Sample answer:
materials, consumers keep items longer, and old
f(x) 0.008x4 0.138x3 0.621x2 0.097x
buildings are restored instead of demolished, the
18.961
amount of waste will decrease more rapidly. If
consumers buy more products, companies package 21b. Sample answer: 1994 1992 2
items in larger containers, and many old buildings f(x) 0.008x4 0.138x3 0.621x2 0.097x
are destroyed, the amount of waste will increase 18.961
instead of decrease. f(2) 0.008(2)4 0.138(2)3 0.621(2)2
0.097(2) 18.961
4. quartic
f(2) 20.663
5. Sample answer: about 21%
f(x) 1.98x4 2.95x3 5.91x2 0.22x 4.89
22. A sixth-degree polynomial; there are 5 changes in
6. Sample answer: f(x) 3.007x2 0.001x 7.896 direction.
7a. Sample answer: f(x) 0.48x 58.0 23a. Sample answer:
7b. Sample answer: 2010 1950 60 f(x) 0.109x2 0.001x 48.696
f(x) 0.48x 58.0
0.48(60) 58.0
86.8%
7c. Sample answer: f(x) 0.48x 58.0
89 0.48x 58.0
64 x
1950 64 2014
129 Chapter 4
23b. Sample answer: 27.
r 2 1 0 1 2
f(x) 0.109x2 0.001x 48.696
100 0.109x2 0.001x 48.696 1 2 3 3 2 0
0 0.109x2 0.001x 51.304 0 2 1 0 1 2
1 2 1 1 2 0
1, 1
28a. Let x number of weeks.
P (120 10x)(0.48 0.03x)
P 57.6 1.2x 0.3x2
26.
6
p3
p
p3 1
Chapter 4 Study Guide and Assessment
p 3 p 3 (p 3)(p 3) 1(p 3)(p 3)
6
p
Chapter 4 130
7. Extraneous 8. complex roots 20. b2 4ac 42 4(1)(4)
9. complex numbers 10. quadratic equation 0; 1 real
4 0
a
2(1)
4
Pages 268-270 Skills and Concepts a 2
11. no; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4 a 2
f(0) (0)3 3(0)2 3(0) 4 21. b2 4ac (1)2 4(5)(10)
f(0) 4 199; 2 imaginary
12. yes; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4 1 199
r
f(4) (4)3 3(4)2 3(4) 4 2(5)
1 i199
f(4) 0 r
10
13. no; f(a) a3 3a2 3a 4
22. f(x) x3 x2 10x 8
f(2) (2)3 3(2)2 3(2) 4
f(2) (2)3 (2)2 10(2) 8
f(2) 18
8 4 20 8 or 0; yes
14. f(t) t4 2t2 3t 1
23. f(x) 2x3 5x2 7x 1
f(3) (3)4 2(3)2 3(3) 1
f(5) 2(5)3 5(5)2 7(5) 1
f(3) 73
250 125 35 1 or 161; no
no
24. f(x) 4x3 7x 1
15. 3; x3 2x2 3x 0 1 3
f 2 42 72 1
1 1
x(x2 2x 3) 0
4 7
x(x 3)(x 1) 0 8 2 1 or 4; no
x0 x30 x10
25. f(x) x4 10x2 9
x 3 x1
f(3) (3)4 10(3)2 9
f (x) 81 90 9 or 0; yes
p
26. :
q 1, 2
r 1 2 1 2
f (x) x 3 2x 2 3x 1 1 1 2 0
x2 x 2 0
(x 2)(x 1) 0
O x x20 x10
x2 x 1
16. b2 4ac (7)2 4(2)(4) rational roots: 1, 1, 2
81; 2 real p
27. : 1
x
7 81
q r 1 0 1 1 1
2(2)
79
1 1 1 0 1 2
x 4 1 1 1 0 1 0
79 79 rational root: 1
x 4 x 4
28. p: 1, 2, 4 r 2 2 2 4
1
x4 x 2 q: 1, 2 1 2 0 2 6
p 1
17. b2 4ac (10)2 4(3)(5) :
q 1, 2, 4; 2 2 2 2 2 0
40; 2 real 2x2 2x 2 0
10 40
m x2 x 1 0
2(3)
10 2 10
does not factor
m
6 rational root: 2
5 10
m
3
18. b2 4ac (1)2 4(1)(6)
23; 2 imaginary
1 23
x
2(1)
1 i23
x 2
19. b2 4ac 32 4(2)(8)
73; 2 real
3 73
y
2(2)
3 73
y
4
131 Chapter 4
p
29. p: 1, 3 33. : 1, 5
q
q: 1, 2
p 1 3
: 1, 3, 2, 2 r 1 0 4 0 5
q
1 1 1 5 5 0
r 2 3 6 11 3
1 2 5 1 12 15 x3 x2 5x 5 0
1 2 1 7 4 1
r 1 1 5 5
3 2 9 21 52 153
1 1 0 5 0
3 2 3 3 20 57
1 19
2 2 4 4 13 2 x2 5 0
1 15 3 does not factor
2 2 2 7 2
4 rational roots: 1, 1
3 31 105
2 2 6 3 2 4
34. 1 positive
3 f(x) x3 x2 34x 56
2
2 0 6 2 0
2 or 0 negative
3
rational root: 2
r 1 1 34 56
p
30. :
q 1, 2, 4 7 1 6 8 0
r 1 0 7 1 12 4 x2 6x 8 0
1 1 1 6 5 7 3 (x 4)(x 2) 0
2 1 2 3 5 2 0 x40 x20
x 4 x 2
x4 2x3 3x2 5x 2 0
rational zeros: 4, 2, 7
r 1 2 3 5 2 35. 2 or 0 positive
2 1 0 3 1 0 f(x) 2x3 11x2 12x 9
1 negative
x3 3x 1 0
r 1 0 3 1 r 2 11 12 9
2 1 2 1 1 1
2 2 12 18 0
1 1 1 2 3
4 1 4 13 53 2x2 12x 18 0
4 1 4 13 51 x2 6x 9 0
rational roots: 2, 2 (x 3)(x 3) 0
31. p: 1, 2, 4, 8 x30 x30
x3 x3
q: 1, 3 1
p 1 2 4 8 rational zeros: 2, 3
:
q 1, 2, 4, 8, 3, 3, 3, 3
36. 2 or 0 positive
r 3 7 2 8 f(x) x4 13x2 36
2 or 0 negative
1 3 10 8 0
4x2 8 0
x2 2 0
does not factor
1
rational root: 4
Chapter 4 132
37. 1 x3
r 3 0 0 1 45.
x
2x2
x3
2 3 6 12 23 1x(2x2) 2x
(2x2) 2
1 3 2
0
3
3 0
3
0 1
2x x 3
x3
5 2m 1
1 and 0 46.
6
2m 2 3m 3
38.
r 1 4 2 566(m 1)(m 1)
2(m 1) 3(m 1)
2m
1
0
1
1
1
4
3
2
1
6(m 1)(m 1)
5(m 1)(m 1) (2m)(3)(m 1) 2(m 1)
2 1 2 2 5m2 5 6m2 6m 2m 2
1 1 0 m2 8m 3
3
4
1
1 0 2
m
8
(8)2
4(1)(3)
2(1)
8
52
0 and 1, 3 and 4 m
2
39. m 4 13
r 1 3 3
3 5
1 1 4
3
1
3
47.
y 2 y; exclude: 0
0 1
3y 2y 5yy
1 1 2 5
3 2y 5
2 1 1 5 y 1
3
4
1
1
0
1
3
1
3
2 2 2
Test y 2:
5
7 5
2 2 true
1 and 0, 3 and 4 3 5
Test y 0.5:
0.5 2 0.5
40.
r 1 1 0 1 8 10 false
2 1 3 6 11 3 5
Test y 1: 1 2 1
1 2 1
0
1
1 1
2
0 1
1 5 true
Solution: y 1, y
0
1 1 0 0 1 2 1
48.
x1 1
x 1 ; exclude 1, 1
1 and 0
x 1 (x 1)(x 1) 1 x 1 (x 1)(x 1)
2
1
41.
r 4 2 11 3 2(x 1) (x 1)(x 1) (x 1)
2x 2 x2 x 2
2
1
4
4
7
3
3
8
3
11
0 x2 3x
0 x(x 3)
0
1
4
4
1
5
11
6
3
3
x0 x30
x3
2 4 9 7 17 2 1
Test x 2:
2 1 1 2 1
133 Chapter 4
3 3
50. 14a 8 5 Check: 14a 8 5 58a. g (x )
3 3 200
14a 3 4(6.
5) 185 g (x )
3
4a 1 27 27
85 0.006x 4
4a 26 3 8 5 0.140x 3 0.053x 2
a 6.5 55 100 1.79x
51. 3 x 8 x 35
9 6x 8 x 8 x 35
6x 8 18 x
O 10 20
x 83
x89 58b. g(x) 0.006x4 0.140x3 0.053x2 1.79x
x1 x(0.006x3 0.140x2 0.053x 1.79)
Check: 3 x 8 x 35 x(x3 23.3x2 8.83
x 298.3
)
3 1 8 15 3 r 1 23.333 8.833 298.333
3 9 36
1 1 22.333 13.503 311.836
336
5 1 18.333 82.835 712.508
66
23.5 1 0.167 12.758 0
52. x 57 x5
0
rational zeros: 0, about 23.5
x 5 49 x
5
x 54
Test x 0: 0 57
59. T 2
g
5
7 meaningless 1.6 2
9.8
Test x 10: 105 7
5 7 true 0.25
9.8
Test x 60: 605 7 0.06
9.8
55
7 false
0.64 ; about 0.64 m
Solution: 5 x 54
53. 4 2a 7 6 2a 7
0
2a7 2 2a
7
2a 7 4 a
3.5 Page 271 Open-Ended Assessment
x 2
x 3 2x 1
1. Sample answer:
2a 3
a 1.5
Test a 5: 4 2(5)
76
x 3 (x 3)(2x 1) 2x 1 (x 3)(2x 1)
x
2
Test a 0: 4 2(0)
76 (2x 3)(x 2) 0
4 7 6 true 2x 3 0 x20
3
Solution: a 1.5 x 2 x2
54. cubic 2a. Sample answer: x 4 x 2
55. f(x) 2x2 x 3 2b. Sample answer: x 4 x 2
(x 4)2 x 2
x2 8x 16 x 2
x2 9x 18 0
Page 271 Applications and Problem Solving
(x 6)(x 3) 0
56. Let x width of window.
x60 x30
Let x 6 height of window.
x6 x3
A w
Check: x 4 x 2 x 4 x 2
315 x(x 6)
6 4 6 2 3 4 3 2
315 x2 6x
2 4 1 1
0 x2 6x 315
22 1 1
0 (x 21)(x 15)
The solution is 6. Since 1 1, 3 is an
x 21 0 x 15 0
extraneous root.
x 21 x 15
Since distance cannot be negative, x 15 and 3a. Sample answer:
x 6 21. the window should be 15 in. by 21 in.
x 3 2 1 0.5
57. Let x width.
f(x) 12 0 2 1.125
Let x 6 length.
(x 12)(x 6) (x 6)(x) 288 x 0 0.5 1 2
x2 18x 72 x2 6x 288 f(x) 0 0.625 0 8
12x 72 288
x 18 3b. Sample answer: f(x) x3 x2 2x
x 6 24 3c. Sample answer: 2, 0, 1
18 ft by 24 ft
Chapter 4 134
Chapter 4 SAT & ACT Preparation 4.You may want to draw a diagram.
135 Chapter 4
8. You can solve this problem using the midpoint (x a2 x2 2ax a2
formula or by sketching a graph. (x2 a2) 2ax
The midpoint formula: So the quantity in Column A equals the quantity
x1 x2 y1 y2 3 (4) 5 3 1 8
2, 2 2, 2 2, 2 2, 4
1
in Column B plus the sum of the squares of x and
a. Since neither x nor a equal 0, their squares
y
must be greater than 0. So the quantity in
( 12, 4)
(3, 5)
Column A is always greater than the quantity in
Column B. The correct choice is A.
(4, 3) 10. Since the problem does not include a figure, draw
one. Label the four points.
O x 3 2 8
E F G H
Chapter 4 136
Chapter 5 The Trigonometric Functions
Pages 281–283 Exercises
5-1 Angles and Degree Measure 18. 16.75° (16° (0.75 60))
(16° 45)
16° 45
Pages 280–281 Check for Understanding 19. 168.35° 168° (0.35 60)
1. If an angle has a positive measure, the rotation is 168° 21
in a counterclockwise direction. If an angle has a 168° 21
negative measure, the rotation is in a clockwise
20. 183.47° (183° (0.47 60))
direction.
45 26 (183° 28.2)
2. Add 29, 60, and
3600 . (183° 28 (0.2 60)
3. 270° 360k° where k is an integer (183° 28 12)
4. 183° 28 12
y
21. 286.88° 286° (0.88 60)
286° 52.8
286° 52 (0.8 60)
286° 52 48
O x 286° 52 48
22. 27.465° 27° (0.465 60)
27° 27.9
27° 27 (0.9 60)
27° 27 54
1260° 27° 27 54
5. 34.95° 34° (0.95 60) 23. 246.876° 246° (0.876 60)
34° 57 246° 52.56
34° 57 246° 52 (0.56 60)
6. 72.775° (72° (0.775 60)) 246° 52 33.6
(72° 46.5) 246° 52 33.6
(72° 46 (0.5 60))
24. 23° 14 30 23° 14
60 30 3600
1° 1°
(72° 46 30)
23.242°
72° 46 30
25. 14° 5 20 14° 5
60 20 3600
1° 1°
7. 128° 30 45 128° 30
60 45 3600
1° 1°
128.513° 14.089°
8. 29° 6 6 29° 6 6
1° 1°
26. 233° 25 15 233° 25
60 15 3600
1° 1°
60 3600
29.102°
233.421°
9. 2 (360°) 720°
27. 173° 24 35 173° 24
60 35 3600
1° 1°
10. 4.5 360° 1620°
11. 22° 360k°; Sample answers: 173.410°
22° 360k° 22° 360(1)° or 382° 28. 405° 16 18 405° 16
60 18 3600
1° 1°
22° 360k° 22° 360(1)° or 338°
405.272°
12. 170° 360k°; Sample answers:
29. 1002° 30 30 1002° 30
60 30 3600
1° 1°
170° 360k° 170° 360(1)° or 190°
170° 360k° 170° 360(1)° or 530° 1002.508°
453
13. 1.26 14.
798 30. 3 360° 1080° 31. 2 360° 720°
360 2.22
360
360(1)° 453° 32. 1.5 360° 540° 33. 7.5 (360°) 2700°
2.22 2 0.22
360 453° 0.22 360° 78° 34. 2.25 360° 810° 35. 5.75 (360°) 2070°
93°; II 360° 78° 282°; IV 36. 4 360° 1440°
15. 180° 227° 180° 37. 30° 360k°; Sample answers:
47° 30° 360k° 30° 360(1)° or 390°
16. 360° 210° 150° 30° 360k° 30° 360(1)° or 330°
180° 180° 150° 38. 45° 360k°; Sample answers:
30° 45° 360k° 45° 360(1)° or 315°
1 45° 360k° 45° 360(1)° or 405°
17. (360°) 15°
24
39. 113° 360k°; Sample answers:
0.25°, or 0.25(60) 15
1 1
360°
60 24 113° 360k° 113° 360(1)° or 473°
113° 360k° 113° 360(1)° or 247°
0.0042°,
1 1 1
360°
60 60 24
or 0.0042(60)(60) 15
137 Chapter 5
30,000 revolutions 360°
40. 217° 360k; Sample answers: 62.
minute
revolution
217° 360k° 217° 360(1)° or 577° 10,800,000 or 1.08 107
217° 360k° 217° 360(1)° or 143° 100,000 revolutions 360°
revolution
41. 199° 360k°; Sample answers: minute
199° 360k° 199° 360(1)° or 161° 36,000,000 or 3.6 107
199° 360k° 199° 360(1)° or 559° 1.08 107 to 3.6 107 degrees
42. 305° 360k°; Sample answers: 62 rotations
360°
rotation 22,320° second
63.
second
305° 360k° 305° 360(1)° or 55°
62 rotations 360° 60 seconds
305° 360k° 305° 360(1)° or 665°
second
rotation minute
Chapter 5 138
3
68. 5
6n 15 10 76. y
3
5 6n 5 (3, 5)
6n 5 125 (1, 5)
6n 120
(0, 3)
n 20
3
Check: 5 6n 15 10
3
6(20)
5 15 10 x
3 O
125
15 10
5 15 10
10 10 77. [f g](x) f(g(x))
x3 3 f(x 0.3x)
69.
x2 2
x2 5x 6 (x 0.3x) 0.2(x 0.3x)
x3 3 x 0.3x 0.2x 0.06x
x2 2
(x 2)(x 3)
x3
0.56x
(x 2)(x 3)
x2 (x 2)(x 3)(2) 78. m∠EOD 180° m∠EOA m∠BOD
(x 2)(x 3)
(x 2)(x 3)
180° 85° 15°
3
80°
(x 3)(x 3) (x 2)(x 3)(2) 3
m∠OED m∠EDO
x2 6x 9 2x2 10x 12 3 1
0 x2 4x m∠OED 2(180° m∠EOD)
1
0 x(x 4) 2(180° 80°)
x 0 or x 4 0
50°
x 4
m∠ECA 180° m∠EOC m∠OED
70. 2
1 1 0 8 1 180° (80° 15°) 50°
2 4 24 35°
1 2 12
25 The correct choice is D.
25
71. (x (5))(x (6))(x 10) 0
(x 5)(x 6)(x 10) 0
(x2 11x 30)(x 10) 0 5-2 Trigonometric Ratios in Right
x3 x2 80x 300 0 Triangles
72. r1t1 r2t2
18(3) r2(11) Page 284 Graphing Calculator Exploration
18(3) 1. Sample answers:
11 r2
4.91 r2
about 4.91 52
20 26
73. x 1 0 y
y xx 11
2 10
x 1
Point discontinuity 48 24
5
2. R1 or about 0.3846
O x 13
15
R1
39 or about 0.3846
12
R2
13 or about 0.9231
36
R2
39 or about 0.9231
74. f (x)
5
R3
12 or about 0.4167
15
R3
36 or about 0.4167
f (x) |(x 1)2 2| 12
3. R1
13 or about 0.9231
36
R1
39 or about 0.9231
O x 5
R2
13 or about 0.3846
15
decreasing for x 1, increasing for x
1 R2
39 or about 0.3846
12
75. expanded vertically by a factor of 3, translated R3 or 2.4
5
down 2 units 36
R3
15 or 2.4
4. Each ratio has the same value for all 22.6° angles.
5. yes 6. Yes; the triangles are similar.
139 Chapter 5
Pages 287–288 Check for Understanding 11. (AC)2 (CB)2 (AB)2
1. The side opposite the acute angle of a right 82 52 (AB)2
triangle is the side that is not part of either side of 89 (AB)2
the angle. The side adjacent to the acute angle is 89 AB
side opposite side adjacent
the side of the triangle that is part of the side of sin A
hypotenuse cos A
hypotenuse
the angle, but is not the hypotenuse. 5 589 8
889
sin A or
89 89 cos A
89
or
89
2. cosecant; secant; cotangent
side opposite
a b
3. sin A c, cos A c, tan A b,
a tan A
side adjacent
5
csc A
c
, sec A
c
, cot A
b
tan A
8
a b a
4. sin A cos B, csc A sec B, tan A cot B 12. (AC)2 (BC)2 (AB)2
(AC)2 122 402
5. (TV)2 (VU)2 (TU )2
(AC)2 1456
172 152 (TU )2
AC 1456 or 491
514 (TU )2 side opposite side adjacent
514
TU sin A
hypotenuse cos A
hypotenuse
side opposite side adjacent 12 3
491 91
sin T
hypotenuse cos T
hypotenuse sin A 40 or 1
0 cos A
40 or
10
15
15514 17
17514 side opposite
sin T or
514
514 cos T 514
or
514 tan A
side adjacent
side opposite 12
391
tan T
side adjacent tan A
491 or
91
15
tan T 1
7
13. tangent
1 1 1 1
6. csc v sin v
7. tan v
cot v 14. cot v
tan v 15. csc v
sin v
1 5 1 1 1 7
csc v tan v cot v or 3 csc v or 3
2 or 2 1.5 or about 0.6667 1
3
3 7
5
1 1
8. (PS)2 (QS)2 (QP)2 16. cos v
sec v 17. sin v
csc v
(PS)2 62 202 1 9 1
cos v or 5 sin v
2.5 or 0.4
(PS)2 364 5
9
PS 364 or 291
1 1
side opposite side adjacent 18. tan v
cot v 19. sec v
cos v
sin P
hypotenuse cos P
hypotenuse 1 1
6 3
291 91
tan v
0.75 or about 1.3333 sec v
0.125 or 8
sin P 2
0 or 10 cos P or
20 10 20. (RT )2 (TS)2 (RS)2
side opposite hypotenuse
tan P csc P 142 (TS)2 482
side adjacent side opposite
6
391 20 10 (TS)2 2108
tan P 291 or 91
csc P or
6 3 TS 2108
or 2527
hypotenuse side adjacent side opposite side adjacent
sec P
side adjacent cot P
side opposite sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse
20
1091
291 91
2527 527
sec P
291 or
91 cot P
6 or
3 sin R or 14
cos R or
7
48 24 48 24
I
9. cos v It tan R
side opposite
csc R
hypotenuse
o side adjacent side opposite
I
2527 527
48
24527
cos 45° t tan R or csc R or
Io 14 7
2527 527
0.5I0 It
Chapter 5 140
21. (ST)2 (TR)2 (SR)2 side opposite
28. sin R
382 (TR)2 402 hypotenuse
3
(TR)2 156 sin R 7
TR 156 or 239
a2 b2 c2
side opposite side adjacent
sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse 32 b2 72
38 19
239 39 b2 40
sin R 40 or 20 cos R or
40 20 b 40 or 210
side opposite hypotenuse side adjacent side opposite
tan R
side adjacent csc R
side opposite cos R
hypotenuse tan R
side adjacent
38
or 1939 40 20
tan R
239 39 csc R or
38 19 cos R
210
tan R
3
or
310
7
210 20
hypotenuse side adjacent
sec R
side adjacent cot R
side opposite csc R
hypotenuse
sec R
hypotenuse
side opposite side adjacent
40
2039 239 39
sec R or
239 39
cot R or
38 19 csc R
7
sec R
7
or
710
3
210 20
side adjacent
22. (ST )2 (TR)2 (SR)2 cot R
side opposite
(7 )2 92 (SR)2
210
88 (SR)2 cot R
3
88
SR; 88 or 222
v2 v2
side opposite side adjacent 29a. tan v gr 29b. tan v gr
sin R
hypotenuse cos R
hypotenuse v2 v2
7 154
9
922 tan 11°
9.8(15.5) tan 13°
9.8(15.5)
sin R or
cos R
or
222 44 222 44 29.53 v2 35.07 v2
side opposite hypotenuse
tan R csc R 5.4 v 5.9 v
side adjacent side opposite
about 5.4 m/s about 5.9 m/s
7 222
2154
tan R csc R or
7 v2
9 7 29c. tan v gr 29d. increase
hypotenuse side adjacent
sec R cot R v2
side adjacent side opposite tan 15°
9.8(15.5)
222 9 97
sec R
9
cot R or
7 7 40.70 v2
23. cot (90° v) tan v 24a. 0.7963540136 6.4 v
cot (90° v) 1.3 about 6.4 m/s
side opposite side adjacent
24b. 0.186524036 24c. 35.34015106 30. sin v
hypotenuse
cos v
hypotenuse
24d. 1.37638192 side opposite
25. sin v hypotenuse
cos v ——
side adjacent
v 72° 74° 76° 78° 80° hypotenuse
sin 0.951 0.961 0.970 0.978 0.985 sin v side opposite side adjacent
cos v
hypotenuse hypotenuse
cos 0.309 0.276 0.242 0.208 0.174 side opposite hypotenuse
sin v
cos v
hypotenuse side adjacent
v 82° 84° 86° 88° sin v side opposite
cos v
sin 0.990 0.995 0.998 0.999 side adjacent
sin v
cos 0.139 0.105 0.070 0.035
cos v tan v
(N 10)360
25a. 1 25b. 0 31a. ∠ 90° L 23.5° cos
365
(172 10)360
∠ 90° 26° 23.5° cos
26.
365
v 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° ∠ 90° 26° 23.5° (0.99997)
sin 0.309 0.276 0.242 0.208 0.174 ∠ 87.5°
(N 10)360
cos 0.951 0.961 0.970 0.978 0.985 ∠ 90° L 23.5° cos
365
(355 10)360
∠ 90° 26° 23.5° cos
tan 0.325 0.287 0.249 0.213 0.176
365
v 8° 6° 4° 2° ∠ 90° 26° 23.5° 1
sin 0.139 0.105 0.070 0.035 ∠ 40.5°
(N 10)360
cos 0.990 0.995 0.998 0.999 31b. ∠ 90° L 23.5° cos
365
(172 10)360
tan 0.141 0.105 0.070 0.035 ∠ 90° 64° 23.5° cos
365
26a. 0 26b. 1 ∠ 90° 64° 23.5° 0.99997
26c. 0 ∠ 49.5°
(N 10)360
27.
sin v
i n ∠ 90° L 23.5° cos
365
sin vr
(355 10)360
sin 45°
n ∠ 90° 64° 23.5° cos[ ]
365
sin 27° 55
1.5103 n ∠ 90° 64° 23.5° 1
∠ 2.5°
141 Chapter 5
31c. 87.5° 40.5° 47° 2. y
49.5° 25° 47°
neither
sin(B A)
32. x tc os A
O x
sin(60° 41°)
x 10
cos 41°
x 10(0.4314)
x 4.31; about 4.31 cm As v goes from 0° to 90°, the y-coordinate
33. 88.37° 88° (0.37 60) increases. As v goes from 90° to 180°, the
88° 22.2 y-coordinate decreases.
x cos v
88° 22 (0.2 60) 3. cot v y
sin v
88° 22 12
4. y
88° 22 12 1
34. positive: 1
f(x) x4 2x3 6x 1
negative: 3 or 1 1 O 1x
35. 35a. 23 employees
1
35b. $1076
Function Quadrant
I II III IV
sin or cos
cos or sec
tan or cot
[10, 50] scl:10 by [10, 1200] scl:100
y 0
7 3 5. (1, 0); tan 180° x or
5
0 1 4 1 1 ; 0
36. 4
8
0 1 7
2 0
2 0
(3)
8
0
5
4 0
8 2
1
6. (0, 1); sec(90°) x or 0; undefined
1
1
3
7(2) (3)(8) 5(8) 7.
2 , 2
78
sin 30° y cos 30° x
35 3
37. m
62 sin 30°
1
cos 30°
2 2
2 1
m or 2 y 1
4 tan 30° x csc 30° y
y y1 m(x x1)
1
1
y 3 2(x 6) 2 1
tan 30°
3
csc 30°
1 1
y 2x 6 2 2
1 csc 30° 2
38. A 2bh 2x 2(2) or 4 1
tan 30°
1 3
12 2(2x)(3x) 3x 3(2) or 6
3
12 3x2 a2 b2 c2 tan 30°
3
4 x2 42 62 c2 1 x
2x 52 c2 sec 30° x cot 30° y
52
c; 52
or 213
3
The correct choice is C. 1 2
sec 30°
3
cot 30°
1
2
2
2
sec 30° cot 30° 3
5-3 Trigonometric Functions on the 3
Chapter 5 142
8. terminal side — Quadrant III x
12. cos v r r 2 x2 y2
reference angle: 225° 180° 45° 1
2 2 cos v 2 22 (1)2 y2
2 , 2
x 1, r 2 3 y2
sin 225° y cos 225° x 3y
2 2
sin 225°
2 cos 225°
2 Quadrant II, so y 3
y 1 y y r
tan 225° x csc 225° y sin v r tan v x csc v y
3 3
2
2
2 csc 225°
1 sin v
2 tan v
1 or 3
csc v
3
2
tan 225° 23
2 2 csc v
2
3
2
csc 225°
2 sec v
r
cot v
x
tan 225° 1 x y
csc 225° 2
2 1
1 x sec v
1 or 2 cot v
3
sec 225° x cot 225° y 3
1 2
cot v
3
sec 225°
2 2
13. C 2r cos L C 2r cos L
2 cot 225°
2
2 C 2(3960) cos 0° C 2(3960) cos 90°
2
sec 225°
2 cot 225° 1 C 24,881.41 C0
sec 225° 2 The circumference goes from about 24,881 miles to
0 miles.
9. r x2 y2
r 32 42
t 25
or 5 Pages 296–298 Exercises
y y
sin v r cos v r
x
tan v x 14. (0, 1); sin 90° y or 1
4 3 4 y 0
sin v 5 cos v 5 tan v 3 15. (1, 0); tan 360° x or 1; 0
r r x 1
csc v y sec v x cot v y x
16. (1, 0); cot(180°) y or 0; undefined
5 5 3
csc v 4 sec v 3 cot v 4 1 1
1 ; 1
17. (0, 1); csc 270° y or
10. r
x2 y2
18. (0, 1); cos(270°) x or 0
r
(6)2
62
1 1
r 72
or 62 1 ; 1
19. (1, 0); sec 180° x or
143 Chapter 5
23. terminal side — Quadrant II 25. terminal side — Quadrant III
reference angle: 180° 150° 30° reference angle: 210° 180° 30°
3 1 3
2 , 2
2 , 2
1
Chapter 5 144
27. terminal side — Quadrant I 31. r
x2 y2
reference angle: 420° 360° 60° r
(6)2
62
3
12, 2 r 72
or 62
y x y
sin 420° y cos 420° x sin v r cos v r tan v x
3 1 6
sin 420° cos 420° 2 sin v
6
cos v tan v
6
6 or 1
2
62 62
y 1
tan 420° csc 420° y 2 2
x sin v
2 cos v
2
3 1
2 csc 420°
csc v
r
sec v x
r
cot v y
x
3 y
tan 420°
1
2 62 62 6
2 2 csc v
6 sec v
6 cot v 6
csc 420°
3
tan 420° 3
or 2 or 2
or 1
23
1 csc 420° 32. r x2 y2
sec 420°
x
3
1 cot 420°
x
r 22 02
sec 420° y
r 4 or 2
1 1
y y
2 2 x
cot 420° sin v r cos v r tan v x
sec 420° 2 3
0 2 0
2 sin v 2 or 0 cos v 2 or 1 tan v 2 or 0
1
cot 420°
3
r
csc v y sec v x
r
cot v y
x
3
cot 420°
3
2
csc v 0
2
sec v 2 or 1 cot v 0
2
35. r x2 y2
r
(8)2
152
r 289
or 17
y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
15 8 8 15 15
sin v 1
7 cos v 17 or 17 tan v
8 or 8
r r x
csc v y sec v x cot v y
17 17 17 8 8
csc v 1
5 sec v
8 or 8
cot v 15 or 1
5
145 Chapter 5
36. r
x2 y2 r
x2 y2 y
41. tan v x r 2 x2 y2
r
52 (
6)2 r
(5)2
62
tan v 2 r2 12 22
r 61
r 61
y y y 2, x 1 r2 5
sin v r sin v r r 5
y x r
6 6 sin v r cos v r csc v y
sin v
61
sin v
61
2 1 5
661
661 sin v cos v csc v
sin v
61 sin v
61
5 5 2
25 5
The sine of one angle is the negative of the sine of sin v
5 cos v 5
the other angle. r x
sec v
x cot v y
37. If sin v 0, y must be negative, so the terminal 5 1
side is located in Quadrant III or IV sec v or
1 5
cot v 2
x
38. cos v
r r2 x2 y2 r
42. sec v x r 2 x2 y2
12
cos v 1
3 132 (12)2 y2 sec v 3 )2 12 y2
(3
x 12, r 13 25 y2 r 3 , x 1 2 y2
5 y 2y
Quadrant III, so y 5 Quadrant IV, so y 2
y x y
y y sin v r cos v r tan v x
sin v r tan v x
2 1 2
5 5 5 5 sin v cos v tan v or 2
sin v 13 or 1
3 tan v
12 or 12
3
3 1
6 3
r r sin v cos v
csc v y sec v x 3 3
r x
13 13 13 13 csc v cot v y
csc v
5 or 5
sec v
12 or 12
y
3
1
r csc v cot v
cot v y 2 2
6 2
cot v
12
12 csc v 2 cot v 2
5 or 5
r x
39. csc v y r 2 x2 y2 43. cot v y r 2 x2 y2
csc v 2 22 x2 12 cot v 1 (Quadrant III) r2 (1)2 (1)2
r 2, y 1 3 x2 x 1, y 1 r2 2
3x r 2
y y
Quadrant II, so x 3
sin v r
x
cos v r tan v x
y x y
sin v cos v r tan v 1 1 1
r x sin v
2
cos v
2
tan v
1 or 1
1 3 3 1
sin v cos v or tan v 2 2
2 2 2 3 sin v 2 cos v 2
3
tan v 3
r r
csc v
y sec v x
r x
sec v cot v 2 2
x y csc v or
1 2
sec v
1 or 2
2 3
sec v
3
cot v
1 or 3
r
23
44. csc v y r 2 x2 y2
sec v 3
y
csc v 2 22 x2 (1)2
40. sin v
r r2 x2 y2 r 2, y 1 3 x2
1 3x
sin v 5 52 x2 (1)2
Quadrant III, so x 3
y 1, r 5 24 x2 y
tan v x
26x 1
Quadrant IV, so x 26
tan v
3
x y r 3
cos v r tan v x csc v y tan v
3
26 1 5 45. g sin v cos v 0
cos v
5 tan v
26
csc v
1 or 5
6
sin v 0 or cos v 0
tan v 12 v 0° v 90°
r x 46a. k is an even integer. 46b. k is an odd integer.
sec v
x cot v y
5 26 I
sec v cot v or 26
47. cos v t
26 1 Io
56
sec v
12
cos v 1 It Io
cos v 1
v 0°
Chapter 5 146
48. Let x 1. y 3(1) 55. f(x) x2 16 f (x)
6
y3 y x2 16
r2 x 2 y 2 f (x) x 2 16 4
x y2 16
r2 (1)2 (3)2 x 16 y2 2
r2 10 x
16 y
r 10 15 10 5 O 5x
y x y 2
sin v cos v r tan v
r x 4
3 1 3
sin v 10
cos v 10
tan v
1 or 3 6
310 10
sin v cos v
32
10 10 1
r r 56. 2(2) (3)1
csc v y sec v x 2
10 10
7
csc v sec v 1 or 10
1
23
3 1
x 7
cot v y 2
1 1 57. 3(8m 3n 4p) 3(6) 24m 9n 12p 18
cot v 3 or 3 → 4m 9n 2p 4
4m 9n 2p 4
49a. 4 2(36) 76 ft 28m 14p 14
49b. ABC is equilateral. 4(8m 3n 4p) 4(6) 32m 12n 16p 24
m∠BCA 60° 6m 12n 5p 1 → 6m 12n 5p 1
m∠ACD m∠BCA 90° 38m 11p 23
B m∠ACD 60° 90° 11(28m 14p) 11(14)
300˚ m∠ACD 30° 14(38m 11p) 14(23)
36 60˚ ↓
A 36
308m 154p 154
532m 154p 322
D 224m 168
C 3
m 4
4
38m 11p 23 4m 9n 2p 4
Since AC 36, AD 18.
38 11p 23 4 9n 212 4
3 3
18 4 22 ft 4 4
1 2
49c. Refer to 49b for diagram and reasoning. p 2 n 3
Since AC 30, AD 15.
15 4 19 ft
34, 23, 12
49d.
1
r 4 58. 2x 4y 7 2x 4y 7
2 ? ?
1
2(9) 4(3) 7 2(1) 4(2) 7
50. sin v
csc v 6 7; yes 10 7; yes
1 2x 4y 7
sin v ?
7
2(2) 4(2) 7
5
5
12 7; no
sin v
1
7 59. absolute value; f(x) 22 x
840
51. 2.33 360(2)° 840°
360 60. A of square A of circle A
720° 840° s2 r2 A
120° 2 (1)2 A
2
360° 120° 240°; III 0.86 A
52. 5 b 20 The correct choice is C.
5 b 2
25 b 2
23 b
b b2 4
ac
5-4 Applying Trigonometric Functions
53. x
2a
9 (9)2
4(4
)(5)
x
2(4) Pages 301–302 Check for Understanding
9 1 1a. cos or sec 1b. tan or cot
x 8
91 91 1c. sin or csc
x 8 or x 8
2. Sample answer: Find a. A
10 8
x 8 or 1.25 x 8 or 1
y 10
54. k x y kx
9 38˚
k 15
y (0.6)(21) C B
a
k 0.6 y 12.6
147 Chapter 5
3. ∠DCB; ∠ABC; the measures are equal; if parallel 16. tan B —a—
b
lines are cut by a transversal, the alternate 10
interior angles are congruent. tan 49° 13 —a—
4. Sample answer: If you know the angle of elevation a tan 49° 13 10
of the sun at noon on a particular day, you can 10
a— —
tan 49° 13
measure the length of the shadow of the building
at noon on that day. The height of the building a 8.6
a
equals the length of the shadow times the tangent 17. sin A —c—
of the angle of elevation of the sun. a
a b
sin 16° 55 — —
13.7
5. tan A b 6. sin B c
13.7 sin 16° 55 a
a 18
tan 76°
113 sin 26° c 4.0 a
13 tan 76° a c sin 26° 18 18. cos B —c—
a
18
52.1 a c 22.3
sin 26° cos 47° 18 —c—
c 41.1
c cos 47° 18 22.3
a 22.3
7. cos B
c 8a. Let x altitude. c— —
cos 47° 18
x
cos 16° 45
a
—— sin 55° 30 10 c 32.9
13
13 cos 16° 45 a 10 sin 55° 30 x 19.
h
sin 30° —12—
n
cos 30° —12—
12.4 a 8.2 x
about 8.2 cm 12 sin 30° h 12 cos 30° n
1 1 6h 10.4 n
8b. Let x of the base. 8c. A —2—bh 6 6
2 tan 45° m sin 45° —p—
x 1
cos 55° 30 A —2—(11.3)(8.2)
10 m tan 45° 6 p sin 45° 6
10 cos 55° 30 x A 46.7 cm2 6 6
m p
5.66 x tan 45° sin 45°
Chapter 5 148
1 1 28. Let M represent the point of intersection of the
21c. A —2—bh 22a. r —2—(6.4) or 3.2
altitude and E . Since GEF is isosceles, the
F
1 a
A —2—(14.6)(6.7) cos 30° — —
3.2 altitude bisects
EF. EMG is a right triangle.
a a
A 48.8 m2 3.2 cos 30° a Therefore, sin v —s— or s sin v a and tan v — —
0.5b
2.771281292 a or 0.5b tan v a.
about 2.8 cm 29. Latasha: Markisha:
22b. Let x side of hexagon. 22c. P 6s sin 35° — —
x
sin 42° — —
x
250 225
1
x
P 6(3.2)
2 P 19.2 cm 250 sin 35° x 225 sin 42° x
sin 30° 3.2
143.4 x 150.6 x
1 1506 143.4 7.2
32 sin 30° —2—x
Markisha’s; about 7.2 ft
2 3.2 sin 30° x 30. Let x the height of the building.
3.2 x; 32 cm Let y the distance between the buildings.
1 x 40 x
22d. A —2—pa tan 47° 30 —y— tan 54° 54 y
1
A —2—(19.2)(2.771281292) y tan 47° 30 x y tan 54° 54 40 x
x 40 x
A 26.6 cm2 y ——
tan 47° 30 y— —
tan 54° 54
195.8 40 x
23. sin 10° 21 36 —x—
x
— —
tan 47° 30 tan 54° 54
x sin 10° 21 36 195.8 tan 54° 54(x) tan 47° 30(40 x)
195.8
x— —
sin 10° 21 36 x tan 54° 54 40 tan 47° 30
x 1088.8 ft x tan 47° 30
x(tan 54° 54 tan 47° 30) 40 tan 47° 30
1
24. height: V —3— area of base height x ———
40 tan 47° 30
tan 54° 54 tan 47° 30
V —3— (s2)—2— s tan
1 1
tan
x x 131.7 ft
1
s 1 31. terminal side — Quadrant II
2
V —6— s3 tan
reference angle: 180° 120° 60°
1
——s tan x
3
2 —12—,
2
25a.
sin 120° y cos 120° x
3 1
sin 120°
2 cos 120° —2—
84 ft y 1
tan 120°
x csc 120° y
60˚ 3 1
8 ft
2 csc 120°
3
tan 120°
1
2
76
25b. 84 8 76 25c. sin 60° —x— 2
76 23
tan 60° —x— x sin 60° 76 tan 120° 3
csc 120°
3
76
x tan 60° 76 x— —
sin 60° sec 120° —x—
1
cot 120°
x
——
76 y
x— — x 87.8 ft 1 1
tan 60°
sec 120°
2
x 43.9 ft 1
cot 120°
3900 2 3
26a. tan 6° —x— 2
3
x tan 6° 3900 sec 120° 2 cot 120° 3
3900
x ——
tan 6° 32. (PR)2 (RQ)2 (PQ)2
x 37,106.0 ft 72 22 (PQ)2
3900 53 (PQ)2
26b. sin 6° —x— 53
PQ
P q
x sin 6° 3900 sin P r
— — cos P —r—
3900
x— —
sin 6° sin P
2
cos P
7
53 53
x 37,310.4 ft 253
753
sin P
53 cos P
53
27. Yacht: Barge:
P
tan 20° —x—
208
tan 12° 30 —x—
208 tan P ——
q
2
x tan 20° 208 x tan 12° 30 208 tan P ——
7
33. 43° 15 35 43° 15°
60 35 3600
208 208 1° 1°
x —— x ——
tan 20° tan 12° 30
43.260°
x 571.5 x 938.2
938.2 571.5 366.8 ft; no
149 Chapter 5
34. y 4. r
x2 y2
r
22 (
5)2
r 29
y x y
sin v —r— cos v r tan v x
y |x 2|
5 2 5 5
sin v
29
cos v
29
tan v —2— or 2
O x
529
229
sin v
29 cos v
29
r r
35. Let x the cost of notebooks and y the cost of csc v —y— sec v x
pencils. 29 29
29
3x 2y 5.89 csc v or
5 5 sec v
2
4x y 6.20 x
cot v —y—
3x 2y 5.80 → 3x 2y 5.80 2 2
cot v —5 or 5
—
2(4x y) 2(6.20) 8x 2y 12.40
550
5x 6.60 5. tan 27.8° —x—
4x y 6.20 x $1.32
x tan 27.8° 550
4(1.32) y 6.20 550
y $0.92 x
tan 27.8°
m miles mx
36. —— x hours —h— miles x 1043.2 ft
h hours
The correct choice is E.
Chapter 5 150
r r 4 4
9. tan R —s— 10. cos S —t— 22. Let A arccos —5—. Then cos A —5—.
cos arccos —5— —5—
7 12 4 4
tan R —1—
0 cos S —20—
7 12
R tan1 —1—
0 S cos1 —20— 2
23. Let A tan1 —3—. Then tan A —3—.
2
R 35.0° S 53.1°
tan tan1 —3— —3—
2 2
11. A 78° 90°
2 2
A 12° 24. Let A cos1 —5—. Then cos A —5—.
Find b. Find c. 1
b a sec A — —
cosA
tan B —a— cos B —c—
1
b 41 sec A
tan 78° —4—
1 cos 78° —c— 2
5
41 tan 78° b c cos 78° 41 5
41 sec A ——
192.9 b c— —
cos 78°
2
B 62.4° r 2 x2 y2
Find A. 132 52 y2
A 62.35402464 90 144 y2
A 27.64597536 12 y
c 23.7, A 27.6°, B 62.4°
tan A —5—; tancos1 —1—
3 5
12 5 12
——
13. 3.2° B 90°
2 2
B 58° 27. Let A sin1 —5—. Then sin A —5—
Find a. Find b.
a b
r 2 x2 y2
sin A —c— cos A —c— 52 x2 22
a b 21 x2
sin 32° —13— cos 32° —1—
3
21
x
13 sin 32° a 13 cos 32° b 21 21
cos sin1 —5—
2
6.9 a 11.0 b cos A ;
5
5
B 58°, a 6.9, b 11.0 28. tan N
n
—m— 29. sin M —p—
m
1280
14a. tan x — —
2100 tan N
15
—9— sin M —1—
8
4
1280
x tan1 — —
2100 N tan1 —9—
15
M sin1 —14—
8
151 Chapter 5
1
35. —2—(14) 7 42. A 33° 90°
A 57°
base angles: vertex angle 2m∠B
b a
tan A
8
—— tan B —8—
7 sin B —c— cos B —c—
7
b a
A tan1 —7—
8
B tan1 —8—
7 sin 33° — —
15.2 cos 33° — —
15.2
Chapter 5 152
50.
sin v
——i n 55. x-axis y3 x2 2
sin vr
sin 60° (y)3 x2 2
——
sin vr 2.42 y3 x2 2; no
sin 60°
—— sin vr y-axis y 3 x2 2
2.42
y (x)2 2
3
0.3579 sin vr y3 x2 2; yes
sin1 0.3579 vr yx y 3 x2 2
21.0° vr (x) (y)2 2
3
51. Draw the altitude from Y to XZ. Call the point of x3 y2 2; no
intersection W. y x y3 x2 2
m∠X m∠XYW 90° (x)3 (y)2 2
30° m∠XYW 90° no x3 y2 2;
m∠XYW 60° y-axis
In XYW:
56. 1 0 5 5 3 1 2
XW
cos 30° —1—
6
WY
sin 30° —16—
0 1 3 4
6 3 2
1(5) 0(3)
16 cos 30° XW 16 sin 30° WY 1(5) 0(4)
13.9 XW 8 WY 0(5) 1(3) 0(5) 1(4)
In ZYW: 1(3) 0(6) 1(1) 0(3)
8 8 0(3) 1(6) 0(1) 1(3)
sin Z —2—
4 tan 19.5° —
WZ
—
1(2) 0(2)
Z sin1 —2—
4
8
WZ tan 19.5° 8 0(2) 1(2)
8 5 5 3 1 2
Z 19.5° WZ ——
tan 19.5°
3 4 6 3 2
WZ 22.6
8 (5, 3), (5, 4), (3, 6), (1, 3), (2, 2)
cos m∠WYZ —2—
4 3 2 2 2
4 2
8
m∠WYZ cos1 —2—
4
57. 8 2 0 5 1 1
m∠WYZ 70.5° 9 6 3 7 2 2
4 (2) 3 2 2 (2)
Y m∠XYW m∠WYZ y XW WZ
Y 60° 70.5° y 13.9 22.6 8 (5) 2 1 01
Y 130.5° y 36.5 9 (7) 6 2 3 (2)
2 1
52. baseball stadium: football stadium: 0
1000 1000 3 1 1
tan 63° —x— tan 18° —y— 2 8 5
x tan 63° 1000 y tan 18° 1000 22.2 42.5
1000 1000 58. m
1950 1880
x— —
tan 63° y— —
tan 18° 20.3
x 509.5 y 3077.7 m —7—
0 or 0.29
distance x y y 22.2 0.29(x 1950)
distance 509.5 3077.7 y 0.29x 587.7
distance 3587.2 ft 59. 2x 5y 10 0
53. (FD)2 (DE)2 (FE)2 5y 2x 10
72 (DE)2 152 2
y —5—x 2
(DE)2 176 2
DE 176
or 411
—5—; 2
side opposite side adjacent ab cd
sin F — cos F — a
b—
c
a c d 10 a c 10
— —
hypotenuse hypotenuse 60. ——
ac
— ——
411 7
sin F
15 cos F
15
The correct choice is A.
side opposite hypotenuse
tan F ——
side adjacent csc F ——
side opposite
411 15
or 1511
tan F csc F
7
hypotenuse
411
side adjacent
44 5-6 The Law of Sines
sec F ——
side adjacent cot F ——
side opposite
15 7
or 711
sec F
7 cot F 411 44 Page 316 Check for Understanding
54. Use TABLE feature of a graphing calculator. x x3 2x
1. ——
0.3, 1.4, 4.3 sin 30° sin 60° sin 90°
60˚
x x3 2x 2x
x
1 3 1
2 2
30˚
2x 2x 2x
x 3
153 Chapter 5
2. Sample answer: Pages 316–318 Exercises
A 11. B 180° (40° 70°) or 70°
b a c a
b c
——
sin B — —
sin A
——
sin C — —
sin A
b 20 c 20
35˚ 40˚ ——
sin 70° — —
sin 40°
——
sin 70° — —
sin 40°
C B
10 20 sin 70° 20 sin 70°
b— —
sin 40° c— —
sin 40°
3. Area of WXYZ Area of triangle ZWY Area of b 29.238044 c 29.238044
triangle XYW. B 70°, b 29.2, c 29.2
m∠X m∠Z
12. A 180° (100° 50°) or 30°
triangle ZWY: triangle XYW:
a c b c
1 1 —— — — —— — —
K—
2ab sin Z
— k —2—ab sin X sin A sin C sin B sin C
a 30 b 30
1 —— — — —— — —
K—
2ab sin X
— sin 30° sin 50° sin 100° sin 50
30 sin 30° 30 sin 100°
1 1 a— — b— —
K —2—ab sin X 2ab sin X sin 50° sin 50°
a 19.58110934 b 38.56725658
K ab sin X
A 30°, a 19.6, b 38.6
4. Both; if the measures of two angles and a non-
13. C 180° (25° 35°) or 120°
included side are known or if the measures of two
a b c b
angles and the included side are known, the ——
sin A — —
sin B
——
sin C — —
sin B
triangle is unqiue. a 12 c 12
——
sin 25° — —
sin 35°
——
sin 120° — —
sin 35°
5. C 180° (40° 59°) or 81° 12 sin 25° 12 sin 120°
a c b c a— — c— —
——
sin A — —
sin C
——
sin B — —
sin C
sin 35° sin 35°
a 14 b 14 a 8.84174945 c 18.11843058
——
sin 40° — —
sin 81°
——
sin 59° — —
sin 81° C 120°, a 8.8, c 18.1
14 sin 40° 14 sin 59°
a— —
sin 81° b— —
sin 81°
14. C 180° (65° 50°) or 65°
a c b c
a 9.111200533 b 12.14992798 —— —— —— — —
sin A sin C sin B sin C
C 81°, a 9.1, b 12.1 a
—— ——
12 b 12
sin 65° sin 65°
——
sin 50° — —
sin 65°
6. C 180° (27.3° 55.9°) or 96.8° 12 sin 65° 12 sin 50°
b a c a a— — b— —
——
sin B — —
sin A
——
sin C — —
sin A
sin 65° sin 65°
Chapter 5 154
1
19. K —2— bc sin A 28c. P 112.7 72.7 80
1 P 265.4 ft
K ——(14)(9) sin 28° m n
sin M sin N and
2
29. Applying the Law of Sines, — — ——
K 29.6 units2 r s n sin N
—— ——. Thus sin M —— and sin R
20. A 180° (37° 84°) or 59° sin R sin S n
r sin S
1 sin B sin C ——. Since ∠M ∠R, sin M sin R and
K —2—a2 — —
sin A s
m sin N r sin S
1 sin 37° sin 84° —— ——. However, ∠N ∠S and
K —2—(5)2 — —
sin 59° n s
m r m n
K 8.7 units2 sin N sin S, so —n— —s— and —r— —s—. Similar
21. C 180° (15° 113°) or 52° proportions can be derived for p and t. Therefore,
1 sin A sin C
K —2— b2 — —
sin B MNP RST.
1 sin 15° s in 52°
K —2—(7)2 — —
sin 113°
30. 360°
5 72°
1
K 5.4 units2 triangle: K —2—(300)(300)sin 72°
1
22. K ——bc sin A
2
K 42,797.54323
1 pentagon: 5K 5(42,797.54323)
K ——(146.2)(209.3) sin 62.2°
2 5K 213,987.7 ft
K 13,533.9 units2 31a. v 180° (20° 15 62° 30) or 97° 15
1
23. K —2—ac sin B Let x the distance from the balloon to the
1 soccer fields.
K —2—(12.7)(5.8) sin 42.8° x
—— ——
4
sin 62° 30 sin 97° 15
K 25.0 units2 4 sin 62° 30
x— —
sin 97° 15
24. B 180° (53.8° 65.4°) or 60.8°
1 sin B sin C x 3.6 mi
K —2—a2 — —
sin A
1 sin 60.8° sin 65.4°
31b. v 180° (20° 15 62° 30) or 97° 15
K — (19.2)2 ———
2 sin 53.8° Let y the distance from the balloon to the
K 181.3 units2 football field.
4 4
—— ——
25. K ab sin X (formula from Exercise 3) sin 20° 15 sin 97° 15
K (14)(20) sin 57° 4 sin 20° 15
y— —
sin 97° 15
K 234.8 cm2
y 1.4 mi
26. Area of pentagon
5 Area of triangle 32. 180° 30° 150°
360°
5 72° v 180° (26.8° 150°) or 3.2°
Let x the length of the track.
x 100
——
sin 26.8° — —
sin 3.2°
9 72˚ 9 100 sin 26.8°
x— —
sin 3.2°
x 807.7 ft
1 33a. Let x the distance of the second part of the
K ——(9)(9)
2 sin 72° 5K 5(38.51778891)
flight.
K 38.51778891 5K 192.6 in2 v 180° (13° 160°) or 7°
27. Area of octagon ——
x
—
80
—
sin 13° sin 7°
8 Area of triangle 80 sin 13°
360°
8 45° x— —
sin 7°
x 147.6670329
5 distance of flight 80 147.7 or about 227.7 mi
45˚ 33b. Let y the distance of a direct flight.
5
y 80
——
sin 160° — —
sin 7°
80 sin 160°
y— —
sin 7°
1
K —2—(5)(5) sin 45° 8K 8(8.838834765) y 224.5 mi
K 8.838834765 8K 70.7 ft2
28a. 180° (95° 40°) 45°
x 80 y 80
28b. ——
sin 95° — —
sin 45°
——
sin 40° — —
sin 45°
80 sin 95° 80 sin 40°
x— —
sin 45° y— —
sin 45°
x 112.7065642 y 72.72311643
about 112.7 ft and 72.7 ft
155 Chapter 5
x y
34. 90° 63° 27° 37. sin v —r— r 2 x2 y2
55˚ 63˚
180° (55° 63°) 62° 1
Let x the vertical sin v —6— 62 x2 (1)2
y 62˚ distance. y 1, r 6 35 x2
Let y the length of the 35
x
13 ft overhang.
Quadrant IV, so x 35
x y r
27˚ cos v —r— tan v —x— csc v —y—
35
1 6
cos v
6
tan v
35
csc v —
1 or 6
—
63˚
35
tan v 35
x 13 y 66
—— — — —— — — r x
sin 27° sin 63° sin 63° sin 62° sec v —x— cot v —y—
13 sin 27° 6.6 sin 63°
x —— y —— 6 35
sin 63° sin 62° sec v
35
cot v 1
or 35
x 6.623830843 y 6.684288563
635
about 6.7 ft sec v
35
a b 38. 83° 360k°
35a. ——
sin A — —
sin B
39. Let x standard carts and let y deluxe carts.
a sin A
—— — — 2x8
b sin B y x2 x8
a c 4 y 11 16
x y 15
35b. —— — —
sin A sin C x y 15 12 (4, 11) y 11
a sin A
——
c — —
sin C
a sin A 8 (8, 7)
——
c 1—
sin C 1
— (2, 11)
y4
a c sin A sin C
——
c —c— —
sin C sin C
— —— (2, 4) (8, 4)
ac sin A sin C x
——
c ——
sin C O 4 12 16
ac sin A sin C
35c. From Exercise 34b, —c— — —
sin C M(x, y) 100x 250y
sin A sin C
— ——.
sin C M(2, 4) 100(2) 250(4) or 1200
or — ac c M(2, 11) 100(2) 250(11) or 2950
a c
—— ——
sin A sin C M(4, 11) 100(4) 250(11) or 3150
a sin A M(8, 7) 100(8) 250(7) or 2550
—— ——
c sin C M(8, 4) 100(8) 250(4) or 1800
a sin A
—— 1 —— 1 4 standard carts, 11 deluxe carts
c sin C
a c sin A
—— —— —— ——
sin C 40. 4x y 2z 0
c c sin C sin C 3x 4y 2z 20
ac sin A sin C
—— ——
c sin C 7x 5y 2z 20
sin C sin A sin C 3(3x 4y 2z) 3(20)
—— ——
c ac 2(2x 5y 3z) 2(14)
sin A sin C sin A sin C
Therefore, — —
ac — —
ac
↓
ac sin A sin C 9x 12y 6z 60
or — a c sin A sin C .
— ——
4x 10y 6z 28
a b 5x 22y 88
35d. —— — —
sin A sin B 5(7x 5y) 5(20) → 35x 25y 100
a sin A
——
b — —
sin B
7(5x 22y) 7(88) 35x 154y 616
a sin A 129y 516
—— 1 —
sin B 1
—
b y4
a b sin A sin B
—— —— — 7x 5y 20 4x y 2z 0
sin B sin B
— ——
b b
ab sin A sin B 7x 5(4) 20 4(0) 4 2z 0
——
b — —
sin B x0 z 2
——
b
— —
sin B (0, 4, 2)
ab sin A sin B
41. 6 3x y 3x y 12
45
36. tan v —20— y 3x 6 y 3x 12
45
v tan1 —20— y
v 66.0°
6 3x y 12
O x
Chapter 5 156
42. Area of one face of the small cube 12 or 1 in2. 5. Since 44° 90°, consider Case I.
Surface area of the small cube 6 1 or 6 in2. a sin B 23 sin 44°
Area of one face of large cube 22 or 4 in2. a sin B 23 (0.6947)
Surface area of large cube 6 4 or 24 in2. a sin B 15.97714252
Surface area of all small cubes 8 6 or 48 in2. 12 16.0; 0 solutions
The difference in surface areas is 48 in2 24 in2 6. Since 17° 90°, consider Case I.
or 24 in2. a sin C 10 sin 17°
The correct choice is A. 2.923717047
2.9 10 11; 1 solution
c a
sin C
sin A
Page 319 History of Mathematics 11 10
sin 17°
sin A
1. See students’ work; the sum is greater than 180°.
10 sin 17°
In spherical geometry, the sum of the angles of a sin A 11
triangle can exceed 180°.
A sin1 11
10 sin 17°
2. See students’ work. Sample answer: Postulate 4
states that all right angles are equal to one A 15.41404614
another. B 180° (15.4° 17°) or about 147.6°
c b
3. See students’ work.
sin C
sin B
11 b
sin 17°
sin 147.6°
157 Chapter 5
9. Since 130° 90°, consider Case II. 13. Since 61° 90°, consider Case I.
17
5; 1 solution a sin B 12 sin 61°
c
b a sin B 10.49543649
sin C sin B
17 5
8 10.5; 0 solutions
sin 130°
sin B 14. two angles are given; 1 solution
5 sin 130°
sin B 17 15. Since 100° 90°, consider Case II.
15 18; 0 solutions
B sin117
5 sin 130°
16. Since 37° 90°, consider Case I.
B 13.02094264 a sin B 32 sin 37°
A 180° (13.0 130°) or 37.0° a sin B 19.25808074
c a
27
19.3; 2 solutions
sin C sin A
17 a 17. Since 65° 90°, consider Case I.
sin 130° sin 37.0° b sin A 57 sin 65°
17 sin 37.0°
a
sin 130°
b sin A 51.65954386
55
51.7; 2 solutions
a 13.35543321
A 37.0°, B 13.0°, a 13.4 18. Since 150° 90°, consider Case II.
6 8; no solution
10a.
19. Since 58° 90°, consider Case I.
b sin A 29 sin 58°
b sin A 24.59339479
45 ft 70 ft 26
24.6; 2 solutions
a b
sin A
sin B
10˚
26 29
10b. 90° 10° 80° sin 58° sin B
29 sin 58°
180° 80° 100° sin B 2
6
Chapter 5 158
20. Since 30° 90°, consider Case I. 24. Since 36° 90°, consider Case I.
b sin A 8 sin 30° c sin B 30 sin 36°
b sin A 4 c sin B 17.63355757
4 4; 1 solution 19
17.6; 2 solutions
a b b c
sin A
sin B
sin B
sin C
4 8 19 30
sin 30°
sin B
sin 36°
sin C
8 sin 30° 30 sin 36°
sin B 4 sin C 1
9
B sin14 C sin11
8 sin 30° 30 sin 36°
9
B 90 C 68.1377773
C 180° (30° 90°) or 60° 180° 180° 68.1° or 111.9°
a c Solution 1
sin A
sin C
4 c
A 180° (36° 68.1°) or 75.9°
b a
sin 30° sin 60°
sin B
sin A
4 sin 60°
C 19 a
sin 30°
sin 36°
sin 75.9°
C 6.92820323 19 sin 75.9°
B 90°; C 60°, c 6.9 a
sin 36°
C sin1
24 sin 31.8° 12.2 sin 107.2°
b
sin 70° 17.2
b 13.46081025 C 42.65491459
Solution 2 B 180° (107.2° 42.7°) or 30.1°
B 180° (70° 101.8°) or 8.2°
a
b
c b sin A sin B
17.2 b
sin C sin B
sin 107.2°
sin 30.1°
24 b
17.2 sin 30.1°
sin 70° sin 8.2° b
sin 107.2°
24 sin 8.2°
b
sin 70° b 9.042067456
b 3.640196918 B 30.1°, C 42.7°, b 9.0
A 78.2°, B 31.8°, b 13.5; A 101.8°, 26. Since 76° 90°, consider Case I.
B 8.2°, b 3.6 b sin A 20 sin 76°
22. C 180° (40° 60°) or 80° b sin A 19.40591453
c
a
c
b
5 19.4; no solution
sin C sin A sin C sin B
20 a 20° b
sin 80°
sin 40°
sin 80°
sin 60°
20 sin 40° 20 sin 60°
a
sin 80° b
sin 80°
a 13.05407289 b 17.58770483
C 80°, a 13.1, b 17.6
23. Since 90° 90°; consider Case II.
12 14; no solution
159 Chapter 5
27. Since 47° 90°, consider Case I. 31.
a
b
sin A sin B
16 10; 1 solution 15 20
c a
sin 29°
sin B
sin C
sin A 20 sin 29°
16 10 sin B 1
5
sin 47°
sin A
B sin11 20 sin 29°
10 sin 47° 5
sin A
16
B 40.27168721
A sin 1
10 sin 47°
16 180° 180° 40.3° or 139.7°
A 27.19987995 Solution 1
B 180° (47° 27.2) or 105.8° C 180° (29° 40.3°) or 110.7°
c b a c
sin A
sin C
sin C sin B
16 b 15 c
sin 29°
sin 110.7°
sin 47° sin 105.8°
16 sin 105.8° 15 sin 110.7°
b
sin 47°
c
sin 29 °
b 21,0506609 c 28.93721187
A 27.2°, B 105.8°, b 21.1 Perimeter a b c
28. Since 40° 90°, consider Case I. 15 20 28.9 or about 63.9 units
c sin B 60 sin 40° Solution 2
c sin B 38.56725658 C 180° (29° 139.7°) or 11.3°
a c
42
38.6; 2 solutions
sin A
sin C
b c
sin B
sin C
15
c
sin 29° sin 11.3°
42 60
sin 40°
sin C c
15 sin 11.3°
sin 29 °
60 sin 40°
sin C
42 c 6.047576406
Perimeter a b c
C sin1 4
60 sin 40°
2 15 20 6.0 or about 41.0 units
C 66.67417652 b a
32.
180° 180° 66.7° or 113.3° sin B sin A
13 15
Solution 1
sin 55°
sin A
A 180° (40° 66.7°) or 73.3° 15 sin 55°
b a sin A 1
3
A sin113
sin B sin A 15 sin 55°
42 a
sin 40°
sin 73.3°
42 sin 73.3°
A 70.93970395
a
sin 40° 180° 180° 70.9° or 109.1°
a 62.58450564 Solution 1
Solution 2 C 180° (70.9° 55°) or 54.1°
b c
A 180° (40° 113.3°) or 26.7°
sin B sin C
b a 13 c
sin B
sin A
sin 55°
sin 54.1°
42 a 13 sin 54.1°
sin 40°
sin 26.7° c
sin 55°
42 sin 26.7°
a
sin 40°
c 12.8489656
Perimeter a b c
a 29.33237132
15 13 12.8 or about 40.8
A 73.3°, C 66.7°, a 62.6; A 26.7°,
Solution 2
C 113.3°, a 29.3
c 180° (109.1° 55°) or 15.9°
29. Since 125.3° 90°, consider Case II. b c
32 40; no solution sin B sin C
13 c
30.
21.7
19.3
sin 55°
sin 15.9°
sin 57.4° sin x
13 sin 15.9°
sin x
19.3 sin 57.4° c
sin 55°
21.7
c 4.35832749
x sin1
19.3 sin 57.4°
21.7 Perimeter a b c
x 48.52786934 15 13 4.4 or about 32.4
v 180 (57.4° 48.5°) or 74.1° A 70.9°, B 55°, C 54.1°
21.7 y
sin 57.4°
sin 74.1°
21.7 sin 74.1°
y
sin 57.4° 19.3 cm 74.1˚ 21.7 cm
y 24.76922417
57.4˚ 48.5˚
24.8 cm
Chapter 5 160
33. side opposite 37° 15 18 or 33 37. Distance from satellite to center of earth is 3960
side between v and 37° 15 22 or 37 1240 or 5200 miles.
Let x the measure of the third angle. angle across from 5200 mi side 45° 90° or 135°
33 37 5200 3960
sin 37°
sin x sin 135° sin x
37 sin 37° 3960 sin 135°
sin x 3 sin x
5200
3
x sin133 x sin1
37 sin 37° 3960 sin 135°
5200
x 42.43569405 x 32.58083835
v 180 (37° 42.4°) or about 100.6° v 180° (135° 32.6°) or about 21.4°
21.4°
34a. a b sin A 34b. a b sin A (2 hours) 0.0689953425 hours or about 4.1
360°
a 14 sin 30° a 14 sin 30° minutes
a7 a 7 or a 14 38. P turns 20(360°) or 7200° every second which
34c. a
b sin A equals 72° every 0.01 second.
a
14 sin 30°
PQ
OP
sin O sin Q
a
7 and a 14 15 5
7 a 14
sin 72°
sin Q
184.5 140 5 sin 72°
35.
sin 59°
sin x sin Q 15
Q sin11
140 sin 59° 5 sin 72°
sin x
184.5 5
x sin1184.5
140 sin 59°
Q 18.48273235
m∠P 180° (72° 18.5°) or about 89.5°
x 40.57365664 QO PQ
v 180° (59° 40.6°) or about 80.4°
sin P
sin O
90° 80.4° 9.6° QO 15
sin 89.5°
sin 72°
36a. 12° 90° and 316
450 sin 12°; 2 solutions 15 sin 89.5°
316 450 QO
sin 12°
sin v
sin 72°
161 Chapter 5
75 4. Sample answers:
41. tan 22° x
75 A A 180° (90° 53°) or 37°
x b
tan 22° sin B c
x 185.6 m
c 10
1
42. 3; 2 4 4 13 6 10 sin 53° c
10
2 1 6 53˚ c
sin 53°
C B
4 2 12 0 a c 12.52135658
4x2 2x 12 0 b
2
(2)2
4(4)(12)
tan B a
x
2(4) 10
tan 53° a
2 188
x 10
8 a
tan 53°
2 2i47
x
8 a 7.535540501
x
1 i47
A 37°, a 7.5, c 12.5
4
A C 180° (5.5° 45°) or 80°
43. no b a
x1
3x 3x 4x 1 sin B sin A
1
x1
x1 x1
x1 4x 1 55˚ b 10
x x
9 b c
3x 9x 9x sin 45° sin 55°
3
x1 x1 x1 10 sin 45°
45˚ b
sin 55°
44. 5x 2y 9 y 3x 1 C B
5x 2(3x 1) 9 y 3(7) 1
10 b 8.6321799
c a
5x 6x 2 9 y 22
sin C sin A
x 7 c
10
(7, 22) sin 80° sin 55°
10 sin 80°
45. 2x 5y 7 c
sin 55°
2 7
y 5x 5 c 12.0222828
5 C 80°, b 8.6, c 12.0
perpendicular slope: 2 c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
5
y 4 2(x (6)) c2 102 82 2(10)(8) cos 50°
5 c2 61.15398245
y 4 2x 15 c 7.820101179
2y 8 5x 30 a
c
A sin A sin C
5x 2y 22 10 7.8
46. Perimeter of XYZ 4 8 9 or 21 8
sin A sin 50°
c 10 sin 50°
B
length of A
1
3 of perimeter sin A
7.8
1
3(21) or 7 C
50˚
10
B A sin1
10 sin 50°
7.8
The answer is 7. A 78.4024367
B 180° (78.4° 50°) or 51.6°
A 78.4°, B 51.6°, c 7.8
5. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
5-8 The Law of Cosines 322 382 462 2(38)(46) cos A
322 382 462
2(38)(46) cos A
322 382 462
Pages 330–331 Check for Understanding cos1
2(38)(46) A
1. The Law of Cosines is needed to solve a triangle if
the measures of all three sides or the measures of 43.49782861 A
a b
two sides and the included angle are given.
sin A
sin B
2. Sample answer: 1 in., 2 in., 4 in. 32 38
sin 43.5°
sin B
3. If the included angle measures 90°, the equation 38 sin 43.5°
becomes c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C. Since sin B 3
2
cos 90° 0, c2 a2 b2 2ab(0) or c2 a2 b2. B sin132
38 sin 43.5°
B 54.8
C 180° (43.5° 54.8°) or 81.7°
A 43.5°, B 54.8°, C 81.7°
Chapter 5 162
6. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C Pages 331–332 Exercises
c2 252 302 2(25)(30) cos 160° 11. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
c2 2934.538931 a2 72 102 2(7)(10) cos 51°
c 54.1713848 a2 60.89514525
c
a a 7.803534151
sin C sin A a b
54.2 25
sin A sin B
sin 160° sin A 7.8 7
25 sin 160°
sin 51°
sin B
sin A
54.2 7 sin 51°
sin B
A sin1
25 sin 160°
7.8
B sin17.8
54.2 7 sin 51°
A 9.1
B 180° (9.1° 160°) or 10.9° B 44.22186872
A 9.1°, B 10.9°, c 54.2 C 180° (51° 44.2°) or 84.8°
7. The angle with greatest measure is across from B 44.2°, C 84.8°, a 7.8
the longest side. 12. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
212 182 142 2(18)(14) cos v 72 52 62 2(5)(6) cos C
212 182 142 72 52 62
2(18)(14) cos v
2(5)(6) cos C
72 52 62
212 182 142
cos1
2(18)(14) v cos1
2(5)(6) C
81.0 v 78.46304097 C
about 81.0° a c
sin A
sin C
1
8. s 2(2 7 8) 8.5 5 7
K 8.5(8.
5 )(8.5
2 7)(8.5
8) sin A sin 78.5°
5 sin 78.5°
6.4 units2 sin A 7
1
9. s 2(25 13 17) 27.5 A sin17
5 sin 78.5°
K 27.5(2
7.5 7.5
25)(2 7.5
13)(2 17)
A 44.42268919
102.3 units2
B 180° (44.4° 78.5°) or 57.1°
10. a2 b2 c2 A 44.4°, B 57.1°, C 78.5°
65 ft 652 652 c2
13. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
8450 c2
72 42 52 2(4)(5) cos C
c 91.92388155 c 72 42 52
2(4)(5) cos C
cos1
2(4)(5) C
72 42 52
65 ft
101.536959 C
a c
a2 2bc cos v
b2 c2
sin A sin C
652 652 91.92 2(65)(91.9) cos v 4
7
652 652 91.92 sin A sin 101.5°
2(65)(91.9) cos v 4 sin 101.5°
sin A 7
652 652 91.92
cos1
2(65)(91.9) v A sin1 7
4 sin 101.5°
45.01488334 v A 34.05282227
B 180° (34.1° 101.5°) or 44.4°
A 34.1°, B 44.4°, C 101.5°
14. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
c b2 162 122 2(16)(12) cos 63°
b2 225.6676481
50 ft b 15.02223845
65 ft a b
45.0˚
sin A
sin B
16 15.0
c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C sin A sin 63°
16 sin 63°
c2 652 502 2(65)(50) cos 45.0° sin A
15.0
c2 2128.805922
A sin115.0
16 sin 63°
c 46.1 ft
A 71.62084388
C 180° (71.6° 63°) or 45.4°
A 71.6°, C 45.4°, b 15.0
163 Chapter 5
15. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B 1
23. s 2(174 138 188) 250
13.72 11.42 12.22
76
K 250 12
12 6
2(11.4)(12.2) cos B
13.72 11.42 12.22
11,486.3 units2
cos B 1
2(11.4)(12.2) 24. s 2(11.5 13.7 12.2) 18.7
13.72 11.42 12.22
cos1
2(11.4)(12.2) B 8.7
K 187(1 (18.7
11.5) 7)(18.
13.7 2.2)
1
70.8801474 B 66.1 units2
a
b 25a. d2 302 482 2(30)(48) cos 120°
sin A sin B
11.4 13.7
d2 4644
sin A
sin 70.9° d 68.1 in.
sin A
11.4 sin 70.9° 25b. Area of parallelogram 2(Area of triangle)
13.7 1
K 2(30)(48) sin 120°
A sin1
11.4 sin 70.9°
13.7
K 623.5382907
A 51.84180107
2K 2(623.5382907) or about 1247.1 in2
C 180° (51.8° 70.9°) or 57.3° 1
A 51.8°, B 70.9°, C 57.3° 26a. s 2(15 15 24.6) 27.3
16. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C 7.3
K 27.3(2 7.3
15)(2 7.3
15)(2 24.6)
c2 21.52 132 2(21.5)(13) cos 79.3° 105.6
c2 527.462362 Area of rhombus 2(105.6) 211.2 cm2
c 22.96654876 26b. 24.62 152 152 2(15)(15) cos v
a c 24.62 152 152
sin A sin C 2(15)(15) cos v
21.5 23.0
cos1 v
sin A sin 79.3° 24.62 152 152
21.5 sin 79.3° 2(15)(15)
sin A
23.0 110.1695875 v
A sin1
21.5 sin 79.3°
23.0 180° 110.2° 69.8°
A 66.90667662 about 110.2°, 69.8°, 110.2°, 69.8°
B 180° (66.9° 79.3°) or 33.8° 27. The angle opposite the missing side 45°.
A 66.9°, B 33.8°, c 23.0 x2 4002 902 2(400)(90) cos 45°
17. 14.92 23.82 36.92 x2 117,188.3118
2(23.8)(36.9) cos v x 342.3 ft
14.92 23.82 36.92 28.
cos v
2(23.8)(36.9)
74 ft 38 ft
14.92 23.82 36.92
cos1
2(23.8)(36.9) v x
13.75878964 v
about 13.8° 88 ft
18. d12 402 602 2(40)(60) cos 132° 382 742 882 2(74)(88) cos v
d12 8411.826911 382 742 882
2(74)(88) cos v
d1 91.71601229
180° 132° 48° cos1
2(74)(88) v
382 742 882
d22 402 602 2(40)(60) cos 48°
d22 1988.173089 25.28734695 v
side opposite
d2 44.58893461 sin v
hypotenuse
about 91.7 cm and 44.6 cm x
1 sin 25.3° 74
19. s 2(4 6 8) 9
31.60970664 x
K 9(9 4)(9
6)(9
8) about 31.6 ft
11.6 units2
29a. x2 1002 2202 2(100)(220) cos 10°
1
20. s 2(17 13 19) 24.5 x2 15,068.45887
4.5
K 24.5(2 4.5
17)(24.5
13)(2
19) x 122.7536511
107.8 units2 about 122.8 mi
1 29b. (100 122.7536511) 220 2.7536511
21. s 2(20 30 40) 45
about 2.8 mi
)(45
K 45(45 205
30)(40)
4
290.5 units2
1
22. s 2(33 51 42) 63
)(63
K 63(63 333
51)(62)
4
690.1 units2
Chapter 5 164
30. 202 ft side opposite
34. tan v
side adjacent
82.5˚ 180.25 ft 570
I tan v
700
201.5 ft x 570
y III v tan1
700
II 75˚
v 39.2°
158 ft
125 ft 35. 775° 2(360°) 55°
1 reference angle 55° or 55°
I: K 2(201.5)(202) sin 82.5°
36. 3 1 7 k 6
K 20,177.3901 3 12 36 3k
II: x2 201.52 2022 2(201.5)(202) cos 82.5° 30 3k
1 4 12 k
x2 70,780.6348
30 3k 0
x 266.046302
k 10
y2 1582 180.252 2(158)(180.25) cos 75° 5t t
y2 42.711.98851 37. m
5t 2t
y 206.6687894 4t
m 3t or 3
4
206.72 266.02 1252 3
2yx
2 23x6
2(266.0)(125) cos v 38. y
3
206.72 266.02 1252 8x6
cos v
2(266.0)(125) y
3
165 Chapter 5
C could also equal 180 76.27180414 or 15.
156°
0.43
360°
103.728195°
B 180 51 103.7281959° 360(1)° 156°
25.2718041 360° 156°
y 204°; III
tan (180 25.2718041)
x 50 998°
16. 2.77
(x 50) tan 154.7281959° y 360°
Set the two values of y equal to each other. 360(2)° 998°
(tan 51°) x (x 50)tan 154.7281959° 720° 998°
(tan 51°) x x(tan 154.7281959°) 50(tan 278°; IV
154.7281959°) 300°
17.
360° 0.83
50(tan 154.7281959°)
x 360(1)° 300°
tan 51° tan 154.7281959°
x 13.82829048 360° 300°
y (tan 51°) (13.82828048) 60°; I
1072°
17.07651659 18.
360° 2.98
B 52.7°, C 76.3°, b 40.9; B 25.3°,
360(2)° 1072°
C 103.7°, b 220
720° 1072°
3. Law of Cosines 352°; IV
4. Sample answer: put vertex A at the origin and 654°
19.
360° 1.82
vertex C at (3, 0).
360(1)° 654°
360° 654°
294°; IV
Chapter 5 Study Guide and Assessment 20.
832°
360° 2.31
360(2)° 832°
Page 335 Understanding and Using the 720° 832°
Vocabulary 112°
360° 112° 248°; III
1. false; depression 2. false; arcosine
3. true 4. false; adjacent to 21. 284° has terminal side in first quadrant.
5. true 6. false; coterminal 360° 284° 76°
592°
7. true 8. false; Law of Cosines 22.
360° 1.64
9. false; terminal side 10. true
360(1)° 592°
360° 592°
232°
Pages 336–338 Skills and Concepts terminal side in third quadrant
11. 57.15° 57° (0.15 60) 232° 180° 52°
57° 9 23. (BC)2 (AC)2 (AB)2
57° 9 152 92 (AB)2
12. 17.125° (17° (0.125 60)) 306 (AB)2
(17° 7.5) 306
AB
(17° 7 (0.5 60)) AB
334
(17° 7 30) opposite side adjacent side
sin A cos A
17° 7 30 hypotenuse hypotenuse
15
534 9
334
860° 1146° sin A or cos A or
13.
360° 2.39 14.
3 60° 3.18
334 34
334 34
side opposite
360(2)° 860° 360(3)° 1146° tan A
side adjacent
720° 860° 1080° 1146° 15 5
tan A or
140°; II 66°; I 9 3
Chapter 5 166
24. (PM)2 (PN)2 (MN)2 29. r
x2 y2
82 122 (MN)2 r
82 (
2)2
208 (MN)2 r 68
or 217
208
MN y x y
sin v x cos v y tan v x
MN
413
2 8 2 1
sin M
opposite side
cos M
adjacent side
sin v
217
cos v
217
tan v 8 or 4
hypotenuse hypotenuse
12
313 8 213 17
417
sin M or
13 cos M or
13
sin v 17 cos v
17
413
413
r r
tan M
side opposite
csc M
hypotenuse
csc v y sec v x
side adjacent side opposite
217
217 17
12 3
413
or
13 csc v 2 or 17 sec v or
tan M 8 or 2 csc M 12 3
8 4
x
hypotenuse side adjacent cot v y
sec M
side adjacent cot M
side opposite 8
413
13 8 2 cot v 2 or 4
sec M or cot M 1
8 2 2 or 3
30. r x y2
2
25. (MP)2 (PN)2 (MN)2
r (2)2 02
(MP)2 102 122
r 4 or 2
(MP)2 44 y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
MP 44 or 211
0 2 0
opposite side adjacent side sin v 2 or 0 cos v 2 or 1 tan v
2 or 0
sin M
hypotenuse cos M
hypotenuse r r x
csc v y sec v x cot v y
10 5
211 11
sin M 1
2 or 6 cos M 12 or 6
2 2 2
side opposite hypotenuse
csc v 0 sec v
2 or 1
cot v 0
tan M
side adjacent csc M
side opposite undefined undefined
10 511 12 6
tan M
211
or 11 csc M 1
0 or 5
31. r x2 y2
sec M
hypotenuse
cot M
side adjacent
r 42 52
side adjacent side opposite
12
611
211 11
r 41
sec M
or cot M or y x y
211 11 10 5 sin v r cos v r tan v x
1
26. sec v 5 4 5
cos v sin v
41
cos v
41
tan v 4
1
cos v 541 441
secv
sin v 41 cos v
41
1 5
cos v
7 or 7
r r x
csc v y sec v
x cot v y
5
41 41
4
27. r x2 y2 csc v 5 sec v
4 cot v 5
r 32 32 32. r x2 y2
r 18 or 32 r (5)2
(9
)2
y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v
x
r 106
y x y
3 3 3 sin v r cos v r tan v x
sin v
cos v
tan v
3 or 1
32 32 9 5 9 9
sin v
106
cos v
106
tan v
5 or 5
2 2
sin v 2 cos v
2
9106
5106
r r sin v
106 cos v
106
csc v y sec v
x r r
32 32 csc v y sec v x
csc v 3 or 2
sec v
3 or 2
106
106
106
106
x
csc v or
9
9 sec v
5 or
5
cot v y x
cot v y
3
cot v 3 or 1 5 5
cot v
9 or 9
28. r x2 y2
33. r x2 y2
r
(5)2
122
r
(4)2
42
r 169
or 13
y x y r 32
or 42
sin v r cos v r tan v x y x y
sin v r cos v r tan v x
12 5 5 12 12
sin v cos v or 1 tan v
5 or 5 4 4 4
13 13 3
sin v
42
cos v
42
tan v
4 or 1
r r x
csc v
y sec v
x cot v
y 2
2
13 13 13 5 5 sin v cos v
csc v
12 sec v
5 or 5 cot v
12 or 1
2
2 2
r r x
csc v
y sec v x cot v y
42 42 4
csc v
4 sec v
4 cot v 4 or 1
csc v 2 sec v 2
167 Chapter 5
34. r x2 y2 43. a2 b2 c2 cos A —c—
b
Chapter 5 168
51. Since 38.7° 90°, consider Case I. B 113.7°, C 37.3°, b 22.7;
c sin A 203 sin 38.7° B 8.3°, C 142.7°, b 3.6
c sin A 126.9242592 54. Since 45° 90°, consider Case I.
172
126.9; 2 solutions 83
79; 1 solution
a c a b
——
sin A — —
sin C —— — —
sin A sin B
172 203 83 79
sin 38.7° — —
sin C —— — —
sin 45° sin B
203 sin 38.7° 79 sin 45°
sin C — —
172 sin B —8—
3
203 sin 38.7°
C sin1 — B sin1 —8—
— 79 sin 45°
172 3
C 47.55552829 B 42.30130394
180° 180° 47.6° or 132.4° C 180° (45° 42.3°) or 92.7°
Solution 1 a c
—— ——
sin A sin C
B 180° (38.7° 47.6°) or 93.7° 83 c
b a —— — —
——
sin B — —
sin A
sin 45° sin 92.7°
83 sin 92.7°
b 172 c— —
——
sin 937° — —
sin 38.7°
sin 45°
172 sin 93.7° c 117.2495453
b— —
sin 38.7° B 42.3°, C 92.7°, c 117.2
b 274.5059341 55. a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A
Solution 2 a2 402 452 2(40)(45) cos 51°
B (180° (38.7° 132.4°) or 8.9° a2 1359.446592
b a
a 36.87067388
sin B sin A
a b
b
—— ——
172 ——
sin A — —
sin B
sin 8.9° sin 38.7°
36.9 40
172 sin 8.9°
b— —
——
sin 51° — —
sin B
sin 38.7°
40 sin 51°
b 42.34881128 sin B — —
36.9
B 93.7°, C 47.6°, b 274.5; B 8.9°, B sin1 —36.9
40 sin 51°
—
C 132.4°, b 42.3
B 57.39811237
52. Since 57° 90°, consider Case I.
C 180° (51° 57.4) or 71.6°
b sin A 19 sin 57°
a 36.9, B 57.4°, C 71.6°
b sin A 15.93474074
12 15.9; no solution 56. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B
b2 512 612 2(51)(61) cos 19°
53. Since 29° 90°, consider Case I.
b2 438.9834226
c sin A 15 sin 29°
b 20.95193124
c sin A 7.272144304 b a
12
7.3; 2 solutions —— ——
sin B sin A
a c 21.0 51
—— —— —— ——
sin A sin C sin 19° sin A
12 15 51 sin 19°
sin A — —
sin 29° sin C 21.0
15 sin 29°
51 sin 19°
sin C —1— 2 A sin1 — —
21.0
1 15 sin 29°
C sin ——
12
A 52.4178316
C 180° (52.4° 19°) or 108.6°
C 37.30170167
b 21.0, A 52.4°, C 108.6°
180 180° 37.3° or 142.7°
Solution 1 57. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
B 180° (29° 37.3°) or 113.7° 202 112 132 2(11)(13) cos C
202 112 132
——
a
— —
b ——
2(11)(13) cos C
sin A sin B
202 112 132
12
sin 29°
b
sin 113.7°
cos1 — —
2(11)(13) C
b
12 sin 113.7°
—— 112.6198649 C
sin 29 ° a c
—— ——
b 22.6647614 sin A sin C
Solution 2 11 20
—— ——
sin A sin 112.6°
B 180° (29° 142.7°) or 8.3° 11 sin 112.6°
a b sin A —20—
——
sin A — —
sin B
11 sin 112.6°
12 b A sin1 —20—
——
sin 29° — —
sin 8.3°
12 sin 8.3° A 30.51023741
b— —
sin 29° B 180° (30.5° 112.6°) or 36.9°
b 3.573829815 A 30.5, B 36.9°, C 112.6°
169 Chapter 5
58. b2 a2 c2 2ac cos B y2 1
b2 422 6.52 2(42)(6.5) cos 24° y 1
b2 1307.45418 Since y is a length, use only the positive root.
b 36.15873588 Another method is to use the Triangle Inequality
b c Theorem. The hypotenuse must be shorter than
—— ——
sin B sin C
36.2 6.5
the sum of the lengths of the other two sides.
—— —— 5y 3 4
sin 24° sin C
6.5 sin 24° 5y 7
sin C — —
36.2 Which of the answer choices make this inequality
6.5 sin 24°
C sin1 — —
36.2 true?
C 4.192989407 5(1) 5 7
A 180° (24° 4.2°) or 151.8° 5(2) 10
7
b 36.2, A 151.8°, C 4.2° The correct choice is A.
2. If you recall the general form of the equation of a
circle, you can immediately see that this equation
represents a circle with its center at the origin.
Page 339 Applications and Problem Solving
8 (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
59a. sin v —1—
2 If you don’t recall the equation, you can try to
8
v sin1 —1—
2
eliminate some of the answer choices. Since the
equation contains squared variables, it cannot
v 41.8° represent a straight line. Eliminate choice D.
x
59b. cos v —12— Similarly, eliminate choice E. Since both the x and
x y variables are squared, it cannot represent a
cos 41.8° —12—
12 cos 41.8° x parabola. Eliminate choice C. The choices
8.94427191 x remaining are circle and ellipse. This is a good
about 8.9 ft time to make an educated guess, since you have a
50% chance of guessing correctly. It represents a
60a. x2 4.52 8.22 2(4.5)(8.2) cos 32°
circle. The correct choice is A.
x2 24.9040505
x 5.0 mi 3. Use factoring and the associative property.
8.2 5.0 999 111 3 3 n2
60b. ——
sin v — —
sin 32° (9 111) 111 3 3 n2,
sin v — —
8.2 sin 32° 3 3 (111)2 3 3 n2.
5.0
So n must equal 111. The correct choice is C.
v sin1 — —
8.2 sin 32°
5.0 4. A
v 60.54476292
45˚
180 v 180 60.5 or about 119.5° 7
45˚ 7
D
Chapter 5 170
5. You need to find the fraction’s range of values, 8. Factor the polynomial in the numerator of the
from the minimum to the maximum. The fraction. Simplify the fraction. Solve for x.
minimum value of the fraction occurs when a is as x2 7x 12
—— 5
x4
small as possible and b is as large as possible. (x 3)(x 4)
Since the smallest value of a must be slightly —— 5
x4
greater than 4, and the largest value of b must be x35
slightly less than 9, this minimum value of the x2
4
fraction must be larger than —9—. The maximum The correct choice is B.
value of the fraction occurs when a is as large as 9.
possible and b is as small as possible. This
7
maximum must be smaller than —7— or 1. The O
3
correct choice is A. C 30
171 Chapter 5
Chapter 6 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
Pages 348–351 Exercises
6-1 Angles and Radian Measure
16. 135° 135°
180° 17. 210° 210°
180°
3 7
4 6
Pages 347–348 Check for Understanding
18. 300° 300°
180° 19. 450° 450°
180°
1. y 2. 90°; —4—
5 5
3 2
3 20. 75° 75°
180° 21. 1250° 1250°
180°
4
5 125
O 1 x 12 18
7 7 180° 11 11 180°
22.
12 12 23.
3 3
105° 660°
180° 180°
24. 17 17 25. 3.5 3.5
3. Divide 10 by 8.
4. Let R 2r. For the circle with radius R, s Rv or 974.0° 200.5°
180° 180°
2rv which is 2(rv). Thus, s 2s. For the circle 26.
6.2
6.2
27. 17.5 17.5
1 1
with radius R, A 2R2v or 2(2r)2v which is 29.0° 1002.7°
5
or 42r2v. Thus, A 4A.
1 1
(4r2)v
2 28. reference angle: 2 3 or 3; Quadrant 4
5 3
5. 240° 240°
180° 6. 570° 570°
180° sin 3 2
4 19 7
3 6 29. reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 3
3 3 180° 7 3
7.
2 2 tan 6 3
5
270° 30. reference angle: 4 or 4; Quadrant 3
180°
8. 1.75 1.75 5
2
cos 4 2
100.3° 7
3
31. reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 3
9. reference angle:
4 or ;
4 Quadrant 2 7 1
3 2
sin 6 2
sin
4 2 14 2
32. is coterminal with 3
11 5 3
10. reference angle:
6 or ;
6 Quadrant 3 2
11
3
reference angle: 3 or 3; Quadrant 2
tan
6 3 14
tan 3 3
11. s rv 12. 77° 77°
180° 19 5
5 77
33. 6 is coterminal with 6
s 15
6
180 5
reference angle: 6 or 6; Quadrant 2
s 39.3 in. s rv 19 3
s 15
77 cos 6 2
180
Chapter 6 172
1 180°
40. r 2d 78° 78°
180° 53b. s rv 2.5 2.5
1 13
r 2(22) 30 5 2v 143.2°
2.5 v
r 11 s rv
13 54. 330° 330°
s 113
0
180°
11
s 15.0 in. 6
41. s rv d 2r s rv s rv
11
70.7 r
5
d 2(18.0) s 2
6 11.5 8v
4
18.00360716 r d 36.0 m s 11.5 in. 1.44 v; about 1.4 radians
180°
42. 60° 60° s rv 55. s rv 0.5 0.5
180°
3
14.2 r3
10.5 22.9v 26.3°
0.46 v; about 0.5
13.56 r; about 13.6 cm
1
56a. 45° 34° 11° 56b. 45° 31° 14°
43. A r2v 44. 90° 90°
2 180° 11° 11°
180° 14° 14°
180°
5
A
1
(102) ——
2 12
2
11 7
—9—
180 0
A 65.4 units2 A
1
r2v
2 s rv s rv
11 7
s 3960
180 s 396090
A
1
(222)
2 2
1 2 s 12.2(0.2)
15 2 r (0.2)
1
42 1.25v 206.3°
s 2.4 in.
150 r2 3.6 v
12.247 r
3
about 12.2 in. 59a. v 2 2 or 2
1 180° 1
52a. A 2r2v 52b. 3.4 3.4
A 2r2v
1
194.8° 3
A 2(152)—2—
1
15.3 2(32)v
3.4 v; 3.4 radians A 530.1 ft2
52c. s rv 53a. 225° 225° 1
5
180° 59b. A 2r2v
s 3(3.4)
3
750 2r22
4 1
s 10.2 m
s rv
5 318.3098862 r2
s 24
17.84124116 r; about 17.8 ft
s 7.9 ft
173 Chapter 6
60. 3.5 km 350,000 cm yx a2 b2 16
s rv (b)2 (a)2 16
350,000 32v a2 b2 16; yes
10,937.5 v; 10,937.5 radians y x a2 b2 16
61. Area of segment Area of sector Area of triangle (b)2 (a)2 16
1 1 a2 b2 16; yes
A 2r2a —2—r r sin a
all
1
A 2r2(a sin a) 70. 4x 2y 3z 6
1 5x 4y 3z 75
62. s 2(6 8 12)
9x 6y 81
13
K s(s
a)(s b)(s c) 2(4x 2y 3z) 2(6) 8x 4y 6z 12
3(3x 3y 2z) 3(2) → 9x 9y 6z 6
K 13(13
13 6)(8)(13
12)
17x 5y 6
K 455
5(9x 6y) 5(81) 45x 30y 405
K 21.3 in2 →
6(17x 5y) 6(6) 102x 30y 36
63. Since 152° 90°, consider Case II. 147x 441
10.2 12, so there is no solution. x 3
64. C 180° 38° 27° 115° 9x 6y 81 4x 2y 3z 6
560
a 9(3) 6y 81 4(3) 2(9) 3z 6
sin 115° sin 27°
y9 z8
a 280.52 (3, 9, 8)
x
sin 38°
280.52 71. b
x 172.7 yd 72. Since q 0, q
0. Given that p
0,
65. I, III p q p q and p q
0. So the
66a. Find a quadratic regression line using a expression p q is nonnegative.
graphing calculator. Sample answer: y 102x2 The correct choice is B.
505x 18,430
66b. 2020 1970 50
y 102x2 505x 18,430 6-2 Linear and Angular Velocity
y 102(50)2 505(50) 18,430
y 248,180
Sample answer: about 248,180 Page 355 Check for Understanding
67. 1.
r 1 3 2 6 10
1 1 2 4 2 12
2 1 1 4 2 6
3 1 0 2 0 10
4 1 1 2 14 66
Chapter 6 174
10. v rq 11. v rq 35a. In 1 second, the second hand moves 6
1
0 (360°)
v 12(36) v 7(5) or 6°.
v 432 in./s v 110.0 m/min
6° 6°
180° or 30
12a. r 3960 22,300 or 26,260 mi
s rv v rv
s 26,260(2) v 3030
s 164,996.4 mi v 3.1 mm/s
v
12b. v r t
2 35b. In 1 second, the minute hand moves
v 26,26024
v 6874.9 mph
1
1
60 60 (360°) or 0.1°.
0.1
0.1° 0.1°
180° or 180
v rv
Pages 355–358 Exercises 0.1
v 27
180
13. 3 2 6 or about 18.8 radians
v 0.05 mm/s
14. 2.7 2 5.4 or about 17.0 radians
15. 13.2 2 26.4 or about 82.9 radians 35c. In 1 second, the hour hand moves
16. 15.4 2 30.8 or about 96.8 radians 610 (360°) or about 0.008°.
1 1
12 60
17. 60.7 2 121.4 or about 381.4 radians 0.008
0.008° 0.008°
180° or 180
18. 3900 2 7800 or about 24,504.4 radians
v rv
19. 1.8 2 3.6 20. 3.5 2 7
v 18 180
0.008
v v
q t q t
3.6 7
v 0.003 mm/s
q 9 q 3 1 v
36a. r 2d v r t
q 1.3 radians/s q 7.3 radians/min 2
v 404
5
1
r 2(80) or 40
21. 17.2 2 34.4 22. 28.4 2 56.8
v v v 5.6 ft/s
q t q t v
34.4 56.8 36b. v r t
q 1 q 1 2
8 40t
2 9
q 9.0 radians/s q 9.4 radians/s
23. 100 2 200 24. 122.6 2 245.2 t 31 s
v v 37a. 3 2 6 radians 1 minute 60 seconds
q
t q t v
200 245.2 v r t
q q 27 1 6
v 22—2—60
16
q 39.3 radians/min q 28.5 radians/min
1 revolution 2 radians
0.1 radian/s
v 7.1 ft/s
25. 50 seconds 1 revolution
v
500 revolutions 1 minute 2 radians 37b. v r t 37c. 7.1 3.1 4 ft/s
26. —— —— —— 52.4
1 minute 60 seconds 1 revolution 6
radians/s 3.1 r
60
27.
85 radians
60 seconds
1 revolution
811.7 rpm 9.87 r; about 9.9 ft
1 second 1 minute 2 radians
28. v rq 29. v rq 38a. 35° 35°
180°
7
v 8(16.6) v 4(27.4) 36
v 132.8 cm/s v 109.6 ft/s v
lighter child: q t
30. v rq 31. v rq
7
v 1.8(6.1) v 17(75.3)
36
v 34.5 m/min v 4021.6 in./s q
1
32. v rq 33. v rq 2
v 39(805.6) v 88.9(64.5) q 1.2 radians/s
v 31,418.4 in./min v 18,014.0 mm/min v
heavier child: q t
120° 60 seconds 1 revolution
34a.
1 second 1 minute
20 rpm
360° 7
36
34b. 120° 120°
180° q
1
2
3
2
v q 1.2 radians/s
q t v rq
2
2
v 5 3
3
q 1 v 10.5 in./s
2
q 3
175 Chapter 6
38b. lighter child: v rq 42c. 3960 500 4460; C 2(4460) or
v 9(1.2) 28023.00647
v 11.0 ft/s t 28,023.00647
17,000 or 1.648412145
v
heavier child: v rq q t
2
v 6(1.2) q
1.65
v 7.3 ft/s q 3.8
39a. 3 miles 190,080 inches Its angular velocity is between 3.8 radians/h and
1
r 2d s rv 4.1 radians/h.
1 43a. B clockwise; C counterclockwise
r (30) 190,080 15v
43b. vA rAtA
2 v
r 15 12,672 v
vA 3.01
120
1 revolution
12,672 2 2017 revolutions
2.75 revolutions 60 seconds 60 minutes 2 radians vA 360
39b.
second
1 minute
1 hour 1 revolution
The linear velocity of each of the three rollers is
19,800 radians/hour the same.
v rq
vB rBtB vC rCtC
v v
v 15(19,800)
vB vC
v 933,053.0181 360 2.0 1 360 4.8 1
933,053.0181 inches 1 mile
14.7 mph 180 vB 75 vC
40a. Mercury: Venus: 180 rpm 75 rpm
v r t
v v
v r t 44. 105° 105°
180°
2 2 7
v 2440
1407.6
v 6052
5832.5
12
1
v 10.9 km/h v 6.5 km/h A 2r2v
7
A 2(7.22)12
Earth: Mars: 1
v v
v r t v r t A 47.5 cm2
2 2
v 6356
23.935 v 3375
24.623 45.
1
r 2d
v 1668.5 km/h v 861.2 km/h 1
r 2(7.3)
40b. The linear velocity of Earth is about twice that
r 3.65
of Mars.
41a. v vm cos qt r y
v 4 cos t
x
41b. v 4 cost
v 360°
10 or 36°
0 4 cos t x y
sin v r cos v r
0 cos t x y
3
t 2 or t 2 sin 36°
3.65 cos 36°
3.65
1
t 2 or 0.5 s
3
t 2 or 1.5 s x 2.145416171 y 2.952912029
1
42a. 3960 200 4160 miles A bh
2
1
C 2r t C
speed A (2.15)(2.95)
2
C 2(4160) t 26,138.05088
17,000 A 3.16761261
C 26138.05088 t 1.537532405 Area of pentagon 10(3.17) or about 31.68 cm2
46. 35°2055 35° 20
60 55 3600
v 1° 1°
q t
2
q 35.349°
1.54
q 4.1 radians/h 47. 10 k
58 Check: 10 k 58
v
k
5 2 10 9 58
42b. q t t C
speed k
54 10 48
2 k9 10 2 8
4 2r
17,000
t
2 12 8
——
2 t —— (17,000)
2 2r no real solution
(17,000)
48. (x (4))(x 3i)(x (3i)) 0
2 (x 4)(x 3i)(x 3i) 0
r
2
(x 4)(x2 9) 0
4250 r x 4x2 9x 36 0
3
4250 3960 290; about 290 mi
Chapter 6 176
49. y maximum value of the cosine function occurs
when x n, where n is an even integer, and its
y x3 1
minimum value occurs when x n, where n is
an odd integer.
O x 5. yes; 4 6. 0 7. 1
3
8.
2 2n, where n is an integer
9. y
05 1 y cos x
50. m
6 8
5 5
m
14 or
14
y y1 m(x x1) O 5 6 7 x
5
y0 (x (6))
14 1
5 15
y x
14 7
51. P 2a 2b 10. y
P 2 2b
3
b
4 y sin x 1
3
P b
2 2b
7
P b
O x
2 4 3 2
2P
7 b The correct choice is D.
1
6-3 Graphing Sine and 11. Neither; the period is not 2.
Cosine Functions 12. April (month 4):
y 49 28 sin 6(t 4)
Page 363 Check for Understanding
y 49 28 sin 6(4 4)
1. Sample answer:
y 49
y
October (month 10):
y 49 28 sin 6(t 4)
O x
y 49 28 sin 6(10 4)
y 49
period: 6 The average temperatures are the same.
3 5
2. Sample answers: 2, 2, 2
3. cos x cos(x 2) Pages 363–366 Exercises
4. y 13. yes; 6 14. no 15. yes; 20 16. no
y sin x 17. no 18. no 19. 1 20. 0
1
21. 0 22. 1 23. 1 24. 1
25. sin cos 0 (1)
1
O 2 3 4 5 x
26. sin 2 cos 2 0 1
1 1
y cos x 27. 2n, where n is an integer
Both functions are periodic functions with the
28.
2 2n, where n is an integer
period of 2. The domain of both functions is the 29.
2 n, where n is an integer
set of real numbers, and the range of both
30. v 2n, where n is an integer
functions is the set of real numbers between 1
and 1, inclusive. The x-intercepts of the sine 31. y
function are located at n, but the x-intercepts of
y sin x 1
the cosine function are located at 2 n, where n
is an integer. The y-intercept of the sine function
is 0, but the y-intercept of the cosine function is 1.
5 4 3 O x
The maximum value of the sine function occurs
when x 2 2n and its minimum value occurs
3
1
when x 2 2n, where n is an integer. The
177 Chapter 6
32. y 1 1
43a. csc v
sin v 43b. csc v
sin v
1 1 1
y cos x 1— —
sin v 1
sin v
sin v 1 sin v 1
3
O 8 9 10 x 2 2n, where n
2
2n, where n
is an integer is an integer
1
43c. csc v is undefined when sin v 0.
n, where n is an integer
33. y 44a. sec v 1
44b. sec v 1
cos v cos v
1 1
y cos x 1 1
cos v 1
cos v
cos v 1 cos v 1
2n, where n 2n, where n
5 4 3 O x
is an integer is an integer
1 44c. sec v is undefined when cos v 0.
n, where n is an integer
2
34. y 45.
1 y sin x
O 5 6 x
1
[0, 2] sc1—2— by [2, 2] sc11
3 7
35. y x 4, 4
y cos x 1 46.
3 2 O x
1
36. y
[0, 2] sc1—2— by [2, 2] sc11
y sin x
1 5
0 x 4, 4 x 2
47.
O 4 5 x
1
Chapter 6 178
54a. v 3.5 cos t —
m
49. k
—
——
19.6
1.99
v 3.3 cm
v 3.5 cos t
m
k
1.99
19.6
—
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11 v 2.0 cm
x 0, 2, 2
v 3.5 cos t
——
k
54b. m
50.
0 3.5 cos t —
1.99
19.6
—
0 cos t —
1.99
19.6
—
cos1 0 t —
19.6
—
1.99
1.570796327 t
19.6
——
1.99
0.5005164776 t; about 0.5 s
[0, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
v 3.5 cos t —
m
k
5 54c. —
x 4, 4
3.5 3.5 cos t
——
19.6
51a. July (month 7): 1.99
y 43 31 sin 6(t 4)
1 cos t
——
19.6
1.99
y 43 31 sin 6(7 4)
cos1 1 t
19.6
——
1.99
y 74
2 t
19.6
——
1.99
January (month 1):
2.00206591 t; about 2.0 s
y 43 31 sin 6(t 4)
55a. n
2, where n is an integer
y 43 31 sin 6(1 4)
4
55b. 1 55c. 1 55d.
y 12
55e. y
74 12 62; it is twice the coefficient.
y cos 2x
51b. Using answers from 51a., 74 12 86; it is 1
twice the constant term.
52a. n, where n is an integer
52b. 2 52c. 2 52d. 2 2 O 2 x
52e. y 1
2 y 2 sin x
1
56a. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
P 500 200 sin [0.4(0 2)] or about 357
2 O 2 x pumas
1 D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
2 D 1500 400 sin (0.4(0)) or 1500 deer
56b. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
52f. It expands the graph vertically. P 500 200 sin [0.4(10 2)] or about 488
pumas
53a. P 100 20 sin 2t
D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
P 100 20 sin 2(0) or 100 D 1500 400 sin (0.4(10)) or about 1197 deer
P 100 20 sin 2(0.25) or 120
56c. P 500 200 sin [0.4(t 2)]
P 100 20 sin 2(0.5) or 100
P 500 200 sin [0.4(25 2)] or about 545
P 100 20 sin 2(0.75) or 80
pumas
P 100 20 sin 2(1) or 100
D 1500 400 sin (0.4t)
53b. 0.25 s 53c. 0.75 s D 1500 400 sin (0.4(25)) or about 1282 deer
500 revo
lutions 1 minute 2 radians
57.
1 minute
60 seconds 1 revolution 52.4 radians
per second
180°
58. 1.5 1.5
85.9°
59. 45°, 135°
179 Chapter 6
2 x
x2
4 68. Perimeter of square RSVW
60. x2 2x x2 4 RS SV VW WR
1(x 2)(x 2) 2)
2 x
2 x
1(x 2)(x 5 5 5 5 or 20
x2
Perimeter of rectangle RTUW
(1)(x 2)(x 2)
x2 4
x2 4
RT TU UW WR
1(x 2)(2) (x 2)(x) (1)(x2 4) (5 2) 5 (5 2) 5
2x 4 x2 2x x2 4 24
x2 24 20 4
But, x 2, so there is no solution. The correct choice is B.
61. 1 positive real zero
f(x) 2x3 3x2 11x 6
2 or 0 negative real zeros Page 367 History of Mathematics
2 2 3 11 6 1.
4 14 6
n n 2 n3
2 7 3 0
1 2
2x2 7x 3 0
(2x 1)(x 3) 0 2 12
2x 1 0 or x30 3 36
1 4 80
x 2 x 3
1 5 150
3, 2, 2
6 252
62. 1 1 2 9 18 [0, 30] sc15 by [0, 30,000]
7 392 sc15000
1 3 6
8 576
1 3 6 12
9 810
12; no
10 1100
63. g (x ) vertical: 11 1452
g (x ) x2 x2 x 0 12 1872
x2 x
x(x 1) 0 13 2366
x 0 or x 1 0 14 2940
O x
x 1 15 3600
horizontal: 16 4352
y1 17 5202
64. reflected over the x-axis, expanded vertically by a 18 6156
factor of 3 19 7220
2 4 1 20 8400
65.
3
1 1
4
0
5
21
22
9702
11,132
2 1 0 4 1 0 (1) 1 1
23 12,696
4 5 3 5 3 4
24 14,400
2(5) 4(5) 1(1)
25 16,250
11
26 18,252
66. 1 0 3
2 1
0 1 2 4 6 27 20,412
28 22,736
1(3) 0(2) 1(2) 0(4) 1(1) 0(6)
0(3) 1(2) 0(2) 1(4) 0(1) 1(6) 29 25,230
3 2 1
2 4 6
30 27,900
The graph is not a straight line. It curves upward,
A(3, 2), B(2, 4), C(1, 6)
increasing more rapidly as the value of n
3
67. x 2y y increases.
2 x 23 y 2. See students’ work.
y x
3 ART
O x
Chapter 6 180
2
6-4 Amplitude and Period of Sine and 7.
4 2
Cosine Functions y
y sin 4
1
Page 369 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1.
O 3
2 2
1
2
8. 10 10; 2
O 2 3
Pages 372–373 Check for Understanding 4
1. Sample answer: y 5 sin 2v 8
2. The graphs are a reflection of each other over the
v-axis.
2
2 9. 3 3; 2
3. A: period 2 or
2 y y 3 cos 2
B: period 5 3
2 2
C: period
1
or 4
1
2
D: period 2 O 2 3
1
C has the greatest period. 2
4. Period and frequency are reciprocals of each other. 3
5. y
2
y 3 cos
y cos 3 10. 0.5 0.5; 1 12
2
6
y
O 2 3 1 y 0.5 sin 6
2
y cos
O 2 4 6 8 10
All three graphs are periodic and curve above and
below the x-axis. The amplitude of y 3 cos v is 3,
while the amplitude of y cos v and y cos 3v is 1
2
1. The period of y cos 3v is 3, while the period 2
1 1
of y cos v and y 3 cos v is 2. 11. 5 5; 1 8
4
6. 2.5 2.5
y
y
0.2 y 15 cos 4
y 2.5 cos
2
O 2 4 6 8
O 2 3 4
2
0.2
2
12. A 0.8
k
2
A 0.8 k or 2
y 0.8 sin 2v
181 Chapter 6
2 2
13. A 7
k 3 20.
2
2
A 7 k or 6 y
y cos 2
3
1
y 7 sin 6v
2
14. A 1.5
k 5
A 1.5
2
k 5 or 5
2 O 2 3
2
y 1.5 cos 5v 1
3 2
15. A 4
k 6
3 2 2
A 4 k 6 or 3 21. 1 8
3 4
y 4 cos v
3
2 1 y
16. A 0.25
k
294
1 y cos 4
A 0.25 k 588
y 0.25 sin (588 t)
O 2 4 6 8
2 O
2
y 2
y 34 cos 23. 5 5; 1 2
0.5 y
y 5 cos
4
O 2 3
0.5
O 2 3 4
4
19. 1.5 1.5
y
2
2 y 1.5 sin 24. 2 2;
0.5 4
1 y
y 2 cos 0.5
O 2 3 2
1
2 O 2 3 4
2
Chapter 6 182
2 2 2
25.
5
5; 9
2
30. 3 3;
0.5 4
y y
2 y 3 cos 0.5
y 5 sin 9
0.4 2
O O 2 3 4 5
4 2
0.4 2
1 2
31.
3
3; 3
2 1
26. 8 8;
0.5 4
y y
8 y 8 sin 0.5 1
1
4 y 3 cos 3
O 2 3 4 5 O 2 3 4 5
4
1
8
2
3
3;
2 1 1
27. 3 3;
4 32. 1 6
2 3
y y
4
y 3 sin 2 1
1
2 y 3 sin 3
2 O 3 2 5 O 2 3 4 5
2 2 2
2
4 1
2 2
3
3;
2 2 14
28.
3 3 33. 4 4; 1 4
7 2
y y
2 3
y cos 7 y 4 sin 2
0.8 3 4
0.4 2
O 3 2 5 3 O 2 3 4 5
2
0.4
2 2 2
0.8 4
2 2
34. 2.5 2.5; 10
29. 3 3; 2 1
5
x y 3 sin 2
y
2
y 2.5 cos 5
2
O 2 3 4 5
O 2 3 4 5
2
2
2 1
35. 0.5 0.5;
698 349
183 Chapter 6
2 2
36. A 0.4
k 10 50. sine curve A 0.5
k
1
A 0.4 k k2
5
v y 0.5 sin 2v
y 0.4 sin
5 2
2
51. cosine curve A 3
k 2
37. A 35.7
k 4 k1
A 35.7 k8 y 3 cos v
y 35.7 sin 8v 2
1 2
52. sine curve A 1.5
k 4
38. A
4
k
3 1
1
k 2
A 4 k6 v
1
y 1.5 sin 2
y 4 sin 6v 2 1
2
53. A 3.8
k
120
39. A 0.34 0.75
k A 3.8 k 240
8
A 0.34 k 3 y 3.8 sin(240 t)
2 1
y 0.34 sin 3v
8 54. A 15
k 36
2 5 A 15 k 72
40. A 4.5 4
k y 15 cos (72 t)
8
A 4.5 k 5 55.
8
y 4.5 sin 5v
2
41. A 16
k 30
A 16 k 15
y 16 sin 15v
2
42. A 5
k 2
All the graphs have the same shape, but have
A 5 k1
been translated vertically.
y 5 cos v A (A) 2
5 2 56a. A
2
k 8
43. A 8
k 7
5 k 4
A 8 k 14
A
2
3
5
y 8 cos 14v
2
A 1.5; down first, so A 1.5
44. A 7.5 6
k y 1.5 sin 4t
1
A 7.5 k
3 56b. y 1.5 sin 4t 56c. y 1.5 sin 4t
v
y 7.5 cos
3 y 1.5 sin 4(3) y 1.5 sin 4(12)
2
45. A 0.5
k 0.3 y 1.1 ft y 0 ft
20
A 0.5 k
3
57a. Maximum value of sin v 1.
20 Maximum value of 2 sin v 2 1 or 3
y 0.5 cos v
3 57b. Minimum value of sin v 1
2 2 3
46. A 5
k 5 Minimum value of 2 sin v 2 (1) or 1
2 10 2
A 5 k 3 57c.
1 2
2 10
y 5 cos v
3
37d. y
2 y 2 sin
47. A 17.9
k 16
A 17.9 k 8 2
y 17.9 cos v
8
2
48. A 1.5
k 2
A 1.5 k4 O 2 3 4 5
y 1.5 sin 4v, y 1.5 cos 4v
2 1
49. cosine curve A 2
2
4 58a. A 0.2
k
262
k
1 A 0.2 k 524
k 2
y 0.2 sin (524 t)
v
y 2 cos 2
Chapter 6 184
1 2 1
58b. A 2(0.2) 64. 73° 73°
180° s rv
k 524
73 73
A 0.1 k 1048
180 s 9
180
y 0.1 sin (1048 t) s 11.5 in.
2 1
58c. A 2(0.2)
k
131 65. a2 b2 c2 tan A b
a
y 1.5 cos 4
6
9.8 g
y 0.6 4.1 2
9.8
about 0.6 m to the right 0.6525352667
9.8
59c. y 1.5 cos t
9.8
6 0.458022743
9.8
y 1.5 cos 7.9
6
9.8
4.17 ; about 4.17 m
y 1.2 67. b2 4ac 52 4(3)(10)
about 1.2 m to the left 95
2 imaginary roots
60a. n, where n is an integer
2 68a. Let x the number of Model 28 cards and let
60b. 1 y the number of Model 74 cards.
2
60c. 2 30x 15y 240 y
1 40
20x 30y 360
60d. y 12x 10y 480 32 12x 10y 480
y cos( )
1 x0 x0
y0 24
2
P(x, y) 100x 60y
61a. y 1.5 cos t
m
k
k 6.8 P(0, 0) 100(0) 60(0) or 0
P(0, 12) 100(0) 60(12) or 720
y 1.5 cos t
18.5
k 0.9 s/cycle
0.4 P(3, 10) 100(3) 60(10) or 900
1
y 1.5 cos 6.8t 0.9 1.1 hertz
frequency: P(0, 8) 100(0) 60(8) or 480
2
3 of Model 28, 10 of Model 74
61b. y 1.5 cos t
m
k
k 5.6 68b. $900
y 1.5 cos t
0.6
18.5
0 2 3 3
k 1.1 s/cycle
69. 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 4 2
y 1.5 cos 5.6t frequency:
1.1 0.9 hertz
1(2) 0(1) 1(1) 0(1)
61c. y 1.5 cos t
k
m
2
k 4.8
0(2) (1)(1) 0(1) (1)(1)
1(3) 0(4) 1(3) 0(2)
y 1.5 cos t
0.8
18.5
k 1.3 s/cycle 0(3) (1)(4) 0(3) (1)(2)
2 1 3 3
1
y 1.5 cos 4.8t frequency:
1.3 0.8 hertz
1 1 4 2
61d. It increases. 61e. It decreases. (2, 1), (1, 1), (3, 4), (3, 2)
62. 0 70. g (x )
63. 84 2 168 radians
v
q
t
168
q
6
q 88.0 radians/s
O x
185 Chapter 6
71. y 14.7x 140.1 Translations of Sine
y 14.7(20) 140.1 6-5
y $434.10
and Cosine Functions
72.
x x2 y Page 378 Graphing Calculator Exploration
4 (4)2 16 1.
3 (3)2 9
2 (2)2 4
{(4, 16), (3, 9), (2, 4)}; yes
1
73. A s2 radius 2(10) or 5
100 s2 A r2
10 s A (5)2 or 25
4(25) 100 2. The graph shifts farther to the left.
The correct choice is C. 3. The graph shifts farther to the right.
O 7 8 9 x
7. 3; y 3 y
1
A 1;
2 y sin 2 3
2 4
2
9. 7 7; 1 6
2
3
y
y 7 cos 3
8 O 2 3 4 5
4
O 2 4 6 8 10 12
4
8
2
10. A 5
k 3
A 5 k6
y 5 sin 6v
Chapter 6 186
2 13c. P P 30 sin 2t 100
8. 2 2; 2 ; 2; 5
120
y
80
O 2 3 4 5
2 y 2 sin (2 ) 5 40 P 30 sin 2t 100
4
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 t
6
2
O 2 3 4 5
1
O 2 3 4 5
c 2
2 15. k 2; A 1; 2
10. A 20
k 1 c0
y
A 20 k 2 h 100 y sin(2 )
y 20 sin 2v 100 1
2
11. A 0.6
k 12.4
A 0.6 k
6.2
O 2 3 4 5
c
k
2.13 h7 1
c
2.13
6.2
2.13
c
6.2 c 2 2
2.13 16. k — or 2; A 2; 1 8
y 0.6 cos
6.2 v 6.2
1
4 4
7
y
12.
x sin x cos x y 2
0 sin 0 cos 0 1
1
2 sin 2 cos 2 1
sin cos 1 O 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 3 3 1
2 sin
2 cos
2 1
2 y 2 cos ( 4 2 )
2 sin 2 cos 2 1
y y sin x cos x 1 1
17. 2; y 2
1 2
A 1; 1 4
2
O 2 x y
2
1 1
y sin 2 2
1
130 70
13a.
2 100; P 100
130 70 2
O 2 3 4 5
13b. A
2
k 1
1
A 30 k 2
A 30 P 30 sin 2t 100
187 Chapter 6
2
18. 4; y 4 24. 5 5; 3; 3; 20
2
A 5;
1 2 y
y 30 y 20 5 cos (3 )
O 2 3 4 5 20
2
4 10
6
8
O 2 3 4 5
y 5 cos 4 0
1 1 2
25. 4 4;
1 4; 1 0; 3
19. 7; y 7
2
2
2
A 1;
2 y
y
y 7 cos 2
O 2 3 4 5
8
6 2 1
y 4 cos 4 3
4
2 4
O 2 3 4 5
2 4
26. 10 10; 16; 5
1 8; 1
c 4
20. k 2 or 2; 3 4 4
y
2 2
y 10 sin ( 4 4) 5
21. 3 3;
1 2;
1 2; 0
5
y
y 3 cos ( 2 )
O 2 3 4 5
5
2
10
15
O 2 3 4 5
2 2 (6)
27. A 2 4; 2 to the left or 2;
A 4 down 2, or 2
A 4; 4
2 3 2 c
22. 6 6; 1 2;
1 3; 2
28. A 7
k 3
2 h 7
2 3
y
y 6 sin ( 3 ) 2 A 7 k 3 2
8 c 3
2
y 7 sin 3v 3 7
6 2
4 2 3 c
2 29. A 50
k 4
8 2
h 25
8 3
O 5
A 50 k 4
2 3 4 3 c 3
2
4
y 50 sin 3v 3 25
8
4
3 2 c 1
30. A 4 5 1
0 h 4
2 12
k
23. 1 1; 1 6; 4; 2 A 4
3
k 10 c 10
1
3
3 3 1
y 4 sin (10v 10) 4
y
2 c
31. A 3.5
k 2 4 4 h7
O 2 3 4 5
A 3.5 k4 c
y 3.5 cos (4v ) 7
2 4 2 c 7
32. A 5
k 6 12 3 h 5
y 2 sin ( 3 12 ) 4
A 5 k 12 c 4
4 4 7
y 5 cos (12v 4)
5
Chapter 6 188
2 c
33. A 100
k 45
2 0 h 110 38.
45
x sin x 2x sin 2x sin x sin 2x
2
A 100 k 45 c0 0 0 0 0 0
2
y 100 cos 45v 110
0.71 1 1.71
4 2
1 (3) 2
34. A
2
k 4 h 1 1 0 1
2
1
A 2 k
2 0 2 0 0
A 2; 2 3
1 3 0 1
y 2 cos 2 1
v 2
3.5 (2.5)
2 0 4 0 0
2 c
35. A 2
k 2 0 h3
y
A 0.5 k2 c0
A 0.5; 0.5 2 y sin x sin 2x
y 0.5 sin 2v 3 1
36. x sin x sin x x O 2 x
0 0 0 1
2 1
2 1 2.57 2
0 3.14
3 3 39. y y 2 sin x 3 cos x
2 1
2 1 3.71 4
2 0 2 6.28 2
x
y
y x sin x O 2 3
8
2
6
4 y 2 sin x
y 3 cos x
4
40. y y cos 2x cos 3x
2
4
O 2 3 x
2
37.
x
x cos x sin x cos x sin x O 3 2
2 2
0 1 0 1 2
2 0 1 1
y cos 3x y cos 2x
1 0 1
41a. 2000 1000 3000
3
2 0 1 1 2000 1000 1000
2 1 0 1 41b. 10,000 5000 15,000
10,000 5000 5000
y 41c.
2
y cos x sin x
1
O 2 x
1
2
[0, 24] sc11 by [0, 16,000] sc11000
41d. months number 3 and 15
41e. months number 0, 12, 24
41f. When the sheep population is at a maximum,
the wolf population is on the increase because of
the maximum availability of food. The upswing
in wolf population leads to a maximum later.
189 Chapter 6
42. y 3
yx 49. f(x)
x1
3 3
y
x1
2 3
x
y1
x x(y 1) 3
3
O 2 3 4 y 1 x
3
y x 1
2
y cos x
y x cos x
11 1133
50. 5 X
3 5
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5) X
43a. 46 42 4 ft
1(3) 1(3) 1(5) 1(5)
0 0
1 X
43b. r 2d t 21 4 0 0
r
1
(42) t 25 51. 7(3x 5y) 7(4) 21x 35y 28
2
14x 35y 21 → 14x 35y 21
r 21 35x 49
43c.
3 revolutions
1 revolution
x 1.4
60 seconds x seconds
3x 5y 4
x 20 s 3(1.4) 5y 4
43d. A 21
2
20 h 25 y 0.04 (1.4, 0.04)
k
52. y
A 21; 21 k
10
t
h 25 21 sin
10 x x 4 y
43e. h 25 21 sin
t
6 6 4 2
10
t 4 4 4 0
46 25 21 sin
10 2 2 4 2
t
1 sin 10 0 0 4 4 O x
y |x 4|
t
sin1 sin 10
53. 3x y 7 0 y y1 m(x x1)
5 t; 5 s
t
y 3x 7 y (2) 3(x 3)
43f. h 25 21 sin 1
0 slope: 3 y 2 3x 9
10 3x y 11 0
h 25 21 sin 1
0 1
54. 4 inches 3 foot
h 25 ft
1
c
44. k 2 or 0
0 75 42 3 1050 cubic feet
2 1050 7.48 7854 gal
c The correct answer is 7854.
k
2 or
4
There is a 4 phase difference.
cos x
x
45a. y sin 45b. y x
6-6 Modeling Real-World Data
45c. y cos x2 45d. y sin x
with Sinusoidal Functions
2 1
46.
k 294 Pages 390–391 Check for Understanding
k 588 y 0.25 sin 588t 1. any function that can be written as a sine function
47. v rq or a cosine function
v 7(19.2) 2. Both data that can be modeled with a polynomial
v 134.4 cm/s function and data that can be modeled with a
48. asymptote: x 2 sinusoidal function have fluctuations. However,
x3 y data that can be modeled with a sinusoidal
y
x2
function repeat themselves periodically, and data
y(x 2) x 3 x3
y x2 that can be modeled with a polynomial function
yx 2y x 3 do not.
2y 3 x yx 3. Sample answers: the amount of daylight, the
O x
2y 3 x(1 y) average monthly temperatures, the height of a
2y 3
1y x seat on a Ferris wheel
asymptote: y 1
Chapter 6 190
5
4a. y 5 cos6t 4b. 5 units above 8d. h 3 cos 3t 3.5
5
y 5 cos 6 0 equilibrium h 3 cos 3(25) 3.5
y 5 h 2 units
5 units below equilibrium 9a. R 1200 300 sin 2t
4c. y 5 cos t
6 R 1200 300 sin 2 0
y 5 cos
6 7 R 1200
y 4.33 9b. H 250 25 sin 2t 4
about 4.33 units above equilibrium
140 80 140 80 H 250 25 sin 2 0 4
5. A 2 h 2
H 232
A 30 h 110
2 9c. R: 1200 300 1500
k 1 H: 250 25 275 no
k 2 P 30 sin 2t 110 9d. R 1200 300 sin 2t
191 Chapter 6
2
12b. y 23.5 sin 6t 3 47.5
c
14. k 1 or
2 3
y 23.5 sin 6 3 3 47.5 increase shift by 2; 2 2
3
y 35.75 c
k 2
about 35.8° c 3
2 1 2
12c. y 23.5 sin t
6 3 47.5 3
2 c 2
y 23.5 sin 8 47.5 3
Sample answer: y 3 cos x 2 5
6 3
y 67.9° 13.25 1.88 13.25 1.88
81° 73° 81° 73° 15a. A 2 15b. h 2
13a. A 2 13b. h 2
A 5.685 ft h 7.565 ft
A 4° h 77°
15c. 4:53 P.M. 4:30 A.M. 12:23 or about 12.4 h
13c. 12 months 2
2 15d. A 5.685
k 12.4 h 7.565
13d. A 4
k 12 h 77
k
6.2
k 6
4:30 A.M. 4.5 hrs
y 4 cos 6t c 77
h 5.685 sin
6.2 t c 7.565
73 4 cos 1 c 77
6 13.25 5.685 sin
6.2 4.5 c
4 4 cos c 4.5
6 5.685 5.685 sin
6.2 c
1 cos c 4.5
6 1 sin
6.2 c
cos1 1 c 4.5
6 sin1 1
6.2 c
cos1 1 c 4.5
6 sin1 1
6.2 c
0.5235987756 c
0.7093918895 c
Sample answer: y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77
Sample answer: h 5.685 sin
6.2 t 0.71
13e. y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77 7.565
15e. 7:30 P.M. 19.5 hrs
y 4 cos 6 8 0.5 77
y 80.41594391 h 5.685 sin
6.2 t 0.71 7.565
Sample answer: About 80.4°; it is very close to h 5.685 sin
6.2 19.5 0.71 7.565
the actual average.
h 8.993306129
13f. y 4 cos 6t 0.5 77 Sample answer: about 8.99 ft
y 4 cos 6 5 0.5 77 16a. Table at bottom of page.
y 79.08118409
Sample answer: About 79.1°; it is close to the
actual average.
Chapter 6 192
15.03 9.33 15.03 9.33
16b. A 2 16c. h 2 24. 402 322 202 2(32)(20) cos v
402 322 202
A 2.85 h h 12.18 h cos v
2(32)(20)
402 322 202
16d. 12 months v cos1
2(32)(20)
2
16e. A 2.85
k 12 h 12.18 v 97.9°
180° 97.9° 82.1°
k
6
about 97.9°, 82.1°, 97.9°, 82.1°
y 2.85 cos 6t c 12.18 2m 16 2m 16
25.
m2 16
(m 4)(m 4)
9.47 2.85 cos 1 c 12.18 2m 16 A B
6
(m 4)(m 4)
m4 m4
2.71 2.85 cos c
6 2m 16 A(m 4) B(m 4)
0.950877193 cos c
6 Let m 4.
2(4) 16 A(4 4) B(4 4)
cos1 0.950877193 6 c
8 8B
cos1 0.950877193 6 c 1 B
0.2088597251 c Let m 4.
2(4) 16 A(4 4) B(4 4)
Sample answer: y 2.85 cos 6t 0.21 12.18
24 8A
17. 70.5 19.5 51 3A
y 70.5 19.5 sin 6t c A
B 3 1
m4 m4 m4
m4
51 70.5 19.5 sin 6 1 c 26. 2 2 k 1 6
4 2k 8 4k 14
19.5 19.5 sin c
6 2 k4 2k 7 4k 20
1 sin 6 c 4k 20 0
k5
sin1 1 6 c
27. f (x )
sin1 1 6 c
f (x ) 2x 1 5
2.094395102 c
Sample answer: about 2.09 O x
14 revolutions 1 minute 2 radians 7
18a.
1 minute
60 seconds
1 revolution
15 rad/s
7
y 3.5 cos t
15
7
18b. y 3.5 cos t
15
7 increasing: x
1; decreasing: x 1
y 3.5 cos 4
15 28. The correct choice is E.
y 3.197409102
about (4, 3.20)
120 (120) 2
19. A 2
k 60 Graphing Other Trigonometric
6-7
A 120 k
30
Functions
VR 120 sin t
30 Page 400 Check for Understanding
20. See students’ work. 1. Sample answers: , , 2
2
21. 3 3; 2 ; 2; 5 2. The asymptotes of y tan v and y sec v are the
y same. The period of y tan v is and the period
y 3 cos(2 ) 5 of y sec v is 2.
8 3
3. Sample answers: 2, 2
6
4. 0 5. 1
4
6. n, where n is an odd integer
2
7.
4 n, where n is an integer
O 2 3 4 5
193 Chapter 6
4 24. n, where n is an integer
4
8. ;
1 4
1
25. 4 n, where n is an integer
y 3
26. n, where n is an integer
y tan ( 4 ) 4
4
27. n, where n is an odd integer
2
2
28. n, where n is an integer
2 O 2
2 2
29.
1 ; 1 2
4
y
8 y cot( 2 )
2
9.
2 ; 2; h 1 4
y y sec(2 ) 1
2 O 2
4 4
2 8
2 O 2
2 2
30. 1 6; no phase shift; no vertical shift
4
3
y
2 c
10. k: 3 c:
2 h: h 4 4
k 3 y sec 3
2 3 2
k
3
2
c 9 2 O 2
2 2
y csc 3v 9 4
2
c 4
11. k: k 2 c: 1 4 h: h 0
1 2
k 2 2
31. 2; no phase shift; h 5
c 8 1
y
y cot 2v 8
1
8
12a. f ma 12b. F f sec v
f 73(9.8) F 715.4 sec v 6
f 715.4 N 4
2 y csc 5
12c.
1 2; no phase shift, no vertical shift 2
y
800
2 O 2
F 715.4 sec
4
400 32. 2; 2; h 1
1 1
2 2
O y
2 2
4 y tan ( 2 4 ) 1
12d. 715.4 N 2
12e. The tension becomes greater.
2 O 2
2
Chapter 6 194
2 2 c
33.
2 ; 2; h 3 41. k: k 3 c: 6 2 h: h 5
y k6 c 3
2 O 2 y csc (6v 3) 5
2 2 c
42. k: k 3 c:
2 h: h 8
4
2 3
k
6 3 2
c 3
8 2
y sec 3v 3 8
2
12
c
43. k: k 2 c: 2 4 h: h 7
y csc(2 ) 3
k2 c 2
y tan 2v 7
2 6
34. 6; 2; h 2
1 1 2
3 3 44a.
40 d
y 40 40
2 y sec ( 3 6 ) 2 no phase shift
20 d 10 tan 40 t
O no vertical shift
2 2
2 20 10 O 10 20 t
4 20
6 40
8
44b. d 10 tan 40 t
35. y
d 10 tan 40(3)
4 y sec
d 2.4 ft from the center
2
y cos 44c. d 10 tan 40t
2
O
2 d 10 tan 40(15)
2
d 24.1 ft from the center
4
45. y
4
2, , 0, , 2
c 2
36. k: k 2 c:
1 0 h: h 6
1 2 2 O 2
k —2— 2
c0
v 4
y tan2 6
c
37. k: k 2 c: 2 8 h: h 7
The graph of y csc v has no range values
k2 c —4— between 1 and 1, while the graphs of y 3 csc v
y cot 2v 4 7 and y 3 csc v have no range values between
2 c 3 and 3. The graphs of y 3 csc v and y
38. k: k c: 2 4 h: h 10 3 csc v are reflections of each other.
1 v
k2 c
2 46a. f m 9.8 46b. F 2f sec 2
f 7 9.8
y sec 2v 2 10
1 v
F 2(68.6) sec 2
f 68.6 N
2 c v
39. k: k 3 c:
2 h: h 1 F 34.3 sec 2
2 3 2
k 3 2 46c.
1
4
c 3
2
2
y csc 3v 3 1
2
F
c 40
40. k:
k 5 c:
1 h: h 12
5
F 34.3 sec 2
1
k
5 20
c 5
y cot 5 5 12
v
O
195 Chapter 6
46d. 34.3 N 52. C 180° (62°31 75°18) or 42°11
46e. The tension becomes greater. a b
sin A
sin B
47a. 220 A 57.3 b
2 1
sin 62°31
sin 75°18
47b.
60 3
0 s 57.3 sin 75°18
b
sin 62°31
6
47c.
1 b 62.47505783
60 360
a c
47d. I 220 sin 60t
6 sin A sin C
57.3 c
I 220 sin 60 60 6
sin 62°31 sin 42°11
57.3 sin 42°11
I 110 A c
sin 62°31
48. y 1 tan v 2 c 43.37198044
3.99 0.55 3.99 0.55 C 42°11, b 62.5, c 43.4
49a. A
2 49b. h
2
A 1.72 ft h 2.27 ft 53a.
49c. 12:19 P.M. 12:03 A.M. 12:16 or about 12.3 hr
2
49d. A 1.72
k 12.3 h 2.27
2
k
12.3
12:03 0.05 hr since midnight 73˚
2
h 1.72 sin t c
12.3 2.27 4m
2 x 4
3.99 1.72 sin 0.05
12.3 c 2.27 53b. tan 73° 4 53c. cos 73° y
1 sin
0.1 y 13.7 m
12.3 c
a
0.1 54. a2 b2 c2 sin A
sin1 1
12.3 c
c
7
0.1 72 42 c2 sin A
sin1 1
12.3 c
65
765
1.545254923 c 65
c sin A 65
2
Sample answer: h 1.72 sin
12.3 t 1.55 2.27
b a
cos A c tan A b
49e. noon 12 hrs since midnight cos A
4 7
tan A 4
2
65
h 1.72 sin t 1.55 2.27
465
12.3
cos A
2
h 1.72 sin 2.27
65
12 1.55 x2 4
12.3
55. —— 0
x2 3x 10
h 3.964014939 (x 2)(x 2)
—— 0 zeros: 2, 2
Sample answer: 3.96 ft (x 5)(x 2)
2 excluded values: 5, 2
50. 2 2;
1
4 (3)2 4
2
Test 3:
(3)2 3(3) 10
0
y 5
2
5 0 false
y 2 cos 2 4
02
1 Test 0:
02 3(0) 10
0
4
0 false
10
2 O 2 32 4
1 Test 3:
32 3(3) 10
0
5
2
10 0 true
6 4
2
Test 6:
62 3(6) 10
0
51. s rv 32
0 false
s 183 8
2 x 5
s 6 cm 6
56. k
0.5 t kr
k 12 10 12r
r 0.83
Chapter 6 196
57. 3x 2y 8 y
Trigonometric Inverses and Their
y
3
2x 4
6-8
Graphs
y 2x 1
2y x 4 Page 410 Check for Understanding
O x
1
y
2x 2 1. y sin1 x is the inverse relation of y sin x, y
1
(sin x)1 is the function y 1
sin x , and y sin(x )
1
is the function y sin x.
58. y 17.98x 35.47; 0.88 2. For every y value there are more than one x value.
59. A: impossible to tell The graph of y cos1 x fails the vertical line
B: 6(150) 10(90) test.
900 900; true 3. The domain of y Sin x is the set of real numbers
C: impossible to tell between 2 and 2, inclusive, while the domain of
D: 150 30 2(90) y sin x is the set of all real numbers. The range
150 210; false of both functions is the set of all real numbers
E: 3(90) 30 2(150) between 1 and 1, inclusive.
270 330; false 4. Restricted domains are denoted with a capital
The correct choice is B. letter.
5. Akikta; there are 2 range values for each domain
value between 0 and 2. The principal values are
between 0 and , inclusive.
6-7B Sound Beats 6. y Arcsin x
x Arcsin y
Page 404 Sin x y or y Sin x
1. y y
2 1
y Arcsin x y Sin x
O O
1 1 x 2 x
2
2 1
197 Chapter 6
16. y arctan x
10. Let v Cos1 2.
2
x arctan y
2
Cos v 2 tan x y or y tan x
y y
v —4—
y tan x
cos Cos1 cos
2
2
2 v 2 y arctan x 2
cos
4 2
2 O 2 x O x
cos —4—
2
2
2
11. true
12. false; sample answer: x 1; when x 1, 17. y Arccos 2x
Cos1(1) , Cos1(1) 0 x Arccos 2y
13a. C 2r 13b. C 40,212 cos v Cos x 2y
1 1
C 2(6400)
2 Cos x y or y 2 Cos x
C 40,212 km
y y
13c. C 40,212 cos v
1
3593 40,212 cos v
3593
y 12 Cos x
40,212 cos v
cos1 v
3593
40,212 y Arccos 2x O x
1.48 v; about 1.48 radians
1 O 1 x 1
13d. C 40,212 cos v
C 40,212 cos 0
C 40,212 km 18. y 2 Arcsin x
x 2 Arcsin y
Pages 410–412 Exercises x —2— Arcsin y
14. y arccos x
Sin x 2 y or y Sin x 2
x arccos y
cos x y or y cos x y y
y Sin (x 2 )
1
y
2 2
O x
y y 2 Arcsin x 2
1
1 O 1 x 1
y cos x
x
y arccos x O 2 x 19. y tan 2
y
1 O 1 x
x tan 2
1
y
tan1 x 2
15. y Sin x 2 tan 1 x y; y 2 tan1 x
x Sin y
Sin1 x y or y Sin1 x y y
y 2 tan1 x
y y 2 y tan 2
x
1 2
y Sin x y Sin1 x O x 2 O 2 x
O x O 2
2 2
1 1 x
1 2
Chapter 6 198
y Tan x 2
1
20. 30. Let a Sin1 1 and Cos1 2.
x Tan y 2
1
Sin a 1 Cos 2
Tan1 x y 2 a 2 3
sin Sin1 1 Cos1 2 sin (a )
1
Tan1 x 2 y
sin 2 3
No; the inverse is y Tan1 x 2.
21. y y y Arccot x sin 6
4 1
y Cot x 2
2
2
31. No; there is no angle with the sine of 2.
O x
32. false; sample answer: x 2; when x 2,
2
2 Cos1(cos 2) Cos1 1, or 0, not 2.
4 2 O 2 4 x
33. true
4
34. false; sample answer: x 1; when x 1,
Arccos (1) and Arccos ( (1)) 0.
22. Let v Sin1 0. 23. Let v Arccos 0. 35. true 36. true
Sin v 0 Cos v 0
37. false; sample answer: x 2; when x 2, cos1 2
v0 v —2—
is undefined.
3
y
24. Let v Tan1 3. 25. If y tan 4, then 38.
3
Tan v 3 y 1. y tan(Tan1x )
tan
v
6 Sin1
4 Sin1 y
Sin1 1 O x
——
2
2
26. If y Cos1 2, then y ——.
4
1.21 v; about 1.21 radians
cos 2 6 43a. 6:18 12:24 18:42 or 6:42 P.M.
2
cos 3 43b. 12.4 h
7.05 (0.30)
2
1 43c. A 2
A 3.675 ft
199 Chapter 6
2 7.05 (0.30) 48. y
43d. A 3.675
k 12.4 h 2
1
k h 3.375 y cos x
6.2
6:18 6.3 h
y 3.675 sin
6.2 t c 3.375
11 10 9 O x
7.05 3.675 sin 6.3
6.2 c 3.375
6.3
3.675 3.675 sin c
6.2 1
6.3
1 sin
6.2 c 49. v 25°
6.3
30 30
sin1 1 c x a 180° (25° 25°)
6.2
6.3 25˚ or 130°
sin1 1
6.2 c
30 30
1.621467176 c
30 x
Sample answer:
sin 25°
sin 130°
y 3.375 3.675 sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 sin 130°
x
sin 25°
43e. y 3.375 3.675 x 54.4 units
sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 30 v 2(25°) or 50°
1
6 3.375 3.675 y a 2(180° 50°) or 65°
sin
6.2 t 1.62
30 30
2.625 3.675 sin t
6.2 1.62 30 y
sin 1.62
2.625 sin 65° sin 50°
t
3.675 6.2 30 sin 50°
y
sin1
2.625 sin 65°
—
6.2 t
— 1.62
3.675 y 25.4 units
sin 1
2.625
3.675 1.62
6.2 t 50. 210° 180° 30°
6.2
2
sin1
.
62
3.675
5
1.62 t 51. p: 1, 2, 3, 6
q: 1, 2
4.767243867 t p 1 3
0.767243867 60 46.03463204; ——:
q 1, 2, 3, 6, 2, 2
Sample answer: about 4:46 A.M.
52. g (x )
44. y
1
y sin (Tan1 x ) 1 g (x ) x 2 3
2 O 2 x O x
1
decreasing for x 2 and x
2
Dd 53. [f g](x) f(g(x))
45a. v cos1 2c f(3x)
1 64
v cos
2(10) (3x)3 1
v 1.47 radians 27x3 1
45b. L D (d D)v 2C sin v [g f ](x) g(f(x))
L (6) (4 6)1.47 2(10) sin 1.47 g(x3 1)
L 35.81 in. 3(x3 1)
3x3 3
46. n, where n is an integer
2 c 54. D 4, F 6, G 7, H 8
47. A 5
k 3
2 h 8 value: (4 6 7 8)4 (25)4 or 100
2 3 The correct choice is D.
A 5 k ——
3 2
c 3
2
y 5 sin 3v 3 8
2
Chapter 6 200
2
Chapter 6 Study Guide and Assessment 34. 0.5 0.5; 4 2
y
Page 413 Understanding and Using the 1
Vocabulary y 0.5 sin 4
1. radian 2. angular
3. the same 4. amplitude
5. angle 6. phase
O 2 3
7. radian 8. frequency
9. sunusoidal 10. domain 1
1 1 2
35. 3 3; 4
1
Pages 414–416 Skills and Concepts
2
11. 60° 60°
180° 12. 75° 75°
180° y
5 1
3 12
5 5 180° y 13 cos 2
13. 240° 240°
180° 14.
6
6
4
3 150° O 2 4 6
7 7 180° 180°
15. 4 4
16. 2.4 2.4
315° 137.5° 1
17. s rv 18. 75° 75°
180°
3 5
s 154 12
36. A 4
2
2
c
4 2 h 1
k
s 35.3 cm s rv
A 4 k4 c 8
5
s 1512 y 4 sin (4v 8) 1
2 c
s 19.6 cm 37. A 0.5
k 2 3 h3
2
19. 150° 150°
180° 20. s rv A 0.5 k2 c 3
5
6 s 155 2
y 0.5 sin 2v 3 3
s rv s 9.4 cm 3 2 c
5 38. A —4— 4 8 0 h5
s 156
k
3
A 4 k8 c0
s 39.3 cm 3
21. 5 2 10 or about 31.4 radians y 4 cos 8v 5
120 80 2 120 80
22. 3.8 2 7.6 or about 23.9 radians 39. A 2
k 1 h 2
23. 50.4 2 100.8 or about 316.7 radians A 20 k 2 h 100
24. 350 2 700 or about 2199.1 radians y 20 sin 2t 100
130 100 2 130 100
25. 1.8 2 3.6 26. 3.6 2 7.2 40. A 2 —— 1 h 2
k
v v
q
t q
t A 15 k 2 h 115
q
3.6
q
7.2
y 15 sin 2t 115
5 2 2
q 2.3 radians/s q 11.3 radians/min 41. period: 1 or 2, no phase shift, no vertical shift
27. 15.4 2 30.8 28. 50 2 100 y
v v 1
q
t q
t
30.8 100 y 13 csc
q
15 q
12
q 6.5 radians/s q 26.2 radians/min O 2 3 4
29. 1 30. 0 31. 1 32. 0
2
33. 4 4; 2
1
y
y 4 cos 2
4
O 2 3
2
4
201 Chapter 6
Page 417 Applications and Problem Solving
2 c
42. ; 6; no vertical shift 50a. A 11.5 2k 12
3 3 3 h 64
y 6
k
6
8 c 2
y 2 tan ( 3 2 )
4 y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
50b. April: month 4
O 2
4
y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
8
y 11.5 sin 6 4 2 64
y 69.75; about 69.8°
43. vertical shift: 4 50c. July: month 7
y y 11.5 sin 6t 2 64
6 y 11.5 sin 6 7 2 64
4 y 74.0°
y sec 4
F
2 51. B
IL sin v
0.2
0.04
5.0(1) sin v
O 2 3
0.04(5.0(1) sin v) 0.2
2 0.2
sin v
0.04(5.0)(1)
44. vertical shift: 2 sin v 1
y
v 2
2
O 2 3
2 Page 417 Open-Ended Assessment
1
1. A r2v
2
y tan 2 1
26.2 r2v
2
6
2
Sample answer: r 5 in., v 3
45. Let v Arctan 1. 46. Let v Sin1 1. 2a. Sample answer: If the graph does not cross the
Tan v 1 Sin v 1 y-axis at 1, the graph has been translated. The
v 4 v 2 first graph has not been translated and the
second graph has been translated.
47. If y tan 4, then y 1.
y
Cos1tan 4 Cos1y 1
Cos1 1
Let v Cos1 1.
Cos v 1 O 2 x
v0
3
48. If y Sin1 2, then y —3—.
1
sinSin1 2 sin y
3
y
sin —3—
1
3
2
1
49. Let a Arctan 3
and Arcsin 2.
Tan a 3
Sin 2
1 O 2 x
a
3
6
1 1
cos (Arctan 3
Arcsin
2 cos (a )
cos 3 6 2b. Sample answer: If the equation does not have
the form y A cos kv, the graph has been
cos
2 translated. The graph of y 2 cos 2v has not
0 been translated. The graph of y 2 cos (2v )
3 has been translated vertically and
horizontally.
Chapter 6 202
Chapter 6 SAT & ACT Preparation If either of the two factors equals 0, then the
statement is true. Set each factor equal to 0 and
solve for x.
Page 419 SAT and ACT Practice
x40 or x20
1. Since there is no diagram, draw one. Sketch a
x4 x 2
right triangle and mark the information given.
The solutions of the equation are 4 and 2. To
find the sum of the solutions, add 4 2 2. The
correct choice is D.
4 6. You may want to label the triangle with opposite,
adjacent, and hypotenuse.
A
3 adjacent opposite
3
Notice that this is one of the “special” right
triangles. Its sides are 3-4-5. So the hypotenuse is
5. The sine is opposite over hypotenuse (SOH). C B
4 5
sin v 5 hypotenuse
The correct choice is B. To find cos v, you need to know the length of the
2. Let x be the smaller integer. The numbers are two adjacent side. Notice that the hypotenuse is 5 and
consecutive odd integers. So, the larger integer is 2 one side is 3, so this is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The
more than the first integer. Represent the larger adjacent side is 4 units.
integer by x 2. Write an equation that says that Use the ratio for cos v.
the sum of these two integers is 56. Then solve for x. adjacent 4
cos v
hypotenuse 5
x (x 2) 56
2x 2 56 The correct choice is C.
2x 54 7. Look at the powers of the variables in the
x 27 equation. There is an x2 term, an x term, and a y
Be sure to read the question carefully. It asks for term, but no y2 term. It cannot represent a line,
the value of the larger integer. The smaller integer because of the x2 term. It cannot represent a circle
is 27 and the larger integer is 29. or an ellipse or a hyperbola because there is no y2
term. So, it must represent a parabola.
The correct choice is C.
The general form of the equation of a parabola is
3. Factor the numerator.
y a(x h)2 k. The correct choice is A.
a2 b2 (a b)(a b)
(sin v cos v)(sin v cos v)
8. Factor each of the numerators and determine if
sin v cos v sin v cos v the resulting expression could be an integer, that
The correct choice is B. is, the numerator is a multiple of the denominator.
16n 16 16(n 1)
4. First find the coordinates of point B. Notice that I
n1
n 1 16; an integer
there are two right triangles. One has a 16n 16 16(n 1) n1
II
16n ; not an integer
16n n
hypotenuse of length 15 and a side of length 12. 16n2 n n(16n 1) 16n 1
This is a 3-4-5 right triangle. The coordinates of III
16n ; not an integer
16n 16
point B are (9, 12). Only expression I is an integer.
Since point A has coordinates (0, 0), each point on The correct choice is A.
side AB must have coordinates in the ratio of 9 to 1
9. Since x
1, 1 x 0. So x1 x
x 1.
12 or 3 to 4. 1 x
Since x
1, x x 1
1. So x
1 1.
The only point among the answer choices that has x
this ratio of coordinates is (6, 8). The correct choice is D.
A slightly different way of solving this problem is
to write the equation of the line containing points
A and B.
12
y 9 x
Then test each point to see whether it makes the
equation a true statement.
You could also plot each point on the figure and
see which point seems to lie on the line segment.
The correct choice is E.
5. Factor the polynomial on the left side of the
equation.
x2 2x 8 0
(x 4)(x 2) 0
203 Chapter 6
10. Notice that the triangles are not necessarily Add the two equations. m∠CAD m∠BAD
isosceles. In ADC, the sum of the angles is 180°, m∠ACD m∠BCD 160, so two of the angles in
so m∠CAD m∠ACD 80. Since segment AD ABC have the combined measure of 160°.
bisects ∠BAC, m∠BAD m∠CAD. Similarly, Therefore, the third angle in this triangle, ∠B,
m∠BAC m∠ACD. So, m∠BAD m∠BCD 80. must measure 20°. The correct answer is 20.
Chapter 6 204
Chapter 7 Trigonometric Identities and Equations
7
12. 2
7-1 Basic Trigonometric Identities 3 3
7
cos 3 cos
2 3
Page 427 Check for Understanding cos 3
1. Sample answer: x 45° 13. 330° 360° 30°
1
2. Pythagorean identities are derived by applying csc (330°)
sin (330°)
the Pythagorean Theorem to a right triangle. The 1
sin (360° 30°)
opposite angle identities are so named because A
1
is the opposite of A.
sin 30°
1 1 cos v
3. cot v , cot v tan v , sin v
tan v cot v,
csc 30°
1 cot2 v csc2 v
1
sin (A) csc v sin v
4. tan(A) 14.
cot v —
cos v
cos (A)
sin A sin v
1 sin v
cos A
sin v cos v
sin A
1
cos A
cos v
tan A
sec v
5. Rosalinda is correct; there may be other values for
15. cos x csc x tan x cos x
sin x cos x
1 sin x
which the equation is not true.
6. Sample answer: v 0° 1
sin v cos v tan v 16. cos x cot x sin x cos x
sin x sin x
cos x
sin 0° cos 0° tan 0° cos2 x
010
sin x sin x
10
cos2 x sin2 x
sin x
7. Sample answer: x 45° 1
sec2 x csc2 x 1
sin x
sec2 45° csc2 45° 1 csc x
(2 )2 (2)2 1 F csc v
221 17. B
I
41 BI F csc v
1 1
8. sec v
cos v 9. tan v
cot v F
BI
csc v
1
F BI
csc v
1
sec v
1
2
tan v
5
3 2
F BIsin v
3 2
sec v
2 tan v 5
25
tan v 5 Pages 427–430 Exercises
10. sin2 v cos2 v1 18. Sample answer: 45°
152 cos2 v 1 sin v cos v cot v
1 sin 45° cos 45° cot 45°
cos2 v 1 2 2
2 2 1
25
24
cos2 v 25 1
26
2 1
cos v 5
19. Sample answer: 45°
26
Quadrant III, so 5 sec v
sin v
tan v
11. tan2 v 1 sec2 v sec 45°
sin 45°
472 1 sec2 v
tan 45°
2
2
16
1
2
49 1 sec2 v
2
65 2
2
49 sec2 v
65
7 sec v
65
Quadrant IV, so
7
205 Chapter 7
20. Sample answer: 30° 29. 1 cot2 v csc2 v
cos x 2
sec2 x1
csc x 1 cot2 v 3
11
cos 30°
sec2 30° 1
csc 30° 1 cot2 v 191
3
cot2 v 29
23 2 2
3 1
2 2
cot v
3
12 3 2
9 1
4 Quadrant II, so
3
1 3
3
4 30. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
2
21. Sample answer: 30° tan2 v 1 54
sin x cos x 1
tan2 v 1 2156
sin 30° cos 30° 1
1 3
tan2 v 19
2 2 1 6
1 3
tan v 34
1
2
22. Sample answer: 0° Quadrant II, so 34
sin y tan y cos y 31. sin2 v cos2 v 1
2
sin 0° tan 0° cos 0°
00 1
13 cos2 v 1
1
cos2 v 1
0 1 9
23. Sample answer: 45° cos2 v 89
tan2 A cot2 A 1 cos v 22
3
tan2 45° cot2 45° 1
22
111 Quadrant III, so cos v
3
21 sin v
tan v
cos v
24. Sample answer: 0 1
cos v 2 cos v cos 2 tan v —
3
22
cos 0 2 cos 0 cos 2
3
1 2
tan v or
cos 2 cos 0 cos 2 22 4
32. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
010 2
01 23 1 sec2 v
1 1
25. csc v
sin v 26. cot v
tan v
4
1 sec2 v
9
1 1 13
sec2 v
csc v
2 cot v
3
9
5 4 13
3 sec v
5 4
csc v 2 cot v
3 13
Quadrant III, so sec v
3
43 1
cot v 3 cos v
sec v
27. sin2 v cos2 v 1 cos v
1
1 2
4 cos2 v 1
3
13
1 3
313
cos2 v 1 cos v or
16 13
13
15 1
cos2 v 1
6 33. cos v sin2 v cos2 v 1
sec v
15
2
cos v
4 cos v
1 sin2 v 57 1
7
15 5
Quadrant I, so
4
sin2 v 2459 1
cos v 57
28. sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin2 v 2449
2 2
sin2 v 3 1 sin v 26
7
sin2 v 49 1 26
Quadrant III, so
7
sin2 v 59
5
sin v 3
5
Quadrant II, so 3
Chapter 7 206
1 19
34. sec v
cos v
tan2 v 1 sec2 v 40. 2(2) 5
5
tan2 v 1 82 19
1
tan2 v 1 64 sin 5
sec v
1
19
tan —
tan2 v 63 5 19
8 cos 5
tan v 37
sec v 8 sin 2(2) 5
——
Quadrant IV, so 37
1 cos 2(2) 5
35. 1 cot2 v csc2 v sin v
csc v
1 sin 5
1
2
sin v —
43 csc2 v 53
cos 5
1 19
6
csc2 v sin v 35 tan 5
25 10
9
csc2 v 41. ——
3 3 3
1
53 csc v csc —3—
10
10
sin 3
Quadrant IV, so 53
1
36. 1 cot2 v csc2 v
sin 3
1 (8)2 csc2 v
3
1
1 64 csc2 v
65 csc2 v sin 3
65 csc v
Quadrant IV, so 65 csc 3
21136 213
6
cos v
cos v
1
9
sin v
9
32 csc v
sin (v ) sin v
16
46. ——
cos (v ) — —
cos v
12
tan v
38. 390° 360° 30°
47. (sin x cos x)2 (sin x cos x)2
sin 390° sin (360° 30°)
sin 30° sin2 x 2sin x cos x cos2 x sin2 x
27 3
2sin x cos x cos2 x
39. 3 2sin2 x 2 cos2 x
8 8
cos 3
27
cos 3 2(sin2 x cos2 x)
8 8 2
cos 38
207 Chapter 7
48. sin x cos x sec x cot x sin x cos x—
cos x sin x
1 cos x W sec v
— —— 56a. e A
s
cos x eAs W sec v
49. cos x tan x sin x cot x cos x—
cos x sin x sin x
sin x cos x
— —— eAs
W
sec v
sin x cos x W eAs cos v
50. (1 cos v)(csc v cot v) (1 cos v)—
sin v sin v
1 cos v
— ——
56b. W eAs cos v
(1 cos v)—
1 cos v W 0.80(0.75)(1000) cos 40°
sin v
—
1 cos2 v
W 459.6266659
— —
sin v 459.63 W
sin2 v 57. FN mg cos v 0
sin v
FN mg cos v
sin v mg sin v mkFN 0
51. 1 cot2 v cos2 v cos2 v cot2 v mg sin v mk(mg cos v) 0
1 cot2 v cos2 v(1 cot2 v) mk(mg cos v) mg sin v
csc2 v cos2 v(csc2 v) mk
mg sin v
mg cos v
csc2 v(1 cos2 v)
sin v
csc2 v(sin2 v) mk
cos v
1
— —(sin2 v) mk tan v
sin2 v
1 58.
sin x sin x
52.
1 cos x 1 cos x
sin x sin x cos x sin x sin x cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos2 x
2 sin x
1 cos2 x h
2 sin x a
sin2 x
2
sin x
2csc x a
53. cos4 a 2cos2 a sin2 a sin4 a (cos2 a sin2 a)2 360° 180° 2 a a
v , tan v , so h
2 tan v 2 cot v.
12 or 1 2n n h
I I0 cos v The area of the isosceles triangle is 2(a)2 cot n
54. 2 1 a 180°
0 I0 cos2 v
4 cot n. There are n such triangles, so
a2 180°
0 cos2 v
A 4na2 cot n.
1 180°
0 cos v
cos1 0 v
90° v 59. y
A B C
55. Let (x, y) be the point where the terminal side of
A intersects the unit circle when A is in standard E
position. When A is reflected about the x-axis to
obtain A, the y-coordinate is multiplied by 1, x
but the x-coordinate is unchanged. So, O F D
sin (A) y sin A and
cos (A) x cos A.
y
(x, y) sin v EF and cos v OF since the circle is a unit
CD CD
OD 1 CD.
circle. tan v
A CO CO
OD 1 CO. EOF OBA, so
sec v
O A x OF BA BA cos v OF
EF
OA 1 BA. Then cot v sin v EF BA.
EO OB 1 OB
(x, y) EF OA , or EF 1 .
Also by similar triangles,
1 1 OB
sin v EF 1 OB.
Then csc v
2
60. Cos1
2 135°
Chapter 7 208
61. y 42
68. m
4 5 y y1 m(x x1)
1
y cos (x 6 )
2
or
2
9
2
y 4 9(x (4))
9
2 28
y 9x 9
x 69. m∠BCD 40°
O 2 7 5 13 1
-
6 3 6 3 6 40 m (BC)
2
-
80 m (BC)
1
1 -
m∠BAC 2mBC
1
m∠BAC 2(80)
62. 2(3° 30) 7° 7° 7° m∠BAC 40°
180°
7 The correct choice is C.
180
s rv
7
s 20
180
7-2 Verifying Trigonometric Identities
s 2.44 cm
63. B 180° (90° 20°) or 70°
sin A c
a b
cos A c Page 433 Graphing Calculator Exploration
a b 1. yes 2. no 3. no
sin 20° 35 cos 20° 3
5 4. No; it is impossible to look at every window since
35 sin 20° a 35 cos 20° b there are an infinite number. The only way an
11.97070502 a 32.88924173 b identity can be proven is by showing algebraically
a 12.0, B 70°, b 32.9 that the general case is true.
64. 2 2 1 8 4 5.
4
10
4
2 5 2 0
2x2 5x 2 0
(2x 1)(x 2) 0
2x 1 0 or x 2 0
1
x 2 x 2
1
2, 2, 2
[2, 2] sc12 by [2, 2] sc11
65. 2x2 7x 4 0
7 sin x
x2 2x 2 0
7
x2 2x 2
7 49 49 Pages 433–434 Check for Understanding
x2 2x 16 2 16
1. Answers will vary.
x 742 8116 2. Sample answer: Squaring each side can turn two
7 9 unequal quantities into equal quantities. For
x 4 4
example, 1 1, but (1)2 12.
7 9
x 4 4 3. Sample answer: They are the trigonometric
x 0.5 or 4 functions with which most people are most
66. continuous familiar.
67. 4(x y 2z) 4(3) 4x 4y 8z 12 4. Answers will vary.
cot x
4x y z 0 → 4x y z 0 5. cos x
csc x
3y 9z 12 cos x
x y 2z 3 cos x —
sin x
1
x 5y 4z 11
sin x
4y 2z 14 cos x
4(3y 9z) 4(12) → 12y 36z 48 cos x
1
3(4y 2z) 3(14) 12y 6z 42 cos x cos x
30z 90
z 3
3y 9z 12 x y 2z 3
3y 9(3) 12 x (5) 2(3) 3
y 5 x 2
(2, 5, 3)
209 Chapter 7
6.
1
cos x
Pages 434–436 Exercises
tan x sec x sin x 1 sec A
1 13. tan A
csc A
sin x 1
cos x
1
sin x 1
cos x cos x tan A —
cos A
1
1 cos x
sin x 1 sin A
sin x 1
cos x sin A
cos x cos x
tan A
cos A
sin x 1 sin x 1 tan A tan A
1
7. csc v cot v
csc v cot v 14. cos v sin v cot v
1 csc v cot v cos v
csc v cot v
csc v cot v csc v cot v
cos v sin v
sin v
csc v cot v cos v cos v
csc v cot v
csc2 v cot2 v
csc v cot v 1 sin x
csc v cot v
(1 cot2 v) cot2 v
15. sec x tan x
cos x
csc v cot v 1 sin x
csc v cot v
1
sec x tan x
cos x cos x
Chapter 7 210
20. (sin v 1)(tan v sec v) cos v 27. sin x cos x
cos x sin x
1 tan x 1 cot x
sin v tan v tan v sin v sec v sec v cos v
cos x sin x
sin v sin v 1 1
sin x cos x sin x
cos v cos v sin v cos v cos v cos v
sin v cos x
1
cos x 1
sin x
sin2 v sin v sin v 1
cos v cos v cos x sin x
cos x sin x
sin2 v 1 sin x cos x sin x cos x
cos x sin x
cos v cos v 1 cos x
1 sin x
cos2 v cos2 x sin2 x
cos v cos v sin x cos x
cos x sin x sin x cos x
csc x 1
csc2 x 1 sin v sec v sec v cos v tan v
csc x 1 cos v
cos v sec v sec v cos v tan v
sin v
(csc x 1)(csc x 1)
csc x 1
csc x 1 sin v
cos v sec v sec v cos v tan v
cos v
csc x 1 csc x 1
24. cos B cot B csc B sin B cos v tan v sec v sec v cos v tan v
1 sec v cos v tan v sec v cos v tan v
cos B cot B sin B
sin B
29. Sample answer: sec x 2
1 sin2 B
cos B cot B csc x
sin B sin B
cot x 2
1 sin2 B
cos B cot B
sin B
1
sin v
cos2 B — 2
cos B cot B
sin B
cos v
sin v
cos B
cos B cot B cos B 1
sin B
cos x 2
cos B cot B cos B cot B
sec x 2
25. sin v cos v tan v cos2 v 1
sin v
30. Sample answer: tan x 2
cos v cos v 1
sin v cos v 2 1 tan x
1 cot x 2
sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin x
1 1 1
—— 2
cos x
1 cos x cos x
26. (csc x cot x)2
1 cos x 1
sin x
1 cos x cos x sin x
csc2 x 2 csc x cot x cot2 x
1 cos x
1 1 cos x cos2 x 1 cos x ——
cos x
2
sin2 x 2
sin x sin x sin2 x 1 cos x
sin x cos x
sin x
1 2 cos x cos2 x 1 cos x
sin x
sin2 x 1 cos x
cos x 2
(1 cos x)2 1 cos x
1 cos2 x
1 cos x tan x 2
(1 cos x)2 1 cos x
31. Sample answer: cos x 0
(1 cos x)(1 cos x) 1 cos x
1 sec x
1 cos x
1 cos x
cot x
csc x cos x
1 cos x 1 cos x
1
tan x cos x
—
1
cos x
sin x
sin x
tan x
cos x cos x
tan x tan x cos x
0 cos x
211 Chapter 7
1 38. yes
32. Sample answer: sin x 2
1 cos x sin x
4
sin x 1 cos x
1 2 cos x cos2 x sin2 x
4
sin x(1 cos x) sin x(1 cos x)
1 2 cos x cos2 x sin2 x
sin x(1 cos x) 4
2 2 cos x
sin x(1 cos x) 4
2(1 cos x)
4
sin x(1 cos x) [2, 2] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11
2
sin x 4 39. no
2 4 sin x
1
2 sin x
33. Sample answer: sin x 1
cos2 x 2 sin x 2 0
1 sin2 x 2 sin x 2 0
0 sin2 x 2 sin x 1
0 (sin x 1)2
[2, 2] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11
0 sin x 1
sin x 1 40a. P I 02 R sin2 2 ft
34. Sample answer: cot x 1 P I 02 R(1 cos2 2pft)
csc x sin x tan x cos x 40b. P I 02 R sin2 2ft
sin x I 02 R
csc x sin x
cos x cos x
P
sin2 x cos2 x csc2 2ft
cos x cos x
csc x
x
1 41. f(x)
1 4
csc x
cos x
x2
1
1 1 tan v
2
sin x cos x f(x)
1
4
cos x 2
tan v
1
sin x 1
2
cot x 1 1
tan3 v 1 tan v
sec2 v 2
35. tan v 1 10
(tan v 1)(tan2 v tan v 1)
f(x)
1 ta
n2 v
(tan2 v 1) 10
tan v 1 1
tan v
tan2 v tan v 1 tan2 v 1 10 2
tan v 1 0
f(x) sec2 v
tan v 1
1
1
tan v
cot v 2
tan v f(x)
1 sec v
cot v 1
1 sin v
cot v 1
cos v
2
36. no f(x) 1
cos v
1
f(x) 2 sin v
sin a
42. sin a sin a sin c ⇒ sin a
sin c
cos b
sin a ⇒ cos b sin a cos b
cos b
cos c
cos c cos a cos b ⇒ cos b
cos a
Then cos b sin a cos b
[2 , 2 ] sc12 by [2, 8] sc11
sin a cos c
sin c cos a
37. yes
sin a cos c
cos a sin c
tan a cot c
gv2 x sin v
43. y
2v02 cos2 v
cos v
gv2
y sec2 v x tan v
2v 2 0
g x2
y (1 tan2 v) x tan v
2v 2
[2 , 2 ] sc12 by [4, 4] sc11 0
Chapter 7 212
44. We find the area of ABTP by subtracting the area 51. Let x the number of shirts and y the number
of OAP from the area of OBT. of pants. y
1
OB
1 1
BT 2OA AP 2 1 tan v 2 cos v sin v
1 x 1.5y 100 100 2.5x 2y 180
2
2.5x 2y 180
2
cos v cos v sin v
1 sin v
80 (0, 65)
1.5x 3y 195 x 1.5y 100
x0
2 sin v
cos v cos v
1 1 60
(40, 40)
y0 1.5x 3y 195
2 sin v
cos v cos v
1 1 cos2 v 40
x0 (72, 0)
sin v
1 1 cos2 v
2
cos v
20
(0, 0) x
sin v
1 sin2 v
2
cos v O 20 40 60 80 100
1 sin v y0
2 2
cos v sin v
1 P(x, y) 5x 4.5y
tan v sin2 v
2 P(0, 0) 5(0) 4.5(0) or 0
b a a sin b
sin b sin a , so b sin a .
45. By the Law of Sines, P(0, 65) 5(0) 4.5(65) or 292.50
Then P(40, 40) 5(40) 4.5(40) or 380
1 P(72, 0) 5(72) 4.5(0) or 360
A 2ab sin 40 shirts, 40 pants
A 2a
sin a sin
1 a sin b
52. {16}, {4, 4}; no, 16 is paired with two elements of
a2 sin
sin the range
A
2 sin a ab ba ab ba
a2 sin b sin 53.
ab
ba ab ba
A
2 sin (180° (b )) ab ab
a2 sin b sin
a b 1(a b)
A
2 sin (b )
1
sin x sin x
cos x sin x
The correct choice is D.
tan x cos x sin x tan x cos x cos x
46.
sec x tan x
1 sin x
cos x cos x
sin x cos2 x sin2 x
cos x
1 sin x
7-3 Sum and Difference Identities
cos x
sin x 1 cos x
1 sin x
cos x Pages 441–442 Check for Understanding
1 1. Find a counterexample, such as x 30° and
47. A 2
360°
180°
c
2 45° y 60°.
k
A 2 k2 c 90° 2. Find the cosine, sine, or tangent, respectively, of
y 2sin (2x 90°) the sum or difference, then take the reciprocal.
15 15 180° 3. The opposite side for 90° A is the adjacent side
48. 1
6
16 for A, so the right-triangle ratio for sin (90° A) is
168.75° the same as that for cos A.
60
168.75° 168° 0.75° 1
°
168° 45
168° 45 90˚ A
3 3
49. 3y 1 2 0 Check: 3y 1 2 0
3 3
3y 1 2 3(3) 12 0
3
3y 1 8 8 2 0 A
y3 22 0 1
4. cot (a b)
tan (a b)
50. x 1 0
x 1 1
tan a tan b
3x
f(x)
x1 1 tan a tan b
3x 1 tan a tan b
y
x1
tan a tan b
y(x 1) 3x 1
1 1
cot a cot b
cot a cot b
yx y 3x 1 1
cot a cot b
y 3x yx
cot a cot b
y x(3 y) cot a cot b 1
y
cot a cot b
3y x
3y0
y3
213 Chapter 7
5. cos 165° cos (45° 120°) 10. sin (90° A) cos A
cos 45° cos 120° sin 45° sin 120° sin 90° cos A cos 90° sin A cos A
2
2 3
1 cos A 0 sin A cos A
2
1
2
2
2 cos A cos A
tan v 2 cot v
2 6
4
11.
sin v 2
6. tan 12
tan 3 4 —— cot v
tan 3 tan 4 cos v 2
——
1 tan 3 tan 4 sin v cos 2 cos v sin 2
3
1 ——— cot v
1 3
1 cos v cos 2 sin v sin 2
4 23
(sin v) 0 (cos v) 1 cot v
2
(cos v) 0 (sin v) 1
2 3
cos v
cot v
sin v
7. 795° 2(360°) 75°
cot v cot v
sec 795° sec 75°
12. sin (x y) 1 cot x tan y
cos 75° cos (30° 45°)
csc x sec y
cos 30° cos 45° sin 30° sin 45° cos x sin y
1 sin x cos y
3 2 1 2
2 2 2
2 sin (x y) ——1 1
6 2
sin x cos y
4 cos x sin y
4 1 sin x cos y
sec 795° sin x cos y
6 2
sin (x y) —— 1 1
sin x cos y
6
2
sin x cos y
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
8. cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1
1
2 4
9 1
2 1
4
sin (x y) sin (x y)
13. sin (nq0t 90°) sin nq0t cos 90° cos nq0t sin 90°
65
65
81 or 9
15
15
16 or 4
sin nq0t 0 cos nq0t 1
cos nq0t
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
15
65
9
4 9 4
4 1
65
415 Pages 442–445 Exercises
36
14. cos 105° cos (45° 60°)
cos x
1 si
1
9. csc x
sin x n2 x cos 45° cos 60° sin 45° sin 60°
1
2 1 2 3
5
3
sin x
1
3
2
5
2 2 2
2
2 6
sin x 5
3
1265 or 45 4
15. sin 165° sin (120° 45°)
sin x
tan x
cos x sin 120° cos 45° cos 120° sin 45°
3 2 1 2
3
5 3
2 2 2 2
or
4 6 2
5
4 4
7
sin y
1 co
s2 y tan y
cos y
sin y 16. cos 12
cos
4 3
cos 4 cos 3 sin 4 sin 3
1
5 2
12
13 13 12
— or 5
2 1 2 3
2 2 2 2
5
144
169
12
or
13
13 2
6
4
tan x tan y
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y 17. sin 12
sin
3 4
3 12
4
5 sin 3 cos 4 cos 3 sin 4
—— 3 2 1 2
1 45
3 12 2 2 2 2
63 6 2
4
20
—
4
5
63
16
Chapter 7 214
18. tan 195° tan (45° 150°) 113 17
25. 4(2)
12 12
tan 45° tan 150°
113 17
1 tan 45° tan 150° cot 12 cot 1
2
3
1 3
17 7
tan 12 tan 6 4
3
1 13 tan 6 tan 4
—— p
3
3 1 tan 6 tan 4
3
—
3
3
3 1
3
3 ——
3
12 63 1 3 1
or 2 3
6
33
19. cos
12 cos 4 3 —
3
p 3
3
cos 4 cos 3 sin 4 sin 3
3
2 1 2 3 3
2
2 2 2 2
113 1
2
6
cot
12
2
3
4
2 3
20. tan 165° tan (45° 120°)
tan 45° tan 120° 26. sin x
1 co
s2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1 tan 45° tan 120°
1 (3 )
1
8 2
17
1
2 12
37
1 1 (3 ) 225 15 1225 35
1 3 or
289 17
1369 or 37
1 3
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
4 2 3
or 2 3 1
7 37 17 37
15 35 8 12
2
23 5
21. tan tan
12 4 3
629
621
5
tan 4 tan 3 27. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
——
1
1
5 3 2 2
1 tan 4 tan 3
5 4
5
1 (3 )
1 1 (3
4 2 3
)
16
4
25 or 5
9
3
25 or 5
2 or 2 3 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
55 55
3 4 4 3
22. 735° 2(360°) 15°
sin 735° sin 15° 24
sin 15° sin (45° 30°) 25
sin 45° cos 30° cos 45° sin 30° 28. cos x
1 si
n2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
2 3 2
1
1
1
2 2
2
6
2
2
2
2 8
17 3
5
4
23. 1275° 3(360°) 195°
225 15
or
289 17
16
4
25 or 5
sin x sin y
sec 1275° sec 195° tan x
cos x tan y
cos y
cos 195° cos (150° 45°) 8
4
17 5
cos 150° cos 45° sin 150° sin 45° — —
15 3
3 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 17 5
2
6 8 4
15
3
4 tan x tan y
4 tan (x y)
sec 1275° 1 tan x tan y
2
6 8 4
2
6
15 3
5
sin 6 4
8 4
24. sin 12 1 15 3
sin 6 cos 4 cos 6 sin 4 12
15
2
3
2 —
1
2 2 2 2 77
45
6
2
36
4 77
5 4
csc 2
6
2
6
2
215 Chapter 7
29. sec x
tan2 x cos y
1 si
1
1 n2 y 31. sin x
csc x sec y
tan2 y
1
1
2 5
3 1
2 1
3 —
1
5
1
2 12
5
89 or
2
34 34 2 3
or
9
3
3
3
34
3
3
5
169 13
or
25 5
cos x or 1
34
34
cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
sec y
sin x
tan x
1
1
cos x 2
5
sin x
—
3
5
—
13
3 5
334
34 or 16
25
4
5
5
13
5
34
sin x
34 sin y
1 co
s2 y
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
3
34 2
2
5
34 1
1
2 5
13
34 3 34 3 144 12
668 4
53 or
169 13
102 102
cos(x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
1217 534
51
3 5 13
4 5 3 12
102
1 1 56
30. tan x
cot x cos y
sec y 65
1 1 1
— — sec (x y)
cos (x y)
6 3
5 2 1
5 2 —
6
3
56
55
sin y
1 co
s2 y 65
56
1
2 2
3 32. cos a
1 si
n2a sin b
1 co
s2b
5
9
or
3
5
1
2 1
5 1
2 2
7
sin y
tan y
cos y
5
24
2
25 or 5
6
45
3
49 or 7
5
—
3 5
or 2 sin (a b) sin a cos b cos a sin b
2 3
57 57
2 1 2 6 5
3
tan x tan y
2 630
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y
35
5
5
33. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
6 2
——
5 5
1 62 1
2 1
3 1
2 3
4
10 65
12
89 or
2
3
2
7
16 or 4
7
—— cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
12 5
5
2
7
34 34
1 3 2
12
10 6 5
12 5 5
3 2
14
12
270 1225
1
9 34. cos 2 x sin x
cos 2 cos x sin 2 sin x sin x
0 cos x 1 sin x sin x
sin x sin x
35. cos (60° A) sin (30° A)
cos 60° cos A sin 60° sin A sin 30° cos A
cos 30° sin A
1
3 1
3
2 cos A 2 sin A 2 cos A 2 sin A
36. sin (A ) sin A
sin A cos cos A sin sin A
(sin A)(1) (cos A)(0) sin A
sin A sin A
Chapter 7 216
37. cos (180° x) cos x 43. VL I0qL cos qt 2
cos 180° cos x sin 180° sin x cos x
1 cos x 0 sin x cos x VL I0qLcos qt cos 2 sin qt sin 2
cos x cos x VL I0qL(cos qt 0 sin qt 1)
1 tan x
38. tan (x 45°)
1 tan x VL I0qL(sin qt)
tan x tan 45°
1 tan x
VL I0qL sin qt
1 tan x tan 45° 1 tan x
sin 2(a b)
1
tan x 1 1 tan x
1 (tan x)(1) 1 tan x 44. n
1 tan x 1 tan x b
sin 2
1 tan x 1 tan x
sin 2(a 60°)
tan A tan B 1
39. sin (A B)
sec A sec B
sin A sin B
n 60°
+
cos A cos B
sin 2
sin (A B) ——
sin 2 30°
a
1 1
cos A cos B n sin 30°
sin A sin B
+
cos A
cos B a a
—— cos A cos B sin 2 cos 30° cos 2 sin 30°
sin (A B) 1
1 cos A cos B n 1
cos A cos B
sin A cos B cos A sin B 2
sin (A B) 3
n 2 cos 2 2
a a 1
1 sin2
2
sin (A B) sin (A B) a a
1 tan A tan B n 3
sin 2 cos2
40. cos (A B)
sec A sec B
sin A sin B
45. The given expression is the expanded form of the
1 cos A cos B
sine of the difference of 3 A and 3 A. We have
cos (A B) ——
sin 3 A 3 A sin (2A)
1 1
cos A cos B
1
sinA sin B sin 2A
cos A cos B
cos A cos B f(x h) f(x) sin (x h) sin x
cos (A B) —— 1 1
cos A cos B 46a.
h
h
cos A cos B sin x cos h cos x sin h sin x
cos A cos B sin A sin B
h
cos (A B)
1
46b. y y sin x cos 0.1 cos x sin 0.1 sin x
cos (A B) cos (A B) 1 0.1
sec A sec B
41. sec (A B)
1 tan A tan B
1 1 0.5
cos A
cos B
sec (A B) ——
sin A sin B
1
cos A cos B
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1 1
cos A
cos B 0.5
cos A cos B
sec (A B) —— sin A sin B cos A cos B
1 cos A cos B
1
1
sec (A B)
cos A cos B sin A sin B 46c. cos x
1 sin (a b)
sec (A B)
cos (A B) 47. tan (a b)
cos (a b)
sec (A B) sec (A B) sin a cos b cos a sin b
tan (a b)
cos a cos b sin a sin b
42. sin (x y) sin (x y) sin2 x sin2 y sin a cos b cos a sin b
(sin x cos y cos x sin y)(sin x cos y cos x sin y) cos a cos b cos a cos b
sin2 x sin2 y tan (a b) ———
cos a cos b sin a sin b
(sin x cos y) (cos x sin y) sin2 x sin2 y
2 2 cos a cos b cos a cos b
tan a tan b
sin2 x cos2 y cos2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b
sin2 x cos2 y sin2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y
Replace b with b to find tan(a b).
cos2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y tan a tan (b)
sin x(cos y sin y) sin2 y(sin2 x cos2 x)
2 2 2 tan (a (b))
1 tan a tan (b)
sin2 x sin2 y tan a tan b
tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b
(sin2 x)(1) (sin2 y)(1) sin2 x sin2 y
sin2 x sin2 y sin2 x sin2 y 48a. Answers will vary.
217 Chapter 7
48b. tan A tan B tan C tan A tan B tan C 56. s rv
1
A 2r2 v
tan A tan B tan (180° (A B)) 1
18 r(2.9) A 2(6.2)2(2.9)
tan A tan B tan(180° (A B))
tan 180° tan (A B) 6.2 r; 6.2 ft A 55.7 ft2
tan A tan B
1 tan 180° tan (A B)
tan 180° tan (A B) 57. c2 702 1302 2(70)(130) cos 130°
tan A tan B 1 tan 180° tan (A B) c2 33498.7345
tan A tan B
0 tan (A B)
c 183 miles
1 0 tan (A B)
0 tan (A B) 58. 120° 90°, consider Case 2.
tan A tan B 1 0 tan (A B) 4 12, 0 solutions
tan A tan B tan (A B) 59.
tan A tan B tan (A B)
1 tan A tan B
1 tan A tan B tan (A B)
(tan A tan B)
tan A tan B (A B)
tan (A B)(1 tan A tan B) tan (A B) 35 ft
tan A tan B (A B)
(1 tan A tan B 1) tan (A B)
tan A tan B (A B)
tan A tan B tan (A B) tan A tan B (A B)
1 cos2 x 37˚12′
49. sec2 x x
1 sin2 x csc x cot x
2 2
6˚40′
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
cos2 x 1 cot x cot x
2 2
v 37° 12 6° 40 or 30° 32
1 cos2 x
sec2 x
cos2 x cos2 x 1
a 90° 6° 40 or 96° 40
sec2 x sec2 x 1 1 b 180° (30° 32 96° 40) or 52° 48
35 x
sec2 x sec 2 x
sin 30° 32
sin 52° 48
sin v 35 sin 52° 48
50. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v x
cos v sin 30° 32
182 cos2 v 1 1
8 x 54.87 ft
63 —
60. 4x3 3x2 x 0
cos2 v 64 3 7
8 x(4x2 3x 1) 0
37
cos v
8 1 x(4x 1)(x 1) 0
3
7 37 x 0 or 4x 1 0 or x 1 0
Quadrant III, so 8
7
21
1
x 4 x 1
51. Arctan 3
3 61. Case 1 Case 2
x 1 4 x 1 4
sin (Arctan 3
) sin
3 (x 1) 4 x14
3
2 x 1 4 x3
52. k, where k is an integer x 5
86 50 2 86 50 x 5 {xx 5 or x 3}
53. A 2 2 h 2
1 2
4
A 18 68 68 62. 1(6) 3(2)
3 6
6 6 or 12
y 18 sin t c 68
2 63. fg(4) f(g(4))
50 18 sin 1
2 c 68 f(5(4) 1)
f(21)
18 18 sin c
2 3(21)2 4
1 sin c
2
1319
gf(4) g(f(4))
sin1 ( 1) 2 c g(3(4)2 4)
3 g(44)
c
2 2
5(44) 1
c 221
y 18sin 2t 68 (8)62
64. (8)62 862 6
8 62
(1)62 1
2 8 8
360 30°
54. 8 8; 1 360; 1 30° The correct choice is A.
55. sin (540°) sin (360° 180°)
0
Chapter 7 218
Page 445 Mid-Chapter Quiz 9. cos x
1 si
n2 x cos y
1 si
n2 y
1
1. csc v
sin v 1 cot2 v csc2
7 2
v
1
2 2
3 1
23
4
1 1 cot2 v
—
2
7 1 cot2 v
2
49
59 or 35 7
16 or 4
7
7
4 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
cot2 v
45
5
7
34 34
2 2 3
4
3
5
cot v
2
35 6
35
12
Quadrant 1, so
5
2
1
10. tan x 4 tan y
sec2 y
1
2. tan2 v1 sec2 v cos v
sec v
22 1
4 2
3 1 sec2 v
1
5
3
3 tan x tan y
tan (x y)
1 tan x tan y
16 3
1 sec2 v 5
9 5
25 4 3
9 sec2 v
1 4 3
5
5
3 sec v
5
5 43
Quadrant II, so 3
4
19
3. 5 4 4 5
3
4
4
19
cos 4 cos 5 4
5 43
4 53
cos 4
80 413
80 413
1 1
or
59 59
4.
1 tan2 x
1 cot2 x 1
1 1
sec2 x csc2 x 1
cos2 x sin2 x 1
11
7-3B Reduction Identities
csc2 v sec2v
5.
sec2 v csc2 v
2
csc v 2
sec v Page 447
sec2 v sec2 v csc2 v
1. sin, cos, sin 2. cot, tan, cot
1
sin2 v 3. tan, cot, tan 4. csc, sec, csc
—
1 1 csc2 v 5. sec, csc, sec
cos2 v
cos2 v 6a. (1) cos, sin, cos
sin2 v 1 csc2 v
(2) sin, cos, sin
cot2 v 1 csc2 v (3) cot, tan, cot
csc2 v csc2 v (4) tan, cot, tan
6. cot x sec x sin x 2 tan x cos x csc x (5) csc, sec, csc
cos x 1 sin x 1 (6) sec, csc, sec
sin x
cos x sin x 2 cos x cos x sin x
6b. Sample answer: If a row for sin a were placed
121 above Exercises 1-5, the entries for Exercise 6a
11 could be obtained by interchanging the first and
1 cot a tan b third columns and leaving the middle column
7. tan (a b)
cot a tan b
1
alone.
1 tan a tan b
7a. (1) cos, sin, cos
tan (a b) ——
1
tan b (2) sin, cos, sin
tan a (3) cot, tan, cot
1
1 (4) tan, cot, tan
tan a tan b
tan a (5) csc, sec, csc
tan (a b) —— 1
tan b tan a (6) sec, csc, sec
tan a
tan a tan b 7b. Sample answer: The entries in the rows for cos a
tan (a b)
1 tan a tan b and sec a are unchanged. All other entries are
tan (a b) tan(a b) multiplied by 1.
8. cos 75° cos(30° 45°) 8a. Sample answer: They can be used to reduce
cos 30° cos 45° sin 30° sin 45° trigonometric functions of large positive or
3
2
2
22 22
1 negative angles to those of angles in the first
quadrant.
2
6
4 8b. Sample answer: sum or difference identities
219 Chapter 7
sin v
7-4 Double-Angle and Half-Angle 8. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v
cos v
Identities 2
5
2 2
5 cos2 v 1
—
21
Page 453 Check for Understanding 5
1. If you are only given the value of cos v, then 21 2 2
21
cos2 v 25
21
or
21
cos 2v 2 cos2 v 1 is the best identity to use.
21
If you are only given the value of sin v, then cos v
5 (Quadrant I)
cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v is the best identity to use. If sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
you are given the values of both cos v and sin v,
21
25
5
2
then cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v is just as good as the
other two. 4
21
25
2. cos 2 1 2 sin2 v
cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2
21 2 2
cos 2v 1
sin2 v
5 5
2
17
1 cos 2v
sin2 v 25
2
2 tan v
1 cos 2v tan 2v
sin v
2
1 tan2 v
2
221
1 cos 2 2
21
a a
Letting v 2 yields sin 2
,
2 —— 21 2
2
1 cos 1 21
2
.
a
or sin 2
4
21
3a. III or IV 3b. I or II 3c. I, II, III or IV
21 4
21
4. sin 2v 2 sin v —
17 or
17
21
sin 22 2 sin 2
9. tan2 v 1 sec2 v sin2 v cos2 v 1
sin 2 sin 2 4 2 3 2
0 2(1)
3 1 sec2 v sin2 v 5 1
25 16
0
2 sec2 v sin2 v 2
9 5
Sample answer: v 2 5
3 sec v (Quadrant III)
4
sin v 5
5. Both answers are correct. She obtained two cos v
1
(Quadrant III)
sec v
different representations of the same number. One
1
way to verify this is to evaluate each expression 3
5 or 5
with a calculator. To verify it algebraically, square
3
each answer and then simplify. The same result is sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
obtained in each case. Since each of the original
255
4 3
answers is positive, and they have the same
24
square, the original answers are the same 25
number.
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
3 2 4 2
5 5
4
6. sin
8 sin 7
2 2
5
1 cos 2 tan v
4
(Quadrant I) tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
23
4
2
1 2
— 4 2
1 3
2
2 2
2
8
3 24
7. tan 165° tan 2
330° — or 7
7
9
1 cos 330°
1 co
s 330° (Quadrant II)
10. tan 2v
2
cot v tan v
3
1 3 tan 2v
2 tan v
cot v tan v tan v
—
3 2 tan v
1 3 tan 2v
cot v tan v tan2 v
(2 3
) 2 tan v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
32
tan 2v tan 2v
Chapter 7 220
1 sec A sin A 5
11. 1 2 sin 2A
sec A
6
5
1 16. tan tan
1 sin A
cos A
12 2
1 sin 2A —— 5
2
1 1 cos 6
cos A ——
5 (Quadrant I)
1
sin A
1 cos 6
cos A
1 —— cos A
1 2 sin 2A 1
cos A
3
cos A 1 2
1
1
sin 2A 1 sin A cos A
3
1 2
2
1 1
1 sin 2A 1 2
2 2 sin A cos A
1 1
2 3
1 sin 2A 1 2
2 sin 2A 2
—
x x sin x
2 3
12. sin 2 cos 2 2
2
x x
2 sin 2 cos 2 (2 3
)(2 3
)
—— sin x
(2 3
)(2 3
)
2 2
x (2 3
)2
sin 2 2
sin x 43
—
2 2 2 3
sin x sin x 3
2
2 3 4
17. sin 8 sin
2
13. cos 2v 2 cos2
v1
3
cos 2v 1 2 cos2 v 1 cos 4
1 1 —— (Quadrant I)
2 cos 2v 2 cos2 v 2
2
P I02 R sin2 qt 1 2
P I02 R (1 cos2 qt) — 2
P I02 R1 2 cos 2qt 2
1 1
7
2
1 1
P 2 I02 R 2 I02 R cos 2qt 7 6
18. cos 12
cos 2
7π
1 cos 6
Pages 454–455 Exercises —— (Quadrant II)
30°
2
14. cos 15° cos 2
3
1 2
1 cos 30°
2
(Quadrant I)
2
3
1 2
2 3
— 2
2 45°
19. tan 22.5° tan 2
2 3
2
150°
1 cos
1 cos 45°
45° (Quadrant I)
15. sin 75° sin 2
1 cos 150°
2
2 (Quadrant I) 1 2
—
2
3
1 2 1 2
2
2 2
2
—
2
2
3
2
2
2
(2 2
)(2 2
(2 2
)
)(2 2
)
)2
(2 2
42
2 2
2
2
22
2
2
1
221 Chapter 7
23. tan2 v 1 sec2 v
20. tan 2
v
1 cos
1 cos v
v (2)2 1 sec2 v
5 sec2 v
1
1 4
5 sec v (Quadrant II)
1
1 cos v sec v
4
1
5
or 5
3
5
4
— sin2 v cos2 v 1
5
2
5
4 sin2 v 5 1
35 or
15
5 sin2 v 25
20
sin v 2
5
21. sin2 v cos2 v 1 tan v
cos v sin v 5 (Quadrant II)
v
4
sin2 2 1 3 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
5
5 2
5
255
5
sin2 v
9
—
4
25
3 5 4
sin v
5 3
5
(Quadrant I) 4 cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2
5 2
5 5
5 2
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
255
3 4 3
5
24
25 tan 2v
2 tan v
1 tan2 v
cos 2v cos2 v sin 2 v
2(2)
1 (2)2
4 2
5 5
3 2
4
4
7 3 or 3
2 1
5
2 tan v 24. cos v
sec v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v 1
4
3
3
2 4
3
4
1 4
3 2
3 sin2 v cos2 v 1
sin2 v 4 1
2 24 3 2
— or
7 7
7
16 sin2 v 1
6
sin v
22. sin2 v cos2 v1 tan v
7
cos v sin v 4 (Quadrant II)
1
2
3 cos2 v1 1
3 tan v
sin v
8 — cos v
cos2 v 9 2
2 7
3
2
2 4
cos v 3 1
2 —
or 4 3
22 4
(Quadrant I) 7
3
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
1 2 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
2
2
7
244
3 3 3
42
9 3
7
8
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
3 3
2 2 1 2
2
7
4 4
3 2
7
9 2 1
2 tan v
1
6 or 8
tan 2v
1 tan2 v 2 tan v
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
2
4
37
2
2
1 2
7
4 1
3
2
2
2 7
2 4
2
—
14
or 7 3
—2 or 37
16
9
Chapter 7 222
1 2 tan v
25. 1 cot2 v csc2 v tan v
cot v tan 2v
1 tan2 v
1 2 csc2 v
1 221
21
3 2
3 2
2
2
21 2
1 21
13 2
csc2 v
4 3
13 421
2 csc v (Quadrant III)
21 4
21
sin v
1
sin2 v cos2 v 1 ——
17 or
17
csc v
21
1
213 2
13 13 cos v 1
2
27. sin2 a cos2 a 1 tan a
sin a
2 cos a
117
2 2
13 cos2 v
16 9 7
or
2 2
a
13
13 3 3
cos v
13
sin2 3 1
2
13
3
(Quadrant III)
7 7
14
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v sin2 a 9 or 2
2
2 3
2
13 13
13 13
7
sin a 3 (Quadrant II)
12
1
3 tan 2a
2 tan a
1 tan2 a
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v 14
2 2 2
13
313
213
13
2
1 2
5 14
13 2
2 tan v
14 2
14
tan 2v
5 or
5
1 tan2 v
2
2
2 3 1
28. csc 2v 2 sec v csc v
2 2
1 3
1
sin 2v
1
2 sec v csc v
1 1
4
2 sin v cos v 2 sec v csc v
3 12
or 1 1 1 1
5
5
2
sin v cos v 2 sec v csc v
9
1 1
1 csc v sec v 2 sec v csc v
26. sin v
csc v sin2 v cos2 v 1 2
1 1
—
1
5
252 cos2 v 1
2 sec v csc v 2 sec v csc v
cos 2A
2 21 29. cos A sin A
cos2 v 25 cos A sin A
2 cos2 A sin2 A
5 cos v
21 cos A sin A
cos A sin A
5
(cos A sin A)(cos A sin A)
(Quadrant IV) cos A sin A
cos A sin A
sin v
tan v
cos v
cos A sin A cos A sin A
2 30. (sin v cos v)2 1 sin 2v
5
— sin v 2 sin v cos v cos2 v 1 sin 2v
2
21 2 sin v cos v 1 1 sin 2v
5
2 sin v cos v sin 2v
2 2
21
21 or
21 sin 2v sin 2v
cos 2x 1
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v 31. cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
21
25
5
2 2 cos2 x 1 1
cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
4
21 2 cos2 x 2
25 cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v 2(cos2 x 1)
cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
21
2 2
2 5 2(cos x 1)(cos x 1)
5 cos x 1
2(cos x 1)
17
25 cos x 1 cos x 1
cos2 v sin2 v
32. sec 2v
cos2 v sin2 v
1
sec 2v
cos 2v
sec 2v sec 2v
A sin A
33. tan 2
1 cos A
223 Chapter 7
L
tan 45° tan 2
39a. tan45° 2
1
A
A
sin 2 2 L
1 tan 45° tan 2
tan 2
1 cos 22
A L
1 tan 2
A A
A 2 sin cos L
tan 2
2 2 1 1 tan 2
A
1 cos L
1 2 cos2 2 1 1
1 cos L
A A
2 sin 2 cos 2 1 cos L
A
tan 2 1
1 cos L
A
2 cos2 2 1 cos L 1 cos 60˚
A
1
1 cos L
1
1 cos 60˚
A sin 2 39b. 1 cos L 1 cos 60˚
tan
2 A
1
1 cos L 1
1 cos 60˚
cos 2
1
A A 1 2
tan 2 tan 2 1
1
1
34. sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 2
sin(2x x) 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1
1
2
sin 2x cos x cos 2x sin x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1
1
2 sin x cos2 x (1 2 sin2 x) sin x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1 2
Chapter 7 224
17 17 180°
43. s rv 1
0
10 7-5 Solving Trigonometric Equations
17 10 v 97.4°
17
10 v
Page 458 Graphing Calculator Exploration
44. Let x the distance from A to the point beneath
the mountain peak. 1.
h
tan 21°10
570 x
h (570 x) tan 21°10
h
tan 36°40 x
h x tan 36°40
(570 x) tan 21°10 x tan 36°40
570 tan 21°10 x tan 36°40 x tan 21°10
570 tan 21°10 x(tan 36°40 tan 21°10) 2.
570 tan 21°10
tan 36°40 tan 21°10 x
617.7646751 x
h
tan 36°40 x
h
tan 36°40
617.8
h 460 ft
45. (x (3))(x 0.5)(x 6)(x 2) 0 3. Exercise 1: (1.1071, 0.8944), (4.2487, 0.8944)
(x 3)(x 0.5)(x 6)(x 2) 0 Exercise 2: (5.2872, 0.5437), (0.9960, 0.5437)
(x2 2.5x 1.5)(x2 8x 12) 0 4. The x-coordinates are the solutions of the
x4 5.5x3 9.5x2 42x 18 0 equations. Substitute the x-coordinates and see
2x4 11x3 19x2 84x 36 0 that the two sides of the equation are equal.
46. y 2x 5 y 5.
x 2y 5
y 2x 5
x 5 2y
x5
2 y
O x
x5
y 2
[0, 2] sc14 by [3, 3] sc11
5a. The x-intercepts of the graph are the solutions of
47. x 2y 11 3x 5y 11
the equation sin x 2 cos x. They are the same.
x 11 2y 3(11 2y) 5y 11
33 6y 5y 11 5b. y tan 0.5x cos x or y cos x tan 0.5x
11y 22
y2
x 2y 11 Page 459 Check for Understanding
x 2(2) 11 1. A trigonometric identity is an equation that is
x 7 (7, 2) true for all values of the variable for which each
48. ab 3 side of the equation is defined. A trigonometric
3
b a equation that is not an identity is only true for
certain values of the variable.
(a b)2 64
2. All trigonometric functions are periodic. Adding
a2 2ab b2 64
the least common multiple of the periods of the
a2 2aa a 64
3 3 2
functions that appear to any solution to the
equation will always produce another solution.
a2 6 a 64
3 2
3. 45° 360x° and 135° 360x°, where x is any
a2 a 70
3 2
integer
a2 b2 70
The correct answer is 70.
225 Chapter 7
4. Each type of equation may require adding, 12. tan2 x 2 tan x 1 0
subtracting, multiplying, or dividing each side by (tan x 1)(tan x 1) 0
the same number. Quadratic and trigonometric tan x 1 0
equations can often be solved by factoring. Linear tan x 1
and quadratic equations do not require identities. 3
x 4 k
All linear and quadratic equations can be solved
algebraically, whereas some trigonometric 13. cos2 x 3 cos x 2
equations require a graphing calculator. A linear cos2 x 3 cos x 2 0
equation has at most one solution. A quadratic (cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0
equation has at most two solutions. A cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0
trigonometric equation usually has infinitely cos x 1 cos x 2
many solutions unless the values of the variable x (2k 1) no solutions
are restricted. 14. sin 2x cos x 0
5. 2 sin x 1 0 6. 2 cos x 30 2 sin x cos x cos x 0
cos x (2 sin x 1) 0
2 sin x 1
2 cos x 3
cos x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0
3
sin x 12 cos x 2
x 2 k
1
sin x 2
x 30° x 30°
3
x 6 2k
7. sin x cot x
2 5
3
or x 6 2k
sin x
cos x
sin x 2 15. 2 cos v 1 0
3
cos x
2
2 cos v 1
1
x 30° or x 330° cos v 2
8. cos 2x sin2 x 2 1 2
cos v 2 at 3 and 3
4
2 cos2 x 1 (1 cos2 x) 2 2 4
2 cos2 x 1 cos2 x 1 v 3
3
3 cos2 x 0 16. W Fd cos v
cos2 x 0 1500 100 20 cos v
cos x 0 0.75 cos v
x 90° or x 270°
v 41.41°
9. 3 tan2 x 1 0
3 tan2 x 1
1
tan2 x 3 Pages 459–461 Exercises
3
tan x
3 17. 2
sin x 1 0 18. 2 cos x 1 0
5 7 11
x 6 or x 6 or x 6 or x 6 2 sin x 1 2 cos x 1
10. 2 sin2 x 5 sin x 3 1 1
sin x cos x 2
2 sin x 5 sin x 3 0
2 2
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 3) 0 2
sin x
2 x 120°
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 3 0
x 45°
sin x 12 sin x 3
19. sin 2x 1 0
7 11
x 6 or x 6 no solutions 2 sin x cos x 1 0
11. sin2 2x cos2 x 0 sin2 x cos2 x 14
1 cos2 2x cos2 x 0 1
1 (2 cos2 x 1)2 cos2 x 0 sin2 x (1 sin2 x) 4
1 (4 cos4 x 4 cos2 x 1) cos2 x 0 sin2 x sin4 x 4 0
1
4 cos4 x 5 cos2 x 0 1
cos2 x(4 cos2 x 5) 0 sin4 x sin2 x 4 0
cos2 x 0 4 cos2 x 5 0
or
5 sin2 x 12sin2 x 12 0
cos x 0 cos2 x 4 1
5 sin2 x 2 0
x
2 k cos x
2 1
sin2 x 2
no solutions
1
2
sin x or 2
2
x 45°
Chapter 7 226
20. tan 2x 30 28. cos (x 45°) cos (x 45°) 2
tan 2x 3
cos x cos 45° sin x sin 45°
2 tan x cos x cos 45° sin x sin 45° 2
1 tan2 x 3
2
2
cos x 2 sin x 2
2 tan x 3 (1 tan2 x)
2
2
2 tan x 3 3 tan2 x cos x 2 sin x 2 2
3 tan x 2 tan x 3
2 0 2 cos x 2
(3 tan x 1)(tan x 3 ) 0 cos x 1
3 tan x 1 0 tan x 30 x 0°
1 29. 2 sin v cos v 3 sin v 0
tan x tan x 3
3 sin v (2 cos v 3 ) 0
3 sin v 0 or 2 cos v + 3 0
tan x
3
x 60°
v 0° or v 180° 2 cos v 3
x 30°
3
21. cos2 x cos x cos v 2
cos2 x cos x 0 v 150°
cos x(cos x 1) 0 or v 210°
cos x 0 or cos x 1 0 30. (2 sin x 1)(2 cos2 x 1) 0
x 90° cos x 1 2 sin x 1 0 or 2 cos2 x 1 0
x 0° 2 sin x 1 2 cos2 x 1
22. sin x 1 cos x
2 1 1
sin x 2 cos2 x 2
sin x 1 1 sin2 x
2
sin2 x sin x 2 0 x 6 cos x
2
(sin x 1)(sin x 2) 0 5 3
or x 6 x 4 or x 4
sin x 1 0 or sin x 2 0
5 7
sin x 1 sin x 2 or x 4 or x 4
x 90° no solution
31. 4 sin2 x 1 4 sin x
23. 2 cos x 1 0 4 sin2 x 4 sin x 1 0
2 cos x 1 (2 sin x 1)(2 sin x 1) 0
2
2 sin x 1 0
cos x 2
2 sin x 1
x 135° or x 225° 1
1 sin x 2
24. cos x tan x 2
7 11
sin x 1 x 6 or x 6
cos x 2
cos x
1 32. 2
tan x 2 sin x
sin x 2 sin x
2 cos x 2 sin x
x 30° or x 150°
25. sin x tan x sin x 0 2 cos x
2
2
sin x (tan x 1) 0
2 cos x
sin x 0 or tan x 1 0 7
x 0° or x 180° tan x 1 x 4 or x 4
x 45° or x 225° 2 tan x 2 sin x would also be true if both tan x
sin x
26. 2 cos x 3 cos x 2 0
2 and sin x equal 0. Since tan x
cos x , tan x equals
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0 0 when sin x 0. Therefore x can also equal 0 and
2 cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0 .
7
2 cos x 1 cos x 2 0, 4, , 4
1
cos x 2 no solution 33. sin x cos 2x 1
x 60° or x 300° sin x 1 2 sin2 x 1
27. sin 2x sin x 2 sin x sin x 0
2
x 0° or x 180° 2 cos x 1 7
1 x 6 or
cos x 2 11
x 6
x 120°
or x 240°
227 Chapter 7
34. cot2 x csc x 1 41.
1
cos x sin x
cos x sin x
csc2 x 1 csc x 1
(cos x sin x)(cos x sin x) 1
csc2 x csc x 2 0
cos2 x sin2 x 1
(csc x 2)(csc x 1) 0
cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 1
csc x 2 0 or csc x 1 0
2 cos2 x 1 1
csc x 2 or csc x 1
1 2 cos2 x 2
sin x 2 sin x 1 cos2 x 1
x
or x
5
3
x 2 cos x
1
6 6
x k
35. sin x cos x 0
42. 2 tan2 x 3 sec x 0
sin x cos x
2(sec2 x 1) 3 sec x 0
sin2 x cos2 x
(2 sec x 1)(sec x 2) 0
sin2 x cos2 x 0
2 sec2 x 3 sec x 2 0
sin2 x 1 sin2 x 0
2 sec x 1 0 or sec x 2 0
2 sin2 x 1 0
1
2 sec x 1 sec x 2
sin2 x 2 1 1
sec x 2 cos x 2
1 2
sin x
or
2
2 cos x 2 x 3 2k or
3
sin x and cos x must be opposites, so x 5
4 no solution x 3 2k
7
or x . 1
4 43. sin x cos x 2
36. 1 3 sin v cos 2v 1
1 3 sin v 1 2 sin2 v sin2 x cos2 x 4
2 sin v 3 sin v 2 0
2
sin2 x(1 sin2 x) 4
1
(2 sin v 1)(sin v 2) 0 1
2 sin v 1 0 or sin v 2 0 sin2 x sin4 x) 4
2 sin v 1 sin v 2 sin4 x sin2 x 4 0
1
1
sin v 2 no solution
7 11 sin2 x 12sin2 x 12 0
v
6 or v
6 1
1 sin2 x 2 0
37. sin x 2 1
7 11 sin2 x 2
x
6 2 k or x 6 2k
2
sin x
2
38. cos x tan x 2 cos2 x 1
sin x x 4 k
cos x 2 cos x 1
cos x 2
3
sin x 2(1 sin2 x) 1 44. cos2 x sin2 x 2
2 sin2 x sin x 1 0 cos2 x (1 cos2 x) 2
3
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) 0
3
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 1 0 2 cos2 x 1 2
2 sin x 1 sin x 1 2 3
1 3
2 cos2 x 2
sin x
2 x
2 2k 2 3
5
cos2 x 4
x
6 2k or x
6 2k 2
3
cos x
2
39. 3 tan2 x 3 tan x 11
3 tan x 3
2 tan x 0 x 12 k or x 12 k
tan x(3 tan x 3) 0 45. sin4 x 1 0
tan x 0 or 3 tan x 3 0 (sin2 x 1)(sin2 x 1) 0
sin2 x 1 0 or sin2 x 1 0
x k 3 tan x 3
3
sin x 1
2 sin2 x 1
tan x 3 sin x
1 no solutions
x 6 k x 2 k
40. 2(1 sin2 x) 3 sin x 46. sec2 x 2 sec x 0
2 2 sin2 x 3 sin x sec x(sec x 2) 0
2 sin x 3 sin x 2 0
2 sec x 0 or sec x 2 0
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 2) 0 1
cos x 0 sec x 2
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 2 0 1
2 sin x 1 sin x 2 no solution cos x 2
1 2
sin x 2 no solution x 3 2k or
4
x 6 2k or x 3 2k
5
x 6 2k
Chapter 7 228
47. sin x cos x 1 58a. n1 sin i n2 sin r
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x cos2 x 1 1.00 sin 35° 2.42 sin r
sin2 x 2 sin x cos x 1 sin2 x 1 sin r
1.00 sin 35°
2.42
2 sin x cos x 0
sin x cos x 0 sin r 0.2370150563
sin2 x cos2 x 0 r 13.71°
sin2 x (1 sin2 x) 0 58b. Measure the angles of incidence and refraction
sin x 0
2 or 1 sin2 x 0 to determine the index of refraction. If the index
sin x 0 sin2 x 1 is 2.42, the diamond is genuine.
x 2k sin x
1 59. D 0.5 sin (6.5 x) sin (2500t)
x 2 2k 0.01 0.5 sin (6.5(0.5)) sin (2500t)
0.02 sin 3.25 sin 2500t
48. 2 sin x csc x 3
0.1848511958 sin 2500t
2 sin2 x 1 3 sin x
0.1859549654 2500t
2 sin x 3 sin x 1 0
2
The first positive angle with sine equivalent to
(2 sin x 1)(sin x 1) 0
sin (0.1859549654) is 0.1859549654 or
2 sin x 1 0 or sin x 1 0
3.326477773.
2 sin x 1 sin x 1 3.326477773
1 t
sin x 2 x 2 2k 2500
t 0.0013 s
x 6 2k or a
5 60. a sin(bx c) d d 2
x
6 2k a
3 a sin(bx c) 2
49. cos v 2 1
3 5 7 sin(bx c) 2
cos v 2 at 6 and 6 360°
The period of the function sin(bx c) is b, so
5 7
v 360°
6 6 the given interval consists of
360°
b periods.
1
50. cos v 2 0
b
1
1 The equation sin (bx c) 2 has two solutions
cos v 2
per period, so the total number of solutions is 2b.
1 5
cos v 2 at 3 and 3
5
61. xy 34
0 v 3 or 3 v 2
cos v sin v 17
sin v 1 0
51. 2 sin v cos v 4 22
3
2 sin v 1
cos v 4 sin v 17
2
sin v 2 33 sin v 4 cos v 22
2 3
sin v 2 at 4 and 4 3 cos v 4 sin v 17
0v
or
3
v 2 3 sin v 4 cos v 22
4 4
↓
52. 0.4636, 3.6052 53. 0, 1.8955
9 cos v 12 sin v 317
54. 0.3218, 3.4633
16 cos v 12 sin v 82
55. sin v D
5.5 107 25 cos v 82 317
sin v 317
82
0.003
cos v
25
sin v 0.0001833333333
v 0.01° v 18.68020037
360 v 341.32°
56. sin 2x sin x
2 sin x cos x sin x
2 sin x cos x – sin x 0
sin x(2 cos x 1) 0
The product on the left side of the inequality is
5
equal to 0 when x is 0, 3, , or 3. For the product
to be negative, one factor must be positive and the
5
other negative. This occurs if 3 x or 3 x
2.
v2
57. R g sin 2v
152
20
9.8 sin 2v
0.8711111111 sin 2v
2v 60.5880156 or 2v 119.4119844
v 30.29° v 59.71°
229 Chapter 7
0 3 2
135° 1 67. 2 1
62. cot 67.5° cot 2 cot v
tan v
2 4 2
tan 2
135°
1 – co s 135°
1 co s 135° (Quadrant 1) 1 2 1 0
x2 2x 1 0
1
2
2
(x 1)(x 1) 0
x10 x10
2
1
2
x 1 x 1
(x 2)(x 1(x 1)
2 2
2 68.
2 – 2
2
(2 2
)(2 2
)
(2 2
)(2 2
)
4
(2
2) 2
2
22
2
1
[5, 5] sc11 by [2, 8] sc11
cot 67.5 max: (1, 7), min: (1, 3)
2 2
2 69. 3x 4 16 6 2y
2 x4 y3 (4, 3)
2 2 70. x y z 1 xyz1
2 (2 2) 2x y 3z 5 x y z 11
(2 2 )(2 2) 3x 4z 6 2x 12
2
22 x6
42 3x 4z 6 x y z 11
2
1 3(6) 4z 6 6 y (3) 11
tan x
2 4z 12 y2
63. 5
sec x z 3
sin x
(6, 2, 3)
cos x
2
—
1
5
71. g (x)
cos x x g(x)
2 7 4
sin x 5
2 5 2
Sample answer: sin x 5 g (x ) |x 3|
3 0
2
64. A ,
3 2 1 2
y 1 4
2 O x
3
2
y cos
3
1
72. A 2bh
1
O 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ A 2(6)(1)
A3
The correct choice is C.
23
Chapter 7 230
Page 462 History of Mathematics 4.
Slope-Intercept Form: y mx b, displays
1. x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 10° slope and y-intercept
x 0.87
Point-Slope Form: y y1 m(x x1),
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 20°
displays slope and a point on the line
x 1.74
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 30° Standard Form: Ax by C 0, displays
x 2.59 no information
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 40° Normal Form: x cos f y sin f p 0,
x 3.42 displays length of the normal and the angle
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 50° the normal makes with the x-axis
x 4.23
See students’ work for sample problems.
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 60°
x5 5. x cos f y sin f p 0
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 70° x cos 30° y sin 30° 10 0
3 1
x 5.74 x
2 2y 10 0
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 80°
3 x y 20 0
x 6.43
x2 52 52 2(5)(5) cos 90° 6. x cos f y sin f p 0
x 7.07 x cos 150° y sin 150° 3 0
3 1
2x 2y 3
0
Angle Length of
Measure Chord (cm) 3x y 23 0
10° 0.87 7. x cos f y sin f p 0
7 7
20° 1.74 x cos 4 y sin 4 52
0
30° 2.59 2
x
2
2
2 y 52
0
40° 3.42
2x 2y 102 0
50° 4.23 x y 10 0
60° 5.00 8. 4x 3y 10 A2
B2
42 32 or 5
70° 5.74 4 3 10
4x 3y 10 0 x
5
5 y 5 0
80° 6.43
4 3
90° 7.07 5x 5y 2 0
3 4
sin f 5, cos f 5, p 2; Quadrant III
3
5 3
tan f
4
or 4
7-6 Normal Form of a Linear Equation 5
f
9. y 3x 2
Page 467 Check for Understanding 3x y 2 0
1. Normal means perpendicular A2
B2 32 12 or 10
2. Compute cos 30° and sin 30°. Use these as the 3 1 2
x y 0
coefficients of x and y, respectively, in the normal
10
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
10
form. The normal form is 2x 2y 10 0. x
10 10 y 5 0
231 Chapter 7
10. 2x 2y 6 17. x cos f y sin f p 0
2
x 2y 6 0 x cos 210° y sin 210° 5 0
3 1
B2
A2 22
(2)2 or 2 2x 2y 5 0
2 2 6
x
2 2y 2 0 3 x y 10 0
2 2 18. x cos f y sin f p 0
x
2 2y 3 0
4 4
2 2 x cos 3 y sin 3 5 0
sin f 2, cos f 2, p 3; Quadrant IV
1
3
2 2x 2y 5 0
2
tan f — or 1 x 3y 10 0
2
2 19. x cos f y sin f p 0
3
f 315° x cos 300° y sin 300° 2 0
11a. 3x 4y 8 y 1
3 3
x
2 2y 2 0
3
y x
4 2 x 3y 3 0
20. x cos f y sin f p 0
11 11
x cos 6 y sin 6 43
0
O x 3 1
x
2 2y 43
0
3x 4y 8
3x y 830
21.
A2
B2 52 1
22 or 13
5 12 65
x
13
13 y 13 0
11b. 3x 4y 8 5 12
3 x 13 y 5 0
1
3x 4y 8 0
12 5
A2
B2 32 (
4)2 or 5 3 , cos f 13 , p 5; Quadrant III
sinf 1
3 4 8
x
5 5y 5 0 –1
12
3 12
8 tan f — or 5
p or 1.6 miles 5
5 –13
f 307°
Chapter 7 232
x
24. y 2x – 4 28.
3 y4
2x y 4 0 x
y40
A2
B2 (2)2
3
12 or 5
2 1 4 x 3y 12 0
x y 0
5 5
5 A2
B2
12 (
3)2 or 10
25 5 4 5 1 3 12
x
5 5 y 5 0
x y 0
10 10 10
5 2
5 4
5 3
610
sin f 5, cos f 5, p 5; Quadrant IV
10
10
10 x 10 y 5 0
5 3
610
–5 sin f
10 10
10 , cos f 10 , p
tan f —
1
or 2 5 ; Quadrant II
25 310
5 10
f 333° tan f —
10
or 3
–
10
25. x3
x30 f 108°
x y
A2
B2
12 02 or 1 29.
20 24 1
1 3 x y
x
1
1 0 1
20 24 0
x30 6x 5y 124 0
sin f 0, sin f 1, p 3 A2
B2 62 52 or 61
0
tan f 1 or 0
6
x
5
y
124
0
61 61 61
f 0° 661 561 12061
61 x 61 y
0
26. 3 x y 2 61
561 6
61
12061
3 x y 2 0 sin f , cos f
61
61 , p
61 ; Quadrant I
5
A2
B2 (3
)2 (
1)2 or 2
61
61
3 1 2 — 5
2x 2y 2 0 tan f 6 61 or 6
3 1 61
2x 2y 1 0 f 40°
1
3
sin f 2, cos f 2, p 1; Quadrant III 30.
A2
B2
62 82 or 10; p 10
1 6 3 8 4
–2 0 or 5 , sin f 10 or 5
cos f 1
3
tan f — or 3 x cos f y sin f p 0
3
–2 3 4
x
5 5y 10 0
f 210°
1 3x 4y 50 0
27. y 2 4(x 20)
31.
A2
B2
(4)2
42 or 42
; p 42
1
y 2 4x 5 4 2 4
2
cos f or , sin f or
4 2 2 4 2 2
x 4y 28 0 x cos f y sin f p 0
A2
B2
(1)2
42 or 17
2
2
1 4 28
2x 2y 42
0
x y 0
17
17 7
1 xy80
17 417
2817
17 x 17 y 17 0
32. 22x y 18
4
17
17
2817 22x y 18 0
sin f 17 , cos f 17 ,
p
17 ; Quadrant II
4
17 A2
B2 2(2)2
(1)2 9
3
22 1 18
17 x y 0
tan f — or 4 3 3 3
17
–
17
18
p 3 6 units
f 104°
33a. y
45˚
O x
1.25 ft
233 Chapter 7
33b. p 1.25, f 45° 36a. y
x cos (45°) y sin (45°) 1.25 0
2
2
x
2 2y 1.25 0
x 2
2 y 2.5 0
34a. y 2
1 x
O
Simplifying this equation gives v f 90°. If the lines intersect so that a is an interior
angle of the quadrilateral, the equation works
34b. tan v. The slope of a line is the tangent of the tan f1 tan a
angle the line makes with the positive x-axis out to be tan f2
1 tan f1 tan a .
35a.
A2
B2
52 1
22 or 13 3x 4y 36
5 12 39 3x 4y – 36 0
x y 0
13 13 13 A2 B2 32 42 or 5
5 12 3 4 36 36
x y 3 0 x y 0, p
13 13 5 5 5 5
12 5
35b. 3 , cos f 13 ;
sin f 1 Quadrant I 5x 2y 20
12 5x 2y 20 0
13
12 52 (
2)2 25
4 or 29
tan f — 5 or 5 5 2 20
x y 0
13
29
29 29
f 67° 5
29 2
29
2029
2029
x y 0, p
f 90° 67° 90° or 157° 29 29 29 29
x cos 157° y sin 157° 3 0
1526 36
5
2029
29 13.85564879
12 5 26
1
3x y
13 30 13.85564879 500 6927.824395; $6927.82
y 38. 2 cos2 x 7 cos x 4 0
12 5
(2 cos x 1)(cos x 4) 0
13 x 13 y 30
2 cos x 1 0 or cos x 4 0
2 cos x 1 cos x 4
1
cos x 2 no solution
5
x
3 or x
3
39. sin x
1 co
s2 x sin y
1 co
s2 y
O x
1 6 1 3
2 2
1
2
35c. See students’ work. 36
35 5 5
36 or 6
9 or 3
35d. The line with normal form x cos f y sin f
p 0 makes an angle of f with the positive sin(x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
2
35
5
6 3 6 3
x-axis and has a normal of length p. The graph 1
of Armando’s equation is a line whose normal
5
235
makes an angle of f d with the x-axis and also
18
has length p. Therefore, the graph of Armando’s
equation is the graph of the original line rotated
d° counterclockwise about the origin. Armando is
correct. See students’ graphs.
Chapter 7 234
2
40. A 1, 4 2 or 90° 1
y
45.
1 2
4 3
2
1
34
1 3 2
5
4 1
1 y sin 4
1 2
4 3
x
y
15
0
1 3 2
1 2
x 1 3 2
5 4 1 4 3 y 5 4 1 15
0
O 45˚ 90˚ x
y
1 30
5
15
1
x
y
6
3
(6, 3)
d 46. The value of 2a b cannot be determined from
41. r 2
the given information. The correct choice is E.
13.4
r 2 or 6.7
x2 6.72 6.72 2(6.7)(6.7) cos 26°20
x2 9.316604344
x 3.05 cm 7-7 Distance From a Point to a Line
x 17 1
42.
x5
25 x2 x 5
x 17 1 Page 474 Check for Understanding
x5
x2 25 x 5
1. The distance from a point to a line is the distance
(x 5)(x 5)
x 5
x
from that point to the closest point on the line.
17
(x 5)(x 5)
(x 5)(x 5) (x 5)(x 5) x 5
1
2. The sign should be chosen opposite the sign of C
where Ax By C 0 is the standard form of
x(x 5) 17 x 5
the equation of the line.
x2 5x 17 x 5
x2 4x 12 0 3. In the figure, P and Q are any points on the lines.
(x 6)(x 2) 0 The right triangles are congruent by AAS. The
x 6 0 or x 2 0 corresponding congruent sides of the triangles
x 6 x2 show that the same distance is always obtained
between the two lines.
43. original box: V wh
462 P
48
new box: V wh
1.5(48) (4 x)(6 x)(2 x)
72 x3 12x2 44x 48
0 x3 12x2 44x 24
Q
x V(x) 4. The formula is valid in either case. Examples will
0.4 4.416 vary. For a vertical line, x a, the formula
0.5 1.125 subtracts a from the x-coordinate of the point. For
a horizontal line, y b, the formula subtracts b
V(0.5) is closer to zero, so x 0.5. from the y-coordinate of the point.
4 x 4 0.5 or 4.5 5. 2x 3y 2 → 2x 3y 2 0
6 x 6 0.5 or 6.5 Ax1 By1 C
2 x 2 0.5 or 2.5 d
A2
B2
4.5 in. by 6.5 in. by 2.5 in. 2(1) (3)(2) 2
d
44. y x2 22 (
3)2
2 2
13
(2, 6) d or
13 13
xy8 6. 6x y 3 → 6x y 3 0
(5, 3) Ax1 By1 C
d
(2, 3) y3 A2
B2
6(2) (1)(3) 3
x d
62 (
1)2
O 12
1237
d or
37
37
f(x, y) 3x y 4
f(2, 3) 3(2) 3 4 or 7
f(2, 6) 3(2) 6 4 or 4
f(5, 3) 3(5) 3 4 or 16
16, 4
235 Chapter 7
7. 3x 5y 1 When x 2, y 1. Use (2, 1). 2
14. y 4 3x → 2x 3y 12 0
3x 5y 3 → 3x 5y 3 0 Ax1 By1 C
Ax1 By1 C d
d A2
B2
A2 B2 2(2) 3(3) (12)
3(2) (5)(1) 3 d
d 22 32
32 (
5)2
25 2513
4
d or
2
34 d or 13
17
13
34
2
34
2513
17 13
8.
1
y 3x 3 Use (0, 3). 15. y 2x 5 → 2x y 5 0
Ax1 By1 C
1 d
y 3x 7 → x 3y 21 0 A2 B2
2(3) 3(1)(1) (5)
Ax1 By1 C d
d 22 (
1)2
A2 B2
0
1(0) 3(3) 21 d or 0
d 5
12 32 4
16. y 3x 6 → 4x 3y 18 0
30
d or 310 Ax1 By1 C
10 d
310 A2 B2
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 4(1) 3(2) (18)
9. d1 d2 d
62 82 22 (
3)2 42 32
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 16 16
d 5 or 5
10 13
16
x 813
613 y 513
20x 30y 40
5
(20 613
)x Ax1 By1 C
17. d
(30 813
)y 40 513
0; A2 B2
6x1 8y1 5 2x1 3y1 4 3(0) (1)(0) 1
d
10
13 32 (
1)2
x 813
613 y 513
20x 30y 40 1
10
d or
(20 613)x (813
30)y 40 513
0 10
10
10
10. (2000, 0) 10
When x 0, y 8. Use 0, 8.
Ax1 By1 C 3 3
d 18. 6x 8y 3
A2
B2
6x 8y 5 → 6x 8y 5 0
5(2000) (3)(0) 0 Ax1 By1 C
d d
52 (
3)2 A2 B2
10,000 3
d or about 1715
34
ft
6(0) (8) 8 1
d
62 (
8)2
8 4
d or
10 5
Pages 475–476 Exercises 4
5
Ax1 By1 C
11. d 19. 4x 5y 12 When x 3, y 0. Use (3, 0).
A2
B2
3(2) (4)(0) 15 4x 5y 6 → 4x 5y 6 0
d Ax1 By1 C
32 (
4)2 d
21 A2
B2
d
5 4(3) (5)(0) (6)
21 d
42 (
5)2
5
Ax1 By1 C 6 6
41
12. d
d or
41 41
A2
B2
5(3) (3)(5) 10
20. y 2x 1 Use (0, 1).
d 2x y 2 → 2x y 2 0
52 (
3)2
Ax1 By1 C
10
534 d
d
34
or 17 A2
B2
2(0) (1)(1) (2)
534
d
17 22 (
1)2
13. 2x y 3 → 2x y 3 0 3
35
Ax1 By1 C d
5
or
5
d
35
A2 B2
2(0) (1)(0) 3 5
d
(2)2
(1)2
3 3 5
d or
5
5
Chapter 7 236
21. y 3x 6 Use (0, 6). 2
27. y 3x 1 → 2x 3y 3 0
3x y 4 → 3x y 4 0
Ax1 By1 C
y 3x 2 → 3x y 2 0
d 2x1 3y1 3 3x1 y1 2
A2
B2 d1
22 (
3)2 d2
32 12
3(0) 1(6)(1) (4)
d 2x1 3y1 3 3x y 2
32 12
1 1
10
2 10 13
d 10 or
5 x 310
210 y 310
313
x 13
y 213
8
22. y 5x 1 Use (0, 1). 313
(210 )x (13
310
)y 310
213
0
2x1 3y1 3 3x1 y1 2
8x 15 5y → 8x 5y 15 0
Ax1 By1 C 13 10
d
A2
B2 210
x 310
y 310
313
x 13
y 213
8(0) (5)(1) 15 313
(210 )x (13
310
)y 310
213
0
d
82 (
5)2 28a. Linda: (19, 112)
20
2089 Ax1 By1 C
d or
d
89 89
A2 B2
2089
4(19) (3)(112) 228
89
d
3 42 (
3)2
23. y 2x Use (0, 0). 32
3
d or 6.4
5
y 2x 4 → 3x 2y 8 0
Father: (45, 120)
Ax1 By1 C
d Ax1 By1 C
A2 B2 d
A2 B2
3(0) 2(0) 8
d
d
4(45) (3)(120) 228
32 22
42 (
3)2
8
813 48
d or 13 d or 9.6
13 5
8
13
Linda
13
24. y x 6 Use (0, 6). 28b. 4x 3y 228 0
xy10 4x 3(140) 228 0
Ax1 By1 C 4x 192
d
A2
B2 x 48
1(0) 1(6) (1) 29. Let x 1.
d
12 12 y
tan v x
5 52
d or y
2 2
tan 40° 1
3x1 4y1 10 5x1 12y1 26
25. d1 d2 y 0.8390996312
32 42 52 (
12)2 0.839 0
3x1 4y1 10 5x1 12y1 26 m
10 y y1 m(x x1)
5 13
m 0.839 y 0.839 0.839(x 1)
39x 52y 130 25x 60y 130
y 0.839x
14x 112y 0
0.839x y 0
x 8y 0 Ax1 By1 C
3x1 4y1 10 5x 12y 26 d
5
1
13
1
A2
B2
0.839(16) 1(12) 0
39x 52y 130 25x 60y 130 d
64x 8y 260 0 0.839
2 12
d 1.092068438
16x 2y 65 0
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 1.09 m
26. d1 d2
4 1
2 2 (15)
2 82 30. The radius of the circle is
[(5)
(2)]2 (6 2)2
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 or 5. Now find the distance from the center of the
17
17 circle to the line.
68x 17y 102 1512
x 817
y 6817
Ax1 By1 C
d
(68 1517
)x (17 817
)y 102 6817
0
A2 B2
4x1 y1 6 15x1 8y1 68 5(5) (12)(6) 32
d
17
17 52 (
12)2
68x 17y 102 1512
x 817
y 6817
65
d
13
(68 1517
)x (17 817
)y 102 6817
0
d5
Since the distance from the center of the circle to
the line is the same as the radius of the circle, the
line can only intersect the circle in one point. That
is, the line is tangent to the circle.
237 Chapter 7
47 3 33. 2x 7y 5
31. m1
3 1 or 4
3
2x 7y 5 0
y7 (x
4 1) A2
B2
22 (
7)2 or 53
3x 4y 25 0
2
x y
7
0
5
Ax1 By1 C
53 53
53
a1 2
53 7 5
53 53
A2 B2 53 x 0
3(1) (4)(3) 25 53 y 53
a1
32 (
4)2 34. cos 2A 1 2 sin2 A
3 2
34
a1 5 1 2 6
5
3 4 7 6
m2 or
1 (3) 2
2 60°
7 35. 2, 60°
y 4 2(x (3)) 1 1
7x 2y 13 0 y
Ax1 By1 C
a2
A2 B2
7(1) 2(7) 13
a2
1
72 22 y csc ( 60˚)
34
3453 O 120
a2 or
53
53
1 ˚ 300˚ 480˚
7 (3)
m3
1 (1) or 5
y 7 5(x 1)
5x y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C
a3 36. 110 3 330 180° (60° 40°) 80°
A2
B2 x2 3302 3302 2(330)(330) cos 80°
5(3) (1)(4) 2
a3 x2 179979.4269
52 (
1)2 x 424.24 miles
17
1726
a3 or
26
26 37. T 2 g
1726
34 3453
,
T 2
2
5 53 , 26
9.8
32. y T 2.8 s
10 2 1
38. 8 k
8 2 20
6 1 10 20 k
4 20 k 0
2
k 20
O 2 4 6 8 x 39. 2x y z 9 2x y z 9
→
2(x 3y 2z) 2(10) 2x 6y 4z 20
The standard form of the equation of the line 7y 5z 11
through (0, 0) and (4, 12) is 3x y 0. The x 2y z 7
standard form of the equation of the line through x 3y 2z 10
(4, 12) and (10, 0) is 2x y 20 0. The y 2z 3
standard form for the x-axis is y 0. To find the
3x y 5(y z) 5(3) 5y 5z 15
bisector of the angle at the origin, set y →
3
10 7y 5z 11 7y 5z 11
and solve to obtain y x. To find the 2y 4
1 10
bisector of the angle of the triangle at (10, 0), set y 2
2x y 20 yz3 x 2y z 7
y and solve to obtain 2x (1 5
)y
5 2 z 3 x 2(2) (5) 7
20 0. The intersection of these two bisectors 5 z x 6
is the center of the inscribed circle. To solve the (6, 2, 5)
1
system of equations, substitute y
3
x into 40. square: A s2 triangle: A 2bh
1 10 1
the equation of the other bisector and solve for x to 16 s2 6 2(4)h
20(1 10
) 20(1 10
) 4s 3h
get x . Then y
5 3 5 210
5 3 5 210
AE s h
3 60
. This y-coordinate is the AE 4 3 or 7
1
10 5 35 210
EF AE
inradius of the triangle. The approximate value is EF 7
3.33. The correct choice is C.
Chapter 7 238
sin4 x cos4 x
Chapter 7 Study Guide and Assessment 19.
sin2 x
1 cot2 x
(sin2 x cos2 x)(sin2 x cos2 x)
1 cot2 x
Page 477 Understanding and Using the sin2 x
sin2 x cos2 x
Vocabulary 1 cot2 x
sin2 x
1. b 2. g 3. d 4. a cos2 x
1
sin2 x
1 cot2 x
5. i 6. j 7. h 8. f
9. e 10. c 1 cot2 x
1 cot2 x
20. cos 195° cos (150° 45°)
cos 150° cos 45° sin 150° sin 45°
3
2
2
22 2 2
1
Pages 478–480 Skills and Concepts
1
11. csc v 2
6
sin v
4
1
1 21. cos 15° cos (45° 30°)
2 cos 45° cos 30° sin 45° sin 30°
2
2
3
2 1
2 2 2 2
12. tan2v1 v sec2 2
6
42 1 sec2 v
4
17 sec2 v 22. sin 1
17 17
2 sin 12
17
sec v 7
13. sin v
1
sin2 v cos2 v 1 sin 4 6
csc v
7 7
1
2
35 cos2 v 1 sin 4 cos 6 cos 4 sin 6
5
2
3
2
22 22
3 1
16
3 cos2 v 2
5
2
6
5
cos v 5
4
4
1 2
6
14. sec v
cos v tan2 v 1 sec2 v
4
5 2 11 2
tan2 v 1 4 2 tan 3 4
1
4 23. tan 1
5 2
tan tan
5 9 3 4
4 tan2 v 1
6
2
3 1 tan tan
3 4
tan v 4
31
(1 sin2 x)
1 1 1 (3)(1)
15. csc x cos2 x csc x
sin x sin x
1 3
1 1
sin x
sin x sin x
1 3
4 23
sin x or 2 3
2
16. cos2 x tan2 x cos2 x 1 24. cos x
1 si
n2 x sin y
1 co
s2 x
sin2 x
cos2 x
cos2 x
cos2 x1
1
7
2
25
1 3
2 2
cos2 x sin2 x 1
5
576 24 5
11 or
625 25
or
9 3
1 cos v
17.
1 cos v
(csc v cot v)2 cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y
5
cos v 2
253 253
1 cos v 24 2 7
1
1 cos v sin v sin v
(1 cos v)2
48 75
1 cos v 7
1 cos v
sin2 v 5
1 cos v (1 cos v)2
1 cos v
1 cos2 v
1 cos v (1 cos v)2
1 cos v
(1 cos v)(1 cos v)
1 cos v 1 cos v
1 cos v
1 cos v
sec v 1 tan v
18.
tan v
sec v 1
sec v 1 tan v(sec v 1)
tan v
sec2 v 1
sec v 1 tan v(sec v 1)
tan v
tan2 v
sec v 1 sec v 1
tan v
tan v
239 Chapter 7
1
25. cos y sin y
1 co
s2 y
6
sec y 29. tan tan
12 2
1 3
1 2 2
3
1 cos
2 6
(Quadrant I)
5 1 cos 6
2 5
3 or
9 3
sin y
3
tan y 1
2
cos y
5
3
3
5 1
2
or 2 2
tan (x y)
tan x tan y
3
2
2 3
3
1 tan x tan y
(2 3
)(2 3
)
5 5
4 2 (2 3
)(2 3
)
5 5
1 4
2
(2 3
43
)2
5 2
5
4
2 3
8 5
5 30. sin2 v cos2 v 1
3 2
sin2 v 5 1
8
10 45
16
8 5
5
sin2 v 25
180 825
180 255
61
or 61 sin v 5
4
150°
26. cos 75° cos
2 sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
255
1 cos 150° 4 3
(Quadrant I)
2
24
3 25
1
2
2 31. cos 2v 2 cos2 v 1
3 2
25 1
2
3 7
2 2
5
7 sin v 2 tan v
7
4 32. tan v
cos v tan 2v
1 tan2 v
27. sin sin
8 2 4 4
2 3
7
5 4
1 cos 4 or
3
3 4 2
2
(Quadrant II)
5
1 3
2 24
1 7
2
33. sin 4v sin 2(2v)
2
2 2
2 sin 2v cos 2v
2
2252
5
24 7
45°
28. sin 22.5° sin 2 336
1 cos 45° 625
(Quadrant I)
2
34. tan x 1 sec x
2 (tan x 1)2 sec2 x
1
2
tan2 x 2 tan x 1 tan2 x 1
2
2 tan x 0
2
2
2 tan x 0
x 0°
35. sin2 x cos 2x cos x 0
1 cos2 x 2 cos2 x 1 cos x 0
cos2 x cos x 0
cos x (cos x 1) 0
cos x 0 or cos x 1 0
x 90° or x 270° cos x 1
x 0°
Chapter 7 240
36. cos 2x sin x 1 45. 6x 4y 5
1 2 sin2 x sin x 1 6x 4y 5 0
2 sin2 x sin x 0 A2
B2 62 (
4)2 or 213
sin x (2 sin x 1) 0
6
x
4
y
5
0
sin x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0 2 13 2 13 213
1 3 2 5
x 0° or x 180° sin x 2
13 13 13
13 x 13 y 26 0
x 30° or 2
13 313 5
13
x 150° sin f 13 , cos f 13 , p
26 ; Quadrant II
2 2
13
37. sin x tan x 2 tan x 0
2
13
tan f —— or 3
tan x sin x 2 0
2
313
13
2
tan x 0 or sin x 2 0
x k f 146°
2
sin x 2 46. 9x 5y 3
3 9x 5y 3 0
x 4 2k or 4 2k
A2
B2 92 52 or 106
38. sin 2x sin x 0 9 5 3
x y 0
2 sin x cos x sin x 0 106 106 1
06
sin x (2 cosx 1) 0 9106
51 06
x y 0
3
106
sin x 0 or 2 cos x 1 0 106 106 106
51
06 9106
3106
x k cos x 2
1 sin f 106 , cos f
, p ; Quadrant I
106 106
2 106 5
x 3 2k tan f or 9
9106
4
or x 3 2k 106
f 29°
39. cos2 x 2 cos x
cos2x cos x 2 0 47. x 7y 5
(cos x 1)(cos x 2) 0 x 7y 5 0
cos x 1 0 or cos x 2 0 A2
B2
12 (
7)2 or 52
cos x 1 cos x 2 1 7
x y 0
5
52 52 52
x 2k no solution
2 72 2
40. x cos f y sin f p 0 10x 10y 2 0
72
2 2
x cos 3 y sin 3 23
0 sin f 10, cos f 10, p 2; Quadrant II
1
3
x
2 2y 23
0 72
10
x 3y 43 0 tan f — or 7
2
41. x cos f y sin f p 0 10
x cos 90° y sin 90° 5 0 f 98°
0x 1y 5 0 Ax1 By1 C
48. d 2
y50 2A
B
42. x cos f y sin f p 0 2(5) (3)(6) 2
2 2
d
x cos 3 y sin 3 3 0 22 (
3)2
1
3 6 6
13
2x 2y 3 0 d or
13
13
x 3 y 6 0 49. 2y 3x 6 → 3x 2y 6 0
Ax By C
43. x cos f y sin f p 0 d
1 1
2 A
2 B
x cos 225° y sin 225° 42 0 3(3) 2(4) (6)
2
2 d
2 x 2y 42
0 32 22
23 2313
xy80 d or 13
13
44.
A2
B2
72 32 or 58
2313
7 3 8 13
x y 0
58 58 58 50. 4y 3x 1 → 3x 4y 1 0
758
358
458 Ax1 By1 C
x y 0
58 58 29 d 2
358
758 4
58 A
2
B
sin f 58 , cosf 58,
p 29; Quadrant I 3(2) (4)(4) (1)
d
358 32 (
4)2
58 3 23 23
tan f or 7 d 5 or 5
758
23
58 5
f 23°
241 Chapter 7
1
51. y 3x 6 → x 3y 18 0 57. x 3y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C 3
d y 5x 3 → 3x 5y 15 0
A 2 B2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
1(21) (3)(20) 18 d1 d2
d (1)2
32 3 2 (
5)2
12
(3)2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
21
2110
d or
10
10 34
10
x 34
x 334
y 234 310
x 510
y
52. y 3 6 Use (0, 6).
1510
x
y 3 2 → x 3y 6 0 310
(34 )x (334
510
)y
Ax1 By1 C 1510
234 0
d 2 x1 3y1 2 3x1 5y1 15
A B2
1(0) (3)(6) 6
d 10 34
12 (
3)2
x 510
310 y 1510
34
x 334
y
24 12 10
d or
5 234
10
12 10 310
(34 )x (334
d 5 )y 234
510 1510
0
3
53. y 4x 3 Use (0, 3).
3 1
y 4x 2 → 3x 4y 2 0
Ax1 By1 C
Page 481 Applications and Problem Solving
d 2 58. The formulas are equivalent.
A B2
sin2 v
3(0) (4)(3) (2)
d v02 tan2 v
v0 2
cos2 v
32 (
4)2
2g sec2 v
1
14 14 2g
d 5 or 5 cos2 v
14 sin2 v
d 5 v0 2
cos2 v cos2 v
54. x y 1 Use (0, 1). 2g
1 cos2 v
xy5→xy50 cos2 v
Ax By C v02 sin2 v
d
1 1
2 g
2 A
2 B Ax1 By1 C
1(0) 1(1) (5) 59. d
d A2 B2
12 12 4(1600) (2)(0) 0
4 d
d or 22 42 ( 2)2
2
6400
d 22
d
20
2
55. y 3x 2 Use (0, 2). d 1431 ft
Ax1 By1 C x
d 60. sin 30°
100 30° 45° v 90°
A 2B2
2(0) (3)(2) 3 100 sin 30° x v 15°
d
22 (
3)2 50 x
x
9 9
13 cos v y
d or
13 13 50
56. y 3x 2 → 3x y 2 0 cos 15° y
x 3 50
y 2 2 → x 2y 3 0 y
cos 15°
d1
3x1 y1 2
d2
x1 2y1 3 y 51.76 yd
32 12 12 22
3x1 y1 2 x1 2y1 3
10 5 Page 481 Open-Ended Assessment
35x 5
y 25 10
x 210
y 310
30°
1. Sample answer: 15°; 15° 2
(35 10
)x (5 210
)y 25
310
0
sin 2
3x1 y1 2 x 2y 3
30° 1 cos 30°
1 1
2
10 5
3
35x 5
y 25 10
x 210
y 310
1
2
10
(35 )x (5
210
)y 25
310
0
2
2
3
2
30°
cos 2
1 cos 30°
2
3
1
2
2
2 3
2
Chapter 7 242
30°
tan 2
1 cos
1 cos 30°
30°
3. One way to solve this problem is to label the three
interior angles of the triangle, a, b, and c. Then
3 write equations using these angles and the
1
2
exterior angles.
3
1 a b c 180
2
x a 180
y b 180
2 3
2 z c 180
2 3
Add the last three equations.
2 x a y b z c 180 180 180
(2 3
)(2 3
) x y z a b c 180 180 180
(2 3
)(2 3
) Replace a b c with 180.
4
x y z 180 180 180 180
(2 3)2
3 x y z 180 180 or 360
2 3
The correct choice is D.
1 cos2 x
2. Sample answer: sin x tan x 4. Since x y 90°, x 90° y.
cos x
1 cos2 x Then sin x sin (90° y).
sin x tan x
cos x sin (90° y) cos y
sin x sin2 x sin x sin(90° y) cos y
cos x cos x
sin x 1
cos y cos y cos y
sin2 x sin2 x
cos x
cos x
The correct choice is D.
Another solution is to draw a diagram and notice
b b
that sin x c and cos y c.
b
SAT & ACT Preparation sin x
cos y
c
— 1 x˚
b
c
c
a
Page 483 SAT and ACT Practice y˚
1. The problem states that the measure of ∠A is 80°. b
Since the measure of ∠B is half the measure of
5. In order to represent the slopes, you need the
∠A, the measure of ∠B must be 40°. Because ∠A,
coordinates of point A. Since A lies on the y-axis,
∠B, and ∠C are interior angles of a triangle, the
let its coordinates be (0, y). Then calculate the two
sum of their measures must equal 180°. y0 y
slopes. The slope of 0 (3) 3 . The slope
is
AB
m∠A m∠B m∠C 180 y0 y
80 40 m∠C 180 of ADis
0 3 3 . The sum of the slopes is
y y
120 m∠C 180 0.
3 3
m∠C 60 The correct choice is B.
The correct choice is B. 6. Since PQRS is a rectangle, its angles measure 90°.
2. To find the point of intersection, you need to solve The triangles that include the marked angles are
a system of two linear equations. Substitution or right triangles. Write an equation for the measure
elimination by addition or subtraction can be used of ∠PSR, using expressions for the unmarked
to solve a system of equations. To solve this angles on either side of the angle of x°.
system of equations, use substitution. Substitute 90 (90 a) x (90 b)
2x 2 for y in the second equation. 0 90 a b x
7x 3y 11 a b 90 x
7x 3(2x 2) 11 The correct choice is A.
7x 6x 6 11
x5
Then use this value for x to calculate the value
for y.
y 2x 2
y 2(5) 2 or 8
The point of intersection is (5, 8). The correct
choice is A.
243 Chapter 7
7. Simplify the fraction. One method is to multiply 9. Since the volume V varies directly with the
y2 temperature T, the volume and temperature
both numerator and denominator by .
y2 satisfy the equation V kT, where k is a constant.
1 1 1
y y
y2
y y When V 12, T 60. So 12 60k, or k 5.
y2 1
The relationship is V 5T.
2 1 2 1
1 y 1 y
y2 y2 To find the volume when the temperature is 70°,
y3 y 1
substitute 70 for T in the equation V 5T.
y2 2y 1 1
y(y2 1) V 5(70) or 14. The volume of the balloon is
(y 1)(y 1) 14 in3.
y(y 1)(y 1)
(y 1)(y 1)
The correct choice is C.
y2 y
10. Two sides have the same length. The lengths of all
y1 sides are integers. The third side is 13. From
Another method is to write both the numerator Triangle Inequality, the sum of the lengths of any
and denominator as fractions, and then simplify. two sides must be greater than the length of the
1 y2 1
third side. Let s be the length of the other two
y y
y sides. Write and solve an inequality.
——
2s 13
2 1 y2 2y 1
1 y s 6.5
y2 y2
y2 1 y2 The length of the sides must be greater than 6.5.
y
y2 2y 1
But the length of the sides must be an integer.
y(y 1)(y 1)
(y 1)(y 1)
The smallest integer greater than 6.5 is 7. The
y2 y answer is 7. If you answered 6.5, you did not find
y1 an integer. If you answered 6, you found a number
The correct choice is A. that is less than 6.5.
8. Since the triangles are similar, use a proportion
with corresponding sides of the two triangles.
BC BD
AC AE
2 4
23 AE
2AE 4(2 3)
AE 10
The correct choice is E.
Chapter 7 244
Chapter 8 Vectors and Parametric Equations
11.
13 x
8-1 Geometric Vectors 2z
2.9 cm 13x
2z
3.5 cm
r
s
y 101˚
3 cm, 101°
x 70˚
3.5 cm, 70° 19. s t
3.4 cm
9. x
210˚ s
2.6 cm t
25˚
3.4 cm, 25°
y
x
y 20.
s
u
z
4y 3.8 cm, 359°
4y
12.9 cm
51˚
12.9 cm, 51°
245 Chapter 8
21. 324˚ 26. t
u
u
r
5.5 cm r 3.5 cm
22˚
r t u
5.2 cm
2r 12 r
358˚ 5.5 cm
u 12 r
2s
5.5 cm, 358°
r 128˚
29. Draw to scale:
2t
r
5.2 cm, 128°
s
24.
301˚
3s
3.4 cm
4.2 cm
3u
r 2t s 3u
s 45˚ 3.4 cm, 301°
30. Draw to scale:
4.2 cm, 45° 3t
25.
2u
11.7 cm
322˚
3u 2u
3t
357˚
Chapter 8 246
34. h 3.0 cos 340° v 3.0 sin 340° 41. h 47 cos 40° v 47 sin 40°
h 2.82 cm v 1.03 cm h 36 mph v 30 mph
35. c2 a2 b2 42. It is true when k 1 or whenua is the zero vector.
c2 (29.2)2 (35.2)2 43. c a b
2 2 2
c2 2091.68 c2 (50)2 (50)2
c 2091.
68 or about 45.73 m c 5000
or about 71 lb
36. The difference of the vectors; sample answer: The 44.
other diagonal would be the sum of one of the a 60˚ 60˚
b
vectors and the opposite of the other vector, so it
would be the difference. 60˚ 2.4 cm 60˚
37. Yes; sample answer:
60˚ 60˚
s
u u
r a b 24
r s equilateral triangleua u b 24 lb
s r r 45. The origin is not in the interior of the acute angle.
d1 d2
xy2 xy2
s d1 2
or
1
2 (1) 2
y5
38. 35 N d2 2 2 or y 5
0 1
xy2
( y 5)
2
(y 5)
x y 2 2
40 N x y 2 2
y 52
x y 2 2y 520
x (1 2)y 2 520
1 sin v
60 N
sin v cos v cos v
46. csc v cos v tan v
sin v cos v
sin v cos v
1
6.1 47.
4 n where n is an integer
48.
23˚
b 5
a
2, 52 scl2 by [3, 3] scl1
b
2.3 2.7
b
a
3
x , 2 for 0 x 2
5 49. tan 18°29
5
0.5b
a b
0.5 tan 18°29
5
b 29.9 cm
5
sin 18°29 h
5
a a 1.5
b h
a b
sin 18°29
a 2.3 2.7
b h 15.8 cm
5
b
247 Chapter 8
u
50. vo volume of original box 2. Use XY (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2 and replace
vn volume of new box the values for x and y.
v o o w o h o x(5, 6), y(3, 4)
(w 1) w 2w u
XY [3 (5)]2 [4 ( 6)]2
(w 1)2w2 (8)
2 (2) 2
2w3 2w2
644 or 68
vn n w n h n
(w 2) (w 1) (2w 2) 3. Jacqui is correct. The representation is incorrect.
(w2 3w 2)(2w 2) 2, 0 0, 5 is not equal to 51, 0 (2)0, 1.
The correct expression is 2i u 5ju.
2w3 8w2 10w 4
u
2w3 8w2 10w 4 160 4. MP 3 2, 4 (1) or 5, 5
u
MP (5)2
(5)2
w 2 8 10 156
50 or 52 units
1 2 6 4 160 u
5. MP 0 5, 5 6 or 5, 1
1 2 10 20 136 u
MP (5)2
(1 )2
2 2 12 34 88
26 units
3 2 14 52 0 u
6. MP 4 (19), 0 4 or 23, 4
wo 3 u
MP (23)2 (4)2
o 2w 545 units
2 3 or 6
7. u
t u u u v
ho w 1
1, 4 3, 2
3 1 or 4
1 3, 4 (2) or 2, 2
So, the dimensions of the original box are
u
3 ft 4 ft 6 ft 8. t 1u
2
u u v
x2 1
51. g(x)
(x 1)(x 3) 1, 4 3, 2
2
vertical: As x approaches 1 and 3, the expression 12, 2 3, 2
approaches or . So, x 1 and x 3 are
vertical asymptotes. 12 3, 2 (2) or 312, 4
horizontal: y
x2 9. u u 6u
t 4u v
x2 2x 3
2
4 1, 4 63, 2
x
4, 16 18, 12
x2 x2
y 4 18, 16 (12) or 14, 4
x2 2x 3
u
x2 x2 x2 10. t 8uu
1 2
81, 4
x x2
y 8(1), 8(4) or 8, 32
2 3
1
x x2 11. 8, 6 82 (
6)2
As x increases positively or negatively, the 100
or 10
u 6ju
expression approaches 0. So, y 0 is a horizontal 8i
asymptote. 12. 7, 5 (7)2
(5 )2
52. Let x, x 2, and x 4 be 3 consecutive odd 74
u 5j
u
intergers. 7i
3x 2(x 4) 3 x 4 15 u
13. Let T represent the force Terrell exerts.
3x 2x 8 3 u
Let W represent the force Mr. Walker exerts.
3x 2x 11 u u
Tx 400 cos 65° Wx 600 cos 110°
x 11
169.05 205.21
The correct answer 15. u u
Ty 400 sin 65° Wy 600 sin 110°
362.52 563.82
u u
T 169.05, 362.52, W 205.21, 563.82
u u
8-2 Algebraic Vectors T W 36.16, 926.34
u u
T W (36.16)2 (926.3
4)2
927 N
Pages 496–497 Check for Understanding
1. Sample answer:u a 8, 6,u
b 6, 8; equal
vectors have the same magnitude and direction.
Pages 497–499 Exercises
u
14. YZ 2 4, 8 2 or 2, 6
u
YZ (2)2 62
40
or 210
Chapter 8 248
u u
15. YZ 1 (5), 2 7 or 4, 5 32. u
a 0.4b 1.2u c
u 0.46, 3 1.24, 8
YZ 42 ( 5)2
41 2.4, 1.2 4.8, 9.6
u 2.4 (4.8), 1.2 9.6 or 7.2, 8.4
16. YZ 1 (2), 3 5 or 3, 2
u 1 u
YZ 32 ( 2)2 33. u
a (2b 5u
3 c)
13
1
(26, 3 54, 8)
u 3
17. YZ 0 5, 3 4 or 5, 7 1
u (12, 6 20, 40)
YZ (5)2 (7 )2 3
1
74 (12 (20), 6 40)
3
u
18. YZ 0 3, 4 1 or 3, 3
1 32 34
u 32, 34 or ,
3 3 3
YZ (3)2 32 u u u
u
34. a (3b c ) 5b
18 or 32
u 36, 3 4, 8 56, 3
19. YZ 1 (4), 19 12 or 5, 7
u 18, 9 (4, 8 30, 15
YZ 52 72
18 (4) 30, 9 8 15 or 44, 32
74 u 2.5n u 35, 6 2.56 9
u 35. 3m
20. YZ 7 5, 6 0 or 2, 6
u [15, 18 15, 22.5
YZ 22 62 [15 (15), 18 (22.5
40 or 210 30, 4.5
u
21. YZ 23 14, 14 (23) or 9, 9 36. 3, 4 32 42
u
YZ 92 92 25
or 5
162 or 92 u 4j
3i u
u
22. AB 36 31, 45 (33) or 5, 12 37. 2, 3 22 (3)2
u 13
AB 52 (12)2
u 3ju
169 or 13 2i
a u
23. u b u c 38. 6, 11 (6)2 (1 1)2
6, 3 4, 8 157
u 11j u
6 (4), 3 8 or 2, 11 6i
24. u u u
a 2b 39. 3.5, 12 (3.5)2
122
c
26, 3 4, 8 156.2
5 or 12.5
u 12j u
12, 6 4, 8 3.5i
12 (4), 6 8 or 8, 14 40. 4, 1 (4)2 12
u
25. a b 2u
u c 17
u u
6, 3 24, 8 4i j
6, 3 8, 16 41. 16, 34 (16)2 ( 34)2
6 (8), 3 16 or 2, 19 1412
or 2353
26. u u 3u
a 2b u 34j u
c 16i
26, 3 34, 8 u
42. ST 4 (9), 3 2 or 5, 5
12, 6 12, 24 u 5j
5i u
12 (12), 6 24 or 0, 30
u u 4c u 43. Student needs to show that
27. a b (uv 1 uv 2) uv 3 uv 1 (uv 2 u v 3)
6, 3 44, 8 u u u
( v 1 v 2) v 3 [a, b c, d] e, f
6, 3 16, 32
6 (16), 3 32 or 22, 29 a c, b d e, f
a u
28. u b 2u c a c e, b d f
6, 3 24, 8 a c e, b d f
6, 3 8, 16 a, b c e, d f
6 (8), 3 (16) or 14, 13 a, b [c, d e, f]
u u uv 1 (uv 2 u v 3)
29. a 3b
36, 3 44a.
3 6, 3 3 or 18, 9
100 N
30. a 1u
u c2
Fy
20˚
124, 8 Fx
249 Chapter 8
45a. Surfer 53. Let a 400, b 600, C 46.3
°
Vk c2 4002 6002 2(400)(600) cos 46.3
°
Vs 15 c2 18.8578.39
c 434
30˚
Pabc
Shore Vx 400 600 434
15 1434 ft
45b. sin 30°
u 1
Vk s 2(a b c)
u 15
Vk
sin 30°
1
s 2(1434) or 717
30 mph k s(s
a)(s b)(s
c)
u u u u
46a. Since QR ST 0, QR ST . k 717(7
17 400)(7
17 600)(7
17 434)
So, they are opposites. k 7,525
,766,0
79
u u
46b. QR and ST have the same magnitude, but k 86,751 sq ft
opposite direction. So, they are parallel. 54. Sample answer:
Quadrilateral QRST is a parallelogram.
d f(x) 3x2 2x 1
47a. t r An upper bound is 2.
150 m
r 3 2 1
5 m/s or 30 s 1 3 1 2
47b. d rt 2 3 4 9
(1.0 m/s)(30 s) or 30 m
u u
47c. V B V C 0.5 1.0 f(x) 3x2 2x 1
12 52 r 3 2 1 A lower bound
26
or about 5.1 m/s 1 3 5 6 is 1.
(x2 x1)
48. cos v → (x x ) u
u 2v cos v
1
2 3 8 17
v
(y2 y1) 55.
sin v
u
→ (y2 y1) u
v sin v
v
u
49. PQ 2 8, 5 (7)
10, 12
u
PQ
(10)2 122
244
u
RS 7 8, 0 (7)
1, 7 [4, 4] scl1 by [4, 4] scl1
u
RS (1)2 72 max: (0, 3), min: (0.67, 2.85)
50
56.
f(x) x2 3x 1
none
Ax1 By1 C x f(x)
50. d
A2
B2 10,000 99,970,001
3(1) 7(4) 1 1000 997,001
d 32 (
7)2 100 9701
3
322
d or about 4.2 10 71
58
0 1
51. sin 255° sin (225° 30°)
10 131
sin 225° cos 30° cos 225° sin 30°
100 10,301
2
2
1
2 2 2
2
3
1000 1,003,001
6
2
10,000 100,030,001
4
y → as x → , y → as x →
52. y A sin (kx c) 57. 7x 1 7x 1
A: A 17 1 1
A 17 or 17 This statement is true regardless of the value of x,
2
k: so it is true for all real values of x.
k 4
The correct choice is A.
k8
c
c: k 60°
c
60°
8
c 480°
y
17 sin (8x 480°)
Chapter 8 250
Vectors in Three-Dimensional 11. 132, 3454, 0 1322
34542
02
8-3 11,947
,540
Space 3457 N
4. u
OB
72 22
42
69
G(4,1, 7) 14. z
16
14
12
B(10,3,15) 10
8
6
4
2 4
u 121086422 2 4 y
OG 42 (
1)2 72 4
2
66 6 4
8
u x
5. RS 3 (2), 9 5, 3 8 or 5, 4, 11
u u
RS 52 42
(11)2 OB 102 (3)2 152
162 or 92 334
u u
6. RS 10 3, 4 7, 0 (1) or 7, 11, 1 15. TM 3 2, 1 5, 4 4 or 1, 4, 8
u u
RS 72 (
11)2 12 TM 12 (
4)2 (8)2
171
or 319 81
or 9
u u u
7. u
a 3f g 16. TM 3 (2), 5 4, 2 7 or 1, 1, 5
u
31, 3, 8 3, 9, 1 TM (1)2
12 (5)2
3, 9, 24 3, 9, 1 27
or 33
u
3 3, 9 9, 24 (1) or 6, 0, 25 17. TM 3 2, 1 5, 0 4 or 1, 4, 4
u u
8. u
a 2u g 5f TM 12 (
4)2 (4)2
23, 9, 1 51, 3, 8 33
6, 18, 2 5, 15, 40 u
18. TM 1 3, 1 (5), 2 6 or 4, 6, 4
6 5, 18 (15), 2 (40) or 1, 33, 38 u
u TM (4)2
62 (4)2
9. EF 6 (5), 6 (2), 6 4 68
or 217
11, 4, 2 u
u 4ju 2ku 19. TM 2 (5), 1 8, 6 3 or 3, 9, 9
11i u
u TM 32 (
9)2 (9)2
10. EF 12 (12), 17 15, 22 (9) 171
or 319
0, 2, 13
u 13k
2j u
251 Chapter 8
u u
20. TM 1 0, 4 6, 3 3 or 1, 2, 6 35. G1G2 (x2 x1)2 (y2 y1)2 (z2
z1)2
u u
TM 12 (
2)2 (6)2 (x1
x2)2 (y1 y2)2 (z1 z2)2 G1G2
41 because (x y)2 (y x)2 for all real numbers x
u
21. CJ 3 (1), 5 3, 4 10 and y.
or 4, 8, 14) 36. Ifu
m m1, m2, m3, then
u
CJ 42 (
8)2 (14)2 u u
m
(m )2 (m )2 (m )2. If m
276
or 269 1 2 3
u
m1, m2, m3, then m
22. u u 2u
u 6w z
62, 6, 1 23, 0, 4
(m1)2
(
m2 )2
(m3
)2.
12, 36, 6 6, 0, 8 Since m12 (m1)2, m22 (m2)2, and m32
18, 36, 2 (m3)2, m u m u.
23. u
u u
v u w 2u
1
z u u
2 37. 3, 2, 4 6, 2, 5 F O
u u
u 1
u 24, 3, 5 2, 6, 1 23, 0, 4 9, 0, 9 F O
u
F 9, 0, 9 or
2, 2, 2 2, 6, 1 6, 0, 8
3 5
9, 0, 9
1
6, 72, 112
1 1
38. m 2(x1 x2, y1 y2, z1 z2)
1
24. u
u 4 u
v u
3
w 2(2 4, 3 5, 6 2)
3 1
44, 3, 5 2, 6, 1 2(6, 8, 8)
3, 4, 4 2, 6, 1
9 15 (3, 4, 4)
u
39a. OK 1 0, 4 0, 0 0 or 1, 4, 0
1, 84, 44
1 3
u u
i 4j
u
25. u
u 3u
v 3 u
w 2u
2
z 39b. TK 1 2, 4 4, 0 0 or 1, 0, 0
2
u
i
34, 3, 5 32, 6, 1 23, 0, 4 u
40. u
c b u a
12, 9, 15 3, 4, 3 6, 0, 8
4 2
u
c 3, 1, 5 1, 3, 1
u
c 2, 2, 4
163, 13, 233
2 2
41a. z
26. u
u 0.75u v 0.25u w
0.754, 3, 5 0.252, 6, 1 12
3, 2.25, 3.75 0.5, 1.5, 0.25
6
3.5, 0.75, 3.5
O 6 12
27. u
u 4w u u z 6
y
42, 6, 1 3, 0, 4 12
8, 24, 4 (3, 0, 4 x
5, 24, 8
28. 3u
f 3ug 5u
2 2 41b. Find distance between (0, 0, 0) and (15, 15, 15).
h
2
3, 4.5, 1 32, 1, 6
2
56, 3, 3 d
(15
0)2
(15
0)2
(15
0)2
3
675
or about 26 feet
2, 3, 3 6, 3, 18
2 12 6 6
, ,
5 5 5 15
41c. sin v 26
52 36 278
5, 5, 1
v sin1
5 15
u
29. LB 5 2, 6 2, 2 7 or 3, 8, 5 675
u 8j
3i u 5ku v 35.25°
u u
30. LB 4 (6), 5 1, 1 0 or 2, 4, 1 42. AB (1 2
)2 (
0
3 )2 (0
0)2
u 4j
u u
2i k 4
or 2
u
31. LB 7 9, 3 7, 2 (11) or 2, 4, 9
2iu 4j
u 9ku
u
BC
(1 1
)2
3
2
0
1
3
2 22
3
u
36
32. LB 8 12, 7 2, 5 6 or 20, 5, 11
63
3 or 1.69
20iu 5j
u 11ku
u
33. LB 8 (1), 5 2, 10 (4)
or 7, 3, 6
u
AC
(1 2
)2
0
1
3
2
22
3
0
7iu 3j
u 6u k 2 or 1.41
u No, the distances between the points are not
34. LB 6 (9), 5 12, 5 (5) equal. A and B are 2 units apart, B and C are 1.69
or 15, 7, 0 units apart, and A and C are 1.41 units apart.
u 7j
15i u
43. 3, 5 1, 2 3 (1), 5 2
2, 7
Chapter 8 252
u u u u
44. AB 3 5, 3 2 or 8, 1 i j k
u 2. u
a u
a ax
CD d1 0, d2 0 or d1, d2 ay az
u u ax ay az
AB CD
8, 1 d1, d2
D (8, 1)
ay
ay
az u
az
i ax az u
ax az
j ax
ax ay
ay u
k
u (a a a a )j
u
sin 2X (ayaz ayaz)i x z x z
45. cot X
(a a a a )u
1 cos 2X
x y k x y
2 sin X cos X
1 cos2 X sin2 X cot X u 0j
0i u 0k
u
2 sin X cos X
0, 0, 0
cot X
2 sin2 X u0
cos X
sin X
cot X 3. Sample answer: No, because a vector cannot be
perpendicular to itself.
cot X cot X
2 4. 5, 2 3, 7 5(3) 2(7)
46. cos v
3 15 14
sin2 v 1 cos2 v 1, no
sin2 v 1 9
4
5. 8, 2 4.5, 18 8(4.5) 2(18)
5 36 36
sin2 v 9 0, yes
5
sin v 3 6. 4, 9, 8 3, 2, 2 4(3) 9(2) 8(2)
v 12 18 16
47. y 6 sin 2 10, no
amplitude 6 or 6 u u u
i j k
2
period k 7. 1, 3, 2 2, 1, 5 1 3 2
2 2 1 5
or 4
3 1 3 u
1
2
1 5
2u
i
1
2 5
2u
j
2 1
k
rev 2 rad 1 min 8 u u u or 13, 1, 5, yes
48. 16
min
1 rev 60 sec
15 radians per second 13i j 5k
49. Yes, because substituting 7 for x and 2 for y 13, 1, 5 1, 3, 2
results in the inequality 2 180 which is true. 13(1) 1(3) (5)(2)
y 4x2 3x 5 13 3 10 0
2 4(7)2 3(7) 5 13, 1, 5 2, 1, 5
2 180 13(2) 1(1) (5)(5)
3 31
50. 2
4 3 4 26 1 25 0
21 3 3
u
i uj u
2
k
So, A, C, and D are not correct.
2 21 3 2 3
8. 6, 2, 10 4, 1, 9 6 2 10
4 4 4 1 9
3 31 3
So, B is not correct.
The correct choice is E.
2 10 u
1 9
i
6 10 u
4 9
j
6 2u
4 1
k
u 14ju 2k u or 8, 14, 2, yes
8i
8, 14, 2 6, 2, 10
8(6) (14)(2) (2)(10)
8-4 Perpendicular Vectors 48 28 20 0
8, 14, 2 4, 1, 9
8(4) (14)(1) (2)(9)
Pages 508–509 Check for Understanding 32 14 18 0
vw
1. Sample answer: Vector is the negative of 9. Sample answer: Let T(0, 1, 2), U(2, 2, 4), and
vector w v .
u u u V(1, 1, 1)
i j k u
u TU 2, 1, 2
v u w 1 0 3 u
1 2 4 UV 1, 3, 5
u u
TU UV
0 i 1 3 u
3u
j 1 0 u
k
u u
j u
2 4 1 4 0 2 i k
u 7j
u 3k
u 2
6i 1 2
u u u 1 3 5
i j k
uv u w 1 2 4 1
2u i 2
2u j 2
1u k
1 0 3 3 5 1 5 1 3
u u 5ku or 1, 8, 5
2
0 3
4u
i 1 4u
1 3
j 1 2u
1 0
k
i 8j
u u u
6i 7j 3k
253 Chapter 8
u ui uj u
10. AB (0.65, 0, 0.3) (0, 0, 0) k
0.65, 0, 0.3 21. 0, 1, 2 1, 1, 4 0 1 2
u
F 0, 0, 32 1 1 4
u u u
T AB F
u u u
1 2u
1 4
i
0 2u
1 4
j
0 1u
1 1
k
i j k
u 2j
u u
0.65 0 0.3 2i k or 2, 2, 1, yes
0 0 32 2, 2, 1 0, 1, 2
2(0) 2(1) (1)(2)
0
0 32
0.3 u
i
0.65
0 32
0.3 u
j
0.65 0.3 u
0 0
k
2220
u 20.8j u 0k
u 2, 2, 1 1, 1, 4
0i
u 2(1) 2(1) (1)(4)
T
02 (20.8 )2 02 2240
20.8 foot-pounds u
i u j u
k
22. 5, 2, 3 2, 5, 0 5 2 3
2 5 0
Pages 509–511 Exercises
11. 4.8 6, 3 4(6) 8(3)
2 3u
5 0
i
5 3u
2 0
j
5 2u
2 5
k
24 24 u 6j u 29k
u or 15, 6, 29, yes
15i
0, yes
15, 6, 29 5, 2, 3
12. 3, 5 4, 2 3(4) 5(2)
(15)(5) (6)(2) 29(3)
12 10
75 12 87 0
2, no
15, 6, 29 2, 5, 0
13. 5, 1 3, 6 5(3) (1)(6) (15)(2) (6)(5) 29(0)
15 6 30 30 0 0
21, no u
i u j u
k
14. 7, 2 0, 2 7(0) 2(2) 23. 3, 2, 0 1, 4, 0 3 2 0
04 1 4 0
4, no
15. 8, 4 (2, 4 8(2) 4(4)
2 0u
4 0
i
3 0u
1 0
j
3 2u
1 4
k
16 16 u 0j
u 10k
u or 0, 0, 10, yes
0i
32, no
0, 0, 10 3, 2, 0
16. 4, 9, 3 6, 7, 5 4(6) 9(7) (3)(5)
0(3) 0(2) 10(0)
24 63 15
0000
24, no
0, 0, 10 1, 4, 0
17. 3, 1, 4 2, 8, 2 3(2) 1(8) 4(2)
0(1) 0(4) 10(0)
688
0000
6, no u u u
i j k
18. 2, 4, 8 16, 4, 2 2(16) 4(4) 8(2)
24. 1, 3, 2 5, 1, 2 1 3 2
32 16 16
5 1 2
0, yes
3 1 3 u
19. 7, 2, 4 3, 8, 1 7(3) (2)(8) 4(1)
1 2
2u
i
1
5 2
2u
j
5
1
k
21 16 4 u 12ju 16ku or 4, 12, 16, yes
9, no 4i
a u
20. u b 3, 12 8, 2 4, 12, 16 1, 3, 2
24 24 4(1) 12(3) 16(2)
0, yes 4 36 32 0
u 4, 12, 16 5, 1, 2
b u c 8, 2 3, 2
4(5) 12(1) 16(2)
24 4
20 12 32 0
28, no u u
j u
u i k
a u c 3, 12 3, 2 25. 3, 1, 2 4, 4, 0 3 1 2
9 24 4 4 0
15, no
1 2 u 3 2 u 3 1 u
4 0
i
4 0
j
4 4
k
u 8ju 16ku or 8, 8, 16, yes
8i
8, 8, 16 3, 1, 2
8(3) 8(1) 16(2)
24 8 32 0
8, 8, 16 4, 4, 0
8(4) 8(4) 16(0)
32 32 0 0
Chapter 8 254
u
i u u
j k 30. Sample answer:
26. 4, 0, 2 7, 1, 0 4 0 2 Let T(2, 1, 0), U(3, 0, 0), and V(5, 2, 0).
7 1 u
0 TU 1, 1, 0
0 2 u 2 u
1
0
i
7
4
0
uj 4 0u
7 1
k
UV 8, 2, 0
u u
j u
i k
u 14j u 4k
u or 2, 14, 4, yes u u
2i TU UV 1 1 0
2, 14, 4 4, 0, 2 8 2 0
1 0 u
2(4) 14(0) 4(2)
i 1 0 u
j 1 1 u
k
8080 2 0 8 0 8 2
2, 14, 4 7, 1, 0 u 0ju 6ku or 0, 0, 6
0i
2(7) 14(1) 4(0)
31. Sample answer:
14 14 0 0
Let T(0, 0, 1), U(1, 0, 1), and V(1, 1, 1).
27. Sample answer: u
TU 1, 0, 0
Letu u v , v , v
v v1, v2, v3 and v 1 2 3 u
u u u UV 2, 1, 2
i j k u u u
u u) i j k
v (v v v v u u
1 2 3 TU UV 1 0 0
v1 v2 v3
2 1 2
3 u v3 u v2 u
v 2 v i v1 j v1 k
v2 v3
u 0j u 0ku0
v1 v3 v1 v2 0
1 2
0u
i 1
2 2
0uj 1
2 1
0u
k
0i u 2ju u
u u u 0i k or 0, 2, 1
i j k
u u 32. The expression is false.u
m un andun u m have
28. a (b c ) a1 a2 a3
the same magnitude but are opposite in direction.
(b1 c1) (b2 c2) (b3 c3)
u u 33a.
a2 a3 i a1 a3 j 600 N
(b2 c2) (b3 c3) (b1 c1) (b3 c3)
2 u u
2 (b3 a1 c3) a3 a(b
[a
(b1 c1) (b2 2c2) 2 u
ck )]i
[a1 (b3 c3) a3 (b1 c1)]j
30˚ 0.04 m
elbow
(a2b3 a3b2)i (a2c3 a3c2)i i j k
u (a c a c )u u u
(a1b3 a3b1)j AB F 0.023 0 0.02
1 3 3 1 j
(a1b2 a2b1)k u (a c a c )k u 0 0 600
u 123 u
1 2 2 1
0i u
u (a b a b )j u j 0k
[(a2b3 a3b2)i 1 3 3 1 u u u
u
(a1b2 a2b1)k ] [(a2c3 a3c2)i u T AB F 123 or about 21 N-m
ui u j u
u
(a c a c )j (a c a c )k ] u k
1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1
34. u
x u
y 2 3 0
a2 a3 u
b2 b3
i a1 a3 u
b1 b3
j a1 a2 u
b1 b2
k
1 1 4
3 0u
i 2 0u
j 2 3u k
b
a 2
2
a3 u
b3
i a1 a3 u
b1 b3
j a1
b1
b
a u
2
2
k 1 4
12iu 8j
1 4
u 5k u
1 1
1 u
u
a2 a3 ui a1 a3 u
a2 u A 2x y
c2 c3
c1 c3
j a1
c1
c2
k
1
2
122
(8)2
(5)2
u
(u
a b ) (u
a uc) 1
2233
29. Sample answer:
u
35a. o 120, 310, 60
Let T(0, 2, 2), U(1, 2, 3), and V(4, 0, 1)
u u
c 29, 18, 21
TU 1, 4, 5
u
UV 3, 2, 2 35b. u
o uc 120(29) 310(18) 60(21)
u u u $10,320
i j k
u u
TU UV 1 4 5
3 2 2
4 5 u 1 5 u
2 2
i
3 2
j
1
3 2
4u
k
u 17ju 14ku or 2, 17, 14
2i
255 Chapter 8
u u2 2a
u2 b u cos v
u b
36a. 40. BA 2 a
(a1
b1)2 (a2 b2)2
2
a1
2 a2
2 2 b12 b22
2
2 a12 a22
b12 b22
cos v
F (a1 b1)2 (a2 b2)2
45˚ a12 a22 b12 b22 2
a12
a22
b12
b22
cos v a12 2a1b1 b12
u u a22 2a2b2 b22
36b. W F d cos v
W 120 4 cos 45° a12 a22 b12 b22
W 339 ft-lb 2 a12 a22
b12 b22
cos v
u
37a. X 2 1, 5 0, 0 3 or 1, 5, 3) 2a1b1 2a2b2
u
Y 3 2, 1 5, 4 0 or 1, 4, 4 2 a12 a22
b12 b22
cos v
u u u
i j k a1b1 a2b2
u u
X Y 1 5 3
a12 a22 b12 b22 cos v
1 4 4
a1b1 a2b2
5 3 u 1 3 u
4
4
i
1
4
j
1 5u
1 4
k
u b
a u cos v u
u cos v
a ub
u 7j u 9k u or 8, 7, 9 u b
a
8i
u
37b. The cross product of two vectors is always a 41. AB 5 3, 3 3, 2 (1) or 2, 0, 3
vector perpendicular to the two vectors and the 42. D(8, 3)
plane in which they lie. E(0, 2)
u
38a. v u u u
p (q r) DE 0 8, 2 3) or 8, 5
u u u u
i j k DE (8)2
(5 )2
u
q u r 2 1 4 89
3 1 5 43. 4x y 6 0
1 4 u 2 4 u
1 5
i
3 5
j
2 1u
3 1
k
A2
417
B2
42 12 or 17
17
617
u 22j
u 5k u or 1, 22, 5 x y 0
i 17 17 17
617
u u u
p (q r ) 0, 0, 1 1, 22, 5 p 17 1.46 units
0(1) 0(22) (1)(5) 17 4
17
sin f 1 cos f 17
5 or 5 units3 7
1
0 0 1 tan f 4
38b.
2 1 4
3 1 5
f 14°
44. A 36°, b 13, and c 6
1 4 2 4
2 1 a2 b2 c2 2 bc cos A
0 0 (1)
1 5 3 5 3 1 a2 132 62 2(13)(6) cos 36°
5 or 5 units3 a 8.9
sin 36° sin B
They are the same.
8.9 13
u u w ) u
u 0. B sin1
Chapter 8 256
Page 511 Mid-Chapter Quiz
8-4B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
1. Finding Cross Products
2.3 cm
46˚
Page 512
Fx 2.3 cos 46° Fy 2.3 sin 46° 1. 49, 32 55
2. 168, 96, 76
1.6 cm 1.7 cm 3. 0, 0, 0
4. 11, 15, 3
2. 5. 0, 0, 7
6. 0, 40, 0
115˚ u u
7. u x 6, 6, 12
u u
u v 62 62 (12)2
2.7 cm 216
8. u
u u v 1, 13, 20
u u
u v 12 (
13)2 ( 20)2
Fx 27 cos 245° Fy 27 sin 245° 570
11.4 mm 24.5 mm 9. Sample answer: Insert the following lines after
u
3. CD 4 (9), 3 2
or 5, 5
the last line of the given program.
u
CD 52 (
5)2 :Disp “LENGTH IS”
50 or 52 :Disp ((BZ CY)2 (CX AZ)2 (AY BX)2)
u
4. CD 5 3, 7 7, 2 (1)
or 2, 0, 3
u
CD 22 0
2 32
13
u u 8-5 Applications with Vectors
5. u
r t 2s
6, 2
2 4, 3
6, 2
8, 6
Pages 516–517 Check for Understanding
6 8, 2 6
or 14, 8
1. Sample answer: Pushing an object up the slope
6. u
r 3u u u v requires less force because the component of the
3 1, 3, 8
3, 9, 1
weight of the object in the direction of motion is
3, 9, 24
3, 9, 1
mg sin v. This is less than the weight mg of the
3 3, 9 9, 24 (1)
or 6, 0, 25
object, which is the force that must be exerted to
7. 3, 6
4, 2
3(4) 6(2) lift the object straight up.
12 12 2. The tension increases.
0; yes 3. Sample answer: Forces are in equilibrium if the
8. 3, 2, 4
1, 4, 0
3(1) (2)(4) 4(0) u
resultant force is O .
38
4. Current
11; no
u u u 17˚
9. 1, 3, 2
2, 1, 1
u j k 23 knots
1 3 2
u u
2 1 1 5. F1 300i
u
F2 (170 cos 55°)u u
3
1 1
2u
i
1
2 1
2u
j
1
2 1
3u
k
u u
F1 F2 (300
i (170 sin 55°)j
170 c
os 55°
)2 (1
70 sin
55°)2
u 5j u 7ku or 1, 5, 7
, yes
i 421.19 N
1, 5, 7
1, 3, 2
170 sin 55°
tan v
(1)(1) 5(3) (7)(2) 300 170 cos 55°
1 15 14 0
v tan1
300 170 cos 55°
170 sin 55°
1, 5, 7
2, 1, 1
(1)(2) 5(1) (7)(1) u u
2 5 7 0 6. F1 50i
u u
10. Let X(2, 0, 4) and Y(7, 4, 6). F2 100j
u u
XY (7 2)2 (4
0)2
(6
4)2 F1 F2 502
1002
45 or about 6.7 m 111.8 N
100
tan v 50 or 2
v tan1 2
63.43°
7. horizontal 18 cos 40°
13.79 N
vertical 18 sin 40°
11.57 N
257 Chapter 8
u u (33 sin 90°)j
u or 33j
u u u
8. F1 (33 cos 90°)i 15. u
v 1 (115 cos 60°)i (115 sin 60°)j
u u (44 sin 60°)j
u u u
F2 (44 cos 60°)i or 57.5i 57.53 j
u u (115 sin 120°)j
u
u u v2 (115 cos 120°)i
or 22i 22 3 j u u
u u or 57.5i 57.53 j
F1 F2 22
2 (33 223
)2 u u
v v 02 (1153)2
1 2
74 N 1153
33 223
3 23
tan v 22 or 2 199.19 km/h
Since tan v is undefined and the vertical
v tan1 2
3 23
component is positive, v 90°.
73° 16. The force must be at least as great as the
A force with magnitude 74 N and direction 73° component of the weight of the object in the
180° or 253° will produce equilibrium. direction of the ramp. This is 100 sin 10°, or about
9a. 4 mph 17.36 lb.
u u
17. F 105i
1
u u (110 sin 50°)j
u
12 mph F2 (110 cos 50°)i
u u
F1 F2 (105
110 cos 50°
)2 (1
10 sin
50°)2
194.87 N
110 sin 50°
tan v
105 110 cos 50°
9b. If v is the angle between the resultant path of
110 sin 50°
v tan1 105 110 cos 50°
the ferry and the line between the landings,
4
then sin v 1
1 1 1, or about 25.62°
2 or 3 . So v sin
3
18. F w sin v
19.5°.
52.1 75 sin v
52.1
sin v
75
sin1 7
5 v
52.1
Pages 517–519 Exercises
10. 11. Wind 44° v
u u (250 sin 25°)j
u
27˚ 19. F1 (250 cos 25°)i
42 N u u u
256 mph F2 (45 cos 250°)i (45 sin 250°)j
53˚ u u
F1 F2
16.7°
454 lb u u (70 sin 330°)j
u or 353
u
20. F1 (70 cos 330°)i u
i 35j
u u (40 sin 45°)j
u or 202
F2 (40 cos 45°)i ui 202u
j
u u u
F (60 cos 135°)i (60 sin 135°)j or 30 2
3 u
302 j
u u 35 502
13. F1 425i tan v
353 102
u u 35 502
F 390j
2
u u
v tan 1
353 102
F1 F2 4252 3902 37.5°
576.82 N u u u
F1 F2 F3
(353 10
)2
2 (35
502)2
390 78
tan v 58.6 lb
425 or 85
u u u
78 21. F1 (23 cos 60°)i (23 sin 60°)j
v tan1 85 u u
or 11.5i 11.53j
42.5° u u (23 sin 120°)ju
u u F2 (23 cos 120°)i
14. v 1 65i u u
u u (50 sin 300°)j
v 2 (50 cos 300°)i u or 25i
u 253
uj or 11.5i 11.53j
u u
u u
v v2 902 (253
)2 F1 F2 02 (233
)2
1
99.87 mph 233
25
3 53
39.8 N
tan v 9
0 or 18
Since tan v is undefined and the vertical
component is positive , v 90°. A force with
v tan1 1
8
5
3
magnitude 39.8 N and direction 90° 180° or
A positive value for v is about 334.3°. 270° will produce equilibrium.
Chapter 8 258
22. a g sin 40° F1
155
sin 174.5° cos 174.5° tan 6.2°
32 sin 40°
20.6 ft/s2 760 lb
cos 174.5°
u u (36 sin 20°)ju F2
23. F1 (36 cos 20°)i cos 6.2° F1
u
F (48 cos 222°u u 761 lb
2 i (48 sin 222°)j
u u 30. Sample answer: Method b is better. Let F be the
F1 F2
force exerted by the tractor, T be the tension in
(36 cos
20°
48 co
s 222°
)2 (3
6 sin 2
0° 4
8 sin 2
22°)2 the two halves of the rope, and v be the angle
19.9 N between the original line of the rope and half of
36 sin 20° 48 sin 222° the rope after it is pulled. At equilibrium,
tan v 36 cos 20° 48 cos 222° F
36 sin 20° 48 sin 222° 2T sin v F 0, or T 2 sin v . So, if 0° v 30°,
v
tan1
36 cos 20° 48 cos 222° the force applied to the stump using method b is
264.7° or 5.3° west of south greater than the force exerted by the tractor.
24a. 135 lb 31. Let T be the tension in each towline and suppose
165˚ the axis of the ship is the vertical direction.
2T sin 70° 6000 0
70 lb 6000
75˚ T
2 sin 70°
120˚
3192.5 tons
32. Let T be the tension in each wire. The halves of
the wire make angles of 30° and 150° with the
115 lb horizontal.
u u T sin 30° T sin 150° 25 0
24b. F1 70i
1 1
u u (135 sin 165°)j
u 2T 25 0
T
F2 (135 cos 165°)i 2
u u u T 25 lb
F1 F2 F3
33. u
u
u v 9(3) 5(2) 3(5)
(70
135 c
os 165
° 11
5 cos 2
40°)2
(135 s
in 165
° 11
5 sin 2
40°)2 2
134.5 lb The vectors are not perpendicular sinceu
u u
v
0.
135 sin 165° 115 sin 240° u
tan v 34. AB 0 12, 11 (5), 21 18
v tan1
70 135 cos 165° 115 cos 240° 2v02
35. d g sin v cos v
208.7° or 28.7° south of west 2 1002
u u u 3 sin 65° cos 65°
Since F1 F2 F3
0, the vectors are not in 2
equilibrium. 239.4 ft
u
25. W F ud 36. Sample answer: A plot of the data suggests a
u (1600 sin 50°)j
u] 1500i
u
[(1600 cos 50°)i quadratic function. Performing a quadratic
(1600 cos 50°)(1500) (1600 sin 50°)(0) regression and rounding the coefficients gives
1,542,690 N-m y 1.4x2 2x 3.9.
26a. Sample answer: The horizontal forward force is
u 37. b 0.3 b
(0.33, 0.33)
F cos v. You can increase the horizontal forward p 0.2 0.5 (0.2, 0.46)
force by decreasing the angle v between the b p 0.66
handle and the lawn. bp 0.4
26b. Sample answer: Pushing the lawnmower at a
0.3
lower angle may cause back pain. (0.2, 0.3)
3 1 (0.3, 0.3)
27a. tan v 1
8 or 6
0.2
1
v tan1 6 0.1
9.5° south of east p
27b. s
182
32 O 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
18.2 mph The vertices are at (0.2, 0.3), (0.3, 0.3), (0.33, 0.33)
28. F cos v 100 cos 25° and (0.2, 0.46).
90.63 N cost function C(p, b) 90p 140b 32(1 p b)
32 58p 108b
29. F1 cos 174.5° F2 cos 6.2° 0
C(0.2, 0.3) 32 58(0.2) 108(0.3) or 76
F1 sin 174.5° F2 sin 6.2° 155 0
cos 174.5° C(0.3, 0.3) 32 58(0.3) 108(0.3) or 81.8
The first equation gives F2
cos 6.2° F1. C(0.33, 0.33) 32 58(0.33) 108(0.33) or 86.78
Substitute into the second equation. C(0.2, 0.46) 32 58(0.2) 108(0.46) or 93.28
cos 174.5° sin 6.2° The minimum cost is $76, using 30% beef and
F1 sin 174.5°
cos 6.2° F1 155 0
20% pork.
259 Chapter 8
38. *4 *(3) (43 4) [(3)3 (3)] 11b. 50 10t 0
60 (24) 50 10t
84 5t
The correct choice is A. When t 5, the coordinates of the defensive
player are (10 0.9(5), 54 10.72(5)) or (5.5,
0.4), so the defensive player has not yet caught
the receiver.
8-6 Vectors and Parametric Equations
524–525 Exercises
Pages 523–524 Check for Understanding 12. x 5, y 7
t 2, 0
4. x (4), y 11
t 3, 8
x 1 7t y 5 2t
x 4, y 11
t 3, 8
x 1 7t y 5 2t
x 4 3t y 11 8t 16. x 1, y 0
t 2, 4
x 3t 4 y 8t 11 x 1, y
t 2, 4
5. x 1, y 5
t 7, 2
x 1 2t y 4t
x 1 7t y 5 2t x 1 2t
x 1 7t y 5 2t 17. x 3, y (5)
t 2, 5
6. 3x 2y 5 7. 4x 6y 12 x 3, y 5
t 2, 5
Chapter 8 260
25. x 2t 26.
1
x 7 2t 33.
x
t 1
2 x 7 2t
y1t 2x 14 t
x
y 1 2 y 3t
1
y 3(2x 14)
y 2x 1 y 6x 42
27. x 4t 11 28. x 4t 8
x 11 4t x 8 4t
1 11 1
x t x 2 t
4 4 4
yt3 y3t
1 11 1
y 4x 4 3 y 3 4x 2
1 23 1
y 4x 4 y 4x 5
29. x 3 2t
x 3 2t
1 3
x t [10, 10] Tstep1
2 2
[20, 20] Xscl2
y 1 5t
[20, 20] Yscl2
y 1 5 2x 2
1 3
34.
5 17
y 2x 2
30. Regardless of the value of t, x is always 8, so the
parametric equations represent the vertical line
with equation x 8.
31a. x 11, y (4)
t 3, 7
x 11, y 4
t 3, 7
31b. x 11 3t y 4 7t
x 3t 11 y 7t 4
31c. x 3t 11
x 11 3t
1 11
x
3 3 t
y 7t 4
y 73x 3 4
1 11
7 89
y 3x 3
[10, 10] Tstep1
32. [10, 10] Xscl1
[10, 10] Yscl1
35a. x 2 3t and y 4 7t
If t 0, then x 2 and y 4, so the part of the
line to the right of point (2, 4) is obtained.
35b. x 0
2 3t 0
3t 2
2
t 3
36. x y cos2 t sin2 t
1
0 cos2 t 1 and 0 sin2 t 1, so the graph is
the segment of the line with equation x y 1
from (1, 0) to (0, 1).
y
[5, 5] Tstep1
[10, 10] Xscl1
1 ( 12 , 12 )
x
[10, 10] Yscl1
1
261 Chapter 8
37a. target drone: 45. The slope is 1.
x 3 (1)t y 4 0t y 1 1[x (3)]
x3t y4 y1x3
missile: xy40
x2t y 2 2t 46. The linear velocity of the belt around the larger
37b. 3 t 2 t pulley is (120 rpm)2 2 in./rev 1080
9
1 2t
1
t
in./min. The linear velocity around the smaller
2 pulley must be the same, so its angular velocity is
1
When t 2, the missile has a y-coordinate of 3, (1080 in./min)
2 3 in. 180 rpm. The correct
1 rev
not 4, so it does not intercept the drone.
choice is D.
38a. Ceres: x 1 t, y 4 t, z 1 2t
Pallas: x 7 2t, y 6 2t, z 1 t
38b. Adding the equations for x and y for Ceres gives
x y 3. Subtracting the equations for x and y 8-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
for Pallas results in x y 1. The solution of Modeling with Parametric
this system is x 1 and y 2. Eliminating t Equations
from the equations for y and z results in the
system 2y z 7, y 2z 4 which has
solution y 2 and z 3. Hence, the paths cross Page 526
at (1, 2, 3). 1. 408.7t 418.3(t 0.0083)
408.7t 418.3t 3.47189
38c. 1 t 1 v t 2
9.6t 3.47189
7 2t 1 v t 4 3.47189
Ceres is at (1, 2, 3) when t 2 but Pallas is at t
9.6
(1, 2, 3) when t 4. The asteroids will not 0.362 hr or 21.7 min
collide.
2. d rt
39. The line is parallel to the vector 0 3, 5 1, 408.7 9.6
1 3.47189
8 1
or 3, 4, 9
. The vector equation of the 147.8 mi
1
500
line is x 3, y 1, z 1
t 3, 4, 9
or
1 1 3. The time for plane 1 to fly 500 miles is
408.7 . The
500
x 13, y 1, z 1
t 13, 4, 9
. 418.3 0.0083. Suppose the
time for plane 2 is
1 1 speed of plane 1 is increased by a mph.
x 3 3t y 1 4t 500 500
1 1
408.7 a
418.3 0.0083
x 3 t
3 y 1 4t
408.7 a 1
z 1 9t
500
500
0.0083
z 1 9t 418.3
u u 500
u
40. v 1 (150 cos 330°)i (150 sin 330°)j a 408.7
500
0.0083
u u (50 sin 245°)j
u
v (50 cos 245°)i
2
418.3
u u 6.7 mph
v1 v2
(150 c
os 330
° 50
cos 2
45°)2
(15
0 sin
330°
50 sin
245°)2
162.2 km/h
150 sin 330° 50 sin 245°
8-7 Modeling Motion Using
tan v 150 cos 330° 50 cos 245° Parametric Equations
150 sin 330° 50 sin 245°
v tan1
150 cos 330° 50 cos 245°
Page 531 Check for Understanding
47°534 or 47°534 south of east
1. Sample answer: a rocket launched at 90° to the
41. 1, 3
3, 2
1(3) 3(2) horizontal; tip-off in basketball
3
2. Equal magnitude with opposite direction.
Since the inner product is not 0, the vectors are
not perpendicular. 3. The greater the angle of the head of the golf club,
the greater the angle of initial velocity of the ball.
42. Since A 90°, a b, and a b sin A, no solution
u v
4. v u sin v u v
5. v u cos v
exists. y x
50 sin 40° 20 cos 50°
43. A graphing calculator indicates that there is one
32.14 ft/s 12.86 m/s
real zero and that it is close to 1. f(1) 0, so the
u v
6. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
zero is exactly 1. x y
3 45 cos 32° 45 sin 32°
44. x 2y 2 38.16 ft/s 23.85 ft/s
3 u v
u cos v u vu sin v
x 2 2y 7. vx vy
2 4 7.5 cos 20° 7.5 sin 20°
x 3 y
3 7.05 m/s 2.57 m/s
2 4
y 3x 3
Chapter 8 262
16. To find the time the projectile stays in the air, set
8a. 300 mph mile 3600 s 440 ft/s
5280 ft h
y 0 and solve for t.
u cos v
x tv u sin v 1gt2 0
tv 2
x t(440) cos 0°
u sin v gt) 0
t(v
1
x 440t 2
u sin v 1gt2 h
y tv u sin v 1gt 0
v
2 2
1 u sin v 1gt
v
y t(440) sin 0° 2(32)t2 3500 2
u sin v
2v
y 3500
16t2
g t
8b. Sample graph: The greater the angle, the greater the time the
y projectile stays in the air. To find the horizontal
4000
distance covered, substitute the expression for t in
3000
Height the equation for x.
(feet) 2000 u cos v
x tv
1000 u sin v
x 2v
v u cos v
2000 4000 6000 g
Horizontal Distance u2g sin 2v
v
(feet)
g
As the angle increases from 0° to 45°, the
8c. 16t2 3500 0
horizontal distance increases. As the angle
16t2 3500
3500 increases from 45° to 90°, the horizontal distance
t2
16 decreases.
17a. y 300 when t 7
3500
t
16
u sin 78° 1(32)72 300
7v
t 14.8 s 2
u sin 78° 784 300
7v
8d. x 440t
u sin 78° 1084
7v
440(14.8)
6512 ft u
v
1084
7 sin 78°
u 158.32 ft/s
v
1 u
17b. x 3tv cos v 50 yd
Pages 531–533 Exercises
1
u v
9. v u cos v u v
v u sin v 3(7)(158.32) cos 78° 50
x y
65 cos 60° 65 sin 60° 127 yd
32.5 ft/s 56.29 ft/s 18. u cos v
x tv
u v
10. v u cos v u v
v u sin v x
t
x y
u
v cos v
47 cos 10.7° 47 sin 10.7°
46.18 m/s 8.73 m/s u sin v gt2
y tv
1
2
u v
u cos v u v
u sin v 2
11. vx vy
x
y v u sin v 1g x
u cos v
v 2 u cos v
v
1200 cos 42° 1200 sin 42° g
891.77 ft/s 802.96 ft/s y x tan v
u2 cos2 v
2v
u v
12. v u cos v u v
v u sin v The presence of the x2-term
(due to the force of
x y
17 cos 28° 17 sin 28° gravity) means that y is a quadratic function of x.
15.01 ft/s 7.98 ft/s Therefore, the path of a projectile is a parabolic
u v
13. v u cos v u v
v u sin v arc.
x y
69 cos 37° 69 sin 37° 19. To find the time the projectile stays in the air if
55.11 yd/s 41.53 yd/s the initial velocity isu
v, set y 0 and solve for t.
u v
14. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
x y u sin v 1gt2 0
tv
46 cos 19° 46 sin 19° 2
263 Chapter 8
If the magnitude of the initial velocity is doubled 22b.
u)2 sin 2v
(2v
u, the range becomes
to 2v or
g
u2 sin 2v
v
4 g. The projectile will travel four times as
far.
20a. 800 km/h km 3600 s 222.2 m/s
1000 m h
u
x tv cos v
x 222.2 t cos 45° 23a. y 300 when t 4.8
u sin v gt2
y tv
1 u sin 82° 1(32)(4.8)2 300
4.8v
2 2
1 u sin 82° 368.64 668.64
y 222.2t sin 45° 2(9.8)t2 4.8v
u
v
668.64
y 222.2t sin 45° 4.9t2 4.8 sin 82°
The negative coefficient in the t-term in the u 140.7 ft/s
v
equation for y indicates that the aircraft is 1 u cos v 100
23b. x 3tv
descending. The negative coefficient in the
equation for x is arbitrary. 131.3 yd
20b. y 222.2t sin 45° 4.9t2 u cos v
24a. x tv u sin v 1gt2 h
y tv 2
222.2(2.5) sin 45° 4.9 (2.5)2 x 155t cos 22° y 155t sin 22° 16t2 3
423.4
24b. x 420
The aircraft has descended about 423.4 m.
423.4 m
155t cos 22° 420
20c.
2.5 s 169 m/s t
420
155 cos 22°
or y 155t sin 22° 16t2 3
169 m/s
1000 m h 608.4 km/h
km 3600 s
2
155
155 cos 22° sin 22° 16 155 cos 22° 3
420 420
21a. 70 mph
5280 ft h 308
ft/s 36.04 ft
mi 3600 s 3
y0 Since 36.04 15, the ball will clear the fence.
t3 sin 35° 16t2 10 0
308
24c. y0
155t sin 22° 16t2 3 0
308 2
sin 35° 3 sin 35° 4(16)10
308
3 155 sin 22°
(155 s
in 22°
)2 4
(16)
3
t t
t t
3.84 s 3.68 s
x tvu cos v u cos v
x tv
323.2 ft 528.86 ft
21b. y8 25. x 11 t
t3 sin 35° 16t2 10 8
308 x 11 t
x 11 t
16t2 t3 sin 35° 2 0
308
y 8 6t
y 8 6(x 11)
3038 si
n 35°
308 2
3 sin 35° 4(16)2
t y 6x 58
26a. mg sin v 300(9.8) sin 22°
t 3.71 s 1101.3 N
u cos v
x tv
26b. mg cos v 300(9.8) cos 22°
312.4 ft
2725.9 N
21c. From the calculations in part b, the time is 17.4
about 3.71s. 27. cos A
y 21.9
17.4
22a. A cos1
21.9
A 37°
t
O x
Chapter 8 264
u
28. 2(2x y z) 2(2) 5a. BE 0 5, 2 5, 4 0
or 5, 3, 4
5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
6x 4y 0.5
The matrix is 2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5 .
14x 3.5
3.5 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
x 14
54 54 04 04
x 0.25
5x y 0.75
5(0.25) y 0.75
2x y z 2
2(0.25) 0.5 z 2
5b.
2 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1) 2 (1)
02 02 02 02
04 54 54 04
2
y 0.5
29. 5 3 25 9
2
z1 2 (1) 2 (1) 5 (1) 5 (1)
42 42 42 42
16
9 9 4 4 4 9 9 4
The correct choice is B. 1 4 4 1 1 1 4 4
2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6
1 0 0 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
Page 534 History of Mathematics 5c. 0 1 0 2 5 5 2 2 2 5 5
7°12 7.2°
1.
360°
360° 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
1 5 5 0 0 0 5 5 0
5 2 5
0 5 2 2 2 5 5
1 5000 stadia
50 x 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4
x 50(5000) z
H E
x 250,000 stadia
250,000(500) 125,000,000 ft
G F
125,000,000 5280 23,674 mi O
The actual circumference of Earth is about C D y
24,901.55 miles.
A
2. See students’ work. No solution exists. B x
3. See students’ work.
The image is the reflection over the xz-plane.
5d. The dimensions of the resulting figure are half
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
dimensions two-fold. T 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .
u
2. CC 8 6, 8 7, 2 3
or 2, 1, 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
The matrix is 1 1 1 1 1 1 .
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0
0
3. VU 0 1 0 T, so the transformations
0 0 1
are the same.
4a-c.
265 Chapter 8
6b. Sample answer: If the original prism has z
vertices A(3, 3, 0) B(3, 3, 3), C(3, 3, 3), C
D
D(3, 3, 0), E(5, 3, 0), F(5, 3, 3), G(5, 3, 3), F H
and H(5, 3, 0), then the image has vertices A B
A(10, 12, 0), B(10, 12, 12), C(10, 12, 12),
E G
D(10, 12, 0), E(22, 12, 0), F(22, 12, 12),
G(22, 12, 12), and H(22, 12, 0).
z O
y
x
C B
The result is a translation of 2 units along the y-
axis and 4 units along the z-axis.
D C B
A 01 01 01 01
G G D A
F F 11. 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0 (2)
H E 1 (2) 2 (2) 5 (2) 4 (2)
21 21 21 21
H
x
E 0 (2)
1 (2)
0 (2)
4 (2)
3 (2) 3 (2)
5 (2) 2 (2)
1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1
1 0 3 2 1 2 3 0
z
Pages 540–542 Exercises C
u D
7. FB 3 3, 1 7, 4 4
or 0, 6, 0
2
1
4
1 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
4 4
2 2 2
4
1
05 05 35
1 (3) 4 (3) 5 (3) 2 (3)
35
u 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3
9. CF 6 4, 0 (1), 0 2
or 2, 1, 2
5 8 8 5 5 5 8 8
D(2 2, 2 1, 3 (2)) D(4, 1, 1) 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
E(1 2, 0 1, 4 (2)) E(3, 1, 2)
z
2 1 4 4 3 6
The matrix is 2 0 1 1 1 0 .
3 4 2 1 2 0 C
D
G
00 00 00 00
F y
10. 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2) 0 (2)
x A B
14 24 54 44 H
20 20 20 20 E
0 (2) 0 (2) 3 (2) 3 (2)
14 44 54 24
The results is a translation of 1 unit along the x-
axis, 5 units along the y-axis, and 3 units along
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 the z-axis.
5 6 9 8 5 8 9 6
Chapter 8 266
0.75 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
13. 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 18. 0 0.75 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0 0 0.75 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0.75 0 0
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0.75 0 , so the figure is three-fourths
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0 0 0.75
z the original site and reflected over all three
C
coordinate planes.
D G
F 2x 2 0 0 x
B 19a. 2y 0 2 0 y , so the transformation can
A 5z 0 0 5 z
H
E y 2 0 0
be represented by the matrix 0 2 0 .
x
0 0 5
The transformation does not change the figure. 19b. The transformation will magnify the x- and
y-dimensions two-fold, and the z-dimension
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
14. 0 1 5-fold.
0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6 23.6
20a. 72 72 72 72 72
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
20 23.6 136 23.6 247 23.6
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2
z6 20b. 58 72 71 72 74 72
96 3O
3
3 6 9 27 0 53 0 59 0
302 23.6 351 23.6
9 3 A y
12 6
B 83 72 62 72
x E
37 0 52 0
D H
43.6 159.6 270.6 325.6 374.6
F C 14 1 2 11 10
G 27 53 59 37 52
20c. The result is a translation 23.6 units along the
The transformation results in reflections over the x-axis and 72 units along the y-axis.
1 0 0
xy and xz-planes.
1 21. The matrix 0 1 0 would reflect the prism
0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2
15. 0 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 0.5 0 0
0 2 2 2 2 over the yz-plane. The matrix 0 0.5 0
0 0 0
0 3 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0.5
1 2 5 4 1 4 5 2 would reduce its dimensions by half.
0 1 0 0 0.5
z 0.5 0 0 0
0 0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0
E 0 0 0.5 0 0 1 0 0 0.5
H y 22a. Placing a non zero element in the first row and
B A
third column will skew the cube so that the top
x G F is no longer directly above the bottom.
D 1 0 1
C Sample answer: 0 1 0
0 0 1
The transformation results in reflections over all
22b. Sample graphs:
three coordinate planes.
16. The matrix results in a dilation of scale factor 2, z
so the figure is twice the original size. F
G
3 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 B z
17. 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 , so the C
0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 3 H
E y
G F
figure is three times the original size and reflected x
over the xy-plane. D A
C B E
H y
D A
x
267 Chapter 8
23. The first transformation reflects the figure over 29. 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2
all three coordinate planes. The second 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2 0
transformation stretches the dimensions along the A graphing calculator indicates that there is a
y- and z-axes and skews it along the xy-plane. solution between 0 and 1. By Descartes’ Rule of
(The first row of T changes the x-coordinate of Signs, it is the only solution. When x 0.2, 80x3
(x, y, z) to x 2z.) 80x2 80x 24.2 4.36 and when x 0.3,
24. To multiply the x-coordinate by 3, the first row of 80x3 80x2 80x 24.2 9.16. So the solution
the matrix must be 3 0 0. Since the y-coordinate is to the nearest tenth is 0.2.
multiplied by 2, the second row is 0 2 0. To convert 30. Divide each side of the equations by 2, 3, 4, and 6,
a z-coordinate to x 4z, use a third row of 1 0 4. respectively, so that the left side is x 2y.
3 0 0 I. x 2y 4 II. y 4
The matrix is 0 2 0 . 8
III. x 2y 2 IV. x 2y 3
1 0 4
Only I and II are equivalent, so the correct choice
25a. The x-coordinates are unchanged, the
is A.
y-coordinates increase, and the z-coordinates
decrease, so the movement is dip-slip.
41.3 129.4
123.9 201.7 73.8 36.4
25b. 88.0 145.8 28.3 82.6 97.1 123.9
205.3 246.6 261.5 212.0 166.4 85.3 Chapter 8 Study Guide and Assessment
123.9 41.3 201.7 73.8 129.4
36.4
86.4 144.2 29.9 84.2 95.5 125.5 Page 543 Understanding and Using the
206.5 247.8 262.7 213.2 165.2 84.1 Vocabulary
0 0 0 0 0 0 1. resultant 2. unit
1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
3. magnitude 4. cross
1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
5. inner 6. vector
26a. La Shawna Jaimie
x0 x 35t 7. parallel 8. standard
y 16t2 150 y 16t2 150 9. direction 10. components
16t2 150 0
150 16t2
150
t2 544–546 Skills and Concepts
16
11. 1.3 cm, 50° 12. 2.9 cm, 10°
150
16 t
13.
q q
p
3.06 t
x 35t
p 4.1 cm
35
150
16 23˚
107 ft
4.1 cm, 23°
26b. Since the stones have the same parametric
equations for y, they land at the same time. In 14. q q
2p
part a, it was calculated that the elapsed time is
about 3.06 seconds.
27. x 5t 1
2p 5.3 cm
x 1 5t
x1 25˚
5 t
y 2t 10 5.3 cm, 25°
x1
y 2
5 10 15.
q
y
2 48
5x 5 q
3p
Chapter 8 268
16.
q 31. u
u 2w u 5v u
u
u 2 4, 1, 5
5 1, 7, 4
q
4p
u
u 8, 2, 10
(5, 35, 20
u
u 8 (5), 2 35, 10 (20)
u
u 13, 37, 30
3.5 cm
4p
32. u 0.25u
u u
v 0.4w
u
u 0.25 1, 7, 4
0.4 4, 1, 5
u
u 0.25, 1.75, 1
1.6, 0.4, 2
u
u 0.25 1.6, 1.75 (0.4), 1 2
82˚ u
u 1.35, 1.35, 1
33. 5, 1
2, 6
5(2) (1)6
3.5 cm, 82° 10 6
17. h 1.3 cos 50° v 1.3 sin 50° 16; no
h 0.8 cm v 1 cm 34. 2, 6
3, 4
2(3) 6(4)
18. h 2.9 cos 10° v 2.9 sin 10° 6 24
h 2.9 cm v 0.5 cm 18; no
u 35. 4, 1, 2
3, 4, 4
4(3) 1(4) (2)4
19. CD 7 2, 15 3
or 5, 12
u 12 4 8
CD 52 122
169 or 13 0; yes
u 36. 2, 1, 4
6, 2, 1
2(6) (1)(2) 4(1)
20. CD 4 (2), 12 8
or 6, 4
u 12 2 4
CD 62 42
18; no
52 or 213
u 37. 5, 2, 10
2, 4, 4
21. CD 0 2, 9 (3)
or 2, 12
u i k
CD 12 (
8)2 38. 5, 2, 5
1, 0, 3
5 2 5
65
1 0 3
23. u
u u v u w 2 5 u 5 2 u
u
u 2, 5
3, 1
u
0 3
u
5
1 3
5u
j
1 0
k
u 2 3, 5 (1)
or 5, 6
u 10j u 2k
u or 6, 10, 2
6i
24. u
u u v u w
u
u 2, 5
3, 1
6, 10, 2
5, 2, 5
u
u 2 3, 5 (1)
or 1, 4
6(5) 10(2) (2)(5)
u u 2w u 30 20 10 0
25. u 3v
u 6, 10, 2
1, 0, 3
u 3 2, 5
2 3, 1
u 6 0 6 0
u 6 6, 15 (2)
or 12, 17
u
u u
u 23 4
u 6, 15
6, 2
3 2 2 3 u
u
u 6 6, 15 (2)
or 0, 13
u
27. EF 6 2, 2 (1), 1 4
or 4, 1, 3
3 4
1u
i
2 4
1u
j
2 3
k
u u 6j
u 0k
u or 9, 6, 0
EF 42 (
1)2 (3)2 9i
26 9, 6, 0
2, 3, 1
u 18 18 0 0
EF (10)2 (3)2 62 9, 6, 0
2, 3, 4
145
9(2) (6)(3) 0(4)
u
29. EF 2 (4), 1 (3), 7 0) or 6, 2, 7
18 18 0 0
u
EF 62 22 72
89
u
30. EF 4 3, 0 7, 5 (8)
or 7, 7, 13
u
EF (7)2
(7 )2 132
267
269 Chapter 8
u
i u u 47. x 4, y 0
t 3, 6
40. 1, 0, 4
5, 2, 1
j k
1 0 4 x 4, y
t 3, 6
5 2 1 x 4 3t y 6t
x 4 3t
4 u 1 4 u 1 0 u
0
2 1
i
5 1
j
5 2
k
48. x t
y 8t 7
49. x t
u u u 1 5
y 2t 2
8i 19j 2k or 8, 19, 2
7 8t
8, 19, 2
1, 0, 4
u v u cos v u v u sin v
(8)(1) 19(0)(2)(4) 50. v x v y
8080 15 cos 55° 15 sin 55°
8, 19, 2
5, 2, 1
8.60 ft/s 12.29 ft/s
u v
51. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
(8)(5) 19(2) (2)(1) x y
40 38 2 0 13.2 cos 66° 13.2 sin 66°
41. 7, 2, 1
2, 5, 3
ui u j u 5.37 ft/s 12.06 ft/s
k
u v
52. v u cos v u v
v u sin v
7 2 1 x y
2 5 3 18 cos 28° 18 sin 28°
15.89 m/s 8.45 m/s
2 1u 7 1u 7 2u
i j k u
5 3 2 3 2 5 53. CH 4 3, 2 4, 2 (1)
or 7, 6, 3
5 5 5 2 2 2 2
u 5
yz 5 (4), 3 2, 0 (1)
or 9, 5, 1
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 .
5, 0, 4
9, 5, 1
u u u
i j k 5 2 2 5 5 2 2 5
5 0 4
9 5 1 z
0 4 u 5 4 u 5 H E
5 1
i
9 1
j
9 5
0u
k
20i
u u A G
43. F1 320i D F
u u
F 260j
2
u u y
F1 F2
3202 2602 B C
412.31 N
260 13
x
tan v
320 or 16
13 The figure moves 2 units along the x-axis and 3
v tan1 1
6 units along the z-axis.
39.09°
44. u u
v1 12j
u u (30 sin 116°)j
u
v2 (30 cos 116°)i
u u
v v (30 cos 116°
)2 (1
2 3
0 sin
116°)2
1 2
41 m/s
12 30 sin 116°
tan v
30 cos 116°
12 30 sin 116°
v tan1
30 cos 116°
108.65°
45. x 3, y (5)
t 4, 2
x 3, y 5
t 4, 2
x 3 4t y 5 2t
x 3 4t y 5 2t
46. x (1), y 9
t 7, 5
x 1, y 9
t 7, 5
x 1 7t y 9 5t
x 1 7t y 9 5t
Chapter 8 270
u
1 0 0 58. F1 90i
54. 0 1 0 u u u
0 0 1 F2 (70 cos 30°) i (70 sin 30°)j or
u u
3 4 4 4 4 353 i 35j
3 3 3
u u
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 F1 F2 (90 353
)2 3
52
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 154.6 N
3 4 4 4 4
3 3 3 35 7
tan v or
2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 90 353
18 73
v tan1
7
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 18 73
z 13.1°
E H
Page 547 Open-Ended Assessment
F 1a. Sample answer: X(4, 1), Y(1, 1)
D G u
A O XY 1 4, 1 (1)
or 3, 2
y u
1b. XY (3)2 22 or 13
x u
The magnitude of XY only depends on the
C B differences of the coordinates of X and Y, not the
actual coordinates.
The figure is reflected over the xz-plane. 2a. Sample answer: P(1, 1), Q(3, 3), R(3, 1), S(5, 3)
u
PQ 3 1, 3 1
or 2, 2
u
RS 5 3, 3 1
or 2, 2
1 3
same direction. In fact, they are the same vector.
u
F 0, 0, 50
2b. Sample answer:u a 8, 4
,u b 3, 6
u u u u u
a b 8(3) (4)6 or 0
T AB F 1 ft
u u u a andu
u b are perpendicular because their inner
i j k 50 lb
1 3 60˚ product is 0.
2 0
2
0 0 50
3
1 3
1
2 i 2 2 j 2 0u
u u
0 k Chapter 8 SAT & ACT Preparation
0 50 0 50 0 0
u 25j
u 0k u or 0, 25, 0
0i
u Page 549 SAT and ACT Practice
T 02 (25)2 02
25 lb-ft 1. Recall that the formula for the area of a
parallelogram is base times height. You know the
u sin v 1gt2 h
56. y tv 2 base is 5, but you don’t know the height. Don’t be
1
0.5(38) sin 40° 2(32)(0.5)2 2 fooled by the segment BD; it is not the height of
the parallelogram. Try another method to find
10.2 ft
the area. The parallelogram is made up of two
57a. triangles. Find the area of each triangle. Since
16 km/h 3 km/h
ABCD is a parallelogram, AB DC and AD BC.
35˚
The two triangles are both right triangles, and
they share a common side, BD. By SAS, the two
triangles are congruent. So you can find the area
of one triangle and multiply by 2. The hypotenuse
250 m
of the triangle is 5 and one side is 3. Use the
Pythagorean Theorem to find the other side.
u (16 cos 55°)c u 52 32 b2
b u (16 sin 55°)j
25 9 b2
u u
c 3j 16 b2
u u 4b
b c (16 co
s 55°)
2 (1
6 sin
55°
3)2
13.7 km/h The height is 4.
u 16 sin 55° 3 Use the formula for the area of a triangle.
57b.
250
16 cos 55° 1
16 sin 55° 3
A 2bh
u 250
16 cos 55° 1
A 2(4)(3) or 6
u 275.3 m
Since the parallelogram consists of two triangles,
the area of the parallelogram is 2 6 or 12. The
correct choice is A.
271 Chapter 8
2. In order to write the equation of a circle, you need 6. This figure looks more complex than it is. A semi-
to know the coordinates of the center and the circle is just one half of a circle. Notice that the
length of the radius. The general equation for a answer choices include , so don’t convert to
circle is (x h)2 (y k)2 r2, where the center decimals. Find the radius of each semi-circle.
is (h, k) and the radius is r. From the coordinates Calculate the area of each semi-circle.
of points A and B, you know the length of the side The area of the shaded region is the area of the
is 4. So the center Q, has coordinates (0, 4). large semi-circle minus the area of the medium
To calculate the length of the radius, draw the semi-circle plus the area of the small semi-circle.
radius OB. This creates a 45°-45°-90° right 1 9
Large semi-circle area 2 32 2
triangle. The two legs each have length 2. The 1 4
hypotenuse has length 22 . Medium semi-circle area 2 22 2
(x 4)2 (y 0)2 (22 )2 1 1
Small semi-circle area 2 12 2
(x 4)2 y2 4(2) 9 4 1 6
(x 4)2 y2 8 Shaded area 2 2 2 2 3
The correct choice is B. The correct choice is A.
3. Write the equation for the perimeter of a 7. The only values for which a rational function is
rectangle. then replace x with its value in terms undefined are values which make the
of y. Solve the equation for y. x2 –3x 2
denominator 0. Since f(x) ,
x–1
p 2x 2y
the denominator is only 0 when x – 1 0 or x 1.
p 23 y 2y
2
The correct choice is D.
4
p 3y 2y 8. Start by sketching a diagram of the counter
10
p 3y
3p
10 y
30 28 38
The correct choice is B.
4. Recall the triangle Inequality Theorem: the sum
of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than the length of the third side. Let x 40
represent the length of the third side. Use your calculator to find the area of the whole
40 80 x counter and then subtract the area of the white
120 x tiles in the center. The white tiles cover an area of
40 x 80 (30 2)(40 2) or (28)(38).
x 40 (30)(40) 1200
Since x must be greater than 40, x cannot be equal (28)(38) 1064
to 40. The correct choice is A. To check your Red tiles 1200 1064 136
answer, notice that the other answer choices are The correct choice is B.
greater than 40 and less than 120, so they are all 9. First, find the slope of the line containing the
possible values for x. points (–2, 6) and (4, –3).
5. Since the answer choices have fractional –3 – 6
exponents of x, start by rewriting the expression m
4 – –2
with fractional exponents. Simplify the fractions –9 3
and use the rules for exponents to combine terms. m 6 or – 2
2 3
x2
3 9
x3 x 3 x 9 The point-slope form of the line is
2 1
x3 x3 3
y – 6 – 2(x – –2).
2 1
x( 3 3 )
3
x1 or x y – 6 – 2x – 3
The correct choice is E. 3
y – 2x 3
So the y-intercept of the line is 3.
The correct choice is B.
Chapter 8 272
10. Write an expression for the sum of the areas of the 1 1 1 1
(AC)(AB)
2 2(CE)(ED) 2(AC)2 2(CE)2
two triangles. Recall the area of a triangle is one
1
half the base times the height. 2[(AC)2 (CE)2]
1 1
(AC)(AB)
2 2(CE)(ED) Using the Pythagorean Theorem for ACE, you
From the figure, you know that ABC and CDE know that (AC)2 (CE)2 (AE)2 or 1.
1 1
are both isosceles, because of the angles marked x° So the sum of the two areas is 2(1) 2. You can
and because BCD is a line segment. These two grid the answer either as .5 or as 12.
triangles have equal corresponding angles.
Since they are isosceles triangles, AC AB and
CE ED. Use these equivalent lengths in the
expressions for the area sum.
273 Chapter 8
Chapter 9 Polar Coordinates and Complex Numbers
11. 90˚ 12.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2
9-1 Polar Coordinates 3 3
150˚ 30˚ 5
6 6
0˚
Pages 557–558 Check for Understanding 180˚
1 2 3 4
0
1 2 3 4
1. There are infinitely many ways to represent the
angle v. Also, r can be positive or negative. 210˚ 330˚
7 11
2. Draw the angle v in standard position. Extend the 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 3 3
3
2
direction. Locate the point that is r units from
13. 90˚
the pole along this extension. 120˚ 60˚
3. Sample answer: 60° and 300°
150˚ 30˚
Plot (4, 120) such that v is in standard position
and r is 4 units from the pole. Extend the 180˚
0˚
terminal side of the angle in the opposite 1 2 3 4
2.52
(3)2
) cos
4
60 300 14. P1P2 2(2.5)(3
6
4. The points 3 units from the origin in the opposite
6.25
cos
5
direction are on the circle where r 3. 9 15 12
5. All ordered pairs of the form (r, v) where r 0.
5.25
15 cos
51
2
6. 90˚ 7.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3 3 4.37
150˚ 30˚ 5 90˚
A 6 6 15a. 120˚ 60˚
0˚
180˚ 0 150˚ 30˚
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0˚
210˚ 330˚ B 180˚
5 10 15 20
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
3 210˚ 330˚
3 3
2
240˚ 300˚
8. 90˚ 9. 270˚
120˚ 60˚ 2 2
C 3 3 15b. 210 (30) 240
150˚ 30˚ 5
N
6 6 A 2
360 (r )
0˚
180˚ 0 240
1 2 3 4 2
360 (20 )
1 2 3 4
D
210˚ 330˚ 838 ft2
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
2 Pages 558–560 Exercises
13 25 7
, 2, , 2, ,
90˚
10. Sample answer: 2,
7
6
6
16. 120˚ 60˚ 17. 2 2
3 3
19
2,
6 150˚
E
30˚ 5
6
6
(r, v 2k) 0˚ F
13 180˚ 0
→2, 6 2(1) → 2, 6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
25
→2, 6 2(2)) → 2, 6 210˚ 330˚
7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
(r, v (2k 1)) 270˚ 4
3
5
3 3
7
(1) → 2, 2
→ 2,
6
6
19
→ 2,
6 (3) → 2,
6
Chapter 9 274
18. 90˚ 19.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2 29. Sample answer: (1.5, 540°), (1.5, 900°), (1.5, 0°),
3 3 (1.5, 360°)
150˚ 30˚ 5
6 6 (r, v 360k°)
0˚ H → (1.5, 180° 360(1)°) → (1.5, 540°)
180˚ 0
2 4 6 8 → (1.5, 180° 360(2)°) → (1.5, 900°)
1 2 3 4
G (r, v (2k 1)180°)
210˚ 330˚
7 11 → (1.5, 180° (1)180°) → (1.5, 0°)
240˚ 300˚ 6 6 → (1.5, 180° (1)180°) → (1.5, 360°)
270˚ 4 5
7
3 3
2
3 30. Sample answer: 1, 3, 1, 3
, 1, ,
13 4
3
3
10
20. 2
2 21. 120˚
90˚
60˚ 1,
3 3
5
(r, v 2k)
150˚ 30˚
7
→ 1, 3 2(1) → 1, 3
6 6 K
0˚
13
→ 1, 3 2(2) → 1, 3
0 180˚
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
J
210˚ 330˚ (r, v (2k 1))
7 11 4
6 6 240˚ 300˚ → 1, 3 (1) → 1, 3
4 5 270˚
10
→ 1, 3 (3) → 1, 3
3 3 3
2
90˚ 31. Sample answer: (4, 675°), (4, 1035°), (4, 135°),
22. 2 2 23. 120˚ 60˚
3 3 (4, 495°)
5 150˚ 30˚ (r, v 360k°)
6 6
0˚
→ (4, 315 360(1)°) → (4, 675°)
0 180˚
1 2 3 4 → (4, 315 360(2)°) → (4, 1035°)
1 2 3 4 (r, v (2k 1)180°)
L
7 11
210˚ M 330˚ → (4, 315 (1)180°) → (4, 135°)
6 6 240˚ 300˚ → (4, 315 (1)180°) → (4, 495°)
4 5 270˚
3 3 3 32. 90˚ 33.
2 120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3 3
24. 90˚ 25. 5
120˚ 60˚ 2 2 150˚ 30˚
3 3 6 6
150˚ 30˚ 5 0˚
180˚ 0
6 6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0˚
180˚ 0
1 2 3 4 210˚ 330˚
N P 1 2 3 4 7 11
240˚ 300˚ 6 6
210˚ 330˚ 270˚ 4 5
7 11 3 3 3
240˚ 300˚ 6 6 2
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3 34. 2 2 35. 90˚
2 120˚ 60˚
3 3
26. 27. 90˚ 5 30˚
2 2 150˚
120˚ 60˚ 6 6
3 3
5 0˚
150˚ R 30˚ 0 180˚
6 6 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
0˚
0 180˚ 330˚
1 2 3 4 7 11 210˚
1 2 3 4
6 6
240˚ 300˚
210˚ 330˚ 4 5 270˚
7 Q 11 3 3 3
6 6 2
240˚ 300˚
4 5 270˚
3 3 3 36. 90˚ 37.
2 120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3 3
30˚
7
28. Sample answer: 2, 3, 2, 3, (2, 240°),
150˚ 5
6 6
(2, 600°) 180˚
0˚
1 2 3 4 0
(r, v 2k)
1 2 3 4
→ 2, 3 2(0) → 2, 3 210˚ 330˚
7 11
7
→ 2, 2(1) → 2, 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
3 3 270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
(r, v (2k 1)180°) 2
→ (2, 60° (1)180°) → (2, 240°)
→ (2, 60° (3)180°) → (2, 600°)
275 Chapter 9
90˚ 90˚
38. 120˚
60˚ 39. 120˚ 60˚ 49a. When v 120°, r 17. The maximum speed at
120° is 17 knots.
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
r0 49b. When v 150°, r 13. The maximum speed at
180˚
0˚
180˚
0˚ 150° is 13 knots.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
50a. 2 2
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 3 3
5
240˚ 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 300˚ 270˚
0
40. 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 1 2 3 4
34
43. P1P2 2 52 2(1)(5) cos 6 If each person’s seat requires 6 ft2 of space,
1 2
5 1
0 cos
7
12
93,593
there are 6 or 15,599 seats.
26
cos
7
10 12
51. The distance formula is symmetric with respect to
(r1, v1) and (r2, v2). That is,
5.35
r22
r12
2r2r1
cos (v1
v2)
44. P1P2
r12
r22
2r1r2 cos[(v2
v1)]
(2.5)2 (1.75)2 2(2.5)(1.75)cos
2
5 8
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos(v2
v1)
21
6.25 30.0625 8.75 cos
40 52a. 120˚
90˚
60˚
9.3125
8.75
cos
21
40 150˚ 30˚
3.16 0˚
180˚
45. P1P2
1.32
(3.6
)2 2(1.3)(3.6) co
s (62
° (47°)) 2 4 6 8
1.69
12.966
9.3(62°
cos °)
47
210˚ 330˚
14.65
6 9.3(15°
cos )
4.87 240˚
270˚
300˚
46. r
(3)2
42 5
4 52b. P1P2 52 62 2(5)(6) c
os (34
5° 310°)
sin v 5, v 53°
2536 60 cos
(35°)
180° 53° 127° 6160 cos
(35°)
Sample answer: (5, 127°)
3.44
47. There are 360° in a circle. If the circle is cut into 6 No; the planes are 3.44 miles apart.
360
equal pieces, each slice measures 6 or 60°. 53. Draw a picture.
Beginning at the origin, the equation of the first
Boat sin v 38
line is v 0°. The equation of the next line, sin (sin v) sin138
1
rotating counterclockwise, is v 0 60 or 60°.
v 22.0°
The equation of the last line is v 60 60 or
8 mph
120°. Note that lines extend through the origin, so
3 lines create 6 pieces.
48. P1P2
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos (v
v) 3 mph
r12
r22
2r1r2
cos 0 54. 3, 2, 4
1, 4, 0
(3)(1) (2)(4) (4)(0)
380
r12
r22
2r1r2
11
(r1 r
2)
2
No, the vectors are not perpendicular because
r1 r2 their inner product is not 0.
Chapter 9 276
55. Rewrite y 9x 3 as 9x y 3 0.
2 4 1
1 1 0 2 1
1 1
Ax1 By1 C 0 4 0
63. 4 (1)
d A2 B2 4 5 3 5 3 4
3 4 5
9(3) (1)(2) (3)
2(5) 4(5) 1(1)
92 (
1)2 11
32
64. 11 (3) 14
82
32
11 (2) 13
82
11 (1) 12
82 82
11 0 11
3282
82 {(3, 14), (2, 13), (1, 12), (0, 11)}
1682 For each x-value, there ia a unique v-value.
41 Distance is always positive. Yes, the relation is a function.
1 sin2a 1 65. Since the two triangles formed are right triangles,
56.
sin2a
1
sin2a the side opposite the right angles, A B, intercept
csc2a 1 an arc measuring 180°, or half the circle. is a
AB
cot2a diameter.
3
C d
57. Arc cos 2 30° 50 d
2
In a 30°-60°-90° right 1 50 d
triangle, the angle opposite The correct choice is E.
the smallest leg is 30°.
3
58. y 5 cos 4v
Amplitude 5; Period 24 or 2
9-2 Graphs of Polar Equations
59. b sin A 18.6 sin 30°
9.3
Since a b sin A, there is one solution. Page 565 Check for Understanding
Find B. Find C. 1. Sample answer: r sin 2v
18.6 9.3
sin B
sin 30°
C 180° 90° 30° The graph of a polar equation whose form is
18.6 sin 30° 9.3 sin B 60° r a cos nv or a sin nv, where n is a positive
18.6 sin 30° integer, is a rose.
sin B
9.3 2. 1 sin v 1 for any value of v. Therefore, the
90° B maximum value of r 3 5 sin v is r 3 5(1)
Find c. or 8. Likewise, the minimum value of r 3 5
c
9.3
sin v is r 3 5(1) or 2.
sin 60° sin 30°
3. The polar coordinates of a point are not unique. A
c sin 30° 9.3 sin 60°
9.3 sin 60°
point of intersection may have one representation
c
sin 30° that satisfies one equation in a system, another
c 16.1 representation that satisfies the other equation,
60. 3 or 1 positive but no representation that satisfies both
f(x) x3 4x2 4x 1 simultaneously.
0 negative 4. Barbara is correct. The interval 0 v is not
P always sufficient. For example, the interval 0 v
1
Q only generates two of the four petals for the
Since there are only positive real zeros, the only rose r sin 2v. r sin 2v is an example where
rational real zero is 1. values of v from 0 to 4 would have to be
61. x 3 considered.
x 5x2 2x 3 5. 90˚ 6. 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
x2 5 x
3x 3 150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
3x 15
180˚ 0˚
10 180˚ 0˚
1 2 2 4 6 8
10
As x → , → 0. Therefore, the slant
x5
asymptote is y x 3. 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚
277 Chapter 9
7. 2 2 8. 2 2 Pages 565–567 Exercises
3 3 3 3
5 5 11. 90˚ 12. 90˚
6 6 6 6 120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
0 180˚ 0˚
1 2 0 1 2 3 4
5 10 15 20
7 11
6 6 7 11 210˚ 330˚
4 5 6 6
3 4 5 240˚ 300˚
3 3 270˚
2 3 3 3
2
2 sin 2 cos 2
spiral of Archimedes lemniscate
sin cos 2
sin 1 2 sin2 15. 90˚ 16. 90˚
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
2 sin2 sin 1 0
(2 sin 1)(sin 1) 0 150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
2 sin 1 0 or sin 1 0
180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
sin 12 sin 1 1 2 1 2
cardioid lemniscate
Chapter 9 278
21. 90˚ 22. 90˚ 28. (1, 0.5), (1, 1.0), (1, 2.1), (1, 2.6), (1, 3.7), (1, 4.2),
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
(1, 5.2), (1, 5.8)
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚
180˚ 0˚ 180˚ 0˚
1 1 2 3 4
7 11 0˚
6 6 180˚
2 4 6 8
4 5
3 3 3
2 210˚ 330˚
2 sin 2 sin 2 240˚ 300˚
270˚
sin sin 2
sin 2 cos sin This microphone will pick up more sounds from
0 2 cos sin sin behind than the cardioid microphone.
0 sin (2 cos 1) 33. 0 v 4: Begin at the origin and curl around
sin 0 or 2 cos 1 0 once, or through 2 radians. Curl around a second
cos 12 time and go through 2 2 or 4 radians.
34. All screens are [1, 1] scl1 by [1, 1] scl1
0 or or 3 or 53
If 0 or is substituted in either original
equation, r 0. If 3 or 53 is substituted in
either original equation, r 3 or r 3 ,
respectively. The solutions are (0, 0), (0, ),
3, 3, and 3, 53.
279 Chapter 9
34a. r cos 2 r cos 7
r cos 4 r cos 9
Chapter 9 280
i j k
3. x2
w
39. v 2 3 0 r cos 2
1 2 4 r
2
cos
3 0
2 4
i
2 0
1 4
j
2 3
1 2
k
r 2 sec
4. To convert from polar coordinates to rectangular
12i 8j 7k
coordinates, substitute r and v into the equations
12, 8, 7
8 45° x 1
22
2. The quadrant that the point lies in determines
y y
whether v is given by Arctan x or Arctan x .
281 Chapter 9
13a. 22. x 1 cos 6 y 1 sin 6
90˚
120˚ 60˚
2
150˚ 30˚
3
1
112
3
2 12
180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4
23 , 12
210˚ 330˚
23. x 2 cos 270° y 2 sin 270°
240˚ 300˚ 0 2
270˚
(0, 2)
13b. No. The given point is on the negative x-axis,
24. x 4 cos 210° y 4 sin 210°
directly behind the microphone. The polar
pattern indicates that the microphone does not 4
3
2 412
pick up any sound from this direction. 23 2
(23 , 2)
25. x 14 cos 130° y 14 sin 130°
Pages 572–573 Exercises 9.00 10.72
2
14. r 22 (
2)2 v Arctan 2 (9.00, 10.72)
26. x 7
8
or 22
4
r cos v 7
Add 2 to obtain v 74. 7
r
cos v
22, 74 r 7 sec v
15. r
02 12 27. y5
r sin v 5
1 or 1 5
r
Since x 0 when y 1, v 2. sin v
r 5 csc v
1, 2 28. x2 y2 25
3
16. r
12 (
3
)2 v Arctan 1 (r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 25
r2(cos2 v sin2 v) 25
4
or 2 3
r2 25
2, 3 r 5 or r 5
3 x2 y2 2y
29.
4
17. r 4
1 2 3
4
2
v Arctan
14
(r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 2r sin v
r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 2r sin v
3 r2 2r sin v
4
16
Arctan or 43 r 2 sin v
1
24 or 12 30. x2 y2 1
(r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 1
12, 43 r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 1
18. r
32 82 v Arctan 83 r2 (cos 2v) 1
1
73 8.54 1.21 r2
cos 2v
(8.54, 1.21) r sec 2v
2
4
7
19. r
42 (
7)2 v Arctan 31. x2 (y 2)2 4
65 8.06 1.05 x2 y2 4y 4 4
Add 2 to obtain v 5.23. (r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 4r sin v 0
(8.06, 5.23) r2(cos2 v sin2 v) 4r sin v 0
r2 4r sin v 0
20. x 3 cos 2 y 3 sin 2 r2 4r sin v
0 3 r 4 sin v
(0, 3) 32. r2
21. x 12 cos 34 y 12 sin 34 x2 y2 2
x2 y 2 4
12 2 12 2
2
2
33. r 3
2
2
4
4
x y2 3
2
42 , 42 x2 y2 9
Chapter 9 282
34. v 3 y 43. horizontal distance: y
y 25(4 2 cos 120°) 75 m east 120˚
Arctan x 3 vertical distance:
2
2
y
3
6
3 25(3 2 sin 120°) 118.30 m north
x 1 3
O x
y 3
x 1 x
44a. x 4 cos 20° y 4 sin 20°
3.76 1.37
3.76, 1.37
r r sin v
44b. 3.76, 1.37
1.71, 4.70
283 Chapter 9
49. sin2 A cos A 1 3. The graph of the equation x k is a vertical line.
1 cos2 A cos A 1 Since the line is vertical, the x-axis is the normal
0 cos2 A cos A 2 line through the origin. Therefore, f 0° or f
0 (cos A 2)(cos A 1) 180°, depending on whether k is positive or
cos A 2 0 or cos A 1 0 negative, respectively. The origin is k units
cos A 2 cos A 1 from the given vertical line, so p k. The polar
A 0° form of the given line is k r cos (v 0°) if k is
50. y positive or k r cos (v 180°) if k is negative.
2
Both equations simplify to k r cos v.
y 2 cos 4. You can use the extra ordered pairs as a check on
1
your work. If all the ordered pairs you plot are not
collinear, then you have made a mistake.
O 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
1 5. A2 B2 32 (
4)2
5
2
Since C is negative, use 5.
3
x
5
45y 2 0
51. The terminal side is in the y 4
third quadrant and the cos f 35, sin f 5, p 2
reference angle is 30˚ f Arctan 43
210 180 or 30°.
x 53° or 307°
3
cos 210° 2 p r cos (v f)
3, 1
( )
2 2 2 r cos (v 307°)
52. Enter the x-values in L1 and the f(x)-values in L2 6. A2 B2 (2)2
42
of your graphing calculator. Make a scatter plot. 25
The data points are in the shape of parabola. Since C is negative, use 25.
Perform a quadratic regression. 2 4 9
x y 0
2
5 2
5 2
5
a 0.07, b 0.73, c 1.36
95
5 25
Sample answer: cos f
5
, sin f , p
5
10
y 0.07x2 0.73x 1.36 f Arctan(2)
53. 2 1 0 0 3 0 20 63°
Since cos f 0, but sin f
0, the normal lies in
2
4
8
1
0
2
0
1 2 4 5 10 0 the second quadrant.
x4 2x3 4x2 5x 10 f 180° 63° or 117°
625 145
54. m (y 145) 60(x 17) p r cos (v f)
25 17 95
60 y 60x 875
10
r cos (v 117°)
55. x
y and y
z, so x
z. 7. 3 r cos (v 60°)
If x
z, then 0 xz 1. 0 r cos (v 60°) 3
0 r (cos v cos 60° sin v sin 60°) 3
The correct choice is C. 3
0 12r cos v
2
r sin v 3
3
0 12x
2
y 3
0 x 3y 6 or
9-4 Polar Form of a Linear Equation
x 3y 6 0
8. r 2 sec v 4
Pages 577–578 Check for Understanding
r cos (v 4) 2
1. The polar equation of a line is p r cos (v f).
r and v are the variables. p is the length of the r cos v cos 4 sin v sin 4 2 0
normal segment from the line to the origin and 2 2
f is the angle the normal makes with the positive
2
r cos v
2
r sin v 2 0
Chapter 9 284
14. A2 B2 62 (
9. 10. 90˚
2 2 120˚ 60˚ 8)2
3 3
5
10
150˚ 30˚
6 6 Since C is negative, use 10.
6
0 180˚
0˚
x
10
18
0
y 21
1
0
0
1 2 3 4
2 4 6 8 3 4
cos f 5, sin f 5, p 2.1
210˚ 330˚ 4
7 11
6 6 f Arctan 3
240˚ 300˚
4
3
5 270˚ 53°
3 3
2 Since cos f
0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in
the fourth quadrant.
11a. p r cos (v f) → 5 r cos v 56 f 360° 53° or 307°
Since the shortest distance is along the normal, p r cos (v f)
the answer is (p, f) or 5, 56. 2.1 r cos (v 307°)
15. A2 B2 32 22
11b. 2 2 13
3 3
5
Sinc C is negative, use 13 .
6 6 3 2 5
x
13
y
13
0
13
0 3 213
5
cos f 13
, sin f , p
13
2 4 6 8 13 13 13
f Arctan 23
7 11
6 6 34°
4 5
3 3 3 p r cos (v f)
2 5
13
r cos (v 34°)
13
16. A2
B2 42 (
5)2
14
Pages 578–579 Exercises Since C is negative, use 41
.
12. A2B 2 72 (
24)2 4 5 10
x y 0
25
41
41 1
4
Since C is positive, use 25. 4
41
541
1041
cos f , sin f
41
, p
41
41
7 24
25x 25y 4 0 f Arctan 4
5
7 24
cos f 2 5 , sin f , p4 51°
25
Since cos f
0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in
f Arctan 274 the fourth quadrant.
74° f 360° 51° or 309°
Since cos f 0, but sin f
0, the normal lies in p r cos (v f)
the second quadrant.
1041
r cos (v 309°)
f 180° 74° or 106° 41
p r cos (v f) 17. A2 B2 (–1)2
32
4 r cos (v 106°) 10
13. A2 B2 212 202 .
Since C is negative, use 10
1 3 7
29 x y 0
10 10
10
Since C is negative, use 29. 10 3
10 7
10
21 cos f sin f , p
x
29
2209y 8279 0 10 10 10
f Arctan (3)
cos f 2219, sin f 2209, p 3 72°
f Arctan 2201 Since cos f < 0, but sin f > 0, the normal lies in
the second quadrant.
44° f 180° 72° or 108°
p r cos (v f)
p r cos (v f)
3 r cos (v 44°)
7
10
r cos (v 108°)
10
18. 6 r cos (v 120°)
0 r (cos v cos 120° sin v sin 120°) 6
3
0 12 r cos v
2
r sin v 6
3
0 12x
2
y 6
0 x 3y 12 or
x 3y 12 0
285 Chapter 9
28. 29.
19. 4 r cos v 4 2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
0 r cos v cos 4 sin v sin 4 4 5
6
6
5
6
6
2 2
0
2
r cos v r sin v 4
2 0 0
2 2 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
0
2
x y 4
2
0 2 x 2 y 8 or 7
6
11
6
7 11
6 6
2x 2 y 8 0 4 5 4 5
3 3 3 3 3 3
20. 2 r cos (v ) 2 2
0 r (cos v cos sin v sin ) 2 4 2
30. m or
0 r cos v 2 6 3
2
0 x 2 (y 1) 3(x 4) → 2x 3y 5 0
x 2
A2
B2
22 32
21. 1 r cos (v 330°)
0 r (cos v cos 330° sin v sin 330°) 1
13
3 1 Since C is negative, use 13
.
0 r cos v r
2 2
sin v 1 2 3 5
3 1 13
13
13
0
0 x y 1
2 2 2
13 3
13 5
13
0 3x y 2 or cos f ,
13
sin f , p
13 13
3x y 2 0 f Arctan 32
22. r 11 sec v 76 56°
p r cos (v f)
r cos v 7
6 11 5
13
r cos (v 56°)
r cos v cos 7
6
sin v sin 7
6 11 0 13
31. p r cos (v f)
3 1
r cos v r sin v 11 0
2 2 → p 3 cos 4 f
3 1
x y 11 0
2 2 → p 2 cos 76 f
3 x y 22 0
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERJECT
23. r 5 sec (v 60°) feature to find solutions to the system at (2.25,
r cos (v 60°) 5 0.31) and (5.39, 0.31). Since p, the length of the
r (cos v cos 60° sin v sin 60°) 5 0 normal, must be positive, use f 2.25 and p
1 3
r cos v r sin v 5 0 0.31.
2 2
1 3
x y 5 0
0.31 r cos (v 2.25)
2 2
32a. p r cos (v f) → 6 r cos (v 16°)
y 10 0
x 3
Since the shortest distance is along the normal,
24. 90˚ 25. the closest the fly came was p or 6 cm.
120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3 3 32b. (p, f) or (6, 15°)
150˚ 30˚ 5 33. Since both normal segments have length 2, p must
6 6
0˚
be 2 in both equations. Since the two lines
180˚ 0 intersect at right angles, their normals also
3 6 9 12
1 2 3 4
intersect at right angles. This can be achieved by
210˚ 330˚
7 11 having the two f-values differ by 90°. To make
240˚ 300˚
6 6 sure neither line is vertical, neither f-value
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3 should be a multiple of 90°. Therefore, a sample
2 answer is 2 r cos (v 45°) and 2 r cos (v
26. 90˚ 27. 90˚ 135°).
120˚ 60˚ 120˚ 60˚
34. m 0
150˚ 30˚ 150˚ 30˚ (y 4) 0(x 5) → y 4 0
0˚ 0˚ cos f 0, sin f 1, p 4
180˚ 180˚
1 2 3 4 2 4 6 8 Since cos f 0 when sin f 1, f 90°.
p r cos (v f)
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 4 r cos (v 90°)
240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚
270˚ 270˚
Chapter 9 286
90˚
35a. 120˚ 60˚ 40. x 3y 6
x 6
150˚ 30˚ y3
0˚ y 13x 2
180˚
x t, y 13t 2
5
0
505
0
12
25
37
360
r2
210˚ 330˚ N
41. A
360
62
240˚ 300˚ 65
270˚
35b. p r cos (v f) 20.42 ft2
→ p 125 cos (130 f) 42. Since 360° lies on the x-axis y
→ p 300 cos (70 f) of the unit circle at (1, 0),
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT sin 360° y or 0. (1, 0)
feature to find the solutions to the system at
(45, 124.43) and (135, 124.43). Sinc p, the x
length of the normal, must be positive, use f
135° and p 124.43.
124.43 r cos (v 135°)
43. 2x3 5x2 12x 0
36. k r sin (v a)
x(2x2 5x 12) 0
k r [sin v cos a cos v sin a]
x(2x 3)(x 4) 0
k r sin v cos a r cos v sin a
k y cos a x sin a x 0 or x 32 or x 4
This is the equation of a line in rectangular 44. c2 d2 48
coordinates. Solving the last equation for y yields (c d)(c d) 48
k
y (tan a)x . The slope of the line shows
cos a 12(c d) 48
that a is the angle the line makes with the x-axis. cd4
To find the length of the normal segment in the
figure, observe that the complementary angle to a
in the right triangle is 90° a, so the v-coordinate Page 579 Mid-Chapter Quiz
of P in polar coordinates is 180° (90° a) 90˚
1. 2.
a 90°. Substitute into the original polar 120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3
3
equation to find the r-coordinate of P: 150˚ 30˚ 5
k r sin (a 90° a) 6 6
k r sin 90° 180˚
0˚
0
2 4 6 8
kr 1 2 3 4
Therefore, k is the length of the normal segment. 210˚ 330˚
7 11
y 6 6
240˚ 300˚
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
2
90˚
3. 120˚ 60˚ 4. 2 2
P 3 3
150˚ 30˚ 5
6 6
O x 180˚ 0˚
2 4 6 8 0
1
210˚ 330˚
7 11
6 6
37. p r cos (v f) 240˚
270˚
300˚
4 5
3
→ p 40 cos (0° f) 3
2
3
→ p 40 cos (72° f)
Use a graphing calculator and the INTERSECT
feature to find the solutions of the system at
5. r
(2)2 (
2
)2 v Arctan 2
(144, 32.36) and (36, 32.36). Since p, the length 4
or 2 4
of the normal, must be positive, use f 36° and Since (2 , 2 ) is in the third quadrant,
p 32.36. v 4 or 54.
32.36 r cos (v 36°)
2, 54
38. r6
6. r 02 (
4)2
x2 y2 6
16
or 4
x2 y2 36
Since x 0 when y 4, v 32.
39. The graph of a polar equation of the form
r a sin nv is a rose. 4, 32
287 Chapter 9
7. x2 y2 36 4. Sample answer: x2 1 0
x2 y2
36 (x i)(x i) 0, where the solutions are x
i.
r 6 or r 6 x2 xi xi i2 0
8. r 2 csc v x2 (1) 0
r sin v 2 x2 1 0
6 2
5. i (i ) i2
4
y2
9.
A2
B2
52 (
12)2 12 (1)
13 1
Since C is positive, use 13. 6. i10 i2 (i4)2 i2 i2
5 12 3 (1)2i2 i2
3x
1 y 0
13 13 1 (1) or 2
5 12 3
cos f 1
3 , sin f , p
13 13 7. (2 3i) (6 i) (2 (6)) (3i i)
4 4i
f Arctan 15
2
8. (2.3 4.1i) (1.2 6.3i)
67° (2.3 (1.2)) (4.1i (6.3i))
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in 3.5 10.4i
the second quadrant.
9. (2 4i) (1 5i) (2 (1)) (4i 5i)
f 180° 67° or 113°
1 9i
p r cos ( f)
3 10. (2 i)2 (2 i)(2 i)
13
r cos (v 113°) 4 4i i2
10.
A2
B2
(2)2
(6
)2 3 4i
210 i i 1 2i
11.
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
Since C is negative, use 210
. i 2i2
2 6 2
1 4i2
x
y 0
210 210
210 i2
10
310 10 5
cos f 1 , sin f 10, p
0 10 25 15i
f Arctan 3
1 12. (2.5 3.1i) (6.2 4.3i)
72° (2.5 (6.2)) (3.1i 4.3i)
Since cos f 0 and sin f 0, the normal lies in 3.7 7.4i N
the third quadrant.
f 180° 72° or 252°
p r cos (v f) Pages 583–585 Exercises
10
10
r cos (v 252°) 13. i6 i4 i2
1 1
1
14. i19 (i4)4 i3
9-5 Simplifying Complex Numbers 14 i
i
15. i1776 (i4)444
Page 583 Check for Understanding 1444
1. Find the (positive) remainder when the exponent 1
is divided by 4. If the remainder is 0, the answer 16. i9 i5 (i4)2 i (i4)2 i3
is 1; if the remainder is 1, the answer is i; if the 12 i 12 i
remainder is 2, the answer is 1; and if the i (i) or 0
remainder is 3, the answer is i.
17. (3 2i) (4 6i) (3 (4)) (2i 6i)
2. Complex Numbers (a bi ) 1 8i
18. (7 4i) (2 3i) (7 2) (4i 3i)
Reals Imaginary
9 7i
(b 0) (b 0)
19. 12 i (2 i) 12 (2) (i (i))
Pure 32 2i
Imaginary
(a 0) 20. (3 i) (4 5i) (3 (4)) (i (5i))
7 4i
21. (2 i)(4 3i) 8 10i 3i2
3. When you multiply the denominators, you will be 5 10i
multiplying a complex number and its conjugate. 22. (1 4i)2 (1 4i)(1 4i)
This makes the denominator of the product a real 1 8i 16i2
number, so you can then write the answer in the 15 8i
form a bi.
Chapter 9 288
23. (1 7
i)(2 5i) 3i 3i
34.
(2 i)2 (2 i)(2 i)
2 5 i 27
i 35
i2 3i
(2 35) (27 5
)i
4 4i i2
24. (2 3
)(1 12) (2 3 i)(1 12
i) 3i
3 4i
2 212i 3i 3i 3 4i
36i2
3 4i 3 4i
2 43 i 3
i 6 9 9i 4i2
9 16i2
8 33 i
13 9i
2i 2i 1 2i
25. 25
1 2i 1 2i 1 2i
2 3i 2i2 1235 295i
1 4i2
(1 i)2 (1 i)(1 i)
4 3i
35.
(3 2i)2
(3 2i)(3 2i)
5
1 2i i2
45 35i
9 12i 4i2
3 2i 3 2i
4 i
26. 4 i
2i
4 i 4 i
5 12i
12 11i 2i2
16 i2 2i 5 12i
5 12i 5 12i
10 11i 10i 24i2
17
25 144i2
11
11
0
7
17i 24 10i
169
5i 5i 5i
27.
5i
5i
5i 24 10
i
169 169
25 10i i2
25 i2 36a. Z R (XL XC )j
24 10i → Z 10 (1 2)j → Z 10 j ohms
26 → Z 3 (1 1)j → Z 3 0j ohms
12 5
i
13 13 36b. (10 j) (3 0j) (10 3) (1j 0j)
28. (x i)(x i) 0 13 j ohms
1
x2 i2 0 36c. S Z → S 1
6 3j
x2 1 0
1 6 3j
29. (x (2 i))(x (2 i)) 0
6 3j 6 3j
(x 2 i)(x 2 i) 0
6 3j
x2 2x xi 2x 4 2i xi 2i i2 0 36 9j2
6 3j
x2 4x 4 1 0
45
x2 4x 5 0 0.13 0.07j siemens
30. (2 i)(3 2i)(1 4i) (6 i 2i2)(1 4i) 8i
(8i)2
4(1)(
25)
37a. x
(8 i)(1 4i) 2(1)
8 31i 4i2 8i
36
12 31i 2
3 4i
31. (1 3i)(2 2i)(1 2i) (2 8i 6i2)(1 2i)
(4 8i)(1 2i) 37b. No
4 16i 16i2 37c. The solutions need not be complex conjugates
12 16i because the coefficients in the equation are not
1 1 all real.
3
i 3
i
32.
2
2
1 2
i 37d. (3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
1 2i 1 2i 1 2
i 7 24i 24i 32 25 0
1 2
i 3i 6i2
00
2 2 (3 4i)2 8i(3 4i) 25 0
2 1 2i
7 24i 24i 32 25 0
12 6 22 3i 00
3 38. f(x yi) (x yi)2
x2 2xyi y2
16
3
i
6 3 2
3 6 (x2 y2) 2xyi
2 2
i 2 2
i 3 6
i
33. 39a. z0 2 i
3
6i 3 6
i 3 6
i
z1 i(2 i) i2 or 1 2i
6 2
6i 3 2i
12i2
z2 i(2i 1) 2i2 i or 2 i
9 6i2
(6 2
3) (2
6 3
2)i z3 i(2 i) 2i i2 or 1 2i
15 z4 i(1 2i) i 2i2 or 2 i
23
26 z5 i(2 i) 2i i2 or 1 2i
25
15
i
2
5
15
289 Chapter 9
39b. z0 1 0i 46. tan a 43 cot B 152
z1 (0.5 0.866i)(1 0i) 0.5 0.866i
tan2 a 1 sec2 a 1 cot2 B csc2 B
z2 (0.5 0.866i)(0.5 0.866i) 4 2 2
0.25 0.866i 0.75
3
1 sec2 a 1 1
2
5
csc2 B
0.500 0.866i 25
sec2 a
169
csc2 B
9 144
z3 (0.5 0.866i)(0.500 0.866i) 9 144
0.250 0.750
25 cos2 a
169 sin2 B
1.000 0.000i 3
cos a
12
sin B
5 13
z4 (0.5 0.866i)(1.000) 0.500 0.866i
sin2 a cos2 a 1 sin2 B cos2 B 1
z5 (0.5 0.866i)(0.500 0.866i) 3 2 2
0.250 0.866i 0.75 sin2 a 5 1 1123 cos2 B 1
16 25
0.500 0.866i sin2 a cos2 B
25 169
1
40. (1 2i)3
(1 2i)3 sin a
4
cos B 1
5
5 3
1
cos (a B) cos a cos B sin a sin B
(3 4i)(1 2i)
51
3 5 13
3 5 4 12
1
11 2i
33
1 11 2i
65
11 2i 11 2i
1
11 2i
47. amplitude 2(7) or 3.5
125
2
11 2 period 1
2 or 6
12 5
i
125
41. c1(cos 2t i sin 2t) c2(cos 2t i sin 2t) y 3.5 cos 6t
c1 cos 2t c1i sin 2t c2 cos 2t c2i sin 2t 48. h x3
(c1 c2)(cos 2t) (c1 c2)(i sin 2t)
x3
(c1 c2)(cos 2t) only if c1 c2 tan 52°
x 45
42.
A2 b2
62 (
2)2 x tan 52° 45 tan 52° x3
210 x tan 52° x3 45 tan 52°
Since C is positive, use 210
. 45 tan 52°
x
6 2 3 tan 52° 3
x y 0 x 127.40
210
210
210
310
10 3
10 h x3
127.40(3
) 221 ft
cos f 10 , sin f
,
10
p
20
1
f Arctan 3 8˚
18° 30˚
Since cos f 0, but sin f 0, the normal lies in 120˚ h
the second quadrant.
f 180° 18° or 162° 52˚
60˚
p r cos (v f) 45 ft x
3
10
r cos (v 162°) 49. Enter the x-values in L1 and the f(x)-values in L2
20
of your graphing calculator. Make a scatter plot.
43. 2 2 The data points are in the shape of a parabola, so
3 3
5 a quadratic function would best model the set of
6 6 data.
50. Let d depth of the original pool.
0
7 14 21 28 The second pool’s width 5d 4, the length
10d 6, and the depth d 2.
7 11
6 6 (5d 4)(10d 6)(d 2) 3420
4 5 (50d2 70d 24)(d 2) 3420
3 3 3
2 50d3 100d2 70d2 140d 24d 48 3420
50d3 170d2 164d 3372 0
44. x (3), y 6
t 1, 4
45. u d 3.
4
The dimensions of the original pool are 15 ft by
2, 32, 1
4, 12, 6
30 ft by 3 ft.
6, 227, 5
51. 80 k(5)(8)
2k
y 2(16)(2)
64
Chapter 9 290
52. y 7 x2 4. The conjugate of a bi is a bi.
x 7 y2 (a b
i)(a bi) a2 b2, so the friend’s
x 7 y2 method gives the same answer.
x 7 y2 Sample answer: The absolute value of 2 3i is
x7 y 22 32 13
. Using the friend’s method, the
f1(x)
7 x absolute value is (2 3
i)(2 3i) 4 9
53. y 13
.
(6, 8) 5. 2x y (x y)i 5 4i
2x y 5 xy4
2x (x 4) 5 y x 4
x1
y (1) 4 or 3
(6, 1)
6. 7.
O (1, 1) x i i
f(x, y) 2x y 2 2 (1, 2 )
f(1, 1) 2(1) 1 or 3
1 1
f(6, 1) 2(6) 1 or 11
f(6, 8) 2(6) 8 or 4 O
2 1 1 2 2 1 O 1 2
The maximum value is 3 and the minimum value
is 11. 1 1
(2, 1)
54. x 2y 7z 14 2 2
x 3y 5z 21
y 2z 7
x 3y 5z 21 → 5x 15y 25z 105 z (22 (1)2 z 12 (
2 )2
5x y 2z 7 5x y 2z 7 5 3
16y 27z 112 8. r 2 (
2 2)2
2
v Arctan 2 2
y 2z 7 → 16y 32z 112 7
16y 27z 112 6y 27z 112 or 22
8 4
1
59z 0 v is in the fourth quadrant.
7 7
z0 2 2i 22 cos 4 i sin 4
y 2(0) 7 → y7
v Arctan 4
5
9. r 42 52
x 2(7) 7(0) 14 → x 0
(0, 7, 0) 41 0.90
4 5i 41 (cos 0.90 i sin 0.90)
55. Since BC BD, m∠BDC m ∠DCB x 0
m ∠DBC 180 120 or 60. 10. r
(2)2
02 v Arctan
2
x x 60 180 4 or 2
2x 120 is on the x-axis at 2.
x 60 2 2 (cos i sin )
x 40 60 40 or 100
11. 2 12. 2
The correct choice is A. i 2
i 2
3 3 3 3
5 5
6 (4, 3 ) 6 6 6
of Complex Numbers 2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4
7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
Pages 589–590 Check for Understanding 4 5 4 5
3 3
1. To find the absolute value of a bi, square a and 3
2
3 3
2
3
b, add the squares, then take the square root of
the sum. 4cos 3 i sin 3 2(cos 3 i sin 3)
2. i 0 i; cos 2 0 and sin 2 1
4 i
1 3
—— 2(0.99 i(0.14))
i cos 2 i sin 2 2 2
i
2 23 1.98 0.28i
3. Sample answer: z1 i, z2 i
z1 z2 z1 z2
i (i) i i
0 i i
0
2i
291 Chapter 9
13.
2 2 19. 20.
3 i 3
i i
5
6 6
3 (2, 3)
( 2 , 2) 0
1 2 3 4
7 11 O O
6 6
4 5
3
3
2
3 (3, 4)
3
(cos 2 i sin 2)
2
3
2 (1 i(0)) z
22 32 z
32 (
4)2
3
2 13
25
or 5
14. i 21. 22.
1 i i
0.63
0.90
1 O 0.36 1 1.30 O
0.38i
O
1 (0, 3)
(1, 5)
1 (4, 2 )
Pages 590–591 Exercises
16. 2x 5yi 12 15i
2x 12 5y 15 2 1 O 1 2 O
x6 y 3 1
17. 1 (x y)i y 3xi
2
1y x y 3x
x (1) 3x
1 2x
1 z (1)2
(5)2 z
42 (
2
)2
x
2 6 18
or 32
18. 4x (y 5)i 2x y (x 7)i
25. r (4)2
62
y5x7 4x 2x y
y x 12 4x 2x (x 12) 52
or 213
v Arctan 3
3
3x 12 26. r
32 32
x 4
18
or 32
4
y (4) 12 or 8
cos 4 i sin 4
3 3i 32
3
27. r
(1)2
(
)2
3 v Arctan
1
4
or 2
4 3
v is in the third quadrant.
4 4
i 2cos 3 i sin 3
1 3
8
28. r
62 (
8)2 v Arctan 6 2
or 10
100 5.36
v is in the fourth quadrant.
6 8i 10(cos 5.36 i sin 5.36)
Chapter 9 292
4
v Arctan
1 39. 40.
29. r
(4)2
12 2
i 2 2
i 2
3 3 3 3
17 2.90 5 5 (2.5, 1)
6 6 6 6
v is in the second quadrant.
4 i 17 (cos 2.90 i sin 2.90) 0 0
21
30. r
202
(21 v Arctan 2
0 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
)2 (2, 5 )
4
or 29
841 5.47 7 11 7 11
6 6 6 6
v is in the fourth quadrant. 4 5 4 5
3
20 21i 29(cos 5.47 i sin 5.47) 3
2
3 3 3
2
3
v Arctan
2
4
31. r
(2)2
42
5 5
2cos 4 i sin 4 2.5(cos 1 i sin 1)
20 or 25 2.03
2
2 i
2
v is in the second quadrant. 2 2 2.5(0.54 i(0.84))
2 4i 25 (cos 2.03 i sin 2.03) 2
2 i 1.35 2.10i
v Arctan 3
0
32. r
32 02 41. 2
42. 2
2 2
3 i 3 3 i 3
9 or 3 0
5 5
v is on the x-axis at 3. 6 6 6 6
3 3(cos 0 i sin 0) (3,
)
0 (5, 0) 0 0
33. r (4)2
2 02 v Arctan
2 4 6 8
1 2 3 4
42
32 or 42 7 11 7 11
v is on the x-axis at 42 . 6 6 6 6
42 42 (cos i sin ) 4
3 3
5
3
4
3 3
5
3
34. r 0 (2)2
2 2 2
293 Chapter 9
46a. 40∠30° 40(cos 30° j sin 30°) 51. (6 2i)(2 3i) 12 22i 6i2
40
j 6 22i
3
2
1
2
52. x 3 cos 135° y 3 sin 135°
34.64 20j
32 32
2 2
60∠60° 60(cos 60° j sin 60°)
602 j 2
1 3 32 32
2 2
30 51.96j 32 32
2 , 2
46b. (34.64 20j) (30 51.96j)
53. magnitude (3)2
72
(34.64 30) (20j 51.96j) 58
64.64 71.96j u 7ju
3, 7
3i
46c. v(t) r sin (250t v°) 54. tan 105° tan (60° 45°)
71.96
r
64.64
2 71
.962 v Arctan tan 60° tan 45°
64.64 1 tan 60° tan 45°
96.73 48° 31
v(t) 96.73 sin (250t 48°)
1 (3)(1)
47. The graph of the conjugate of a complex number is 3 1 1
3
obtained by reflecting the original number about 1 3 1 3
Chapter 9 294
3 2
9-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration: 5. r 4 v 6 3
Geometry in the Complex Plane 3
6 or 2
Page 592
3
4 cos 2 i sin 2 34(0 (1)i)
3
1. They are collinear. 4i
9
v 4 2
4
6. r 2 or 2
9 2 11
4 4 or 4
11 11
2cos 4 i sin 4 22 i2
2 2
2
2
i
1 5
7. r (6)
2 or 3 v 3 6
2 5 7
6 6 or 6
2. Yes. M is the point obtained when T 0, and N is 7 7
3cos 6 i sin 6 32 i2
3 1
the point obtained when T 1.
33 3
3. The points are again collinear, but closer together. 2 2i
8. r1 22 (23)2 r2
(3)2
(3)2
16
or 4 12
or 23
r 4(23) or 83
23 3
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan 3
5
3 6
5
v 3 6
2 5 7
4. The points are on the line through M and N. 6 6 or 6
5. If one of a, b, or c equals 0, then aK bM cN is 7 7 3
cos 6 i sin 6 83
2 i2
1
83
on KMN. If none of a, b, or c equals 0, then
aK bM cN lies on or inside KMN. 12 43
i
6. M is the point obtained when T 0 and N is the 9. E IZ
11 11
point obtained when T 1. Thus, a point between 2cos 6 j sin 6 3cos 3 j sin 3
M and N is obtained when 0 T 1. 11
r 2(3) or 6 v 6 3
7. The distance between z and 1 i is 5. This
11 2
defines a circle of radius 5 centered at 1 i. 6 6
8. The distance between a point z and a point at 13
6 or 6
2 3i is 2.
z (2 3i) 2 V 6cos 6 j sin 6 volts
295 Chapter 9
3
13. r 5(2) or 10 v 4 24. r1
22 (
2)2 r2 (3)2
32
4 3 7 8
or 22 18
or 32
4 4 or 4 r 22
(32 ) or 12
7 7
10cos 4 i sin 4 102 i2
2
v1 Arctan 2 2 v2 Arctan
3
2 2 3
52
52
i 7 3
4 4
5
14. r 6(3) or 18 v 3 6 7 3
v 4 4
2 5
6 6 10
4 or 2
3
6 or 2
12cos 2 i sin 2 12(0 i(1))
18cos 2 i sin 2 18(0 i(1))
12i
18i
3 7 25. r1 (2)2 )2 r2 (3
(2 )2 (
2
32)2
15. r 1 or 3 v 3 2
4 or 2 36
or 6
14 3 11
6 6 or 6 r 2 6 or 12
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan
11 11 3 2 3
2
3cos 6 i sin 6 32 i 2
1
2 32
7 5
33
2 2i
3 4 4
7 5
16. r 2(3) or 6 v 240° 60° v 4 4
300° 12
4 or
6(cos 300° i sin 300°) 6 i
1 3
2 2 12(cos i sin ) 12(1 i(0))
3 33
i 12
2
17. r 7
v 4 4
3
26. r1 )2
(3 ( 1)2 r2
22 (23)2
2
2 4 4 or 2 16
or 4
4 or 2 1
22 r 4 or 2
or 2 23
v1 Arctan 2 v2 Arctan 2
2 1
2(cos i sin ) 2(1 i(0)) 3
11 5
2 6 3
18. r 3(0.5) or 1.5 v 4 2.5 or 6.5 11
v 6 3
5
1.5(cos 6.5 i sin 6.5) 1.46 0.32i 11 10
4 6 6 or 6
19. r 1 or 4 v 2 3.6 or 5.6
cos 6 i sin 6 1223 i12
1
4[cos (5.6) i sin (5.6)] 3.10 2.53i 2
20 4 7 11
3
20. r 15 or 3 v 6 3 4 4i
1
7 22
6 6 27. r1 (4
)2
2 )2
(42 r 2
62 62
15 64
or 8 72
or 62
6 or 2
8
r
4
3 cos 2 i sin 2 4
(0
3
i (1)) 62
4
2
4 32
2
3i 42 2
2
3
or 3
6
) or 22
21. r 2(2 v 4 2
3 2 5
v1 Arctan
4
2
42
v2 Arctan 6
6
4 4 or 4 3
5 5
4 4
cos 22
2 2
22
4 i sin
4 2 i 2 3
v 4 4
2 2i 2
4 or 2
22. r 2(6) or 12 v 3 6
2 22
2
6 6 or 6
3
2
cos i sin
2 2 3 (0 i(1))
2
2
3i
12cos 6 i sin 6 122 i2
3 1
63
6i
4 5
23. r 1 or 8 v 3 3
2 4
3
4 4
8cos 3 i sin 3 82 i2
1 3
4 43
i
Chapter 9 296
E 5
28. I Z 34. r 5 secv 6
13 5
3 2j r cos v 6 5
r1 13 r 2
32 (
2)2 5 5
rcos v cos 6 sin v sin 6 5 0
13
3 1
13 2r cos v 2r sin v 5 0
r or 13
13
3 1
2x 2y 5 0
v2 Arctan 3
2
v1 0
x y 10 0
3
0.59
v 0 (0.59) or 0.59 35. 130˚
I 13
(cos 0.59 j sin 0.59) 3 2j amps x lb x lb
E x lb 23 lb
29. Z
I 23 lb
100 50˚
4 3j
x lb
r1 100 r 2
42 (
3)2 Prop
25
or 5
100 Since the triangle is isosceles, the base angles are
r 5 or 20 180 50
3 congruent. Each measures 2 or 65°.
v1 0 v2 Arctan 4 23 x
0.64 sin 50° sin 65°
v 0 (0.64) or 0.64 23 sin 65° x sin 50°
z 20(cos 0.64 j sin 0.64) 23 sin 65°
x
sin 50°
16 12j ohms
27.21 x; 27.21 lb
30. Start at z1 in the complex 2
plane. Since the modulus 3 i 2
3 36. cos 2x sin x 1
z1
of z2 is 1, z1z2 and z will 5 z1 1 2 sin2 x sin x 1
2 6 z1z2 z2 6 2 sin2 x sin x 0
both have the same
modulus as z1. Then z1z2 0 sin x (2 sin x 1) 0
z1
and z can be located by 1 2 3 4 sin x 0 or 2 sin x 1 0
2 1
rotating z1 by 6 7 11
x 0° sin x 2
6 6
counterclockwise and
4 5
x 30°
clockwise, respectively. 3 3 3 37. y cos x
2
x cos y
31a. The point is rotated counterclockwise about the arccos x y
origin by an angle of v. 38. BC ED BE AF CD 3
31b. The point is rotated 60° counterclockwise about AB FE 2
the origin. AC AB BC
32. Since a 1, the equation will be the form z2 bz 2 3 or 5
c 0. The coefficient c is the product of the FD FE ED
7 7
solutions, which is 6cos 6 i sin 6, or 2 3 or 5
33 3i in rectangular form. The coefficient b perimeter of rectangle ACDF 3 5 3 5
is the opposite of the sum of the solutions, so or 16
convert the solutions to rectangular form to do the perimeter of square BCDE 4(3) or 12
addition. 16 12 4
5 5 The correct choice is C.
b 3cos 3 i sin 3 2cos 6 i sin 6
3
2 2i (3
i)
3 3
2 3
3
2i
2
33
9-8 Powers and Roots of Complex
Therefore, the equation is z2
3
2
3
Numbers
2
33
2 iz (33 3i) 0. Page 602 Graphing Calculator Exploration
12
33. r
52 (
12)2 Arctan 5 2 1. Rewrite 1 in polar form as 1(cos 0 i sin 0).
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at 1,
or 13
169 5.11
0.5 0.87i, and 0.5 0.87i.
5 12i 13(cos 5.11 i sin 5.11)
2. Rewrite i in polar form as 1cos 2 i sin 2.
Follow the keystrokes to find the roots at
0.92 0.38i, 0.38 0.92i, 0.92 0.38i, and
0.38 0.92i.
297 Chapter 9
cos 4
3. Rewrite 1 i in polar form as 2 7. r
02 12 or 1 v 2
.
1
cos 162 i sin 162
i sin 4 1 6
a O a 3.605240263 1
1
(2 i) 3 [5
(cos (v 2i) i sin (v 2n))] 3
a ai a ai 1
v 2n v 2n
) 3 cos 3 i sin 3
a (5
1
Chapter 9 298
11. For w1, the modulus ( 0.82 (0.7 v Arctan
2
)2)2 or 1.13. 21. r
(2)2
12 5
1
(22
) 3
13. 25
cos (5) 4 i sin (5) 4 1.37 0.37i
5 5
32 cos 4 i sin 4 24. r
(1)2
(1
)2 2
v Arctan
1
1
2
2
32 2 i 2 4
3
162 162i 1
v Arctan
2
14. r
(2) 2 22
2 2
2
4
7 7 0.91 0.61i
)3cos (3)9 i sin (3)4
(22
21 21 25. r
02 12 1 v 2
cos
162 i sin 1
2 2 12
162 i
2 2 0.71 0.71i
16 16i 26. x3 1 0 → x3 1
15. r
12 (
3
)2 2
3
v Arctan 1 3
Find the third roots of 1.
24 cos (4)3 i sin (4)3
r 1
12 02 1 v0 1
4 4 1 [1 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 3
3
0.9827937232
)2 (cos (2)(v) i sin (2)(v))
(13 1 O 1
0.03 0.07i
v Arctan 2
4
18. r
22 42 25
1 3 i
2 2
1.107148718 1
(25
) (cos (4)(v) i sin (4)(v))
4
112 384i
1
2 2
19. 32 5 cos 53 i sin 53
1 1
2 2
2cos
15 i sin
15
1.83 0.81i
20. r (1)2
02 1 v
1
299 Chapter 9
27. x5 1 → x5 1 i
2
2i
2
2i
Find the fifth roots of 1.
r (1)2 02 1 v 1
1 1
(1) [1 (cos ( 2n) i sin ( 2n))]
5 5
2n 2n
cos 5 i sin 5 1 O 1
x1 cos i sin 0.81 0.59i
5 5 1
3 3
x2 cos i sin 0.31 0.95i
5 5
5 5
2
2i
2
2i
x3 cos i sin 1
5 5
7 7 30. x4 (1 i) 0 → x4 1 i
x4 cos i sin 0.31 0.95i
5 5 Find the fourth roots of 1 i.
9 9
x5 cos i sin 0.81 0.59i
v Arctan 1 4
1
5 5 r
12 12 2
1 1
(1 i) 4 2
cos 4 2n i sin 4 2n 4
i
1 1
8n 8n
) 4 cos 16 i sin 16
0.31 0.95i 0.81 0.59i (2
i
1
0.21 1.07i
1 O 1
1.07 0.21i
2 x2 (2
1
17 17
6 i sin 16 1.07 0.21i
1
x3 (2
) 4
cos 1
1
25 25
6 0.21 1.07i
2
2 2
2 x4 (2
) 4
cos 16 i sin 1
3 2 1 O 1 2 3 31. 2x4 2 23 i 0 → x4 1 3i.
1 Find the fourth roots of 1 3
i.
2 r (1)2
( )2 2
3
4
1
v Arctan
3
2
2i or
3 3
1
3
1 1
(1 3
i) 4
1
64 [64 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 4 4
2 cos 3 2n i sin 3 2n 4
4 4
n n
cos 2 i sin 2
1
22 4 6n 4 6n
2 4 cos 12 i sin 12
x1 22
(cos 0 i sin 0) 22
1
4 4
cos 12 i sin 12 0.59 1.03i
x1 2 4
cos
x2 22 i sin 22i 1
10 10
2 i sin 12 1.03 0.59i
2 2
x2 2 4 cos 1
x3 22
(cos i sin ) 22
1
22 22
cos 12 i sin 12 0.59 1.03i
3 3 x3 2 4
x4 22
cos 2 i sin 2 22i 1
28 28
x4 2 4 cos 12 i sin 12 1.03 0.59i
Chapter 9 300
32. Rewrite 10 9i in polar form as 38a. The point at (2, 2) becomes the point at (0, 2).
9 9 From the origin, the point at (2, 2) had a length
cos tan1
181 i sin tan1 .
10 10 of 22 and the new point at (0, 2) has a length
Use a graphing calculator to find the fifth roots at 2
of 2. The dilation factor is 2.
0.75 1.51i, 1.20 1.18i, 1.49 0.78i,
0.28 1.66i, and 1.66 0.25i. 2 y (2, 2)
33. Rewrite 2 4i in polar form as (0, 2) 2 2
25[cos (tan1 (2)) i sin (tan1 (2))]. 1
Use a graphing calculator to find the sixth roots at x
1.26 0.24i, 0.43 1.21i, 0.83 0.97i, 2 1 O 1 2
1.26 0.24i, 0.43 1.21i, and 0.83 0.97i. 1
34. Rewrite 36 20i in polar form as
2
cos tan1 9 i sin tan1 9.
5 5
4106
Use a graphing calculator to find the eighth roots 2
(cos 45° i sin 45°)
at 1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i, 0.10 1.59i, 2
2 2
2
1.19 1.05i, 1.59 0.10i, 1.05 1.19i,
2 2 i sin 2
0.10 1.59i, and 1.19 1.05i. 0.5 0.5i
35. For w1, the modulus 2 or 0.81.
122
23
4 38b. 22 (cos 45° i sin 45°)
2 1
2(cos 90° i sin 90°)
For w2, the modulus (0.81)2 or 0.66. The square is rotated 90° counterclockwise and
For w3, the modulus (0.66)2 or 0.44. dilated by a factor of 0.5.
This moduli will approach 0 as the number of 39. The roots are the vertices of a regular polygon.
iterations increase. Thus, it is a prisoner set. Since one of the roots must be a positive real
36a. In polar form the 31st roots of 1 are given by number, a vertex of the polygon lies on the
2n 2n positive real axis and the polygon is symmetric
1 i sin 31 , n 0, 1, . . . , 30. Then
cos 3
2n about the real axis. This means that the non-real
a cos 31 . The maximum value of a cosine
complex roots occur in conjugate pairs. Since the
expression is 1, and it is achieved in this
imaginary part of the sum of two complex
situation when n 0.
conjugates is 0, the imaginary part of the sum of
36b. From the polar form in the solution to part a, we all the roots must be 0.
2n 2n
get b sin 3
1 . b will be maximized when 31 is 5
40. r 2(3) or 6 v 6 3
as close to 2 as possible. This occurs when n 8, 10 11
16 6 6 or 6
so the maximum value of b is sin 3 1 , or about
11 11
3
6cos 6 i sin 6 6 2 i 2
0.9987. 1
37. x6 1 0 → x6 1
Find the sixth roots of 1. 33 3i
r 12 02 1 v0 41. (2 5i) (3 6i) (6 2i)
1
1
(2 (3) (6)) (5i 6i 2i)
1 6 [1 (cos (0 2n) i sin (0 2n))] 6 5i
n n
cos 3 i sin 3 42. x t, y 2t 7
43. cos 22.5° cos 2
45°
x1 cos 0 i sin 0 1
1
3
x2 cos 3 i sin 3 2 2i
2 2 1 3
1 cos 45°
2
x3 cos i sin 2 i
3 3 2 2
3 3 1
x4 cos
3 i sin
3 1
2
2
4 4 1
3
x5 cos i sin 2 2i
x6 cos
3
5
i sin
3
5
1 3
i
4
2 2
3 3 2 2
2
2
2
44. Find B.
B 180° 90° 81°15
8°45
Find a.
a
tan 81°15 2
8
28 tan 81°15 a
181.9 a
301 Chapter 9
Find c. 15. Sample answer: (4, 585°), (4, 945°), (4, 45°),
28 (4, 405°)
cos 81°15 c
28 (r, v 360k°)
c
cos 81°15 → (4, 225° 360(1)°) → (4, 585°)
c 184.1 → (4, 225° 360(2)°) → (4, 945°)
45. Let x the number of large bears produced. (r, v (2k 1)180°)
Let y the number of small bears produced.
→ (4, 225° (1)180°) → (4, 45°)
x 300 y
y 400 1200 → (4, 225° (1)180°) → (4, 405°)
(300, 900)
x y 1200 1000 16. 120
90˚
60 17. 2
800 ˚ ˚ 2
f(x, y) 9x 5y (800, 400) 3 3
600 5
f(300, 400) 9(300) 5(400) 400 150˚ 30˚
6 6
4700 200 (300, 400) x 0˚
180˚
f(300, 900) 9(300) 5(900) O 200 600 1000 1 2 3 4
0
1 2 3 4
7200
f(800, 400) 9(800) 5(400) 210˚ 330˚
7 11
9200 240˚ 300˚ 6 6
270˚ 4 5
Producing 800 large bears and 400 small bears 3 3 3
yields the maximum profit. 2
18. 19.
46. 0.20(6) 1.2 quarts of alcohol 90˚ 2 2
120˚ 60˚ 3 3
0.60(4) 2.4 quarts of alcohol
5
1.2 2.4 3.6
64
1
0
or 36% alcohol 150˚ 30˚ 6 6
0˚ 0˚
180˚
180˚
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 180˚ 0˚ 0
B 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
A
210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 210˚ 330˚ 7 11
6 6
240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚ 240˚ 300˚ 4 5
270˚ 270˚ 270˚ 3
3 3
2
13. 14.
2 2 2 2 limaçon rose
3 3 3 3
5 5 24. x 6 cos 45° y 6 sin 45°
22 22
6 6 6 6
C 6 6
0 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 32 32
(32, 32)
7 11 7 D 11
6 6 6 6 25. x 2 cos 330° y 2 sin 330°
4
3 3
2
5
3
4
3 3
2
5
3 2 3
2
2 2 1
3 1
, 1)
(3
Chapter 9 302
26. x 2 cos34 y 2 sin 34 34. 3 r cos v 3
22 22
2 2 0 r cos v cos 3 r sin v sin 3 3
1 3
2 2
0 2r cos v 2 r sin v 3
, 2
(2 ) 1 3
0 2x 2 y 3
27. x 1 cos y 1 sin
2 2 0 x 3y 6 or
0 1 x 3y 6 0
35. 4 r cos v 2
(0, 1)
28. r
(3)2 (
3)2 v Arctan 3
3
0 r cos v cos 2 r sin v sin 2 4
4
or 23
12
3 0 0 r sin v 4
23, 43 0 y 4
v Arctan 5
5
29. r
52 52 0 y 4 or
50
or 52
4 y40
36. i10 i25 (i4)2 i2 (i4)6 i
52, 4 (1)2 (1) (1)6 i
v Arctan
3
1 i
1
30. r
(3)2
12
or 213
52 3.73
(cos 3.73 i sin 3.73)
213
1
47. r
(4)2
(1
)2 v Arctan
4
17 3.39
17
(cos 3.39 i sin 3.39)
303 Chapter 9
48. r 42 02 v0 60. r ( )2
3 (1
)2 2
16
or 4 1
v Arctan
3
4(cos 0 i sin 0) 6
49. r (2 )2
2 02 v 27 cos
(7) 6 i sin (7) 6
8 or 22 7 7
22(cos i sin )
128 cos 6 i sin 6
128
3 1
50. r
02 32 v
2 i 2
2
9 or 3 643
64i
v Arctan
1
1
3cos 2 i sin 2 61. r
(1)2
12 2
3
51. 2 52. 2
4
3 i 2 3 3 i 2 3 3 3
5 5 )4 cos (4)4 i sin (4)4
(2
6 ( 2, 6 ) 6 6 6
4(cos 3 i sin 3)
0
0 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2
62. r
(2)2
(2
)2 22
v Arctan
2
7
6
11
6
7
6 ( 3, 5
3)
11
6
5
4
4 5 4 5 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 )3 cos (3)4 i sin (3)4
(22
2 2
15 15
5 5 cos 4 i sin 4
162
2 cos 6 i sin 6
3 cos 3 i sin 3 2
2 i 2
2
162
3
2 2 i 2
1
1
3 2 i 2
3
16 16i
3 33
3
i 2 2i
63. r
02 12 1 v 2
2
53. r 4(3) or 12 v 3 3 or 3 1
1 cos 42 i sin 42
1 1
4
2 2
12 cos 3 i sin 3
cos 8 i sin 8
1
3
12 2 i 2
0.92 0.38i
v Arctan 6
1
6 63
i 64. r )2
(3 12 2 3
1
2 cos 36 i sin 36
1 1
54. r 8(4) or 32 v 4 2 3
3 3 2 3
32cos 4 i sin 4
1
2 3 cos 18 i sin 18
4 4 or 4
2
322 i 2 1.24 0.22i
2
162 162 i
55. r 2(5) or 10 v 2 0.5 or 2.5 Page 611 Applications and Problem Solving
10 (cos 2.5 i sin 2.5) 65. lemniscate
8.01 5.98i
v Arctan 7
5
125
8 7 5
66. r
752
1252
56. r 2 or 4 v 6 3
21,25
0 145.77 59.04°
7 10
4cos 2 i sin 2 6 6 or 2 (145.77, 59.04°)
4(0 i(1)) 67. r cos v 2 5 0
4i r cos cos 2 r sin v sin 2 5 0
6 3
57. r
4 or
2 v
2
6 r sin v 5 0
3 y50
3
2cos i sin
3
3
6
6 or
3 y 5
2 2 i 2
3 1 3 E
68. I Z
50 180j
3
4 4i
32
4 5j
50 180j 4 5j
58. r
2.2
v 1.5 0.6 or 0.9
4 5j 4 5j
4.4 or 0.5
200 470j 900j2
0.5 (cos 0.9 i sin 0.9)
16 25j2
0.31 0.39i 1100 470j2
v Arctan 2 4
2
59. r 22 22 22 41
26.83 11.46j amps
)8 cos (8)4 i sin (8)4
(2
4096 (cos 2 i sin 2)
4096
Chapter 9 304
Page 611 Open-Ended Assessment 180 (c b) 180 x
1a. Sample answer: 4 6i and 3 2i xcb
(4 6i) (3 2i) (4 3) (6i 2i) The correct choice is E.
7 4i 4. Volume wh
1b. No. Sample explanation: 2 3i and 5 i also 16,500 75 w 10
h 10 ft
have this sum. 16,500 750w
(2 3i) (5 i) (2 5) (3i (i)) 22 w
7 4i w 75 ft
2a. Sample answer: 4 i The correct choice is A.
1 1 1 10
z 42 12 5.
100100
1099 100100 10100
17 9
10100
2b. No. Sample explanation: 1 4i also has this
absolute value. The correct choice is A.
z 12 42 6. Consider the three unmarked angles at the
17 intersection point. One of these angles, say the top
one, is the supplement of the other two unmarked
angles, because of vertical angles. So the sum of
the measures of the unmarked angles is 180°.
The sum of the measures of the marked angles
Chapter 9 SAT & ACT Preparation and the three unmarked angles is 3(180), since
these angles are the interior angles of three
Page 613 SAT and ACT Practice triangles.
1. ∠a and ∠b form a linear pair, so ∠b is m(sum of marked angles)
supplementary to ∠a. Since ∠b and ∠d are m(sum of unmarked angles) 3(180)
vertical angles, they are equal in measure. So ∠d m(sum of marked angles) 180 3(180)
is also supplementary to ∠a. Since ∠d and ∠f are m(sum of marked angles) 360
alternate interior angles, they are equal. So ∠f is The correct choice is C.
supplementary to ∠a. And since ∠f and ∠h are 7. Subtract the second equation from the first.
vertical angles, ∠h is supplementary to ∠a. The 5x2 6x 70
angles supplementary to ∠a are angles b, d, f, and 5x2 6y 10
h. The correct choice is A.
6x 6y 60
2. Draw the given triangle and draw the height h x y 10, so 10x 10y 100.
from point B. The correct choice is E.
B 8. Since ∠B is a right angle, ∠C is a right angle also,
because they are alternate interior angles.
In the triangle containing ∠C, 90 x y 180 or
8
h x y 90.
The straight angle at D is made up of 3 angles.
x˚
120 x x 180
A 10 C
2x 60 or x 30
The answer choices include sin x. Write an x y 90
expression for the height, using the sine of x. (30) y 90
h 1
sin x 8 A 2bh y 60
1 The correct choice is B.
8 sin x h 2 (10)(8 sin x)
9. In the slope-intercept form of a line, y mx b,
40 sin x m represents the slope of the line, and b
The correct choice is B. represents the y-intercept. Since the slope is
3
3. Since PQRS is a parallelogram, sides PQ and SR given as 2, the slope-intercept form of the line is
3
are parallel and m∠Q m∠S b. y 2x b.
M Q Since (–3, 0) is on the line, it satisfies the
3 9
c˚ T b˚ equation. 0 2(–3) b. So b 2.
x˚ The correct choice is D.
P
R 10. Note that consecutive interior angles are
a˚
O supplementary.
S N 110 2x 180 y x 180
2x 70 y (35) 180
In SMO, c b a 180 or a 180 (c b). x 35 y 145
Also, x a 180 or a 180 x since consecutive The answer is 145.
interior angles are supplementary.
305 Chapter 9
Chapter 10 Conics
8. AB
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
10-1 Introduction to Analytic Geometry (6 3
)2 (2
4)2
13
Pages 619–620 Check for Understanding slope of
AB
1. negative distances have no meaning y2 y1
m
x x
2. Use the distance formula to show that the 2
24
1
2
measure of the distance from the midpoint to
6 3 or 3
d
100 or 10 B (0, 0)
x1 x2 y1 y2 5 5 1 11
2 , 2 ,
2 2 O C (c, 0) x
(5, 6)
6. d
(x2
x2)2
(y2
y1)2 10b. BD
(c 0
)2 (a
0)2
d
(4 0)2 (3
0)2
c a
2 2
d
(4)
2 (3) 2 AC (c 0
)2 (0
a)2
d 25
or 5 c a
2 2
x1 x2 y1 y2
0 (4) 0 (3)
2, 2 , C
Thus, A B D.
2 2
is 2, 2. The midpoint of
c a
(2, 1.5) 10c. The midpoint of AC
is 2, 2. Therefore, the diagonals intersect
c a
7. d
[0 (
2)]2
(4
2)2 D
B
at their common midpoint, E2, 2. Thus,
c a
d
2 2
2 2
d 8
or 22 E
AE C and B E
E D.
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 0 2 4
2, 2 2
,
2
10d. The diagonals of a rectangle are congruent and
bisect each other.
(1, 3)
11a. Both players are located along a diagonal of the
field with endpoints (0, 0) and (80, 120). The
kicker’s teammate is located at the midpoint of
this diagonal.
x1 x2 y1 y2
0 80 0 120
2, 2
2 , 2
(40, 60)
Chapter 10 306
11b. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 19. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d (40
0)2 (60 0)2 d
(c 2
c)2
(d
1
d)2
d 40
2 60 2 d
2 (
2 1)2
d 5200
d 5
x1 x2 y1 y2
cc2 dd1
d 2013
or about 72 yards 2, 2 ,
2 2
2c 2 2d 1
2 , 2
12. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
20. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
[4 (
1)]2
(13
1)2
d
[w (
w 2
)]2 (
4w
w)2
d
52 1
22
d
22 (
3w)2
d 169
or 13
x1 x2 y1 y2
1 4 1 13 d
4 9
w2 or 9w2 4
2, 2 , x1 x2 y1 y2
w 2 w w 4w
2 2
(1.5, 7) 2, 2 ,
2 2
w 1, 2w
5
13. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(1 1)2 (3
3)2 21. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(2)
2 (6
) 2
20 (2a
a)2
[7 (9)]2
d 40
or 210 20 (3a)
2 16
2
x1 x2 y1 y2
1 (1) 3 (3)
2, 2 2
,
2 20 9a2 256
(0, 0) 400 9a2 256
14. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 144 9a2
a2 16
d
(0 8
)2 (8
0)2
a
16 or
4
d
(8)2
82
22. Let D have coordinates (x2, y2).
d 128
or 82 4 x2 1 y2
x1 x2 y1 y2
80 80 2, 2 3, 52
2, 2 2 , 2
4 x2 1 y2 5
(4, 4)
2 3
2 2
15. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 4 x2 6 1 y2 5
x2 10 y2 6
d
[5 (
1)]2
[3
(
6)]2
Then D has coordinates (10, 6).
d
6 3
2 2
y
23. Let the vertices A(2, 3)
d 45
or 35 of the quadrilateral
x1 x2 y1 y2 D (3, 2)
1 5 6 (3)
2, 2 2
,
2
be A(2, 3), B(2, 3),
(2, 4.5) C(2, 3), and D(3, 2).
A quadrilateral is a O x
16. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
parallelogram if one pair
d
(72 3 )2
2 [1
(5)]2 of opposite sides are B (3, 2)
d )
(42 2 42 C (2, 3)
parallel and congruent.
d 48
or 43
AD and BC are one pair of opposite sides.
x1 x2 y1 y2 72
5 (1)
2, 2
32
2 , 2 slope of
AD
y2 y1
slope of
BC
y2 y1
(52
, 3) m
x x m
x x
2 1 2 1
23 3 (2)
17. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
3 (2)
2 (3)
d
(a a
)2 (
9 7
)2 5
1
5
1
d
0 (
2 16) 2
D
Their slopes are equal, therefore A B
C
.
d 256
or 16 AD
x1 x2 y1 y2
(x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2
a a 7 (9)
2, 2
2 , 2
[3 (
2)]2
(2 3)2
(a, 1)
5 (
2 1) 2
18. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2 26
d
[r 2 (6
r)]2
(s
s)2 BC
(x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2
d
(8)
2 0 2
[2 (
3)]2
[3 (2)]2
d 64
or 8 5 (
2 1)2
x1 x2 y1 y2
6rr2 ss
2, 2 ,
2 2
26
2r 4 2s The measures of
AD and BC are equal.
2 , 2
D
Therefore A B C. Since A
DBC and A
D,
BC
(r 2, s) quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram; yes.
307 Chapter 10
24. Let the vertices of the y C (4, 19) 1
20
EFH G
since the slope of E F is 2 and the slope
quadrilateral be 1
A(4, 11), B(8, 14), 16
of
HG is 2 . Thus the points form a
FH
E G since EF 5
and HG 5
.
Chapter 10 308
30. In ABC, let the vertices be A(0, 0) and B(a, 0). 32. Let the vertices of quadrilateral ABCD be A(a, e),
Since
AC and B C are congruent sides, let the third B(b, f), C(c, g), and D(d, h). The midpoints of ,
AB
vertex be C2, b. Let D be the midpoint of C
, , and DA , respectively,
a B CD
AC
ab ef bc fg
and let E be the midpoint of .
BC are L2, 2, M2, 2,
cd gh ad eh
y C ( a2, b) N2, 2, and P2, 2.
y B (b, f )
L
A(a, e)
D E
O O M x
P
C (c, g)
D (d, h) N
O A(0, 0) B (a, 0) x
fg ef
2 2 ge
M is
or
a
0 b0
The slope of L bc ab or
c a.
The coordinates of D are: 2
2
,
2
a b
4 2 .
,
2 2
eh gh
2 2 eg
or P
is or
The slope of N
a c.
a
a b0
ad cd
The coordinates of E are:
2
,
2 2
3a b
,
4 2 .
2 2
These slopes are equal, so
LMN
P
.
fg gh
AE
0
3a
4
0
2
b2
b
2
2 1
2
9a2
4 N
The slope of M
2
is
2
or
f h
bc cd
bd .
a a
4
0 2 4
2 b 1 9a 2 2 2 2
BD
2
b2 eh ef
hf
Since AE BD, the medians to the congruent L
The slope of P
2
is
2
or
ad ab
d b.
sides of an isosceles triangle are congruent. 2 2
31. Let A and B have coordinates (0, 0) and (b, 0)
These slopes are equal, so P
MN L
. Since
respectively. To make a parallelogram, let C have
M
L N P, and M
N PL, PLMN is a parallelogram.
coordinates (b a, c) and let D have coordinates
(a, c). 33. Let the vertices of the y
rectangle be A(3, 1), B
y
B(1, 3), C(3, 1), and
D(1, 3). Since the area A
D (a, c) C (a b, c) of a rectangle is the length
times the width, find the O x
C
measure of two consecutive
sides, and D
AD C. D
O A(0, 0) B (b, 0) x AD
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
[1 (
3)]2
(3
1)2
ab 0c ab c
is
4 (4)
2 2
The midpoint of
BD , or
2 2
, .
2 2
ab0 c0 ab c 32
or 42
The midpoint of is
AC , . or
2 , 2
2 2 DC
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
Since the diagonals have the same midpoint, the
diagonals bisect each other. (3 1 )2 [
1 (3)]2
2 2
2 2
8 or 22
Area w
(42 )(22 )
16
The area of the rectangle is 16 units2.
34a. y
20
10
20 10 O 10 20 30 x
10
309 Chapter 10
34b. The two regions are closest between (12, 12) 37a. Find a representation for MA and for MB.
and (31,0). MA t2 (
3t 1
5)2
d (x2
x1)2
(y2 y1)2 t2 9
t2 90t 2
25
[31 (12)]2 (
0 12)2 10t2 90t 225
43
2 (12) 2 MB
(t 9
)2 (3
t 12
)2
1993
or about 44,64
t 1
2 8t 81 9
t 7
2
2t 144
The distance between these two points is about
10t2 90t 225
44.64 pixels, which is greater than 40 pixels. By setting these representations equal to each
therefore, the regions meet the criteria. other, you find a value for t that would make the
35. Let the vertices of the isosceles trapezoid have two distances equal.
the coordinates A(0, 0), B(2a, 0), C(2a 2c, 2b), MA MB
D(2c, 2b). The coordinates of the midpoints are: 10t
2 90t 225 10t2 90t 225
P(a, 0), Q(2a c, b), R(a, 2b), S(c, b). Since the above equation is a true statement,
y t can take on any real values.
37b. A line; this line is the perpendicular bisector of
D (2c, 2b) R C (2a 2c, 2b) B
A .
b
38. r a2 b2 v Arctan a
12
(5)2
122 Arctan
5
S Q
169
or 13 1.176005207
(5 12i)2 132 [cos 2v i sin 2v]
119 120i
u
39. If v (115, 2018, 0), then
O A (0, 0) P B (2a, 0) x
u
v 1152 20182 02
PQ (2a c a)2 (b 0)2 40855
49 or about 2021
(a c) b
2 2 The magnitude of the force is about 2021 N.
1 1
QR (2a c a)2 (b 2b)2 40. 2 sec2 x
1 sin x 1 sin x
Chapter 10 310
2. Sample answer: (x 4)2 (y 9)2 1, 9. 2x2 2y2 20x 8y 34 0
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 2, (x 4)2 (y 9)2 3, 2x2 20x 2y2 8y 34
(x 4)2 (y 9)2 4, (x 4)2 (y 9)2 5 2(x2 10x 25) 2(y3 4y 4) 34 2(25)
3. Find the center of the circle, (h, k), by finding 2(4)
the midpoint of the diameter. Next find the 2(x 5)2 2(y 2)2 24
radius of the circle, r, by finding the distance (x 5)2 (y 2)2 12
from the center to one endpoint. Then write y (5,2 23)
the equation of the circle in standard form as
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2.
4. The equation x2 y2 8x 8y 36 0 written O x
in standard form is (x 4)2 (y 4)2 4. (5, 2)
Since a circle cannot have a negative radius, the
graph of the equation is the empty set.
5. Ramon; the square root of a sum does not equal (5 23, 2)
the sum of the square roots.
6. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 10. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 92 02 02 D(0) E(0) F 0
x2 y2 81 42 02 D(4) E(0) F 0
02 42 D(0) E(4) F 0
y
F0 F0
4D F 16 ⇒ D 4
4E F 16 E 4
x2 y2 4x 4y 0
(9, 0)
O x x2 4x 4 y2 4y 4 0 4 4
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 8
center: (h, k) (2, 2)
radius: r2 8
(0, 9) r 8 or 22
11. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
7. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 12 32 D(1) E(3) F 0 ⇒ D 3E F 10
[x (1)]2 (y 4)2 [3 (1)]2 52 52 D(5) E(5) F 0 ⇒ 5D 5E F 50
(x 1)2 (y 4)2 16 52 32 D(5) E(3) F 0 ⇒ 5D 3E F 34
(1, 8) y D 3E F 10
(1)(5D 5E F) (1)(50)
4D 2E 40
(1, 4)
5D 5E F 50
(3, 4) (1)(5D 3E F) (1)(34)
2E 16
E 8
4D 2(8) 40
O x
4D 24 (6) 3(8) F 10
8. x2 y2 4x 14y 47 0 D 6 F 20
x2 4x 4 y2 14y 49 47 4 49 x2 y2 6x 8y 20 0
(x 2)2 (y 7)2 100 x2 6x 9 y2 8y 16 20 9 16
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 5
y (2, 3) center: (h, k) (3, 4)
radius: r2 5
O x r 5
12. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(8, 7) (2, 7) [x (2)]2 (y 1)2 r2
(x 2)2 (y 1)2 r2
(1 2)2 (5 1)2 r2
25 r2
(x 2)2 (y 1)2 25
311 Chapter 10
13. midpoint of diameter: 18. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x1 x2 y1 y2 9 2
[x (5)]2 (y 0)2 2
2 10 6 (10)
2 , 2 ,
2 2
(4, 2) 81
(x 5)2 y2 4
radius: r
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
y
[4 (
2)]2
[6
(2)]2
6 8
2 2 ( 5, 9
2 )
100
or 10 (5, 0)
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2 O x
(x 4)2 [y (2)]2 102 ( 19 ,
2
0 )
(x 4)2 (y 2)2 100
14. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 (1740 185)2
x2 y2 19252 19. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 6)2 (y 1)2 62
(x 6)2 (y 1)2 36
Pages 627–630 Exercises y
15. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 (6, 7)
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 52
x2 y2 25
y (0, 5) (6, 1)
(0, 1)
O x
(5, 0) O x
21. 36 x2 y2 y
(0, 6)
O x x2 y2 36
Chapter 10 312
23. x2 y2 4x 12y 30 0 27. x2 y2 14x 24y 157 0
x2 4x 4 y2 12y 36 30 4 36 x2 14x 49 y2 24y 144 157 49 144
(x 2)2 (y 6)2 10 (x 7)2 (y 12)2 36
y y
O x O x
(2, 6
10 ) (7, 6)
313 Chapter 10
30. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 32. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(2)2 72 D(2) E(7) F 0 ⇒ 42 52 D(4) E(5) F 0 ⇒
2D 7E F 53 4D 5E F 41
(9)2 02 D(9) E(0) F 0 ⇒ (2)2 32 D(2) E(3) F 0 ⇒
9D F 81 2D 3E F 13
(10)2 (5)2 D(10) E(5) F 10 ⇒ (4)2 (3)2 D(4) E(3) F 0 ⇒
10D 5E F 125 4D 3E F 25
2D 7E F 53 4D 5E F 41
(1)(9D F) (1)(81) (1)(2D 3E F) (1)(13)
7D 7E 28 6D 2E 28
DE4 3D E 14
10D 5E F 125 4D 5E F 41
(1)(9D F) (1)(81) (1)(4D 3E F) (1)(25)
D 5E 44 8D 8E 16
D 5E 44 D E 2
D E4 3D E 14
4E 40 (1)(D E) (1)(2)
E 10 2D 12
D 6
D (10) 4
D 6 6 E 2
9(6) F 81 E4
F 135 2(6) 3(4) F 13
F 37
x2 y2 6x 10y 135 10
x2 6x 9 y2 10y 25 135 9 25 x2 y2 6x 4y 37 0
(x 3)2 (y 5)2 169 x2 6x 9 y2 4y 4 37 9 4
center: (h, k) (3, 5) (x 3)2 (y 2)2 50
radius: r2 169 center: (h, k) (3, 2)
r 169
or 13 radius: r2 50
r 50 or 52
31. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
(2)2 32 D(2) E(3) F 0 ⇒ 33. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
2D 3E F 13 12 42 D(1) E(4) F 0 ⇒
62 (5)2 D(6) E(5) F 0 ⇒ D 4E F 17
6D 5E F 61 22 (1)2 D(2) E(1) F 0 ⇒
02 72 D(0) E(7) F 0 ⇒ 2D E F 5
7E F 49 (3)2 02 D(3) E(0) F 0 ⇒
2D 3E F 13 3D F 9
(1)(6D 5E F) (1)(61) D 4E F 17
8D 8E 48 (1)(2D E F) (1)(5)
D E 6 D 5E 12
6D 5E F 61 D 4E F 17
(1)(7E F) (1)(49) (1)(3D F) (1)(9)
6D 12E 12 4D 4E 8
D 2E 2 D E 2
D E 6 D 5E 12
D 2E 2 D E 2
E 4 6E 14
7
E 4 E 3
D 2(4) 2 D 3 2
7
D 10 1
7(4) F 49 D 3
F 21
33 F 9
1
x2 y2 10x 4y 21 0
x2 10x 25 y2 4y 4 21 25 4 F 8
(x 5)2 (y 2)2 50 x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
1 7
center: (h, k) (5, 2) x2 y2 3x 3y 8 0
radius: r2 50 1 1 7 49 1 49
x2 3x 3
6 y 3 y 36 8 36 36
2
r 50 or 52
2 7 2
x 16 y 6 1
169
8
Chapter 10 314
center: (h, k) 6, 6
1 7 39. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
169
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 r2
radius: r2 1
8 x 3y 2
x 3y 2 0 ⇒ A 1, B 3, and C 2
r
169
18 Ax1 By1 C
132
r
B2
13
or
32
6 A2
34. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 (1)(5) (3)(1) 2
02 02 D(0) E(0) F 0 ⇒
12 32
F0
or 10
10
(2.8)2 02 D(2.8) E(0) F 0 ⇒
10
2
2.8D F 7.84
(5)2 22 D(5) E(2) F 0 ⇒
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 10
(x 5)2 (y 1)2 10
5D 2E F 29
40. center: (h, 0), radius: r 1
2.8D 0 7.84 5(2.8) 2E (0) 29
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2.8D 7.84 2E 15 2 2
D 2.8 E 7.5 22 h 2 0 12
2
1 1
x2 y2 2.8x 7.5y 0 0 2 2
h h2 2 1
x2 2.8x 1.96 y2 7.5y 14.0625 1.96 14.0625
h2 2
h 1 1
(x 1.4)2 (y 3.75)2 16.0225
or about (x 1.4)2 (y 3.75)2 16.02
h h 2
0
35. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 h 0 or h 2
2
[x (4)]2 (y 3)2 r2
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 r2
(x 0) (y 0) 1
2 2 x 2
(y 0)2 1
2
(0 4)2 (0 3)2 r2 x2 y2 1 or x 2 y2 1
25 r2 41a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 25 12 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 2
36. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 r2 x2 y2 36
(5 2)2 (6 3)2 r2 41b. x2 y2 36
18 r2 y2 36 x2
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 18 y
36
x2
37. midpoint of diameter: dimensions of rectangle:
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 (6) 3 (5) 2x by 2y ⇒ 2x by 236
x2
2, 2 2
,
2
(2, 1) 41c. A(x) 2x 2
36
x2
r
(x2
x1)2 (y2
y1)2 4x
36
x2
(2 2)2 (1 3)2 41d.
(4) 2 (4) 2
32
(x h)2 y k)2 r2
2
[x (2)]2 [y (1)]2 32
(x 2) (y 1) 32
2 2
17
2
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2 2 2
x 12 y 52 2
17
2 2
x 12 y 52 127
[15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl:1
42b. a circle centered at (2, 3) with radius 4
42c. (x 2)2 (y 3)2 16
315 Chapter 10
42d. center: (h, k) (4, 2) 2(13) (9) F 5
radius: r2 36 F 30
r 36 or 6 x2 y2 13x 9y 30 0
2nd [DRAW] 9:Circle( - 4 , 2 , 6 ) x2 13x 42.25 y2 9y 20.25 30 42.25 20.25
(x 6.5)2 (y 4.5)2 32.5
45a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2 y yx
(x k)2 (y k)2 22
(x k)2 (y k)2 4
45b. (x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 4 O x
(x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
the largest circle and dividing by two. 46b. No, if x 7, then y 147 12.1 ft, so the
12
2.5 truck cannot pass.
r2 2 or 7.25
47. x2 y2 8x 6y 25 0
area of area of area of x2 8x 16 y2 6y 9 25 16 9
region B middle circle smallest circle (x 4)2 (y 3)2 0
r22 r12 radius: r2 0
(r22 r12) r 0 or 0
(7.252 2.52) center: (h, k) (4, 3)
(46.3125) or about 145.50 Graph is a point located at (4, 3).
The area of region B is about 145.50 in2.
48a. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
44. (x 0)2 (y 0)2 r2
y
x2 y2 r2
x 5y 3 0 (475) (1140)2 r2
2
(2, 1) (12, 3)
1,525,225 r2
x2 y2 1,525,225
O (5, 1) x 48b. r2 1,525,225
2x 3y 7 0 r 1,525
,225 or 1235
4x 7y 27 A r2
(1235)2 or approximately 4,792,000 ft2
x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 25002 4,792,000
22 12 D(2) E(1) F 0 ⇒ 48c.
25002 0.23328
2D E F 5 about 23%
52 (1)2 D(5) E(1) F 0 ⇒ y4
49a.
PA has a slope of B
x 3 and P has slope of
5D E F 26
y4 y4 y4
122 32 D(12) E(3) F 0 ⇒ . If P
x3 A ⊥P
B x 3 x 3 1.
then
12D 3E F 153 y4 y4
1
2D E F 5 x3 x3
y2 16
(1)(5D E F) (1)(26) 1
x2 9
3D 2E 21
y 16
2 x2 9
2D E F 5
x2 y2 25
(1)(12D 3E F) (1)(153)
10D 2E 148 A
49b. If P ⊥P B, then A, P, and B are on the circle
x2 y2 25.
3D 2E 21
10D 2E 148 50. d (x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
13D 169 d
(2 4)2
[6
(3)]2
D 13 d
(6)2
92
3(13) 2E 21 d 117
2E 18
E 9
Chapter 10 316
51. (2 i)(3 4i)(1 2i) (6 8i 3i 4i2)(1 2i) (0, 0), (0, 9), (5, 8), (10, 5)
[6 8i 3i 4(1)](1 2i) f(x, y) 320x 500y
(10 5i)(1 2i) f(0, 0) 320(0) 500(0) 0
10 20i 5i 10i2 f(0, 0) 320(0) 500(9) 4500
10 20i 5i 10(1) f(5, 8) 320(5) 500(8) 5600
20 15i f(10, 5) 320(10) 500(5) 5700
u cos v u sin v 1gt2 The maximum profit occurs when 10 cases of
52. x tv y tv 2 drug A and 5 cases of drug B are produced.
1
x t(60) cos 60° y t(60) sin 60° 2(32)t2 57b. When 10 cases of drug A and 5 cases of drug B
x 60t cos 60° y 60t sin 60° 16t2 are produced, the profit is $5700.
x 60(0.5) cos 60° y 60(0.5) sin 60° 16(0.5)2 58. y
x 15 y 21.98076211
15 ft horizontally, about 22 ft vertically
5
53. A 2 or 2.5
x x x x x
2
20 k and k 1
0
y A cos (kt) y
y 2.5 cos 10t x x x x x y y 5x 2x
1 The correct choice is A
54. s (a b
2 c)
1
(15 25
2 35)
37.5
a)(s
k s(s b)(s
c) 10-3 Ellipses
37.5(3
7.5 7.5
15)(3 7.5
25)(3
3.5)
26,36
7.187 5
162 units2 Pages2 637–638 Check For Understanding
y x2
55. v v20 6 a2 b2 1
4h 1.
y2 x2
95
152
64h 82 52 1
952 152 64h y2 x2
952 152 1
h 6 4
64 25
2. Since the foci lie on the major axis, determine
h 137.5 ft
whether the major axis is horizontal or vertical. If
56. y 6x4 3x2 1 the a2 is the denominator of the x terms, the major
b 6a4 3a2 1 (x, y) (a, b) axis is horizontal. If the a2 is the denominator of
x-axis: (x, y) (a, b) the y terms, the major axis is vertical.
b 6a4 3a2 1; no
3. When the foci and center of an ellipse coincide,
y-axis: (x, y) (a, b)
c 0.
b 6(a)4 3(a)2 1 c2 a2 b2
c
e a
b 6a4 3a2 1; yes 0 a2 b2 0
y x: (x, y) (b, a) e a
b2 a2
a 6b4 3b2 1; no ba e0
origin: f(x) f(x) The figure is a circle.
f(x) 6(x)4 3(x)2 1 f(x) (6x4 3x2 1) c
4. In an ellipse, b2 a2 c2 and a e.
f(x) 6x4 3x2 1 f(x) 6x4 3x2 1 c
e b2 a2 c2
no a
The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. c ae b2 a2 a2e2
c a e
2 2 2 b2 a2(1 e2)
57a. Let x number of cases of drug A.
Let y number of cases of drug B. 5. Shanice; an equation with only one squared term
x 10 cannot be the equation of an ellipse.
y 6. center: (h, k) (7, 0)
y9 x 10
3x 5y 55 12 (0, 9) a 0 6 or 6
y9
x 5y 45 b 7 (4) or 3
8 (y k)2 (x h)2
x 5y 45
(5, 8)
a2 b 2 1
4 (10, 5) (y 0)2 [x (7)]2
3x 5y 55 3 1
x0 (0, 0) 62 2
y2 (x 7)2
O 4 8 12 16 20 24 x 1
36 9
y0
c a2 b2 foci: (h, k
c) (7, 0
33)
c 62 32 (7,
33)
c 33
317 Chapter 10
7. center: (h, k) (0, 0) 10. 9x2 4y2 18x 16y 11
a2 36 b2 4 c a2 b2 9(x2 2x ?) 4(y2 4y ?) 11 ? ?
a 36 or 6 b 4 or 2 c 36 4 or 42 9(x2 2x 1) 4(y2 4y 4) 11 9(1) (4)
foci: (h
c, k) (0
42 , 0) or (
42, 0) 9(x 1)2 4(y 2)2 36
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (0
6, 0) or (
6, 0) 36
4 9
minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (0, 0
2) or (0,
2)
center: (h, k) (1, 2)
y a2 9 b2 4 c
a2 b2
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9
4 or 5
(6, 0)
(0, 2)
(6, 0)
foci: (h, k
c) 1, 2
5
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (1, 2
3) or
O x (1, 1), (1, 5)
(0, 2)
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (1
2, 2) or
(3, 2), (1, 2)
y
(1, 1)
8. center: (h, k) (0, 4)
a2 81 b2 49 c a2 b2
O x
a 81 or 9 b 49 or 7 c 819 4 or 42
(1, 2)
(3, 2)
foci: (h
c, k) (0
42, 4) or (
42 , 4) (1, 2)
major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (0
9, 4) or
(
9, 4)
minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (0, 4
7) or (1, 5)
(0, 11), (0, 3)
11. center: (h, k) (2, 3)
y 8
(0, 11) a 2 or 4
2
b 2 or 1
(9, 4) (0, 4) (y k)2 (x h)2
(9, 4)
a2 b 2 1
[y (3)]2 [x (2)]2
42 1 2 1
O x
(y 3)2 (x 2)2
(0, 3) 1
16 1
12. The major axis contains the foci and it is located
9. 25x2 9y2 100x 18y 116 on the x-axis.
25(x2 4x ?) 9(y2 2y ?) 116 ? ? 1 1 0 0
25(x2 4x 4) 9(y2 2y 1) 116 25(4) 9(1) center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (0, 0)
25(x 2)2 9(y 1)2 225 c 1, a 4
(x 2)2 (y 1)2
1 c2 a2 b2
9 25
12 42 b2
center: (h, k) (2, 1) b2 15
a2 25 b2 9 c a2 b2 (x h)2 (y k)2
a 25 or 5 b 9 or 3 c 25 9 or 4
a2 b
2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
foci: (h, k
c) (2, 1
4) or (2, 5), (2, 3) 15 1
42
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (2, 1
5) or x2 y2
(2, 6), (2, 4)
16 15 1
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (2
3, 1) or 13. center: (h, k) (1, 2)
(1, 1), (5, 1)
y The points at (1, 4) and
(2, 6) y (5, 2) are vertices of the
(1, 4) ellipse.
(5, 2)
(5, 1) (2, 1) (1, 1) (1, 2)
O x O x
a 4, b 2
(2, 4) (x h)2 (y k)2
a2 b
2 1
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
42 2
2 1
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
16 4 1
Chapter 10 318
14. center: (h, k) (3, 1) foci: (h, k
c) 3, 4
39
a6 2c 19. center: (h, k) (2, 1)
c
e a c2 a2 b2 a2 4 b2 1 c
a2 b2
1 c 22 62 b2 a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1 c 4 1 or 3
3 6 4 36 b2 foci: (h, k
c) (2, 1
3 )
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (2, 1
2) or
b2 32 (2, 3), (2, 1)
(y k)2 (h h)2 minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (2
1, 1) or
a2 b 2 1
(y 1)2 (x 3)2
(1, 1), (3, 1)y
62 32 1
(y 1)2 (x 3)2
1 (2, 3)
36 32 (2, 1)
15. The major axis contains the foci and is located on
(3, 1) (1, 1)
the x-axis.
center: (h, k) (0, 0) O x
c 0.141732 (2, 1)
1
a 2(3.048) or 1.524
c2 a2 b2
(0.141732)2 (1.524)2 b2 20. center: (h, k) (6, 7)
0.020 2.323 b2 a2 121 b2 100
b2 2.302 a 121
or 11 b 100
or 10
b 1.517 c a2 b2
(x h)2 (y k)2
b 1 c 121 100 or 21
a2 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 foci: (h, k
c) (6, 7
21
)
1.5242 1.5172 1
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (6, 7
11) or
x2 y2 (6, 18), (6, 4)
1.5242 1.5172 1
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (6
10, 7) or
y (4, 7)
(16, 7),
(6, 18)
Pages 638–641 Exercises
16. center: (h, k) (0, 5)
a 0 (7) or 7
b 5 0 or 5
(x h)2 (y k)2
(6, 7)
b 1 (4, 7)
a2 2 (16, 7)
(x 0)2 (y (5)]2
72 5 2 1
x2 (y 5)2
1 O x
49 25
c a2 b2 (6, 4)
c 72 52 or 26
foci: (h
c, k) (0
26 , 5)
(
26 , 5) 21. center: (h, k) (4, 6)
17. center: (h, k) (2, 0) a2 16 b2 9 c a2 b2
a 2 2 or 4 a 16 or 4 b 9 or 3 c 169 or 7
b 0 2 or 2 foci: (h
c, k) (4
7
, 6)
(x h)2 (y k)2 major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (4
4, 6) or
b 1
a2 2
(8, 6), (0, 6)
[x (2)]2 (y 0)2
42 2 2 1 minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (4, 6
3) or
(x 2)2 y2 y 3), (4, 9)
(4,
1
16 4
c a2 b2 O x
c 42 22 or 23
(4, 3)
foci: (h
c, k) (2
23
, 0)
18. centers: (h, k) (3, 4) (4, 6)
a 4 12 or 8 (0, 6)
(8, 6)
b 3 2 or 5
(y k)2 (x h)2 (4, 9)
a2 b 2 1
(y 4)2 [x (3)]2
82 5 2 1
(y 4)2 (x 3)2
1
64 25
c a2 b2
c
82 52 or 39
319 Chapter 10
22. (h, k) (0, 0) y
(3, 8)
a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5
foci: (h, k
c) 0, 0
5 or 0,
5 (3, 4)
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (0, 0
3) or (8, 4)
(2, 4)
(0,
3)
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (0
2, 0) or
(
2, 0)
y O (3, 0) x
(0, 3)
25. 3x2 y2 18x 2y 4 0
(2, 0) (2, 0) 3(x2 6x ?) (y2 2 ?) 4
3(x2 6x 9) (y2 2y 1) 4 3(9) 1
O x
3(x 3)2 (y 1)2 24
(x 3)2 (y 1)2
24 1
(0, 3) 8
center: (h, k) (3, 1)
a2 24 b2 8
23. 8x 6y 9 0
4x2 y2
a 24 or 26 b 8 or 22
4(x2 2x ?) (y2 6y ?) 9 ? ?
4(x2 2x 1) (y2 6y 9) 9 4(1) 9 c a2 b2
4(x 1)2 (y 3)2 4 c 24 8 or 4
(x 1)2
(y 3)2
4 1 foci: (h, k
c) (3, 1
4) or (3, 5), (3, 3)
1
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (3, 1
26 )
center: (h, k) (1, 3) minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (3
22 , 1)
a2 4 b2 1 c
a2 b2
(3, 1 26) y
a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1 c 4
1 or 3
foci: (h, k
c) 1, 3
3
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (1, 3
2)
or (1, 1), (1, 5) (3, 1) (3 22, 1)
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (1
1, 3)
or (2, 3), (0, 3) (3 22, 1) O x
y
(3, 1 2
6)
O (1, 1) x
26. 6x2 12x 6y 36y 36
(0, 3) (2, 3)
6(x2 2x ?) 6(y2 6y ?) 36
(1, 3) 6(x2 2x 1) 6(y2 6y 9) 36 6(1) 6(9)
(1, 5) 6(x 1)2 2 6(y 3)22 96
(x 1) ( y 3)
1
16 16
24. 16x2 25y2 96x 200y 144 center: (h, k) (1, 3)
16(x2 6x ?) 25(y2 8y ?) 144 ? ?
a2 16 b2 16 c
a2 b2
16(x2 6x 9) 25(y2 8y 16)
a 16 or 4 b 16 or 4 c 16 16 or 0
144 16(9) 25(16)
16(x 3)2 25(y 4)2 400 foci: (h
c, k) or (h, k
c) (1, 3)
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 Since a b 4, the vertices are (h
4, k) and
25 16 1 (h, k
4) or (5, 3), (3, 3), (1, 1), (1, 7)
center: (h, k) (3, 4) y
(1, 1)
a2 25 b2 16 c a2 b2
a 25 or 5 b 16 or 4 c 25 16 or 3
O x
foci: (h
c, k) (3
3, 4) or (6, 4), (0, 4)
major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (3
5, 4) or (1, 3) (5, 3)
(8, 4), (2, 4) (3, 3)
major axis vertices: (h, k
b) (3, 4
4) or
(3, 8), (3, 0)
(1, 7)
Chapter 10 320
27. 18y2 12x2 144y 48x 120 29. 49x2 16y2 160y 384 0
18(y2 8y ?) 12(x2 4x ?) 120 ? ? 49x2 16(y2 10y ?) 384 ?
18(y2 8y 16) 12(x2 4x 4) 49x2 16(y2 10y 25) 384 16(25)
120 18(16) 12(4) 49x2 16(y 5)2 784
18(y 4)2 12(x 2)2 216 x2 ( y 5)2
16 49 1
(y 4)2 (x 2)2
12 18 1 center: (h, k) (0, 5)
center: (h, k) (2, 4) a2 49 b2 16 c a2 b2
a2 18 b2 12 a 49 or 7 b 16 or 4 c 4916 or 33
a 18 or 32 b 12
or 23
foci: (h, k
c) (0, 5
33
)
c a2 b2 major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (0, 5
7) or
c 18 12 or 6 (0, 2), (0, 12)
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (0
4, 5) or
foci: (h
c, k) (2
6
, 4)
(
4, 5)
major axis vertices: (h
g, k) (2
32 , 4)
minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (2, 4
23 ) y
y (0, 2)
(2, 4 23)
O x
(0, 12)
O (2, 4 23) x
30. 9y2 108y 4x2 56x 484
12y ?) 4(x2 14x ?) 484 ? ?
9(y2
28. 4x2 8y 9x2 54x 49 0
9(y2 12y 36) 4(x2 14x 49)
4(y2 2y ?) 9(x2 6x ?) 49 ? ?
484 9(36) 4(49)
4(y 2y 1) 9(x2 6x 9) 49 4(1) 9(9)
2
9(y 6)2 4(x 7)2 36
4(y 1)2 9(x 3)2 36 (y 6)2 (x 7)2
( y 1)2 (x 3)2 9 1
9
4 1 4
center: (h, k) (7, 6)
center: (h, k) (3, 1) a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2
a2 9 b2 4 c a2 b2 a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5
a 9 or 3 b 4 or 2 c 9 4 or 5 foci: (h
c, k) (7
5, 6)
foci: ( j, k
c) (3, 1
5) major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (7
3, 6) or
major axis vertices: (h, k
a) (3, 1
3) or (3, 4), (10, 6)(4, 6)
(3, 2) minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (7, 6
2) or
minor axis vertices: (h
b, k) (3
2, 1) or (7, 4), (7, 8)
(5, 1), (1, 1)
y
y
(3, 4) O x
(7, 4)
(1, 1) (3, 1)
(5, 1)
(10, 6)
O x (4, 6)
(7, 6)
31. a 7, b 5
(x h)2 ( y k)2
a2 b 2 1
[x (3)]2 [y (1)]2
72 5 2 1
(x 3)2 ( y 1)2
1
49 25
321 Chapter 10
32. The major axis contains the foci and it is located 36. The major axis contains the foci and it is the
on the x-axis. vertical axis of the ellipse.
2 2 0 0
center: (h, k) 0, 2 or (0, 0) 5 (1)
c 2 or 3
c 2, a 7 1 1 1 5
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (1, 2)
c2 a2 b2 ( y k)2 (x h)2
22 72 b2
a2 b
2 1 c2 a2 b2
b2 45 (2 2)2 (y 1)2 32 a2 9
b 1
(x h)2 (y k)2 a2 2
18 a2
a2 b 2 1 02 32
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
a2
b2 1
72 45 1 9
x2 y2
b2
1
1
49 45 9 b2
3 ( y k)2 (x h)2
33. b a
4 1
a2 b2
3 ( y 2)2 (x 1)2
6 a
4 1
18 9
8a 1 c
(x h)2 (y k)2
37. 2 a b2 a2 c2
a2 b
2 1 a b2 102 52
c
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 2 b2 75
82 6
2 1 10
c
x2 y2 2
36 1
64 5c
34. The major axis contains the foci and it is the (x h)2 ( y k)2
a2 b
2 1
vertical axis of the ellipse.
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
1 (1) 1 (5) 75 1
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (1, 2) 102
x2 y2
c 1 k
a 213
100 75 1
c 1 (2) or 3 38. y tangent vertices:
c2 a2 b2 (4, 0) (4, 0), (0, 7)
2
32 213 b2 O 4 8 12 x a 7 0 or 7
b2 52 9 4 b 4 0 or 4
(0, 7)
b2 43 8 (4, 7)
(y k)2 (x h)2
a2 b 2 1
12
[y (2)]2 [x (1)]2
(213)2
43
1
(y 2)2 (x 1)2
1 ( y k)2 (x h)2
52 43
a2
b 2 1
35. y The horizontal axis of [y (7)] (x 4)2
the ellipse is the major
72
4 2 1
12
(2, 9) axis. ( y 7) 2 (x 4)2
1
49 16
8
(11, 5) 39. b a2(1 e2)
2
(7, 5)
3 2
(2, 1)
4
b2 221 4
28
12 8 4 O 4 8x b2
16 or 1.75
Case 1: Horizontal axis is major axis.
11 7 5 5 (x h)2 ( y k)
enter: (h, k) ,
2 2 or (2, 5)
a2
b 2 1
(x 0)2 ( y 0)2
ha7 kb9 1.75
1
22
2 a 7 5b9 x2 y2
1
a9 b4 4 1.75
(x h)2 (y k)2 Case 2: Vertical axis is major axis.
a2
b2
1
( y k)2 (x h)2
[x (2)]2 (y 5)2 b 1
92
42
1 a2 2
( y 0)2 (x 0)2
(x 2)2 (y 5)2
1.75 1
81
16
1 22
y2 x2
4
1.75 1
Chapter 10 322
40. The major axis contains the foci and it is the 44. 4x2 y2 8x 2y 1
horizontal axis of the ellipse. 4(x2 2x ?) (y2 2y ?) 1 ? ?
31 55
center: (h, k) 2, 2 or (2, 5) 4(x2 2x 1) (y2 2y 1) 1 4(1) 1
4(x 1)2 (y 1)2 4
foci: (3, 5) (h c, k)
(y 1)2 4 4(x 1)2
3hc
32c y 1
4 4(x 1)2
1c y
4 4 (x 1
)2 1
e a
c Vertices: (0, 1),
b2 a2(1 e2)
(2, 1), (1, 1),
1 b2 42(1 0.252)
0.25 (1, 3)
a b2 15
a4
(x h)2 ( y k)2
a2
b 2 1
(x 2)2 ( y 5)2
42
15 1
(x 2)2 ( y 15)2 [4.7, 4.7] scl:1 by [3.1, 3.1] scl:1
1
16 15
20 45. 4x2 9y2 16x 18y 11
41. a 2 or 10
4(x 4x ?) 9(y2 2y ?) 11 ? ?
2
b2 a2(1 e2) 4(x2 4x 4) 9(y2 2y 1) 11 4(4) 9(1)
2
b2 1021 1
0 or 51
7
4(x 2)2 9(y 1)2 36
(y k)2 (x h)2 9(y 1)2 36 4(x 2)2
b 1
36 4(x 2)
a2 2 2
(y 0)2 (x 3)2 y1
9
102
51 1
y
1
36 4(x 2) 2
y2 (x 3)2
1 9
100 51
42. focus: (1, 1 5) (h, k c) Vertices: (1, 1),
(5, 1), (2, 3),
1 5 kc
(2, 1)
1 5 1 c
5 c
c
e a b2 a2(1 e2)
5 2
b2 321 3
5 5
3 a
a3 b2 4 [7.28, 7.28] scl:1 by [4.8, 4.8] scl:1
major axis: vertical axis 46. 25y2 16x2 150y 32x 159
(y k)2 (x h)2 25(y2 6y ?) 16(x2 2x ?) 159 ? ?
b 1
a2 2
25(y2 6y 9) 16(x2 2x 1)
[y (1)]2 (x 1)2
4 1 159 25(9) 16(1)
32
(y 1) 2 (x 1)2 25(y 3)2 16(x 1)2 400
1
9 4 25(y 3)2 400 16(x 1)2
x2 4y2 6x
24y 41
25
400 16(x 1) 2
43.
(y 3)
(x2 6x ?) 6y ?) 41 ? ?
4(y2
y
5 3
(x2 6x 9) 4(y2 6y 9) 41 9 4(9) 400 16(x 1) 2
(x 3)2 4(y 3)2 4
4(y 3)2 4 (x 3)2 Vertices: (4, 3),
4 (x 3)2 (6, 3), (1, 7),
(y 3)2
4 (1, 1)
4 (x 3)
2
y3
4
y
3
4 (x 3) 2
4
vertices: (5, 3),
(1, 3), (3, 2), [15.16, 15.16] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1
(3, 4)
323 Chapter 10
47. The target ball should be placed opposite the 8
52a. a 2 or 4
pocket, 5 feet from the center along the major
axis of the ellipse. The cue ball can be placed b3
anywhere on the side opposite the pocket. The c a2 b2
ellipse has a semi-major axis of length 3 feet and a c 42 32
semi-minor axis of length 2 feet. Using the c 7
equation c2 a2 b2, the focus of the ellipse is
foci: (h
c, 0) (0
7
, 0) or (
7, 0)
found to be 5 feet from the center of the ellipse.
Thus the hole is located at one focus of the ellipse. The thumbtacks should be placed (
7 , 0) from
The reflective properties of an ellipse should the center of the arch.
insure that a ball placed 5 feet from the center 52b. With the string anchored by thumbtacks at the
of the ellipse and hit so that it rebounds once off foci of the arch and held taunt by a pencil, the
the wall should fall into the pocket at the other sum of the distances from each thumbtack to the
focus of the ellipse. pencil will remain constant.
48. A horizontal line; see students’ work. 53a. GOES 4; its eccentricity is closest to 0.
96 c
49a. a 2 or 48 53b. y e
a
46 c
b
2 or 23
6955 0.052
(h, k) (0, 0) x c 361.66
(x h)2 (y k)2 O
a2
b 2 1 x
a c
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
482
232
1
x2 y2
1
2304 529
49b. c
a2 b2 [figure not drawn to scale]
c 2304
529 x a c Earth’s radius
c 42.13 x 6955 361.66 6357
He could have stood at a focal point, about 42 x 959.66
feet on either side of the center along the major x 960 km
axis. 54. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
49c. The distance between the focal points is 2c. 0 (9)2 D(0) E(9) F 0 ⇒
2
2c 2(42) 9E F 81
84 72 (2)2 D(7) E(2) F 0 ⇒
about 84 ft 7D 2E F 53
50a. x2 y2 r2 (5)2 (10)2 D(5) E(10) F 0 ⇒
x2
y2
r2 1 A r2 5D 10E F 125
r2
x2 y2 9E F 81
a2
b2 1 Arr (1)(7D 2E F) (1)(53)
Aab 7D 7E 28
A ab DE4
x2 y2 7D 2E F 53
50b. 1
9 4
(1)(5D 10E F ) (1)(125)
a2 9 b2 4
a3 b2 12D 8E 72
A ab (8)(D E) (8)(4)
A (3)(2) 12D 8E 72
A 6 units2 4D 40
51. If (x, y) is a point on the ellipse, then show that D 10
(x, y) is also on the ellipse. DE4 9E F 81
x2 y2 10 E 4 9(6) F 81
a2
b2 1 E 6 F 135
(x)2 (y)2
b 1 x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
a2 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 10x 6y 135 0
a2
b2 1 (x2 10x 25) (y2 6y 9) 135 25 9
Thus, (x, y) is also a point on the ellipse and (x 5)2 (y 3)2 169
the ellipse is symmetric with respect to the origin.
Chapter 10 324
center: (h, k) (5, 3) 60. Let h 0.1.
radius: r2 169 x h x 0.1
r 13 1 0.1 or 1.1
y f(x 0.1) f(1.1)
(5, 16) (1.1)2 4(1.1) 12
15.19
(5, 3) (8, 3)
x h x 0.1
1 0.1 or 0.9
O x f(x 0.1) f(0.9)
(0.9)2 4(0.9) 12
14.79
f(x) 16
f(x) f(x 0.1) and f(x) f(x 0.1), so the point
55. Graph the quadrilateral with vertices A(1, 2), is a location of a minimum.
B(5, 4), C(4, 1), and D(5, 4).
61. The graph of the parent function g(x) x is
A quadrilateral is a D (5, 4) y translated 2 units right.
parallelogram if one
pair of opposite sides g (x )
C (4, 1)
are parallel and
congruent. x
O
A(1, 2)
B (5, 4) O x
slope of
DA slope of
CB
y2 y1 y2 y1
m
x2 x1 m
x x 62. Initial location: (2, 0)
2 1
2 4 4 1
Rot90 0 1 2 0 or (0, 2)
1 (5)
6 3
54
5
1 0 0
2
or 1 1 2 or (2, 0)
4 2 0 2
Rot80
A
The slopes are not equal, so D . The
CB 0 1 0 0
quadrilateral is not a parallelogram; no.
Rot270 0 1 2 0
or (0, 2)
56. cos 2v 1 2 sin2 v 1 0 0 2
7 2
cos 2v 1 28 63. mQTS mTSR 180
34 17 a b c d 180 p b c 180
cos 2v 6
4 or 32
b b c c 180 p 90 180
2
57. A 4 180 2b 2c 180 p 90
k
b c 90
A
4 k2
c
The correct choice is C.
k 20° h0
c
2 20°
Page 641 Graphing Calculator Exploration
c 40°
1. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units to the
y A cos(kx c) h
right.
y
4 cos[2x (40°)] 0
y
4 cos(2x 40°)
58. A 180° (121° 32 42° 5) or 16° 23
a b a c
sin A
sin B
sin A
sin C
4.1 b 4.1 c
sin 16° 23
sin 42° 5
sin 16° 23
sin 121° 32
4.1 sin 42° 5 4.1 sin 121° 32
sin 16° 23 b
sin 16° 23 c
9.7 b 12.4 c
59. P(x) x4 4x3 2x2 1 [15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2
P(5) 54 4(5)3 2(5)2 1
P(5) 74
P(5)
0; no, the binomial is not a factor of the
polynomial.
325 Chapter 10
2. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units to the 2. transverse axis: vertical
left. 2a 4
a2
An equation2in standard form of the hyperbola
y y2
must have 22 or 4 as the first term; b.
c
3. e a, so ae c and a2e2 c2.
Since c2 a2 b2 we have
a2e2 a2 b2
a e a2 b2
2 2
a2(e2 1) b2
[15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2
4. With the equation in standard form, if the first
3. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units up.
expression contains “x”, the transverse axis is
horizontal. If the first expression contains “y”, the
transverse axis is vertical.
5. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a2 25 b2 4 c a2 b2
a5 b2 c 254 or 29
transverse axis: horizontal
foci: (h c, k) (0
29
, 0) or (
29, 0)
vertices: (h
a, k) (0
5, 0) or (
5, 0)
[15.16, 15.16] scl:2 by [10, 10] scl:2 b
asymptotes: y k
a(x h)
4. Sample answer: The graph will shift 4 units down. 2
y 0
5(x 0)
2
y
5x
y
8
(5, 0) 4 (5, 0)
8 4 O 4 8 x
[18.19, 18.19] scl:2 by [12, 12] scl:2 4
5. Sample answer: The graph will rotate 90°. 8
(2, 3)
10-4 Hyperbolas
O x
(2, 1)
Pages 649–650 Check For Understanding
1. The equations of both hyperbolas and ellipses
have x2 terms and y2 terms. In an ellipse, the
terms are added and in a hyperbola these terms
are subtracted.
Chapter 10 326
7. y2 5x2 20x 50 11. 2b 6
y2 5(x2 4x ?) 50 ? b3
x1 x2 y1 y2 33 40
y2 5(x2 4x 4) 50 (5)(4) center: 2, 2 2, 2
y2 5(x 2)2 30 (3, 2)
y2 (x 2)2
30 6 1 transverse axis: vertical
xhx2 yky a 4 2 or 2
( y k)2 (x h)2
h2 k0 b 1
a2 2
center: (h, k) (2, 0) ( y 2)2 (x 3)2
a2 30 b2 6 c
a2 b2
22
3
2 1
( y 2)2 (x 3)2
a 30 b 6 c 30
6 or 6 9 1
4
transverse axis: vertical x1 x2 y1 y2 0 0 6 (6)
foci: (h, k
c) (2, 0
6) or (2,
6) 12. center: 2, 2 2, 2
vertices: (h, k
a) 2, 0
30 or 2,
30 (0, 0)
asymptotes: y k
a
b(x h) transverse axis: vertical
c distance from center to a focus
30
y0
(x 2) 0 6 or 6
6
(x 2)
y
5 b2 c2 a2 b2 a2
a c a
2 2 2 b2 18
y
2a2 c2
8 c2
a2 2
4 (2, 30) 62
a2 2 or 18
(2, 0)
( y k)2 (x h)2
4 O 4 8x
a2
b
2 1
4 (2,
30) ( y 0)2 (x 0)2
18 18 1
y2 x2
8 1
18 18
x1 x2 y1 y2 10 (10) 0 0
13. center:
2 , 2 2, 2
8. center: (h, k) (0, 5) (0, 0)
transverse axis: horizontal transverse axis: horizontal
a 5, b 3 c distance from center to a focus
(x h)2 ( y k)2
b 1 10 0 or 10
a2 2
c
(x 0)2 ( y 5)2 e a b2 c2 a2
52
3
2 1
5 10
x2 ( y 5)2 a b2 102 62
25 9 1 3
b2 64
9. c 9
a6
quadrants: II and IV (x h)2 ( y k)2
transverse axis: y x
a2
b
2 1
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 (x 0)2 ( y 0)2
64 1
3(3) 9 3(3) 9 62
x2 y2
(3, 3) (3, 3)
36 64 1
y 14a. The origin is located midway between stations A
and B; (h, k) (0, 0). The stations are located at
the foci, so 2c 130 or c 65.
(3, 3)
y
O x
(3, 3)
A(65, 0) O B (65, 0) x
10. center: (h, k) (1, 4) The difference of the distances from the plane to
(x h)2 ( y k)2 each station is 50 miles.
a2
b 2 1
50 2a (Definition of hyperbola)
(x 1)2 [y (4)]2
52
22
1 25 a
(x 1)2
( y 4)2 b2 c2 a2
1
25 4 b2 652 252
b2 3600
327 Chapter 10
transverse axis: horizontal 16. center: (h, k) (0, 5)
(x h)2 (y k)2
b 1 a2 9 b2 81
a2 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 a 9 or 3 b 81 or 9
252
3600
1 c a2 b2
x2 y2
1 c 9 1
8 or 310
625 3600
transverse axis: horizontal
14b. Vertices: (h
a, k) (0
25, 0) or (
25, 0)
b
foci: (h
c, k) (0
310
, 5) or (
310 , 5)
asymptotes: y k
a(x h) vertices: (h
a, k) (0
3, 5) or (
3, 5)
3
b
600
y 0
25(x 0) asymptotes: y k
a(x h)
9
12
y
5x y 5
3(x 0)
y y 5
3x
Plane
60
located y
on this
branch 40
(0, 5)
Station A 20 Station B
(65, 0) (3, 5) (3, 5)
(65, 0)
60 40 20 O 20 40 60 x
20 O x
40
60
17. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a2 4 b2 49
14c. Let y 6. a 4 or 2 b 49
or 7
x2 y2 c a2 b2
3600 1
625 c 4 9 4 or 53
x2 62
625
3600 1
transverse axis: horizontal
x2 36 foci: (h
c, k) (0
53
, 0) or (
53, 0)
625
3600 1
vertices: (h
a, k) (0
2, 0) or (
2, 0)
x2 36
625 1
3600 asymptotes: y k
a(x h)
b
x2
625 1.01 y 0
2(x 0)
7
625(1.01)
x2 y
2x
7
x2 631.25
x
631.2
5 y
8
x
25.1
Since the phase is closer to station A than 4
station B, use the negative value of x to locate (2, 0) (2, 0)
the ship at (25.1, 6). 4 2 O 2 4x
4
8
Pages 650–652 Exercises
15. center: (h, k) (0, 0) 18. center: (h, k) (1, 7)
a2 100 b2 16
a2 64 b2 4
a 100 or 10 b 16
or 4
a 64 or 8 b 4 or 2
c a b
2 2
c a2 b2
c 100
16 or 229
c 644 or 217
transverse axis: horizontal
transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h
c, k) (0
229, 0) or (
229
, 0)
foci: (h, k
c) (1, 7
217
)
vertices: (h
a, k) (0
10, 0) or (
10, 0)
b vertices: (h, k
a) y
asymptotes: y k
a(x h) (1, 7
8) or (1, 15), (1, 1)
4 y a
0 (x 0)
y 0
1 asymptotes: y k
b(x h)
2 8 (1, 15)
8
y
5x y 7
2[x (1)]
4 y 7
4(x 1) (1, 7)
(10, 0) (10, 0)
16 8 O 8 16 x
4 O
(1, 1) x
8
Chapter 10 328
19. x2 4y2 6x 8y 11 21. 16y2 25x2 96y 100x 356 0
(x2 6x ?) 4( y2 2y ?) 11 ? ? 16(y2 6y ?) 25(x2 4x ?) 356
(x2 6x 9) 4( y2 2y 1) 11 9 (4)(1) 16(y2 6y 9) 25(x2 4x 4) 356 16(9) 25(4)
(x 3)2 4( y 1)2 16 16(y 3)2 25(x 2)2 400
(x 3)2 ( y 1)2 (y 3)2 (x 2)2
16 4 1 1
25 16
center: (h, k) (3, 1) center: (h, k) (2, 3)
a2 16 b2 4 c
a2 b2 a2 25 b2 16 c a2 b2
a 16 or 4 b 4
2 or 2 c 16
4 or 25
a 25 b 16
c 25 16
transverse axis: horizontal or 5 or 4 or 41
foci: (h
c, k) (3
25 , 1) transverse axis: vertical
vertices: (h
a, k) (3
4, 1) or (1, 1), foci: (h, k
c) (2, 3
41
)
(7, 1) vertices: (h, k
a) (2, 3
5) or (2, 8), (2, 2)
b
asymptotes: y k
a(x h) asymptotes: y k
b(x h)
a
2
y (1)
4[x (3)] 5
y 3
4(x 2)
1
y 1
2(x 3) y
y
(2, 8)
O (2, 3)
x
(7, 1) (1, 1)
(3, 1)
O x
(2, 2)
20. 4x 9y2 24x 90y 153 0 22. 36x2 49y2 72x294y2169
9( y2 10y ?) 4(x2 6x ?) 153 36(x2 2x?)49(y2 6y?)2169??
9(y2 10y 25) 4(x2 6x 9) 153 36(x2x1)49(y2 6y9)216936(1)49(9)
9(25) 4(9) 36(x1)2 49(y3)2 1764
9( y 5)2 4(x 3)2 36 (x 1)2 (y 3)2
1
( y 5)2 (x 3)2 49 36
1
4 9 center: (h, k) (1, 3)
center: (h, k) (3, 5) a2 49 b2 36 c a2 b2
a2 4 b2 9 c a2 b2 a 49 b 36
c 49
36
a 4 or 2 b 9 or 3 c 4 9 or 13 or 7 or 6 or 85
transverse axis: vertical transverse axis: horizontal
foci: (h, k
c) (3, 5
13) foci: (h
c, k) (1
85
, 3)
vertices: (h, k
a) (3, 5
2) or (3, 7), (3, 3) vertices: (h
a, k) (1
7, 3) or (8, 3),
a
asymptotes: y k
b(x h) (6, 3)
b
2
y 5
3[x (3)] asymptotes: y k
a(x h)
6
2
y 5
3(x 3) y (3)
7(x 1)
6
y y 3
7(x 1)
y
(3, 7)
(3, 5)
O x
(3, 3) x (6, 3) (8, 3)
(1, 3)
O
329 Chapter 10
23. 25y2 9x2 100y 72x 269 0 27. c 49
25(y2 4y ?) 9(x2 8x ?) 269 ? ? quadrants: I and III
25(y2 4y 4) 9(x2 8x 16) 269 25(4) 9(16) transverse axis: y x
25(y 2)2 9(x 4)2 225 vertices: xy 49 xy 49
(y 2)2 (x 4)2
1 7(7) 49 7(7) 49
9 25
(7, 7) (7, 7)
center: (h, k) (4, 2)
a2 9 b2 25 c a2 b2 y
a 9 b 25 c 9 5
2
or 3 or 5 or 34
(7, 7)
transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h, k
c) 4, 2
34
O x
vertices: (h, k
a)
(4, 2
3) or (4, 5), (4, 1) (7, 7)
a
asymptotes: y k
b(x h)
3
y 2
5[x (4)]
3 28. c 36
y 2
5(x 4)
quadrants: II and IV
y (4, 5) transverse axis: y x
(4, 2
34) vertices: xy 36 xy 36
6(6) 36 6(6) 36
3
y 2 (x 4) 3 (6, 6) (6, 6)
5 y 2 (x 4)
(4, 2) 5
O y
x
(4, 1)
(4, 2
34) (6, 6)
Chapter 10 330
30. 9xy 16 34. 2b 8
xy
16
b4
9 x1 x2 y1 y2 3 (3) 9 (5)
16 center: 2, 2 2, 2
c
9
(3, 2)
quadrants: I and III
transverse axis: vertical
transverse axis: y x
16 16
a distance from center to a vertex
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 2 9 or 7
(y k)2 (x h)2
4 4
16
3 3 9 33 9
4 4 16
a2 b 2 1
(y 2)2 [x (3)]2
4 4
,
3 3 43, 43
72 4 2 1
(y 2)2 (x 3)2
1
y 49 16
x1 x2 y1 y2 8 (8) 0 0
35.
center: 2, 2 2
,
2
(0, 0)
( 43, 43 ) transverse axis: horizontal
O x c distance from center to a focus
( 43, 43 ) 0 8 or 8
b2 c2 a2 b2 a2
a2 c2 a2 b2 32
2a2 c2
c2
a2 2
31. center: (h, k) (4, 2)
(y k)2 (x h)2 82
b 1 a2 2 or 32
a2 2
[y (2)]2 (x 4)2 (x h)2 (y k)2
3 1
a2 b
2 1
22 2
(y 2)2 (x 4)2 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
9 1
32 32 1
4
x1 x2 y1 y2 0 0 3 (3) x2 y2
32. center: 2, 2 2, 2 32 1
32
331 Chapter 10
38. center: (h, k) (3, 1) transverse axis: horizontal
a distance from center to a vertex (x h)2 (y k)2
a2 b
2 1
3 5 or 2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
transverse axis: horizontal __
__
1
81 81
3x 11 2y
2
2
3x 11 4 2y 4
2x2 2y2
3x 15 2y 4 1
81 81
3(x 5) 2(y 2) x1 x2 y1 y2 1 1 5 (3)
3
42. center: ,
2 2
2 , 2
(x 5) y 2
2 (1, 1)
3
y 2 2(x 5) c distance from center to a focus
b 3 1 5 or 4
a 2
transverse axis: vertical
b 3
2 a
2
b
2 a2 (2b)2
b3
a 2b a2 45
16
(x b)2 (y k)2
a2 b 2 1 c2 a2 b2 64
(x 3)2 [y (1)]2 42 (2b)2 b2 a2 5
3 1
22 16 5b2
2
(x 3)2 (y 1)2
1 16
4 9 b2
x1 x2 y1 y2 5
0 0 8 (8)
39. center:
2 ,
2 ,
2 2 (y k)2
a2
(x h)2
b 2 1
(0, 0) (y 1)2 (x 1)2
1
c distance from center to a focus 64
16
0 8 or 8 5 5
5(y 1)2 5(x 1)2
c 1
e a b2 c2 a2 64 16
4 8 b2 82 62 43a. quadrants: I and II
3 a b2 28 transverse axis: y x
a6
transverse axis: vertical V
250
(y k)2 (x h)2 200
a2 b
2 1
150
(y 0)2 (x 0)2
62 28 1 100
50
y2 x2
1
36 28 O 2 4 6 8 10 P
x1 x2 y1 y2 10 (2) 3 (3)
40. centers: 2, 2 ,
2 2 43b. PV 505
(4, 3) (101)V 505
c distance from center to a focus V 5.0 dm3
4 10 or 6 43c. PV 505
e a
c
b2 c2 a2 (50.5)V 505
b2 62 52 V 10.0 dm3
6 6
a 43d. If the pressure is halved, then the volume is
5 b2 11
a5 doubled, or V 2(original V ).
transverse axis: horizontal 44. In an equilateral hyperbola, a b and
(x h)2 (y k)2 c2 a2 b2.
b 1
a2 c 2 a2 a2 ab
2
(x 4)2 [y ( 3)]
52 11 1 c2 2a2
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 c a2
1
25 11 c
x1 x2 y1 y2 9 (9) 0 0 Since e a, we have
41. center:
2 ,
2 ,
0 2 c
e a
(0, 0)
a2
c distance from center to a focus e
a
0 9 or 9 e 2
b2 c 2 a 2 b2 a2 Thus, the eccentricity of any equilateral hyperbola
a2 92 a2
81
b2 2 is 2
.
2a2 81
81
a2 2
Chapter 10 332
45a. y The lightning is 2200 feet farther from station B
than from station A. The difference of distances
equals 2a.
150 ft
2200 2a (Definition of hyperbola)
O x 1100 a
b 2 c 2 a2
b c2 a2
b 10,56
02 1
1002
b 10,503
2a 150 center: (h, k) (0, 0)
a 75 transverse axis: horizontal
b2 c2 a2 (x h)2 (y k)2
e a
c
a2 b
2 1
b2 1252 752 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
5
c
b2 10,000
11002
10,5032 1
3 75
b 100 x2 y2
125 c
11002
10,5032 1
A B
(10,560, 0) O (10,560, 0) x
333 Chapter 10
48b. They are the same lines. 51. y
(y 2)2 (x 3)2 D (3, 6)
48c.
25
16 1
(x 3)2 (y 2)2
48d.
16
25 1 A (1, 3)
center: (h, k) (3, 2) C (6, 2)
a2 16 b2 25
a 16 or 4 b 25 or 5
O x
transverse axis: horizontal
B (2, 1)
vertices: (h
a, k) (3
4, 2) or (7, 2), (1, 2)
b
asymptotes: y k
a(x h) AB (2 1)2 (
1 3
)2 5
5 BC (2 6) (
2 1 2)2 5
y2
4(x 3)
(y 2)2 (x 3)2 CD (6 3
) (2
2 6) 5
2
25
16 1 AD (3 1)2 (6
3)2 5
center: (h, k) (3, 2) D
Thus, ABCD is a rhombus. The slope of A
a2 25 b2 16 63 3
31 4
or 4 and the slope of 1 2 or 3 .
AB
31
a 25 or 5 b 16 or 4
transverse axis: vertical Thus, A D
is perpendicular to A
B and ABCD is a
vertices: (h, k
a) (3, 2
5) or (3, 7), (3, 3) square.
a 52. (r, v) (90, 208°)
asymptotes: y k
b(x h)
(r, v 360 k°) (90, 208° 360(1)°)
5
y 2
4(x 3) (90, 152°)
y
(r, v (2k 1)(180°))
(90, 208 (2(1) 1)(180°))
8 (90, 28°)
53. 4(5) 1(2) 8(2) 6
4
No, the inner product of the two vectors is not
zero.
4 O 4 8 x
54. x cos f y sin f p 0
4
x cos 60 y sin 60 3 0
1
3
x
2 2 y 3 0
x1 x2 y1 y2 2 2 3 (3)
49. center: 2, 2 2, 2 y 6 0
x 3
(2, 0) 55. x
a4
c distance from center to a focus
0 3 or 3 9000 m
b2 a2 c2 30˚
b2 42 32 or 7
major axis: vertical 60˚
(y k)2 (x h)2
a2
b
2 1 x
(y 0)2 (x 2)2 tan 30°
9000
7 1
42 9000 tan 30° x
y2 (x 2)2
16 7 1 5196 x
50. x2 y2 4x
14y 28 0 d rt
d
(x2 4x ?) (y2 14y ?) 28 ? ?
t r
(x2 4x 4) (y2 14y 49) 28 4 49 5196
(x 2)2 (y 7)2 81
15 r
y 346.4 r
about 346 m/s
56.
O x
(2, 7)
(11, 7)
(2, 16)
Since 0.2506 is closer to zero than 0.6864, the
zero is about 1.3.
Chapter 10 334
7. y2 4x 2y 5 0
y2 2y 4x 5
y2 2y ? 4x 5 ?
y2 2y 1 4x 5 1
(y 1) 4(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1)
4p 4
p1
Since 0.0784 is closer to zero than 0.2446, the focus: (h p, k) (1 1, 1) or (2, 1)
zero is about 0.6. directrix: x h p
57. Case 1: r is positive and s is negative. x11
Case 2: r is negative and s is positive. x0
I. r3 s3 is false if r is negative. axis of symmetry: y k
II. r3 s2 is false for each case. y 1
III. r4 s4 is true for each case. y
The correct choice is C.
x0
(1, 1)
Pages 658–659 Check for Understanding
1. The equation of a parabola will have only one
squared term, while the equation of a hyperbola
will have two squared terms.
2. vertex: (h, k) (2, 1)
8. x2 8x 4y 8 0
p 4
x2 8x 4y 8
(x h)2 4p(y k)
x2 8x ? 4y 8 ?
(x 2)2 4(4)( y 1)
x2 8x 16 4y 8 16
(x 2)2 16( y 1)
(x 4)2 4(y 2)
3. The vertex and focus both lie on the axis of vertex: (h, k) (4, 2)
symmetry. The directrix and axis of symmetry are 4p 4
perpendicular to each other. The focus and the p 1
point on the directrix collinear with the focus are focus: (h, k p) (4, 2 (1)) or (4, 1)
equidistant from the vertex. directrix: y k p
4. (h, k) (4, 5) y 2 (1)
p 5 y3
(y k)2 4p(x h) axis of symmetry: x h
(y 5)2 4(5)[x (4)] x 4
(y 5)2 20(x 4) y
5a. ellipse 5b. parabola
5c. hyperbola 5d. circle y3
(4, 2)
6. vertex: (h, k) (0, 1)
4p 12 (4, 1)
p3 O x
focus: (h, k p) (0, 1 3) or (0, 4)
directrix: y k p
y13
y 2
axis of symmetry: x h
x0 9. vertex: (h, k) (0, 0)
y opening: downward
p 4
(x h)2 4p(y k) y
(0, 4)
(x 0)2 4(4)(y 0)
(0, 1) x2 16y
O x
O x
y 2
335 Chapter 10
10. (y k)2 4p(x h) 12b. The maximum height is s 52 ft.
(1 5)2 4p[2 (7)] (h, k) (7, 5); 12c. Let s 0.
(6)2 36p (x, y) (2, 1) s 56t 16t2 3
1p 0 16t2 56t 3
(y k)2 4p(x h) b
b2 4
ac
t
2a
(y 5)2 4(1)[x (7)]
(y 5)2 4(x 7) 56
562 4(1
6)(3)
t
2(16)
y t 3.6 or 0.05
3.6 s
16t2 5t ? s 3 ?
7
Chapter 10 336
16. y 2 12x 2y 13 18. x2 10x 25 8y 24
y2 2y 12x 13 (x 5)2 8(y 3)
y2 2y ? 12x 13 ? vertex: (h, k) (5, 3)
y2 2y 1 12x 13 1 4p 8
( y 1)2 12(x 1) p 2
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1) focus: (h, k p) (5, 3 (2)) or (5, 1)
4p 12 directrix: y k p
p 3 y 3 (2)
focus: (h p, k) (1 (3), 1) or (4, 1) y5
directrix: x h p axis of symmetry: x h
x 1 (3) x 5
x2 y
axis of symmetry: y k
y1
y5
y
(5, 3)
x2
(5, 1)
x
(4, 1) (1, 1)
O
O x
O 1 2 3 x
1 (2, 74 ) ( 72 , 7)
(2, 2)
y 94
(4, 7)
337 Chapter 10
20. y2 2y 12x 13 0 vertex: (h, k) (3, 2)
y2 2y 12x 13 4p 10
y2 2y ? 12x 13 ? 10 5
p 4 or 2
y2 2y 1 12x 13 1
focus: (h, k p) 3, 2 2 or 3, 2
5 9
( y 1)2 12(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1) directrix: y k p
4p 12 5
y 2 2
p3
1
focus: (h p, k) (1 3, 1) or (4, 1) y 2
directrix: x h p axis of symmetry: x h
x13 x3
x 2 y
axis of symmetry: y k
y1 (3, 92 )
y
x 2
(3, 2) y 12 x
O
(1, 1)
(4, 1)
O x 23. 2y2 16y 16x 64 0
2y2 16y 16x 64
2(y2 8y ?) 16x 64 ?
2(y2 8y 16) 16x 64 2(16)
2(y 4)2 16x 32
21. 2x2 12y 16x 20 0 (y 4)2 8x 16
2x2 16x 12y 20
(y 4)2 8(x 2)
2(x2 8x ?) 12y 20 ?
2(x2 8x 16) 12y 20 2(16) vertex: (h, k) (2, 4)
2(x 4)2 12y 12 4p 8
(x 4)2 6(y 1) p 2
vertex: (h, k) (4, 1) focus: (h p, k) (2 (2), 4) or (4, 4)
4p 6 directrix: x h p y
6 3 x 2 (2)
p 4 or 2
x0 O x
focus: (h, k p) 4, 1 2 or 4, 2
3 1
axis of symmetry: y k
y 4 x0
directrix: y k p
3
(4, 4) (2, 4)
y 1 2
5
y 2
axis of symmetry: x h
x4
y 24. vertex: (h, k) (5, 1)
opening: right
hp2
5 p 2
(4, 12 ) p7
(y k)2 4p(x h)
O x (y 1)2 4(7)[x (5)]
(4, 1)
(y 1)2 28(x 5)
y 52
y
8
22. 3x2 30x 18x 87 0
3x2 18x 30y 87 4
3(x2 6x ?) 30y 87 ? (5, 1)
3(x2 6x 9) 30y 87 3(9) 12 8 4 O x
3(x 3)2 30y 60 4
(x 3)2 10y 20
(x 3)2 10(y 2) 8
Chapter 10 338
25. opening: left 28. vertex: (h, k) (2, 3)
focus: (h p, k) (0, 6) (y k)2 4p(x h)
hp0 k6 [1 (3)]2 4p[3 (2)] (h, k) (2, 3);
h (3) 0 y 42 4p (x, y) (3, 1)
h3 16 4 p
y
(y k)2 4p(x h) 12 (y k)2 4p(x h)
(y 6)2 4(3)(x 3) (y 3)2 4(4)(x 2) O x
(y 6)2 12(x 3) 8 (y 3)2 16(x 2)
(3, 6)
4 (2, 3)
8 4 O 4 8 x
4
O x O x
30. opening: downward
(4, 3) vertex: (h, k) (5, 3) (maximum)
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(1 5)2 4p[7 (3)] (h, k) (5, 3);
27. opening: downward (4)2 16p (x, y) (1, 7)
vertex: (h, k) (4, 3) 1 p
(x h)2 4p(y k) (x h)2 4p(y k)
(5 4)2 4p(2 3) (h, k) (4, 3); (x 5)2 4(1)(y 3)
12 4p (x, y) (5, 2) (x 5)2 4(y 3)
1
4 p y
(x h)2 4p(y k) O x
4 (y 3)
1 (5, 3)
(x 4)2 4
(x 4)2 (y 3)
y (4, 3)
O x
339 Chapter 10
32. opening: upward 34a. Let y income per flight.
x1 x2
h Let x the number of $10 price decreases.
2
12 3 Income number of passengers cost of a ticket
or
2 2 y (110 20x) (140 10x)
vertex: (h, k) 2, 0
3 y
15,400 1100x 2800x 200x2
(x h)2 4p(y k)
y 200x2 2x 15,400
17
2
1 32 4p(1 0) (h, k) 2, 0;
3
Chapter 10 340
35a. Let (h, k) (0, 0). 38b. 4p 16
x2 4py x2 4py p 4
x2 48y x2 44y
1 1 1 1
p 8 p 4 focus of parabola center of circle
vertex: (h, k) (1, 4)
2x2 y x2 y
focus: (h, k p) (1, 4 (4)) or (1, 0)
x2 4py y
x2 y diameter latus rectum
x2 1(1)y p1 2x 2 y
1
16
x y 1
4 radius 2(16)
The opening becomes 8
narrower.
1 2 (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
x y
4 (x 1)2 (y 0)2 82
O x (x 1)2 y2 64
39. center: (h, k) (2, 3)
35b. The opening becomes wider. a2 25 b2 16
36a. Sample answer: a 25 or 5 b 16
or 4
opening: upward c a2 b2
vertex: (h, k) (0, 0) c 25 16 or 41
y transverse axis: vertical
foci: (h, k
c) (2, 3
41
)
(2100, 490) vertices: (h, k
a) (2, 3
5) or (2, 8), (2, 2)
a
asymptotes: y k
b (x h)
(0, 0) 500 ft 5
y 3
4(x 2)
2100 10 ft O 2100 x
y
roadway (2, 8)
(0, 7)
341 Chapter 10
41.
12 cos 2 (r, ) 45. 19 t 14 19
19 t 33
0 12 (12, 0)
t 33 or 27
6 6 6, 6 perimeter 14 19 t
14 19 27
3 6 6, 3 60
The correct choice is C.
2 12 12, 2
2
3 6 6, 23 Page 661 Mid-Chapter Quiz
5
6 6 6, 56 1a. AB
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
12 (12, )
(6 3
)2 (9 3)2
7
3 6
2 2
6 6 6, 76 45
4 BC
(x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
3 6 6, 43
(9 6
)2 (3 9)2
3 3
2 12 12,
2 3 (
2 6) 2
5 45
3 6 6, 53 Since AB BC, triangle ABC is isosceles.
11
6 6 6, 116 1b. AC (x2
x1)2 (y2 y1)2
(9 3
)2 (3 3)2
2 2 6 0
2 2
3 3 6
5
6 6 perimeter AB BC AC
45 45 6
0 19.42 units
3 6 9
2. Diagonals of a rectangle intersect at their
7 11 midpoint.
x1 x2 y1 y2
2, 2
6 6
4 5 C
midpoint of A
3 3 3 4 5 9 5
2 2, 2
42. 2n, where n is any integer (0.5, 7)
43. The measure of a is 3. x2 y2 6y 8x 16
360° 12 or 30°. (x2 8x ?) (y2 6y ?) 16 ? ?
a (x2 8x 16) (y2 6y 9) 16 16 9
cos 30°
6.4 (x 4)2 (y 3)2 9
6.4 cos 30° a center: (4, 3): radius: 9 or 3
6.4 cm
a
5.5 a; 5.5 cm y
(4, 6)
44. 4 (4, 3)
g(x)
x2 1 (7, 3)
x y g(x)
10,000 4 108 O x
1000 4 106
100 4 104
10 0.04 4. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2
0 4 [x (5)]2 (y 2)2 7
10 0.04 (x 5)2 (y 2)2 7
100 4 104 5a. y
1000 4 106 Let d1 be the greatest
distance from the
10,000 4 108 d2
d1 satellite to Earth. Let
O
y → 0 as x → , y → 0 as x → x
d2 be the least
a c distance from the
satellite to Earth.
Chapter 10 342
1
a 2(10,440) 7. 3y2 24y x2 2x 41 0
3(y2 8y ?) (x2 2x ?) 41 ? ?
a 5220 3(y2 8y 16) (x2 2x 1) 41 3(16) 1
c
e 3(y 4)2 (x 1)2 6
a
c (y 4)2 (x 1)2
5220 0.16
2 6 1
c 835.20 center: (h, k) (1, 4)
1
radius of Earth 2(7920) a2 2 b2 6 c
a2 b2
a 2 b 6 c 2
6 or 22
3960
transverse axis: vertical
d1 a c Earth radius
vertices: (h, k
a) 1, 4
2
d1 5220 835.20 3960
d1 2095.2 miles foci: (h, k
c) 1, 4
22
d2 major axis d1 Earth diameter a
asymptotes: y k
b(x h)
d2 10,440 2095.2 7920 2
d2 424.8 miles y (4)
[x (1)]
6
5b. (h, k) (0,0) 3
y4
(x 1)
a 5220 3
b2 a2(1 e2) y
b2 (5220)2 (1 0.162) x
b2 26,550,840.96 O
(x b)2 (y k)2
(1, 4 2)
a2 b 2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 (1, 4)
1
5220 26,550,840.96
x2 y2
1
27,248,400 26,550,840.96 (1, 4 2)
6. 9x2 25y2 72x 250y 554 0
9(x2 8x ?) 25(y2 10y ?)
8. To find the center, find the intersection of the
544 ? ?
asymptotes.
9(x2 8x 16) 25(y2 10y 25)
y 2x 4
544 9(16) 25(25)
2x 2x 4
9(x 4)2 25(y 5)2 225
4x 4
(x 4)2 (y 5)2
25 9 1 x1
center: (h, k) (4, 5) y21
a2 25 b2 9 c a2 b2 y2
a5 b3 c 259 or 4 The center is at (1, 2).
major axis vertices: (h
a, k) (4
5, 5) or Notice that (4, 2) must be a vertex and a equals
(9, 5), (1, 5) 4 1 or 3.
minor axis vertices: (h, k
b) (4, 5
3) or Point A has an x-coordinate of 4.
(4, 2), (4, 8) Since y 2x, the y-coordinate is 2 4 or 8.
foci: (h
c, k) (4
4, 5) or (8, 5), (0, 5) The value of b is 8 2 or 6.
(x 1)2 (y 2)2
y The equation is 9 36 1.
9. y2 4x 2y 5 0
y2 2y 4x 5
O x
(4, 2) y2 2y ? 4x 5 ?
y2 2y 1 4x 5 1
(y 1)2 4(x 1)
(1, 5) (4, 5)
(9, 5)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 1)
4p 4
p1
(4, 8) focus: (h p, k) (1 1, 1) or (2, 1)
axis of symmetry: y k
y 1
directrix: x h p y
x0
x11
x0 (1, 1)
O x
(2, 1)
343 Chapter 10
10. vertex: (h, k) (5, 1) 3. Sample answer:
(x h)2 4p(y k) (h, k) (5, 1) rectangular equation: y2 x
(9 5)2 4p[2 (1)] (x, y) (9, 2) parametric equations: y t y2 x
42 4p t2 x
4 p t2 x
(x h)2 4p(y k) y t, x t2, t
(x 5)2 4(4)[y (1)] 4. A 1, c 9; since A and C have the same sign
(x 5)2 16(y 1) and are not equal, the conic is an ellipse.
x2 9y2 2x 18y 1 0
(x2 2x ?) 9(y2 2y ?) 1 ? ?
(x2 2x 1) 9(y2 2y 1) 1 1 9(1)
10-6 Rectangular and Parametric (x 1)2 9(y 1)2 9
Forms of Conic Sections (x 1)2
( y 1)2
1 1
9
(1, 2)
(4, 1)
(2, 1)
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 (1, 0) O (1, 1) x
1a. (1, 0) 1b. clockwise
2.
5. A 1, C 0; since C 0, the conic is a parabola.
y2 8x 8
y
y2 8x 8
y2 8(x 1)
vertex: (h, k) (1, 0)
opening: right (1, 0)
O x
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1
[7.58, 7.58] scl:1 by [5, 5] scl1
2a. (0, 1) 2b. clockwise
3. 6. A 1, C 1; since A and C have different signs,
the conic is a hyperbola.
x2 4x y2 5 4y 0
(x2 4x ?) (y2 4y ?) 5 ? ?
(x2 4x 4) (y2 4y 4) 5 4 4
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 5
(x 2)2 ( y 2)2
5 5 1
Tmin: [0, 6.28] step: 0.1 center: (h, k) (2, 2)
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 a2 5
an ellipse a 5
4. The value of a determines the length of the radius vertices: (h a, k) (2 5
, 2)
b
of the circle. asymptotes: y k a(x h)
5. Each graph is traced out twice. 5
y (2)
5
(x 2)
y y 2 (x 2)
Page 667 Check for Understanding
1. For the general equation of a conic, A and C have O x
the same sign and A C for an ellipse. A and C
have opposite signs for a hyperbola. A C for a (2
5, 2) (2
5, 2)
circle. Either A 0 or C 0 for a parabola.
(2, 2)
2. t
Chapter 10 344
7. A 1, C 1; since A C, the conic is a circle. 10. Sample answer:
x2 6x y2 12y 41 0 Let x t.
(x2 6x ?) (y2 12y ?) 41 ? ? y 2x2 5x
(x2 6x 9) (y2 12y 36) 41 9 36 y 2t2 5t
(x 3)2 (y 6)2 4 x t, y 2t2 5t, t
center: (h, k) (3, 6) 11. Sample answer:
radius: r2 4 x2 y2 36
x2 y2
r2 1
36 36
y x 2 y 2
6 6 1
(3, 8)
cos2 t sin2 t 1
x 2 y 2
(5, 6)
6 cos2 t 6 sin2 t
(3, 6) x y
6 cos t
6 sin t
x 6 cos t y 6 sin t
x 6 cos t, y 6 sin t, 0 t 2
t2
12. x 8
0
O x y2
x 80
80x y2
8. y t2
6t 2 y2 80x
y x2 6x 2
O (3, 0) x
345 Chapter 10
15. A 1, C 3; since A and C have different signs, 17. A 1, C 0; since C 0, the conic is a parabola.
the conic is a hyperbola. x2 y 8x 16
x2 3y2 2x 24y 41 0 x2 8x ? y 16 ?
x2 3y2 2x 24y 41 0 x2 8x 16 y 16 16
3(y2 8y ?) (x2 2x ?) 41 ? ? (x 4)2 y y
3(y2 8y 16) (x2 2x 1) 41 3(16) 1 vertex: (h, k) (4, 0)
3(y 4)2 (x 1)2 6 opening: upward
(y 4)2 (x 1)2
2 6 1
center: (h, k) (1, 4)
a2 2
a 2 O (4, 0) x
vertices: (h, k a) (1, 4 2
)
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h) 18. A C D E 0; the conic is a hyperbola.
2
2xy 3
y (4)
6
[x (1)] 3
xy 2
3
y4 (x
3
1) quadrants: I and III
y transverse axis: y x
vertices:
or
,
,
,
3 3 6 6
(1, 4 2)
2 2 2 2
32,
32 or 26 , 26
O x
y
(1, 4)
(26 , 26 )
(1, 4 2)
O x
(26 , 26 )
16. A 9, C 25; since A and C have the same sign
and are not equal, the conic is an ellipse.
9x2 25y2 54x 50y 119 0
9(x2 6x ?) 25(y2 2y ?) 119 ? ? 19. A 5, C 2; since A and C have the same sign
9(x2 6x 9) 25(y2 2y 1) and are not equal, the conic is an ellipse.
119 9(9) 25(1) 5x2 2y2 40x 20y 110 0
9(x 3)2 25(y 1)2 225 5(x 8x ?) 2(y2 10y ?) 110 ? ?
2
(x 3)2 ( y 1)2 5(x2 8x 16) 2(y2 10y 25)
25 9 1
110 5(16) 2(25)
center: (h, k) (3, 1) 5(x 4)2 2(y 5)2 20
a2 25 b2 9 (x 4)2 ( y 5)2
1
a5 b3 4 10
( y 5)2 (x 4)2
vertices: (h a, k) (3 5, 1) or (8,1), (2, 1)
10 4 1
(h, k b) (3, 1 3) or (3, 4), (3, 2) center: (h, k) (4, 5)
y a2 10 b2 4
a 10 b2
(3, 4) vertices: (h, k a) (4, 5 10
)
(h b, k) (4 2, 5) or (6, 5), (2, 5)
y (4, 5
10)
(3, 1)
(8, 1) (2, 5)
(2, 1)
O x (4, 5)
(6, 5)
(3, 2)
(4, 5
10)
O x
Chapter 10 346
20. A 1, C 1; since A C, the conic is a circle. 23. 4y2 10x 16y x2 5
x2 8x 11 y2 x2 4y2 10x 16y 5 0
(x2 8x ?) y2 11 ? A 1, C 4; since A and C have different signs,
(x2 8x 16) y2 11 16 the conic is a hyperbola.
(x 4)2 y2 5 x2 4y2 10x 16y 5 0
center: (h, k) (4, 0) (x 10x ?) 4(y2 4y ?) 5 ? ?
2
radius: r2 5 (x2 10x 25) 4(y2 4y 4) 5 25 4(4)
r 5 (x 5)2 4(y 2)2 4
(x 5)2 ( y 2)2
y 1 1
4
(4,
5) center: (h, k) (5, 2)
a2 4
(4 5, 0)
a2
O (4, 0) x vertices: (h a, k) (5 2, 2) or (3, 2),
(7, 2)
b
asymptotes: y k a(x h)
1
y (2) 2[x (5)]
21. A 9, C 8; since A and C have different signs, 1
the conic is a hyperbola. y 2 2(x 5)
8y2 9x2 16y 36x 100 0
y
8(y2 2y ?) 9(x2 4x ?) 100 ? ?
8(y2 2y 1) 9(x2 4x 4) 100 8(1) 9(4) (5, 2)
8(y 1)2 9(x 2)2 72
( y 1)2 (x 2)2 O x
9 8 1
center: (h, k) (2, 1)
a2 9
(7, 2) (3, 2)
a3
vertices: (h, k a) (2, 1 3) or (2, 4), (2, 2)
a
asymptotes: y k b(x h)
3 24. Ax2 Bxy Cy2 Dx Ey F 0
y1 (x 2)
2
2 2x2 0 2y2 (8)x 12y 6 0
3
y 1 4(x 2)
2
2x2 2y2 8x 12y 6
A C; circle
y 2(x2 4x ?) 2(y2 6y ?) 6 ? ?
2(x2 4x 4) 2(y2 6y 6y 9)
(2, 4)
6 2(4) 2(9)
(2, 1) 2(x 2)2 2(y 3)2 20
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 10
O x y
center: (h, k) (2, 3)
radius: r 10
2
(2, 3
10)
(2, 2)
r 10
O x
22. A 0, C 4; since A 0, the conic is a parabola. (2
10, 3)
4y2 4y 8x 15
(2, 3)
4(y2 y ?) 8x 15 ?
4 8x 15 4
1 1
y2 y 4
4
1 2
4 y 2 8x 16 25. y 2t2 4t 1
y
1 2
y 2 2x 4 y 2x2 4x 1
1 2
y 2 2(x 2)
vertex: (h, k) 2, 2
1
O x
opening: left
y
t x y (x, y)
( 2 , 12 )
1 1 7 (1, 7)
O x 0 0 1 (0, 1)
1 1 1 (1, 1)
2 2 7 (2, 7)
347 Chapter 10
26. x cos 2t y sin 2t 29. x sin 2t y 2 cos 2t
cos2 2t sin2 2t 1 x sin 2t
y
cos 2t
2
x 2 y2 1
cos2 2t sin2 2t 1 y t0
y 2
t x y (x, y)
2 (x)2 1
0 1 0 (1, 0) y2
4 x2 1
0 1 (0, 1) y2
2
x2 1 O x
1 0 (1, 0) 4
3
2 0 1 (0, 1)
t x y (x, y)
t0 0 0 2 (0, 2)
O x
4 1 0 (1, 0)
2 0 2 (0, 2)
3
1 0 (1, 0)
4
Chapter 10 348
33. Sample answer: 39b.
t x y (x, y)
x2 y2 16 0
x2 y2 16 0 0 0 (0, 0)
x2
y2 1 1 1 (1, 1)
16 16 1
2 2 4 (2, 4)
x 2 y 2
4 4 1 3 3 9 (3, 9)
cos2 t sin2 t 1 y
x 2 y 2
4 cos2 t 4 sin2 t
x y
4 cos t
4 sin t
x 4 cos t y 4 sin t
x 4 cos t, y 4 sin t, 0 t 2
34. Sample answer:
x2 y2 O x
4 25 1
2 y 2
2x 5 1
cos2 t sin2 t 1
2 y 2
2x cos2 t 5 sin2 t
x y
2 cos t
5 sin t
x 2 cos t y 5 sin t
x 2 cos t, y 5 sin t, 0 t 2
35. Sample answer: Tmin: [0, 5] step: 0.1
y2
16 x2 1 [7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
y 2
x2 4 1
39c. yes
39d. There is usually more than one parametric
cos2 t sin2 t 1 representation for the graph of a rectangular
y 2
x2 cos2 t 4 sin2 t equation.
x cos t y 40a. a circle with center (0, 0) and radius 6 feet
4 sin t
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
y 4 sin t (x 0)2 (y 0)2 62
x cos t, y 4 sin t, 0 t 2 x2 y 2 36
36. Sample answer: 40b. Sample answer:
Let x t. x2 y2 36
y x2 4x 7 x2 y2
1
y t2 4t 7 36 36
x t, y t2 4t 7, t x 2 y 2
6
6 1
37. Sample answer:
sin2 (qt) cos2 (qt)
1
Let y t.
x y2 2y 1 Since the paddlewheel completes a revolution in
2
x t2 2t 1 2 seconds, the period is q 2, so q .
x t2 2t 1, y t, t sin2 (t) cos2(t) 1
2 2
38. Sample answer:
Let y t.
6x sin2(t) 6y cos2 (t)
x y
(y 3)2 4(x 2)
6 sin(t)
6 cos(t)
(t 3)2 4(x 2) x 6 sin(t) y 6 cos (t)
0.25(t 3)2 x 2
x 6 sin (t), y 6 cos (t), 0 t 2
0.25(t 3)2 2 x
x 0.25(t 3)2 2, y t, t 40c. C 2r
C 26
39a. Answers will vary. Sample answers:
C 37.7 ft
Let x t.
x y The paddlewheel makes 1 revolution, or moves
t y 37.7 ft in 2 seconds.
37.7 ft
t2 y
2s 60 s 1131 ft
x t, y t2, t 0
The paddlewheel moves about 1131 ft in
Let y t.
1 minute.
x y
x t
x t, y t, t 0
349 Chapter 10
41a. A 2, C 5; since A and C have the same sign 44. After drawing a vertical line through (x, y) and a
and A C, the graph is an ellipse. horizontal line through the endpoint opposite
2x2 5y2 0 (x, y), two right triangles are formed. Both
5y2 2x triangles contain an angle t, since corresponding
2 angles are congruent when two parallel lines are
y2 5x
cut by a transversal. Using the larger triangle,
x
y
cos t a or x a cos t. Using the smaller triangle,
2
5x
y
This equation is true for (x, y) (0, 0). sin t b or y b sin t.
The graph is a point at (0, 0); the equation is 45. x2 12y 10x 25
that of a degenerate ellipse. x2 10x ? 12y 25 ?
41b. A 1, C 1; since A C, the graph is a circle. x 10x 25 12y 25 25
2
x2 y2 4x 6y 13 0 (x 5)2 12y
(x2 4x ?) (y2 6y ?) 13 vertex: (h, k) (5, 0)
(x2 4x 4) (y2 6y 9) 13 4 9 4p 12
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 0 p3
center: (h, k) (2, 3) focus: (h, k p) (5, 0 3) or (5, 3)
radius: 0 axis of symmetry: x h
The graph is a point at (2, 3); the equation is x 5
that of a degenerate circle. directrix: y k p
y03
41c. A 9, C 1; since A and C have different
y 3
signs, the graph is a hyperbola.
y2 9x2 0 y
y2 9x2
y 3x
The graph is two intersecting lines y 3x; the
equation is that of a degenerate hyperbola.
42. The substitution for x must be a function that
allows x to take on all of the values stipulated by
(5, 0) O x
the domain of the rectangular equation. The
domain of y x2 5 is all real numbers, but
using a substitution of x t2 would only allow for
values of x such that x 0.
46. c 25
43a. center: (h, k) (0, 0) quadrants: II and IV
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2 transverse axis: y x
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 6 vertices: xy 25 xy 25
x2 y2 36 5(5) 25 5(5) 25
43b. x2 y2 36 (5, 5) (5, 5)
x2 y2
1 y
36 36
x 2 y 2
6 6 1
(5, 5)
sin2 t cos2 t 1
x 2 y 2
6 sin2 t
6 cos2 t O x
x y
6 sin t
6 cos t
(5, 5)
x 6 sin t y 6 cos t
x 6 sin t, y 6 cos t
Since the second hand makes 2 revolutions, 47. 3x2 3y2 18x 12y 9
0 t 4. 3(x2 6x ?) 3(y2 4y ?) 9 ? ?
43c. 3(x2 6x 9) 3(y2 4y 4) 9 3(9) 3(4)
3(x 3)2 3(y 2)2 48
(x 3)2 (y 2)2 16
center: (h, k) (3, 2)
y (3, 2)
radians: r2 16
r4
O x
(7, 2)
Tmin: [0, 4] step: 0.1 (3, 2)
[9.10, 9.10] scl1 by [6, 6] scl1
Chapter 10 350
48. x 53. y kxz y kxz
60˚ 16 k(5)(2) y 1.6(8)(3)
1.6 k y 38.4
y 9 5(3) 7(9)
30 54. 5
7 3
78
Yes, an inverse exists since the determinant of the
cos 60° 30
x y
sin 60° 30 matrix 0.
y2 y1
x 30 cos 60° y 30 sin 60° 55. m
x x 2 1
x 15 lb y 153 lb
74
3 (6)
49. y 0.13x 37.8 1
0.13x y 37.8 0
3
A 0.13, B 1, C 37.8 y y1 m(x x1)
Car 1: (x1, y1) (135, 19) 1 1
y 4 3(x 6) or y 7 3(x 3)
Ax1 By1 C
d1 y mx b y mx b
A2
B2
1 1
0.13(135) 1(19) (37.8)
4 (6) b y 3x 6
d1 (0.13)
2 12
3
6b
d1 1.24
56. (1 # 4) @ (2 # 3) 1 @ 2
The point (135, 19) is about 1 unit from the line 2
y 0.13x 37.8. The correct choice is B.
Car 2: (x2, y2) (245, 16)
Ax2 By2 C
d2
A2
B2
d2
0.13(245) 1(16) (37.8)
10-7 Transformation of Conics
(0.13)
2 12
d2 9.97
The point (245, 16) is about 10 units from the line Pages 674–675 Check for Understanding
y 0.13x 37.8. 1. Sample answers:
Car 1: the point (135, 19) is about 9 units closer (h, k) (0, 0)
to the line y 0.13x 37.8 than the point x y2
(245, 16). y
1
50. Let v Sin1 2. x y2
1
Sin v 2
v 30 O x
sin 2 Sin1 2 sin (2v)
1
sin (2 30)
sin 60
3
2 (h, k) (3, 3)
1
51. s 2(a b c) (x h) (y k)2
1 (x 3) (y 3)2
s 2(48 32 44)
y
s 62 x 3 (y 3)2
a)(s
K s(s b)(s c)
K 62(62
)(62
48 232)(64)
4
K 46872
0
K 685 units2
52. 2y
3 2y
3 1
2y
3 2y 31 O x
2y 3 2y 3 22y
31
7 22y 3 2. Replace x with x cos 30° y sin 30° or
7 3 1
2 2y
3 x
2 2y.
49
2y 3 Replace y with x sin 30° y cos 30° or
4
1 2
37
2y 2x, y.
2
4
37
8 y
351 Chapter 10
3. y 90° or 270° 8. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1)
x2 y2
100
25 1 4
A C 1; circle
x2 5x y2 3
90˚ 2
x
x cos 4 y sin 4 5 x cos 4 y sin 4
270˚ O 2
xsin 4 y cos 4 3
2
x2 y2 22 x 22 y 522 x 22 y
100 1 2
2x 2y 3
25 2 2
2 1 1
4. Ebony; B2 4AC 63 4(7)(13) 0
52 52
(x)2 xy (y)2 x y
2 2 2 2
and A C 1 1
2(x)2 xy 2(y)2 3
5. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1) 52 52
4 (x)2 (y)2 2x 2y 3
A C 1; circle 2(x)2 2(y)2 52 x 52 y 6
(x h)2 (y k)2 7 2(x)2 2(y)2 52
x 52
y 6 0
(x 3)2 (y 2)2 7 (h, k) (3, 2) 9.B2 4AC 42 4(9)(4)
x 6x 9 y2 4y 4 7
2
128
x2 y2 6x 4y 6 0
A C; ellipse
6. B 4AC 0 4(2)(0)
2
B
0 tan 2v
AC
parabola 4
tan 2v
94
y 2x2 7x 5
y 5 2x2 7x tan 2v 0.8
2v 38.65980825°
y5 7
2 x2 2x v 19°
7 2 7 2
y 5 2 4 7
2 x2 2x 4 10. B2 4AC 52 4(8)(4)
7 2 153
y 5 8
49
2 x 4 hyperbola
7 2
9
y 8
2 x 4 tan 2v
AC
B
2
9
y 8 k 7
2 x 4 h tan 2v
8 (4)
5
2
9
y 8 5 7
2 x 4 4 (h, k) (4, 5) tan 2v 0.416666667
9 2 2v 22.61986495°
y 8
31
2 x 4 v 11°
y 8
31
18 81
2 x2 4x 16 11. 3(x 1)2 4(y 4)2 0
31 81 3(x2 2x 1) 4(y2 8y 16) 0
y 8 2x2 9x 8
3x2 6x 3 4y2 32y 64 0
0 2x2 9x y 14 4y2 32y (3x2 6x 67) 0
2x2 9x y 14 0
↑ ↑ ↑
7. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(1) a b c
4 b
b2 4ac
hyperbola y
2a
x 2 y2 9 32
322
4(4)(3
x2 6
x 67)
y
(x cos 60° y sub 60°)2 2(4)
32
48x2
96
x 48
(x sin 60° y cos 60°)2 9 y
8
2 2
12 x 23 y 2x 2y 9
3
1
y
32
48(x
1)2
1 3
3 8
(x)2
4 2xy 4(y)2 x 1, y 4; point
34(x)2 23 xy 14(y)2 9 y
1 1
2(x)2 3
xy 2(y)2 9
O x
(x)2 23 xy (y)2 18
(x) 23
2 xy (y)2 18 0
(1, 4)
Chapter 10 352
12a.
1
y 6x2 14. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(5)
1 80
x sin 30° y cos 30° 6(x cos 30° y sin 30°)2 A C; ellipse
2
2x 2 y 62x 2y
1 3
1 3
1 4x2 5y2 20
4(x h)2 5(y k)2 20
2x 2y 64(x)2 4 xy
1 3
1 3
23
4(x 5)2 5(y 6)2 20
4(y)2
1
(h, k) (5, 6)
1 3
1 3
2x 2y 8(x)2 12xy 2 2 1 4(x2 10x 25) 5(y2 12y 36) 20
4 (y)
4x2 40x 100 5y2 60y 180 20
12x 123 y 3(x)2 23 xy (y)2 4x2 5y2 40x 60y 260 0
0 3(x)2 23 xy
15. B 4AC 0 4(3)(1)
2
(y)2 12x 123 y
12
3(x) 23
xy (y)2 12x 123 y 0
A C; ellipse
12b. 3x2 23 xy y2 12x 123 y 0 3x2 y2 9
1y (23
2 x 123 )y (3x2 12x) 0 3(x h) (y k)2 9
2
↑ ↑ ↑ 3(x 1)2 (y 3)2 9 (h, k) (1, 3)
a b c 3(x2 2x 1) y2 6y 9 9
y
b
b2 4
ac 3x2 6x 3 y2 6y 9 9
2a
3x2 y2 6x 6y 3 0
(23 )
x 123 x
(23 12 )2
3 4(1
)(3x2
12x) 16. B 4AC 0 4(12)(4)
2
y
2(1)
192
12x2
144x
432
12
x2 4
8x A C; ellipse
y 3
x 63
2
4y2 12x2 24
192
x2 43 1 4(y k) 12(x h)2 24
2
y 3
x 63
2 and y 6x2
4(y 4)2 12(x 1)2 24
(h, k) (1, 4)
4(y2 8y 16) 12(x2 2x 1) 24
4y2 32y 64 12x2 24x 12 24
y2 8y 16 3x2 6x 3 6
3x2 y2 6x 8y 13 0
17. B 4AC 0 4(9)(25)
2
900
hyperbola
9x2 25y2 225
9(x h) 25(y k)2 225
2
Pages 675–677 Exercises 9(x 0)2 25(y 5)2 225 (h, k) (0, 5)
13. B2 4AC 0 4(3)(0) 9x2 25(y2 10y 25) 225
0 9x2 25y2 250y 850 0
parabola 18. (x 3)2 4y
y 3x2 2x 5 x 6x 9 4y 0
2
y 5 3x2 2x B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
y 5 3x2 3x 0
2
1 2 1 2 parabola
y 5 33 3x2 3x 3
2
(x 3)2 4y
1 2 (x 3 h)2 4(y k)
y
14
3
3 x 3 (x 3 7)2 4(y 2) (h, k) (7, 2)
2
y
14
3 k 1
3 x 3 h (x 10)2 4y 8
2 x2 20x 100 4y 8
y
14
3 3 1
3 x 3 2 (h, k) (2, 3)
x 20x 4y 108 0
2
7 2
y
5
3
3 x 3 19. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
y
5
14 49
3 x2 3x 9 0
3
5 49
parabola
y
3 3x2 14x 3 x2 8y 0
0 3x2 14x y 18 (x cos 90° y sin 90°) 8(x sin 90° y cos 90°) 0
2
353 Chapter 10
20. B2 4AC 0 4(2)(2) 24. B2 4AC 0 4(16)(4)
16 256
A C; circle hyperbola
2x2 2y2 8 16x2 4y2 64
2(x cos 30° y sin 30°)2 16(x cos 60° y sin 60°)2
2(x sin 30° y cos 30°)2 8 4(x sin 60° y cos 60°) 64
2 2
162x 2y 42x 2y 64
2 2 3
3
3
3
1 1 1 1
2 2x 2y 2 2x 2y 8
164(x)2 2xy 4(y)2
1
3 3
3
3 1
2 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2
44(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 64
3 3
1
1 3
3
2 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 8
3
(x)2 3
1 1 4(x)2 83 xy 12(y)2
xy 2(y)2 2(x)2
2 3(x)2 23xy (y)2 64
3
3 xy 2(y)2 8 (x)2 103 xy 11y)2 64 0
2(x)2 2(y)2 8 25. 6x2 5y2 30
(x)2 (y)2 4 0 6(x cos 30° y sin 30°) 2
5(x sin 30° y cos 30°)2 30
21. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0) 2 2
62x 2y 52x 2y 30
3
1 1 3
0
A C; parabola
64(x)2 2 xy 4(y)2
3
3 1
y2 8x 0
54(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 30
2 1 3
3
x sin 6 y cos 6 8x cos 6 y sin 6 0
2 18 63 6 5
53
12x 23 y 823 x 12y 0 (x)2
4
2 xy 4(y)2 4(x)2 2xy
15
1 3
(x)2
xy
3
4(y)2 43
x 4y 0 4(y)2 30
4 2
23 3 21
(x)2 23 xy
3(y)2 163
x 16y 0 (x)2 xy (y)2 30 0
4 2 4
22. B 4AC 1 4(0)(0)
2 2 23(x)2 23xy 21(y)2 120 0
1 26. 32 4AC 42 4(9)(5)
hyperbola 164
xy 8 A C; ellipse
x cos 4 y sin 4x sin 4 y cos 4 8
B
tan 2v
AC
Chapter 10 354
30. B2 4AC 42 4(2)(5) 36. (x 2)2 (y 2)2 4(x y) 8
24 x2 4x 4 y2 4y 4 4x 4y 8
A C; ellipse (1)y2 0y x2 0
tan 2v
B ↑ ↑ ↑
AC
4 a b c
tan 2v
25 b b2 4
ac
4
y
2a
tan 2v 3 0
0 4
(1)(x2)
2v 53.13010235° y
2(1)
v 27°
4x2
y
31. B2 4AC 43 4(2)(6)
2 2
x 0, y 0; point
0
parabola y
B
tan 2v
AC
43 (0, 0)
tan 2v
26
O x
tan 2v 3
2v 60°
v 30°
32. B2 4AC 42 4(2)(2) 37. x2 2xy y2 5x 5y 0
0 (1)y2 (2x 5)y (x2 5x) 0
parabola ↑ ↑ ↑
A C; v 4 or 45° a b c
b b2 4
ac
33. (x 2)2 (x 3)2 5(y 2) y
2a
x 4x 4 x2 6x 9 5(y 2)
2
(2x 5) (2x 5)2
4(1)(x2
5x)
10x 5 5(y 2) y
2(1)
2x 1 y 2 y
2x 5
4x2
20x
25
4x2
20x
y 2
2x 3 y
2x 5 40x
25
y 2x 3 line y
2
O x
y 2x 3
2a
(6)
(6)2
4(3
)(x2
4x
7)
↑ ↑ ↑
y
2(3) a b c
6
12x2 48
x 48 b b2 4
ac
y y
2a
6
6
12(x
2)2 9x
(9x)2 4(14)
(2x2
5)
y y
2(14)
6
x 2, y 1; point 9x
21x2
28
0
y
28
y
(2, 1)
O x
35. y2 9x2 0 y
y2 9x2
y 3x [7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
y 9x2
y 3x O x
intersecting lines y 3x
355 Chapter 10
39. 8x2 5xy 4y2 2 42. 9x2 4xy 6y2 20
(4)y2 (5x)y (8x2 2) 0 6y2 (4x)y (9x2 20) 0
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
a b c a b c
b b2 4
ac b b2 4
ac
y
2a y
2a
5x
(5x)2
4(4
)(8x2
2) 4x
(4x)2 4(6)(9
x2 2
0)
y y
2(6)
5x
153x2
32 4x
212
x2 4
80
y y
12
[7.58, 7.58] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1 [7.85, 7.85] scl1 by [5, 5] scl1
40. 2x2 43 xy 6y2 3x y 43a. y
6y (43
2 x 1)y (2x2 3x) 0 (0, 5280)
↑ ↑ ↑ (1320, 1320)
a b c
b b2 4
ac
y
2a O (5280, 0) x
(43
x 1) x
(43 1)2
4(6
)(2x2
3x)
y
2(6)
x 1
43 48x2 x
83 1
48x2
72x
y
12
x 1
43
83x 72
x1
T(1320, 1320)
y
12 43b. circle
center: (h, k) (1320, 1320)
radius: r 1320
(x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 1320)2 (y 1320)2 13202
(x 1320)2 (y 1320)2 1,742,400
44a. B2 4AC 0 4(1)(0)
0
parabola; 360°
[8.31, 2.31] scl1 by [2, 5] scl1 44b. B2 4AC 0 4(8)(6)
41. 2x2 4xy 2y2 22 x 22y 12 192
A C; ellipse; 180°
2y2 (4x 22)y (2x2 22x 12) 0
44c. B2 4AC 42 4(0)(0)
↑ ↑ ↑ 16
a b c hyperbola; 180°
b b2 4ac
y
2a
44d. 32 4AC 0 4(15)(15)
(4x 22)
(4x )2
22 4(2
)(2x2 x
22 12) 900
y
2(2) A C; circle; There is no minimum angle of
4x 22 16x2
162
x8
16x2
16x
2 96 rotation, since any degree of rotation will result
y
4 in a graph that coincides with the original.
4x 22 32
x 8
2 8 45. Let x x cos v y sin v and
y
4
y x sin v y cos v.
x 2 y2 r 2
(x cos v y sin v)2 (x sin v y cos v)2 r2
(x)2 cos2 v xy cos v sin v (y)2 sin2 v
(x)2 sin2 v xy cos v sin v (y)2 cos v r2
[(x)2 (y)2] cos2 v [(x)2 (y)2] sin2 v r2
[(x)2 (y)2](cos2 v sin2 v) r2
[(x)2 (y)2](1) r2
(x)2 (y)2 r2
46a. B 4AC 103 4(31)(21)
2
[10.58, 4.58] scl1 by [2, 8] scl1 2
2304
A C; elliptical
Chapter 10 356
46b. 31x2 103 xy 21y2 144 48a. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
21y2 (103x)y (31x2 144) 0 major axis: horizontal
a 81
or 9
↑ ↑ ↑
a b c b 36
or 6
b b2 4
ac c a2 b2
y
2a c 81
36
x)
(103 (10 x)2
3 4(21)
(31x2
144) c 45
or 35
y
2(21)
y
x 230
103 4x2
12,096 8
y
42
4
y
8 4 O 4 8 x
4
O x 8
48b. T(35, 0)
x2 y2
1
81 36
B (x h)2 (y k)2
46c. tan 2v 1
AC 81 36
103 (x 35 )2 (y)2
tan 2v 48c. 1
31 21 36 81
tan 2v 3 49. A 3, C 5; since A and C have different signs,
2v 60° the conic is a hyperbola.
v 30° 50. (h, k) (2, 3)
B c
47a. tan 2v
AC e a
2
3 26 c
tan 2v
9 11 5 1
26
tan 2v 3 c
5
2v 60°
b2 a2 c2
v 30° 2
b2 12 5
26
The graph of this equation has been rotated 30°.
To transform the graph so the axes are on the 1
b2 2
5
x- and y-axes, rotate the graph 30°.
major axis: horizontal
47b. B2 4AC 23 4(9)(11)
2
(x h)2 (y k)2
384
a2 b 2 1
A C; the graph is an ellipse. (x 2)2
[y (3)]2
1
1 1
9x2 23xy 11y2 24 0
25
9[x cos (30°) y sin (30°)]2 23 (x 2)2 25(y 3)2 1
[(x cos (30°) y sin (30°)] major axis : vertical
[x sin (30°) y cos (30°)] 11 (y k)2 (x h)2
a2 b
2 1
[x sin (30°) y cos (30°)2] 24 0
[y (3)]2 (x 2)2
2 1
92x 2y 23
2x 2y
3
1
3 1
12 1
2 25
12x 23 y 1112x 23 y 24 0 (y 3)2 25(x 2)2 1
357 Chapter 10
52. N 58.
x h(x) [[x]] 3
8 c2 a2 b2
c2 82 52 3 x 2 6
W E
5 c 89
2 x 1 5
c
c 9.4 1 x 0 4
about 9.4 m/s 0x1 3
S
1x2 2
53. cos 70° 0.34 2x3 1
cos 170° 0.98 3x4 0
cos 70° 4x5 1
5 5 180°
54.
16 16 5x6 2
56.25 6x7 3
15
566
0 h (x )
56° 15
2y 5 2y 5
55.
y2 3y 2
(y 2)(y 1)
2y 5 A B
y2 3y 2
y2 y1
x
2y 5 A(y 1) B(y 2)
2(2) 5 A(2 1) B(2 2)
1 A
1 A
2y 5 A(y 1) B(y 2)
2(1) 5 A(1 1) B (1 2) 5a8b5 a2b3
3B 59. The expression
6 2 simplifies to . Since
180a b 36
A
B 1 3 1 b and 2 a, the expression is always larger
y2 y1
y2 y1
2213 1
x1 x2 than . Since b 2 and a 3, the
36 9
y2 y1
56. 3223 72
expression is always less than or 2.
12 5
36 36
y2
4 The correct choice is B.
y2 9.6
57. 8m 3n 4p 6
8m 6 3n 4p 10-8 Systems of Second-Degree
m
3
3
n
1
p Equations and Inequalities
4 8 2
4m 9n 2p 4
Page 682 Check for Understanding
44 8n 2p 9n 2p 4
3 3 1
1. Possible number of solutions: 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4
3
3 2n 2p 9n 2p 4
21
n
2 7
2
n 3
8m 3n 4p 6 6m 12n 5p 1
8m 33 4p 6 6m 123 5p 1
2 2
8m 2 4p 6 6m 8 5p 1
8m 4p 4 6m 5p 7
2m p 1
2m p 1 → 10m 5p 5
6m 5p 7 → () 6m 5p 7
16m 12
3
m 4
8m 3n 4p 6
8 323 4p 6
3
4
6 2 4p 6
1
p 2
34, 23, 12
Chapter 10 358
2. Sample answer: y x2, x2 (y 3)2 9 7. x2 y2 4
y y2 4 x2
9x2 4y2 36 x2 y 2 4
y x2
9x 4(4 x2) 36
2 22 y2 4
O x 13x2 16 36 y2 0
x2 4 y0
x 2 (y 3)2 9 x 2
(2, 0)
y
6. x 2y 10 8
x 10 2y 12
x2 y2 16
(10 2y)2 y2 16
100 40y 5y2 16 11. y
5y2 40y 84 0
8
b b2 4
ac
y
2a
4
(40)
(40)
2 4(
5)(84)
y
2(5)
40 80 8 4 O 4 8 x
y
10 4
no solution
8
y
O x
359 Chapter 10
12a. Let x side length of flowerbed 1. (2, 1), (2, 1)
Let y side length of flowerbed 2. y
A1 x x or x2
A2 y y or y2
Total Area x2 y2 (2, 1)
680 x2 y2
x2 y2 680 O x
Difference of Areas x2 y2 (2, 1)
288 x2 y2
x2 y2 288
12b. y Since side length 15. 1 2x y
40
cannot be negative, an 1 2x y
20 estimated solution is 4x2 y2 25
(22, 14)
(22, 14). 4x (1 2x)2 25
2
(6, 8)
Chapter 10 360
17. x y 0 19. x y 1
xy y 1 x
(x 1)2
y2 1 (y 1)2 4 x
9
(y 1)2
(1 x 1)2 4 x
y2 1 (2 x)2 4 x
9
(y 1)2 9y2 9 4 4x x2 4 x
y2 2y 1 9y2 9 x2 3x 0
8y2 2y 8 0 x(x 3) 0
4y2 y 4 0 x0 x30
x 3
b b2 4
ac
y
2a x y 1 x y 1
1
12 4(4)(4) 0 y 1 3 y 1
y
2(1) y 1 y2
1 63
(0, 1), (3, 2)
y
2
y
no solution
(3, 2)
y
O
x
(0, 1)
O x
20. xy 6 0
6
y x
18. x2 2y2 10
x2 10 2y2 x2 y2 13
6 2
3x2 9 y2 x2 x 13
3(10 2y2) 9 y2 36
30 6y2 9 y2 x2 x2 13
5y2 21 x4 36 13x2
y2 4.2 x4 13x2 36 0
y 2.0 (x2 9)(x2 4) 0
3x2 9 y2 3x2 9 y2 x2 9 0 x2 4 0
3x2 9 (2.0)2 3x2 9 (2.0)2 x2 9 x2 4
x2 1.6 x2 1.6 x 3 x 2
x 1.3 x 1.3 xy 6 0 xy 6 0
(1.3, 2.0), (1.3, 2.0) 3y 6 0 2y 6 0
y y 2 y 3
xy 6 0 xy 6 0
(1.3, 2.0) (1.3, 2.0) 3y 6 0 2y 6 0
y2 y3
(3, 2), (3, 2) (2, 3), (2, 3)
O x
y
(1.3, 2.0)
(2, 3)
(1.3, 2.0)
(3, 2)
O x
(3, 2)
(2, 3)
361 Chapter 10
21. x2 y 3 0 23. xy 4
x2 y 3 4
y x
x2 4y2 36
y 3 4y2 36 x2 25 9y2
4 2
4y2 y 33 0 x2 25 9x
(y 3)(4y 11) 0 144
y30 4y 11 0 x2 25 x
2
4
O
22. 2y x 3 0 8 4 4 8 x O x
2y 3 x 4
x2 16 y2
(2y 3)2 16 y2 8
4y2 12y 9 16 y2
5y2 12y 7 0 26. y
b
b2 4ac
y
2a
12
122 4(5)(
7)
y
2(5)
12 284
y
10
O x
y 0.5 or y 2.9
2y x 3 0 2y x 3 0
2(0.5) x 3 0 2(2.9) x 3 0
x 4.0 x 2.8
(4.0, 0.5), (2.8, 2.9)
y
27. y
8
(4, 0.5)
4
O x
8 4 O 4 8x
4
(2.8, 2.9)
8
Chapter 10 362
28. 29. 37a. 2x 2y P xy A
y y 2x 2y 150 xy 800
8
37b. A system of a line and a hyperbola may have 0,
4 1, or 2 solutions.
37c. y
8 4 O 4 8x
O x 80
4
40
8
80 40 O 40 80 x
40
30. 31.
y y 80
8
4 37d. xy 800
800
y x
8 4 O 4 8 x
4 2x 2y 150
O x
2x 2x 150
800
8
1600
2x x 150
32. 33. 2x2 1600 150x
y y
8 x2 75x 800 0
4 b b2 4
ac
x
2a
4
(75) (75) )
2 4(1)(800
8 4 O 4 x x
2(1)
8 4 O 4 8x 4 75 2425
4 x
2
8 x 12.88 or x 62.12
8 xy 800 xy 800
12.88y 800 62.12y 800
34. parabola: y 62.11 y 12.88
vertex: (1, 3) 12.9 m by 62.1 m or 62.1 m by 12.9 m
(y k)2 4p(x h)
38a. (h, k) (0, 4)
(5 3)2 4p(1 1)
1
(x, y) (6, 0)
2 p (x h)2 4p(y k)
(6 0)2 4p (0, 4)
(y 3)2 42(x 1)
1
36 16p
(y 3)2 2(x 1) 2.25 p
line: (x h)2 4p(y k)
m 2, b 7 (x 0)2 4(2.25)(y 4)
y mx b x2 9(y 4)
y 2x 7 x 9(y 4), y 0
2
35. circle: 38b. y
center: (0, 0), radius: 22
x2 y2 r2
x2 y2 8
hyperbola:
(2)(2) 4 x
xy 4 O
36. large ellipse:
a 5, b 4, center (0, 0)
y2 x2
a2 b2 1
y2 x2
25 16 1 (interior is shaded)
small ellipse:
a 3, b 2, center (0, 1)
x2 (y k)2
a2 1
b2
x2 (y 1)2
1 (exterior is shaded)
9 4
363 Chapter 10
38c. (h, k) (0, 3) 40b. y estimate: (40, 30)
(x, y) (6, 0) 80
(x h)2 4p(y k)
(6 0)2 4p(0 3) 40
36 12p O
3 p 80 40 40 80x
(x h)2 4p(y k) 40
(x 0)2 4(3)(y 3)
x2 12(y 3)
x 12(y 3), y 0
2 40c. x2 y2 2500
39. xy 12 x2 2500 y2
12 x2 (y 30)2 1600
y x
2500 y2 y2 60y 900 1600
x y 1 60y 1800 0
x x 1 y 30
12
Check that (4, 3) and (3, 4) are also solutions 1800 2500 2500 2500
of y2 25 x2. (40, 30)
y2 25 x2 y2 25 x2 41. x 3y k
(3)2 25 (4)2 (4)2 25 (3)2 2y2 3y k
99 16 16 2y2 3y k 0
3 1
(4, 3), (3, 4) y2 2y 2k 0
3 2
y y2 2y 4 0 Complete the square.
3
2
(3, 4) y 34 0
3 2
2k 4
1
1 9
2k 1
6
O x 9
k 8
(4, 3)
42a. y
8
Chapter 10 364
asteroid: 49. No; the domain value 4 is mapped to two elements
Let y2 t. in the range, 0 and 3.
x2 0.25y2 5 50. area of rectangle q
x2 0.25 t2 5 8(4) or 32
42d. area of circles 2 (r2)
2(4p) or 8p
area of shaded region 32 8p
The correct choice is E.
between 1 and 2
48. y (x 2)2 3
x (y 2)2 3
x 3 (y 2)2
x 3y2
x 32y [9.1, 9.1] scl1 by [6, 6] scl1
y 5a. 3
y (x 2)2 3
5b. Find the points of intersection for the boundary
equation by using the TRACE function.
O
x
y
x32
365 Chapter 10
5c. SHADE(((36X2)/9),((36X2)/9),6,2,3,4); 14. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
(x 0)2 (y 0)2 33
2
SHADE(X22,((36X2)/9),2,2,3,4,);
SHADE(((36X2)/9), ((36X2)/9),2,6,3,4) x2 y2 27
y
(0, 33)
(33, 0)
O x
Chapter 10 366
19. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (3, 1 2) or
12 12 D(1) E(1) F 0 ⇒ (3, 1), (3, 3)
D E F 2 y
(2)2 22 D(2) E(2) F 0 ⇒
2D 2E F 8 (3, 1)
(5)2 12 D(5) E(1) F 0 ⇒
5D E F 26 O (8, 1) x
D E F 2 (3, 1)
(1)(5D E F) (1)(26) (2, 1) (3, 3)
6D 24
D4
2D 2E F 8 22. 6x2 4y2 24x 32y 64 0
(1)(D E F) (1)(2) 6(x2 4x ?) 4(y2 8y ?) 64 ? ?
3D E 6 6(x2 4x 4) 4(y2 8y 16) 64 6(4) 4(16)
3(4) E 6 6(x 2)2 4(y 4)2 24
E6 (x 2)2 (y 4)2
24
D E F 2 4 6
4 (6) F 2 center: (h, k) (2, 4)
F 12 a2 6 b2 4
x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 a 6 b 4 or 2
x2 y2 4x 6y 12 0 c a2 b2
(x 4x ?) (y2 6y ?) 12 ? ?
2 c 6 4 or 2
(x2 4x 4) (y2 6y 9) 12 4 9 foci: (h, k c) (2, 4 2)
(x 2)2 (y 3)2 25 major axis vertices: (h, k a) 2, 4 6
center: (h, k) (2 3) minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (2 2, 4) or
r 25 or 5 (0, 4), (4, 4)
20. center: (h, k) (5, 2) y
a2 36 b2 16 (2, 4
6)
a 36 or 6 b 16
or 4
c a2 b2 (2, 4)
c 6 4 or 2 (4, 4) (0, 4)
foci: (h, k c) (5, 2 2 )
major axis vertices: (h, k a) (5, 2 6) or (2, 4
6)
(5, 8), (5, 4) O x
minor axis vertices: (h b, k) (5 4, 2) or
(9, 2), (1, 2) 23. x2 4y2 124 8x 48y
y (5, 8)
(x2 8x ?) 4(y2 12y ?) 124 ? ?
(x2 8x 16) 4(y2 12y 36) 124 16 4(36)
(x 4)2 4(y 6)2 36
(5, 2) (x 4)2 (y 6)2
(1, 2) (9, 2) 36
36 9
O x center: (h, k) (4, 6)
a2 36 b2 9
(5, 4)
a 36 or 6 b 9 or 3
c a2 b2
c 36 9 or 33
21. 4x2 25y2 24x 50y 39 foci: (h c, k) (4 33, 6)
4(x2 6x ?) 25(y2 2y ?) 39 ? ? major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 6, 6) or
4(x2 6x 9) 25(y2 2y 1) 39 4(9) 25(1) (10, 6), (2, 6)
4(x 3)2 25(y 1)2 100 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 6 3) or
(x 3)2 (y 1)2
1 (4, 9), (4, 3)
25 4 y
center: (h, k) (3, 1)
a2 25 b2 4 (4, 9)
a 25 or 5 b 4 or 2 (2, 6)
(4, 6)
c a2 b2
(10, 6)
c 25 4 or 21
(4, 3)
foci: (h c, k) (3 21
, 1)
major axis vertices: (h a, k) (3 5, 1) or O x
(8, 1), (2, 1)
367 Chapter 10
24. (h, k) (4, 1) center: (h, k) (0, 2)
a9 a2 4 b2 1
b6 a 4 or 2 b 1 or 1
(y k)2 (x h)2
b 1 c a2 b2
a2 2
(1, 1) O x
(2, 3)
O x
(1, 5) (2, 6)
(1, 11)
Chapter 10 368
29. c 9 33. vertex: (h, k) (1, 2)
quadrants: I and III 4p 16
transverse axis: y x p 4
vertices: xy 9 xy 9 focus: (h p, k) (1 (4), 2) or (3, 2)
3(3) 9 (3)(3) 9 directrix: x h p
(3, 3) (3, 3) x 1 (4)
y x5
axis of symmetry: y k
(3, 3) y 2
y
O x
(3, 3)
O x
(3, 2) (1, 2)
30. 2b 10
b5
x1 x2 y1 y2 1 1 1 5
center: 2, 2 2, 2 x5
(1, 2)
transverse axis: vertical 34. y2 6y 4x 25
a distance from center to a vertex y2 6y ? 4x 25 ?
2 (1) or 3 y2 6y 9 4x 25 9
(y k)2 (x h)2
b 1 (y 3)2 4(x 4)
a2 2
(y 2)2 (x 1)2 vertex: (h, k) (4, 3)
5 1
32 2
4p 4
(y 2)2 (x 1)2
9 25 1 p1
focus: (h p, k) (4 1, 3) or (5, 3)
x1 x2 y1 y2 2 6 3 (3)
31. center: 2, 2 2, 2 directrix: x h p
x41
(2, 3)
x3
a distance from center to a vertex axis of symmetry: y k
2 (2) or 4 y 3
c distance from center to a focus
y
2 (4) or 6
b2 c2 a2 O x
b2 62 42
(4, 3)
b2 20 (5, 3)
transverse axis: horizontal
(x h)2 (y k)2 x3
a2 b 2 1
(x 2)2 [y (3)]2
42 20 1
(x 2)2 (y 3)2
1 35. x2 4x y 8
16 20
x2 4x 4 y 8 4
32. vertex: (h, k) (5, 3) (x 2)2 y 4
4p 8 vertex: (h, k) (2, 4)
p2 4p 1
focus (h, k p) (5, 3 2) or (5, 5) 1
directrix: y k p p 4
focus: (h, k p) 2, 4 4 or (2, 4.25)
1
y32
y1
directrix: y k p
axis of symmetry: x h 1
x5 y 4 4
y
y 3.75
y
axis of symmetry: x h
x 2 (2, 4.25)
(5, 5)
y 3.75
y1 (2, 4)
(5, 3)
O x
O x
369 Chapter 10
36. vertex: (h, k) (1, 3) 44. x 2 sin t y 3 cos t
(y k)2 4p(x h) x
sin t
y
cos t
2 3
(7 3)2 4p[3 (1)]
16 8p sin2 t cos2 t1
x 2 y 2
2p
2
3 1
Since parabola opens left, p 2. x2 y2
1
(y k)2 4p(x h) 4 9
(y 3)2 4(2)[x (1)]
(y 3)2 8(x 1) t x y (x, y)
24 0 0 3 (0, 3)
37. vertex: (h, k) 5,
2 or (5, 1)
2 0 (2, 0)
focus: (h, k p) (5, 2) 2
1 1 2 (1, 2) x2
y 2 1
0 0 3 (0, 3)
1 1 2 (1, 2) t x y (x, y)
2 2 1 (2, 1) 0 0 1 (0, 1)
y 4 2 1 (2, 1)
9 3 3.5 (3, 3.5)
y t9
O x
O x
t0
43. x cos 4t y sin 4t
cos2 4t sin2 4t 1 46. Sample answer:
x2 y 2 1 Let x t.
y 2x2 4
t x y (x, y)
y 2t2 4, t
0 1 0 (1, 0)
47. Sample answer:
0 1 (0, 1) x2 y2 49
8
x2 y2
1 0 (1, 0) 1
4 49 49
x 2 y 2
3
8 0 1 (0, 1)
7 7 1
sin2 t cos2 t 1
y x 2 y 2
7 sin2 t 7 cos2 t
t8 x y
7 sin t
7 cos t
t4 t0
x 7 sin t y 7 cos t, 0 t 2p
O x
3
t 8
Chapter 10 370
48. Sample answer: 54. B2 4AC (6)2 4(1)(9)
x2 y2 0
1
36 81
x 2 y 2 parabola
6 9 1
tan 2v
B
AC
cos2 t sin2 t 1 6
x 2 y 2 tan 2v
6 cos2 t 9 sin2 t 19
3
x y tan 2v 4
6 cos t
9 sin t
2v 36.86989765°
x 6 cos t y 9 sin t, 0 t 2p
v 18°
49. Sample answer:
55. (x 1)2 4(y 1)2 20
Let y t.
(y 1)2 4(y 1)2 20
x y2
5(y 1)2 20
x t2, t
(y 1)2 4
50. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(9) y 1 2
144 y 3 or 1
A C; ellipse
y3 xy
4x2 9y2 36
x3
p 2 p 2
4
p p
x cos y sin 6 9 x sin 6 y cos 6
6 36 y 1 xy
2 2 x 1
3
1
1 3
4 2x 2y 9 2x 2y
36
(3, 3), (1, 1)
3 3 1
4 4(x)2 2xy 4(y)2 y
(3, 3)
1
3 3
9 4(x)3 2xy 4(y)2 36
3(x)2 23 xy (y)2
9
93 27
4(x)2 2 xy 4(y)2 36 O x
21
53 31 (1, 1)
2 xy 4(y)2 36
(x)2
4
21(x)2 103 xy 31(y)2 144 0
51. B 4AC 0 4(0)(1)
2
0 56. 2x y 0
parabola 2x y
y2 4x 0 y2 49 x2
(x sin 45° y cos 45°) 4(x cos 45° y sin 45°) 0
2
(2x)2 49 x2
2
22 x 22 y 42x 2y 0
2
2
4x2 49 x2
1 1 3x2 49
(x)2 xy (y)2 22
x 22
y 0
2 2 x 4.04
(x)2 2xy (y)2 42x 42
y 0 2x y 0 2x y 0
52. B2 4AC 0 4(4)(16) 2(4.04) y 0 2(4.04) y 0
256 y 8.08 y 8.08
hyperbola (4.0, 8.1), (4.0, 8.1)
4x2 16(y 1)2 64 y
4(x h)2 16(y k 1)2 64
4(x 1)2 16(y 2 1)2 64
4(x 1)2 16(y 1)2 64 (4.0, 8.1)
(4.0, 8.1)
4(x2 2x 1) 16(y2 2y 1) 64
O x
4x2 8x 4 16y2 32y 16 64 0
x2 4y2 2x 8y 19 0
53. B2 4AC 23
4(6)(8)
2
180
A C; ellipse
B
tan 2v
AC
2
3
tan 2v
68
tan 2v 3
2v 60°
v 30°
371 Chapter 10
57. x2 4x 4y 4 61. 62.
x2 4x 4 4y y y
(x 2)2 4y 0
(x 2) x2 4x 4 0
2
x 4x 4 x2 4x 4 0
2 2
2x2 8x 0 O 2 x O x
2x(x 4) 0
2x 0 x40
x0 x4
(x 2)2 4y 0 (x 2)2 4y 0
(0 2)2 4y 0 (4 2)2 4y 0
y 1 y 1
(0, 1), (4, 1) Page 691 Applications and Problem Solving
63a. r
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
y
r (12 0)2 (16 0)2
r 20
O
x2 y2 r2
(0, 1) x
x2 y2 202
(4, 1) x2 y2 400
63b. area of watered portion pr2
p202
1256.6 ft2
58. xy 4 area of backyard q
4
y x 50(40)
2000 ft2
x2 y2 12
4 2 area of nonwatered portion 2000 1256.6
x2 x 12 743.4 ft2
16 743.4
x2 x2 12 percent not watered
2000
x4 16 12x2 0 0.37
(x2)2 12(x2) 16 0 about 37%
c
b b2 4
ac 64. 2a 2,000 e a
x2
2a a 6000 c
12
122 4(1)(1
6) 0.2
6000
x2
2(1)
1200 c
x2 10.472 or x2 1.528
b2
a2 c2
x 3.236 x 1.236
b2 60002 12002
xy 4 xy 4
b2 34,560,000
3.236y 4 1.236y 4 (x h)2 (y k)2
y 1.236 y 3.236
a2 b
2 1
xy 4 xy 4 (x 0)2 (y 0)2
60002 1
3.236y 4 1.236y 4 34,560,000
y 1.236 y 3.236 x2 y2
1
36,000,000 34,560,000
(3.2, 1.2), (3.2, 1.2), (1.2, 3.2), (1.2, 3.2)
65. a 3.5
y b3
c a2 b2
(1.2, 3.2)
c 3.52 32
(3.2, 1.2) x c 1.8
O about 1.8 feet from the center
(3.2, 1.2)
(1.2, 3.2)
59. 60.
y y
O x 4 O 4 x
4
Chapter 10 372
Page 691 Open-Ended Assessment 3. The information in the question confirms the
1. Sample answer: information given in the figure. Recall the formula
c for the area of a triangle — one half the base
e a
times the height. The triangle DCB is obtuse, so
1 c
9 a the height will lie outside of the triangle.
Let DC
be the base. The length of the base is 6.
Let a 9.
1 c
The height will be equal to 7, since it is a line
9 9 b2 a2 c2 segment parallel to A D
through point B.
c1 b2 92 12 1
A 2bh
x2 y2 b2 80
a2 b2 1
1
2(6)(7) or 21
x2 y2
92 80 1
The correct choice is A.
x2 y2 4. The problem asks how many more girls there are
1
81 80
than boys. First find how many girls and how
2. Sample answer:
many boys there are in the class.
axis of symmetry: x h
One method is to find the fraction of girls in the
x 2, so h 2
whole class and the fraction of boys in the whole
focus: (h, k p) (2, 5)
class. Since the ratio of girls to boys is 4 to 3, the
kp5 4
fraction of girls in the whole class is 7. Find the
Let k 2, p 3.
number of girls in the class by multiplying this
(x h)2 4p(y k)
fraction by 35.
(x 2)2 4(3)(y 2) 4
(35) 20 There are 20 girls in the class.
(x 2)2 12(y 2) 7
3
Using the same process, the fraction of boys is 7.
3
(35)
7 15 There are 15 boys in the class.
SAT & ACT Preparation So there are 5 more girls than boys. The correct
choice is D.
Another method is to use a “Ratio Box.” First
Page 693 SAT & ACT Practice enter the given information, shown in the darker
1. Add the two numbers of parts to get the whole, 8. cells below. Then enter the number for the total of
3
The fraction of red jelly beans to the whole is 8. the first row, 7. To go from the total of 7 to the
The total number of jelly beans is 160. The total of 35, you must multiply by 5. Write a 5 in
3 each cell in the second row.
number of red jelly beans is 8(160) or 60. The
correct choice is C.
Girls Boys Total
Or you can use a ratio box. Multiply by 20.
4 3 7
Green Red Whole 5 5 5
5 3 8 20 15 35
60 160
Then multiply the two numbers in the first
2. Notice the capitalized word EXCEPT. You might column to get 20 girls, shown with a dark border.
want to try the plug-in method on this problem. Multiply the second column to get 15 boys.
Choose a value for b that is an odd integer, say 1. Subtract to find there are 5 more girls than boys.
Then substitute that value for b in the equation. 5. Set A is the set of all positive integers less than
a2b 122 30. Set B is the set of all positive multiples of 5.
a (1) 122
2 The intersection of Sets A and B is the set of all
a2 122 elements that are in both Set A and Set B. The
a 12 intersection consists of all positive multiples of
Check the answer choices for divisors of this value 5 which are also less than 30. The intersection
of a. 12 is divisible by 3, 4, 6, and 12, but not by 9. of the two sets is {5, 10, 15, 20, 25}.
The correct choice is D. The correct choice is A.
373 Chapter 10
6. For a quadratic equation in the form 9. Let d represent the number of dimes in the jar.
y a(x – h)2 k, the coordinates of the vertex Since there are 4 more nickels than dimes, there
of the graph of the function are given by the are d 4 nickels in the jar. So, the ratio of dimes
ordered pair (h, k). So the vertex of the graph d
to nickles in the jar is . This ratio is less
1 d4
of y 2(x – 3)2 + 4 has coordinates (3, 4). than 1. The only answer choice that is less than
The correct choice is C. 8 d 8
1 is choice A, . If , then d 16. So,
10 d4 10
7. On the SAT, if you forget the relationships for 45° there are 16 dimes and 16 4 or 20 nickels in the
right triangles, look at the Reference Information 16 8
jar, and .
in the gray box at the beginning of each 20 10
mathematics section of the exam. The measure of The correct choice is A.
each leg of a 45–45–90 triangle is equal to the 10. Set up a proportion.
length of the hypotenuse divided by 2 . Multiply total liters x liters
both numerator and denominator by 2 and total bottles 1 bottle
8 x
simplify.
20
1
8
BC
2
20x 8
2
2
8
x 0.4 or 5
2 2
82 The correct answer is .4 or 2/5.
2 or 42
Chapter 10 374
Chapter 11 Exponential and Logarithmic Function
3 3
8. 32 5 (25) 5
11-1 Real Exponents 15
25
23
Page 695 Graphing Calculator Exploration 8
1. 9. (3a )3 3a5 33 a6 3a5
2
34a1
81
81a1 or a
1 1
10.
m3n2
m4n5 (m3n2) 2 (m4n5) 2
3 2 4 5
m2n2 m2n2
7 7
m 2 n 2 or m3n3mn
1
8n 27 8n 27
2. 11. 2
4 n 4 n
n 7
82 22
n
4 2
n 7
(23) 2 2 2
n
(22) 2
3n 7
3. am an amn 2 2 22
4. (am)n amn 2n
2
2
a m
5.
b
am
bm, when b
0 3n
7
2n
2 22 2 2
2
5n 7
2 2
n1
Page 700 Check for Understanding 22n3 2
2
9 2
1
16
6b3c
4 1
625 15 (x5y3) 15
16 2
15
15
9 x5y3
162
1
17.
3
92
p4q6r5 (p4q6r5) 3
256
1 1 1
1 1
81
1 1
(p4) 3 (q6) 3 (r5) 3
6. 216 (63) 7. 27
3
27 3 2 2 4 5
3 3
3 1
1
p 3 q2r 3
6 3
(33) 3 2 2
pq2r
3
3 1
pr2
6
3 3
2
2
4
4
18. y 34
5
32
4 5 5
y 5 4
34 4
32 1
9 y (345) 4
y 82.1
375 Chapter 11
19. A r2 r 3.875 107 m 2 1
33. 216
(216 3 )2
3
7
8
[(2)7] 7
1
8 3 (2)
4
7 1
83 1
6
73
512
36. (3n ) 33(n2)3
2 3
343 27n6
1
1 37. (y2)4 y8 y8
25. (31 33)1
31 31
(y2)4
1
1 y8 y8
1 1
1
3 9 3 3 3
1
38. (4y4) 2 4 (y4) 22
4 3 3
(22) 2 (y4) 2
9
6 12
9
4 22y 2
1 1 1 1
26. 81 2 (92) 2 27. 729 3 (93) 3 8y6
9 9
1 1 1 1 1
Chapter 11 376
1 1 4 1 4 1 4
(245
44. 3m 2 27n 4 34m 2 274n4
1
3
61. x ) 5
34m2(33)4n
3
0.33
316m2n 0.69
1 1 1
f 1 6 1 1
45.
256g4h4
4
(f16 2561 g4 h4) 4 62. d3e2f 2 (d3) 2 (e2) 2 (f 2) 2
1 1 1 1 defd
(f16) 4
(2561) 4
(g4) 4
(h4) 4
1 1 1
3
1
63. a5b7c (a5) 3 (b7) 3 (c) 3
f 4 256 g h1 4
ab2
3
4 f4g a2bc
4 f 4gh1 or 1
1
1
h 64.
20x3y6 (20) 2 (x3) 2 (y6) 2
3 3 3 3 1
x2x x x2x
6 4
2xy35x
46. 4 4 4
x 6
3 5
2
14.2 x 724 15a 2 12
3 6 1
x x 1
4 2 6 )
0.17 x 712
5
a2
1 1 1 2 2 3
47. 2x y 4 3
3x y 6x
4 3 4
y 3
15
2 5 2
712
(a 2 ) 5
1
5
6x y 2
15
m 1 1
1
1
4.68 a
a n m m6n (m6) 2 n 2
n
48. a 49. 1
1 1
1
67. 8
x5 3.5
a n m
m3n 2
5
1
x 2 28
a nm
5 2
2
1
(x 2 ) 5 (28) 5
a mn
mn x 3.79
a
1 1
68. d 6.794 103 km so r 3.397 103 km
4
50.
xy3 (x) 2 (y3) 2 V 3r3
1 3
4
x 2 y 2 3(3.397 103 km)3
1 1 1
51.
3
8x3y6 8 (x3) (y6) 3 3 3 1.64 1011 km3
10 1 2 10 5 7
2xy2 69. y 3x; x 8, 6, 5, 33, 2, 3, 9, 3, 2
1 1 1
52. 17 17(x14) 2 (y7) 7 (z12) 7
7
x14y7z12 x 3x y
12
17x2yz 7 8 38
9
1 1 1
6561
53.
a10b2
5 4
c2 (a10) 5 (b2) 5 (c2) 4 6 36
1
2 1
729
a2b c 5 2
5 35
1
1
1
1
243
54. 60
r80s56
8
t27 60(r80) 8 (s56) 8 27 8 10
27
(t ) 10
3 33 1.395
33
60r st
10 8
1
1
1
5
3
3 2
1.732
56. (7a) b
75a5b3
5 8
55. 16 16
5 8 8 2
2
2
2
3 3
2.080
2
1 1
4
3 2
3 1
3
2
57. p 3 q 2 r 3 p 6 q 6 r 6 58. 23 10
10
1
9 3 9
3.389
23
6
p4q3r2 3 5
5
2
3 3 3
14.620
1 1 3 7 7
7
59. 13a b 13a b 7 3 21 21 3 2
46.765
2
21
13 a3b7
1 1
1
69a. If x 0 then y 0. If x 0 then y 1. Since
60. (n3m9) 2 (n3) 2 (m9) 2 x 0, y 0 and y 1. So, 0 y 1.
3 9
n2m2
69b. If x 0 then y 1. If x 1 then y 3. So,
1 y 3.
nm4mn
69c. If x 1 then y 3. So, y 3.
377 Chapter 11
69d. If the exponent is less than 0, the power is greater n factors
than 0 and less than 1. If the exponent is greater m factors m factors m factors
than 0 and less than 1, the power is greater than 1 74b. (am)n a a ... a a a ... a ... a a ... a
and less than the base. If the exponent is greater m n factors
than 1, the power is greater than the base.
a a ... a amn
Any number to the zero power is 1. Thus, if the m factors m factors m factors
exponent is less than zero, the power is less than
74c. (ab)m ab ab ... ab a a ... a b b ... b ambm
1. A power of a positive number is never
negative, so the power is greater than 0. m factors
a m
Any number to the zero power is 1 and to the 74d.
b
a
b
a a
b ... b bm
am
am a a ... a
between 1 and the base. 74e.
an
mn
n factors a
a a ... a
Any number to the first power is itself. Thus, if
the exponent is greater than 1, the power is 75. y
greater than the base.
1
70. r (1.2 1015)A 3
If r 2.75 1015 then 1
2.75 105 (1.2 1015)A 3 O x
2.75 1015
1
1.2 1015 A 3
1
2.29 A 3
12.04 A 76. y2 12x
Since 12.04 12, which is the mass number of (y 0)2 4(3)(x 0)
carbon, the atom is carbon. Vertex is at (0, 0) and p 3. The parabola opens
32(x 4x) 16(x 4x3) to the right so the focus is at (0 3, 0) or (3, 0).
2 2
71.
(25)(x 4x) (24)(x 4x3)
2 2
Since the directrix is 3 units to the left of the
2(5x 20x) 2(4x 16x12) vertex, the equation of the directrix is x 3.
2 2
23
22
2
25 35.3 r v Arctan
2
23
30 39.2
3
16
Arctan 3
72b. A 5-mile per hour increase in the wind speed
when the wind is light has more of an effect on 4 6
perceived temperature than a 5-mile per hour 2i) 4cos 6 i sin 6.
So, (23
increase in the wind speed when the wind is Use De Moivre’s Theorem.
1 1
heavy.
4cos 6 i sin 6 1 1
45 cos 5 6sin 5 6
5
G M e t2 1 1
73a. r3
42
G 6.67 1011
4 cos 30 4 i sin 30
5 5
4 5
74a. aman a a ... a a a ... a a a ... a amn 3 3 3
2
Lemniscate
Chapter 11 378
u sin v 1qt2 h. 87. The time it takes to paint a building is inversely
79. Use the equation y tv 2
u
v 105
proportional to the number of painters.
g 32 h3 v 42 k
1 48 8
y t(105)(sin 42°) 2(32)t2 3
k 384
16t2 (105 sin 42°)t 3 384
Find t when y 0 (i.e., the ball is on the ground). So t 1
6
t
105 sin 42°
(105
in s)42°16)(
4(3)
t 24
2(16)
The correct choice is E.
t 0.04, 4.43
So, the ball hits the ground after about 4.43 s.
u
80. TC (2 3), (6 (4)), (5 6)
379 Chapter 11
5. x y y 11. x y y
1 1 O x
1
9 1 2
y 3x y 2x
0 1 0 1
1 3 1 2
2 9 2 4
O x
6. x y y 12. x y y
2 9 2 4
1 3 1 2
y 3x
0 1
0 1 1
1
1 2
1 9 y 2x
O x O x
7. x y 13. x y y
2
3
34 Use (0, 0) as a test point. 3 1
1
2 2
?
1 32 0 20 4 1 4 y 2x 3
? 0 8
0 4 0 14
1 2 0 3
2 0 The statement is true so shade
the region containing (0, 0). O x
y 14. x y y
3 1 O x
2 2
1 4
y 2x 3
O x 0 8
y 2x 4
O x
Chapter 11 380
18. x y (0, 0) y 23b. The graph of y 3x is a reflection of the graph
3
1
?
0 204 of y 3x across the x-axis.
2
?
4 1 0 24 y 2x 4
1
5 2 0 1
6
6 4
O x
19. x y y
1 100
0 1 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 10] scl:1
1 y 0.01x
1
100
23c. The graph of y 7x is a reflection of the graph
B 1 of y 7x across the y-axis.
(0, 1) (1, 100 )
O x
20. x y y
1 5 (1, 5)
0 1 y 5x
1
1
5
C (0, 1)
(1, 15 )
21. x y [10, 10] scl:1 by [1, 9] scl:1
O x 1 x
1 49 23d. The graph of y 2 is a reflection of the graph
0 7 y
of y 2x across the y-axis.
1 1 (0, 7)
A
y 71 x
(1, 1)
O x
22.
381 Chapter 11
25b. y 28d. Sample answer: A borrower might choose the
1.3
1.2
30-year mortgage in order to have a lower
1.1 monthly payment. A borrower might choose the
1.0 20-year mortgage in order to have a lower
0.9 interest expense.
0.8
0.7 29a. P 4000, n 43, i 0.0475
(1 0.0475)43 1
0.6 Fn 4000
0.0475
0.5
0.4 535,215.918; $535,215.92
0.3
0.2 29b. P 4000, n 43, i 0.0525
(1 0.0525)43 1
Fn 4000
0.1
0.0525
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8x
611,592.1194 or $611,592.12
25c. y (0.85)12 $611,592.12 535,215.92 $76,376.20
0.14 or 14% 30. The function y ax is undefined when a 0 and
25d. No; the graph has an asymptote at y 0, so the the exponent x is a fraction with an even
percent of impurities, y, will never reach 0. denominator.
26a. N 876,156(1 0.0074)15 31a. Compounded once:
978,612.2261 or 978,612 I 1000[(1 0.05)1 1]
26b. N 2,465,326(1 0.0053)15 50; $50
2,668,760.458 or 2,668,760 Compounded twice:
0.05 2
26c. 152,307 139,510(1 r)10 I 1000[1 2 1]
152,307
139,510 (1 r)10 50.625; $50.63
1
Compounded four times:
152,307 10
1r 0.05 4
139,510 I 1000[1 4 1]
N 139,510(1 r)25 50.9453; $50.94
N 173,736.7334 or 173,737 Compounded twelve times:
0.05 12
26d. 191,701 168,767(1 r)10 I 10001 12 1
191,701
168,767 (1 r)10 51.1619; $51.16
1
Compounded 365 times:
168,767
191,701 10
27a. O 100(3 5 )
Statement savings: I x[(1 0.051)1 1]
100(33) 0.051x
The return is 5.1%
2700 units 0.0505 12
4.2 mi 5280 ft 1 hr Money Market Savings: I x1 1 2 1
1 hr 1 mi 3600 s
27b. s
0.517x
6.16 ft/s The return is 5.17%
36.16
0.05 365
O 100(3 5 ) Super Saver: I x1
365
1
5800.16
0.513x
5800 units
The return is 5.13%
28a. Pn 121,000, n 30 12 or 360, Money Market Savings
i 0.075 12 or 0.00625 365
(1 0.05) 1
365
x
31c.
1 (1 0.00625)360
121,000 P
0.00625
1
x
(1.05) 365
1
P 1
365
846.04955; $846.05 365[(1.05) 1] x
365
16x2
——— 1
121,000 P 4
0.0725
12
33. y 15
Use y r sin v.
P 956.35494; $956.35
y 15
28c. 30 year: I 360(846.05) 121,000 So, 15 r sin v.
$183.578
34. 3, 9
2, 1
(3)(2) (9)(1)
20 year: I 240(956.35) 121,000
3
$108,524
3; no because the inner product does not equal 0.
Chapter 11 382
35.
1
3 cos 78 i sin 78 33cos 4 i sin 4 42. y
7 7
y 1x
3 33 cos 8 4 i sin 8 4 y x 1 3
1
5 5
3 cos 8 i sin 8
O x
0.66 1.60i
36. s 72t 16t2 4
s 4 16t2 72t
s 4 (16)(5.0625) 16(t2 4.5 5.0625)
(s 85) 16(t 2.25)2 The parent graph is translated 3 units left. The
Vertex: (2.25, 85) vertical asymptote is now x 3. The horizontal
Maximum height: 85 feet. asymptote, y 0, is unchanged.
37a. y 43. CAC 32 CAB 16
(12, 8) 100.53 50.27
100.53 50.27 50.26 or about 50.
The correct choice is E.
(7, 6)
383 Chapter 11
11a. Annually: I 100[(1 0.08)1 1] 14b. 2 decimal places; 4 decimal places; 6 decimal
80 $80.00; 8% places
0.08 2
Semi-annually: I 10001 2 1 14c. always greater
15a. 5 days: P 1 e0.047(5)
81.6 $81.60; 8.16%
0.08 4
0.20943 20.9%
Quarterly: I 10001
4 1 20 days: P 1 e0.047(26)
82.4316 $82.43; 8.243% 0.60937 60.9%
0.08 12 90 days: P 1 e0.047(90)
Monthly: I 10001
12 1 0.98545 98.5%
82.9995 $83.00; 8.3% 20.9%; 60.9% 98.5%
0.08 365
Daily: I 10001
365 1 15b.
83.2776 $83.28; 8.328%
Continuously: I 1000(e 0.08(1) 1)
83.2871 $83.98; 8.329%
Effective
Interest Annual
Compounded Interest Yield
Annually $80.00 8% about 29 days
Semi-annually $81.60 8.16% 15c. Sample answer: The probability that a person
Quarterly $82.43 8.243% who is going to respond has responded
approaches 100% as t approaches infinity. New
Monthly $83.00 8.3%
ads may be introduced after a high percentage of
Daily $83.28 8.328% those who will respond have responded. The
Continuously $83.29 8.329% graph appears to level off after about 50 days.
r n
So, new ads can be introduced after an ad has
11b. continuously 11c. E 1 n 1 run about 50 days.
11d. E e 1
r
16a. all reals
12a. y 525(1 e0.038(24)) 16b. 0 f(x) 1
314.097 314 people 16c. c shifts the graph to the right or left
(1 0.035)8 1
12b. after about 61h 17. 120,000 P
0.035
120,000 P(9.051687)
P 13,257.19725
$13,257.20
8 3 1
18. x 5 y 5 z 5 x
5
x3y3z
19. y 6x2 v 45°
x sin 45° y cos 45° 6(x cos 45° y sin 45°)2
[0, 100] scl:10 by [0, 550] scl:50
2 2
2 2
2
2 x
y 6
2 x
y
13a. P 1 e6(0.5) 2 2
0.95021 95% 2 2
6
1 1
2 x y x2 xy y2
13b. 2 2 2
26
3.34
26
(cos 3.34 i sin 3.34)
2.718304481
2(1000) 1 1000 2001 1000
For x 1000:
2(1000) 1
1999
2.718282055
2.720551414; 2.718304481; 2.718282055
Chapter 11 384
21. y Page 717 Mid-Chapter Quiz
(0, 150) 1. 642 8 1
343 2 (343 31 )2
3
2. ()
((73) 3 )2
7 2
1
49
8x3y6 1 1
27w z
27w6y6
8x3z9
(x, y) 3. 6 9
3 3
d 1
1
1
y (23) 3 (x3) 3 (z9) 3
28˚ 1
1
1
(33) 3 (w6) 3 ( y6) 3
O x x
2xz3 2
or w2xy2z3
3w2y2 3
u u
d x, y
F 0, 150
1
x x 4.
a6b3 (a4b3) 2
cos 28° 10
sin 28°
10
1
1
(a6) 2 (b3) 2
x 10 cos 28° x 10 sin 28° 3
W 0, 150
8.8295, 4.6947
5b
3
a2
0 704.205
6. 1.75 10 0.094
2
A3
704.2 ft-lb 3
1.75 10 0.94 A
2 2
0.94
3
(A 2 ) 3
2x 3 16
2x 13 151.34 A
13 1.51 102 mm2
x 2
7. 1,786,691 1,637,859 (1 r)8
24. 3x 2 6 1,786,691
3x 2 6 3x 2 6
1,637,859 (1 r)8
3x 4 3x 8
1 1
1,637,859 [(1 r) ]
1,786,691
8 8 8
4 8
x 3 x 3 1
1,637,859 1 r
1,786,691
8
x 8
3 x
4
3
r 0.011
Store the exact value in
3 2 2 9 6
25. 3
2 6 5 1
3
6
6 18 15 3
9
your calculator’s
memory.
J(9, 6), K(6, 18), L(6, 15), M(9, 3); The
N 1,637,859 (1 0.011)24 Use the stored
dilated image has sides that are 3 times the
2,216,156.979 value for r.
length of the original figure.
2,126,157
4x y
26. x
2y 12
6
8. A 3500 1 4
0.052 (4)(3.5)
385 Chapter 11
2
14. log7 n 3 log7 8
11-4 Logarithmic Functions 2
log7 n log7 8 3
2
215
5
2 1
6. 9 2 27 7. 5 22. 74
2401 23. 4 2 32
4
25. 6
36
1 2
8. log7 y 6 9. log8 4 3 24. ex 65.98
1 3
1
10. log2 16 x 26. log81 9 2 27. log36 216 2
11. log10 0.01 x
1
1 10x 0.01 28. log 18 512 3 6 2
29. log6 3
2x 1
6 10x 102
2x 24 x 2
x 4
1
343 x
12. log7 13. log2 x 5
1 25 x
7x
343 32 x
7x 73
x 3
Chapter 11 386
30. log16 1 0 31. logx 14.36 1.238 x 2
32. log8 64 x 3
47. log1010
x
3
10x 10
8x 64 125x 5 1
10x 10
3
8x 82 (53)x 51 1
x2 3x 1 x 3
33. log125 5 x 1
x 3
1
48. log12 x 2 log12 9 3 log12 27
1
1 1
34. log2 32 x
log12 x log12 9 2 log12 27 3
2x 32 4x 128 1
1
2x 25 22x 27 log12 x log12 9 2 27 3
1 1
x5 2x 7 x 9 2 27 3
7
35. log4 128 x x 2 or 3.5 x33
36. log9 96 x x9
9x 96 49x 343 49. log5 (x 4) log5 8 log5 64
x6 72x 73 log5 (x 4)(8) log5 64
37. log49 343 x 2x 3 (x 4)(8) 64
3 x48
x 2 or 1.5
x4
38. log8 16 x 50. log4 (x 3) log4 (x 3) 2
x
8x 16 8 4096 log4 (x 3)(x 3) 2
23x 24 x
42 (x 3)(x 3)
8 84
2
3x 4 x 16 x2 9
4 4 25 x2
x 3 2
x8 5x
39. log8 4096 x 1
40. 104 log102 x 51. 2(log7 x log7 8) log7 16
1
10log1024 x 41. logx 49 2 (log 8x) log 16
2 7 7
24 x x2 49
1
log7 (8x) 2 log7 16
16 x x7 1
(8x) 2 16
8x 256
42. log3 3x log3 36
x 32
3x 36
x 12 52. 2 log5 (x 2) log5 36
log5 (x 2)2 log5 36
43. log6 x log6 9 log6 54
(x 2)2 36
log6 9x log6 54
x26
9x 54
x8 y
x6
53. x y
44. log8 48 log8 w log8 6
48 1 0 y log4 x
log8 w log8 6 1
2
48 2
6 O x
w 4 1
6w 48
w8 x3
45. log6 216 x 46. log5 0.04 x
6x 216 5x 0.04
6x 63 5x 52
387 Chapter 11
54. x y y r 410
20 62a. 5000 25001 4
1 0 15 r 40
2 3 10 y 3 log2 x 27 1 4
5 r 40
4 6 62b. 2 1 4
O
5 5 10 1520 2530 3540 x 1
r 40
1
2 40 1 4
40
10
15 r
1.0175 1 4
20
0.0699 r
55. x y y 6.99%
r 28
2 0 62c. 2 1 4
6 1 y log5 (x 1) 1
r
2 28 1 4
x r
1.0251 1 4
0.1004 r
10.04%
1 1
y 63a. n log2 — 63b. 3 log2 p
56. x y 1
4 1
1 0 y log2 x n log2 4 23 p
2 1
2n 4 8 p1
4 2 1
x n2
8 p
1
less light; 8
64. Let y loga x, so x ay.
x ay
57. x y y logb x logb ay
1 0 logb x y logb a
logb x
2 2 y
log a b
4 4 logb x
x loga x
logb a
y 2 log2 x 65a. P
16
15.5
15 log2.72 (14.7) 0.02h
P
58. x y y 14.5
14
0 0 13.5
9 1 13
12.5
x 4 2 O 2 4h
y log10 (x 1)
P
14.7 0.02(1)
65b. log2.72
P
2.720.02
59. Use N N0(1 r)t; r 1 since the rate of growth 14.7
Chapter 11 388
67. 69.6164 75. cos (A B) cos A cos B sin A sin B
5 35
0.115 12.30
1 1 cos A 1
3 cos B 37
12
68. 90,000 P ______
0.115
x2 52 132 x2 352 372
12
x2 144 x2 144
P 891.262 x 12 x 12
$891.26 12
So, sin A 1
12
So, sin B 3
3 7
69. ellipse 5 35 12 12
9x2 18x 4y2 16y 11 0 cos (A B) 1
3 37 13 37
O D x
B
389 Chapter 11
3x3 2
4
16. 4x1
11-5 Common Logarithms x1
3x3 24 4
x1
(x 3) log 3 log 2 4 log 4
Page 730 Check for Understanding
(4x 12)log 3 4 log 2 (x 1) log 4
1. log 1 0 means log10 1 0. So, 10° 1.
4x log 3 12 log 3 4 log 2 x log 4 log 4
log 10 1 means log10 10 1. So, 101 10.
4x log 3 x log 4 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
2. Write the number in scientific notation. The x(4 log 3 log 4) 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
exponent of the power of 10 is the characteristic. 4 log 2 log 4 12 log 3
x
4 log 3 log 4
3. antilog 2.835 102.835 683.9116
4. log 15 1.1761 x 4.84
log 5 0.6990 17.
log 3 0.4771
log 5 log 3 0.6990 0.4771 1.1761
5. log 80,000 log (10,000 8)
log 104 log 8
4 0.9031
4.9031
6. log 0.003 log (0.001 3)
log 103 log 3 [10, 10] scl:1 by [20, 100] scl:10
3 0.4771 5.5850
18a. R log 1.6 4.2
200
2.5229
8. 2.6274 9. 74,816.95 logarithm, 10. 105 is ten times greater than 104.
10. y
x 7.83 42
1
14. 6 x2 4x log 0.01 log 12 2 log 4
(x 2) log 6 x log 4 1
x log 6 2 log 6 x log 4 2 1.0792 2(0.6021)
2 log 6 x log 4 x log 6 1.2218
2 log 6 x (log 4 log 6) 23. log 36 log (4 9)
2 log 6
x log 4 log 9
log 4 log 6
0.6021 0.9542
8.84 x
1.5563
15. 4.3x 76.2
24. log 108,000 log (1000 12 9)
x log 4.3 log 76.2
log 76.2
log 1000 log 12 log 9
x
log 4.3 3 1.0792 0.9542
x 2.97 5.0334
Chapter 11 390
25. log 0.0048 log (0.0001 12 4) 46. 3x1 2x7
log 0.0001 log 12 log 4 (x 1) log 3 (x 7) log 2
4 1.0792 0.6021 x log 3 log 3 x log 2 7 log 2
2.3188 x log 3 x log 2 log 3 7 log 2
26. log 4.096 log (0.001 46) x(log 3 log 2) log 3 7 log 2
log 3 7 log 2
log 0.001 6 log 4 x
log 3 log 2
3 6(0.6021)
x 9.2571
0.6124 1
47. logx 6 1
27. log 1800 log 100 9 4 2
log 6
1 1
log 100 log 9 2 log 4 log x
1 log 6 log x
2 0.9542 2(0.6021) 6x
log 6
3.2553 When x 1, log 1 0, which means
log x is
28. 1.9921 29. 2.9515 log 6
undefined. When x 1,
log x is negative, which is
30. 0.871 31. 2.001 not greater than 1. So, x must also be greater than
32. 3.2769 33. 2.1745 1. Therefore, 1 x 6.
log 8 log 625
34. log2 8
log 2 35. log5 625
log 5 48. 42x5 3x3
3 4 (2x 5) log 4 (x 3) log 3
log 24 log 4 2x log 4 5 log 4 x log 3 3 log 3
36. log6 24
log 6 37. log7 4
log 7 2x log 4 x log 3 5 log 4 3 log 3
1.7737 0.7124 x(2 log 4 log 3) 5 log 4 3 log 3
log 0.0675 5 log 4 3 log 3
38. log6.5 0.0675
log 0.5 x
2 log 4 log 3
3.8890 x 2.1719
log 15
39. log 15 1
1 40. 2x 95 49. 0.52x4 0.15x
log (2x 4) log 0.5 (5 x) log 0.1
2
2 x log 2 log 95
log 95 2x(log 0.5) 4 log 0.5 5 log 0.1 x log 0.1
x
log 2 2x log 0.5 x log 0.1 5 log 0.1 4 log 0.5
x 6.5699 x(2 log 0.5 log 0.1) 5 log 0.1 4 log 0.5
41. 5x 4x 3 x
5 log 0.1 4 log 0.5
2 log 0.5 log 0.1
x log 5 (x 3) log 4
x log 5 x log 4 3 log 4 Change inequality sign because (2 log 0.5
x(log 5 log 4) 3 log 4 log 0.1) is negative.
3 log 4
x
log 5 log 4
x 3.8725
log 52.7
x 18.6377 50. log2 x 3 51. x
log 3
1 x 23 x 3.6087
42.
3 log x log 8 x 0.1250
1
x 8
3
52.
x 512
43. 0.1643x 0.38x
(43x) log 0.16 (8 x) log 0.3
4 log 0.16 3x log 0.16 8 log 0.3 x log 0.3
3x log 0.16 x log 0.3 8 log 0.3 4 log 0.16
x(3 log 0.16 log 0.3) 8 log 0.3 4 log 0.16
8 log 0.3 4 log 0.16
x
3 log 0.16 log 0.3
x 0.3434 [10, 10] scl:1 by [3, 3] scl:1
44. 4 log (x 3) 9 53.
9
log (x 3) 4
9
(x 3) antilog 4
9
x antilog 4 3
x 174.8297
45. 0.25 log 16x
0.25 x log 16 [1, 10] scl:1 by [1, 3] scl:1
0.25
x
log 16
x 0.2076
391 Chapter 11
t
54. 1 0.8
60b. 0.9535 2
1
log 0.9535 0.8t log 2
log 0.9535
1 0.8t
log
2
log 0.9535
log
1 t log 0.8
log
2
[10, 1] scl:1 by [2, 10] scl:1 12.0016 t
55. x 0.3210 12 years
61. Sample answer: x is between 2 and 3 because 372
is between 100 and 1000, and log 100 2 and log
1000 3.
1
62a. L 10 log
1.0 1012
10(log 1 log (1.0 1012))
120 dB
I
62b. 20 log
1.0 1012
[5, 5] scl:1 by [10, 50] scl:10
2 log I log (1.0 1012)
56. x 0.1975
2 log I 12
10 log I
1 1010 I; 1 1010 W/m2
1 t
63. Use N N02 .
N 630 micrograms 63 104 gram
N0 1 milligram 1.0 103 gram
1 t
6.3 104 (1.0 103)2
[5, 5] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1
6.3 104 1
1.0 103 t log 2
log
57. x2
0.6666 t
0.6666 5730 3819 yr
64. loga y loga P loga q loga r
p
loga y loga q loga r
pr
loga y loga q
pr
y q
[5, 5] scl:1 by [5, 10] scl:1
100 10.3 65. logx 243 5
58a. h 9 log
14.7 x5 243
1.7 mi x3
100 P
58b. 4.3 9 log
14.7
66.
0.3870 log P log 14.7
0.3870 log 14.7 log P
0.7803 log P
6.03 P; 6 psi
59a. M 5.3 5 5 log 0.018
1.58
59b. 5.3 8.6 5 5 log P increasing from to
8.3 5 log P 1 2
1
1
1
1.66 log P 67. (a4b2) 3 c 3 (a4) 3 (b2) 3 (c2) 3
0.0219 P a
3
ab2c2
9
1 0.8 68. (5) (0) D(5) E(0) F 0
2 2
60a. q 2
5D F 25 0
1 0.1342
2 (1) (2) D(1) E(2) F 0
2 2
0.9112 D 2E F 5 0
$91,116 (4) (3) D(4) E(3) F 0
2 2
4D 3E F 25 0
Chapter 11 392
5D 0E F 25 0 74. f(x) x3 2x2 11x 12
() D 2E F 5 0 f(1) 1 2(1) 11(1) 12 Test f(1).
4D 2E 20 0 f(1) 0 (x 1) is a factor.
4D 3E F 25 0 1 1 2 11 12
() D 2E F 5 0 1 1 12
3D E 20 0 1 1 12 0
4D 2E 20 0 x2 x 12 0
2(3D E 20 0) (x 4)(x 3) 0
10D 60 0 So, the factors are (x 4)(x 3)(x 1).
D 6 75. y
4(6) 2E 20 0
2E 4 0
E2 y 5x 3 2x 5
5(6) 0(2) F 25 0
F50
F5 O x
x2 y2 6x 2y 5 0
(x2 6x 9) (y2 2y 1) 5 9 1
Neither; the graph of the function is not
(x 3)2 (y 1)2 5
18 4
symmetric with respect to either the origin or the
69. , (25
25
65
2 2 , 11) y-axis.
70. r6 76. 7 5 4 1 17
r2 36 17,000,000
x2 y2 36 The correct choice is D.
71. 90˚
120˚ 60˚
150˚ 30˚
11-6 Natural Logarithms
180˚ 0˚
2 4 6
210˚ 330˚
Page 735 Check for Understanding
1. ln e 1 is the same as loge e 1. And e1 e. So,
240˚ 300˚
270˚ ln e 1.
u 2. The two logarithms have different bases.
72. AB (6 5), (5 6)
log 17 ⇒ 10x 17 or x 1.23
1, 1
ln 17 ⇒ ex 17 or x 2.83
u
AB (6 5
)2 (5 6
)2 3. ln 64 4.1589
2 1.414 ln 16 2.7726
73. ln 4 1.3863
ln 16 ln 4 2.7726 1.3863 4.1589
4. The two equations represent the same thing,
A Pert is a special case of the equation
N N0ekt and is used primarily for computations
involving money.
3.65 cm 5. 4.7217 6. 1.1394
a 7. 15.606 8. 0.4570
ln 132
9. log5 132
ln 5
b 3.0339
ln 64
v 36 10 360° 10. log3 64
ln 3
cos 36°
a
sin 36°
b
3.7856
3.65 3.65
11. 18 e3x
a 3.65 cos 36° b 3.65 sin 36°
ln 18 3x ln e
2.9529 2.1454 ln 18
1 x
Use A 2aP, where P 10(2.1454) 21.454. 3
1 0.9635 x
A 2(2.9529)(21.454)
31.6758 or 31.68 cm2
393 Chapter 11
12. 10 5e5k 33. log8 0.512
ln 0.512
ln 8
2 e5k
ln 2 5k ln e 0.3219
ln 303
ln 2
k 34. log6 323
1.6
5
0.1386 k 3.2246
ln 2
88
13. 25ex 100 35. log5 288
ln 5
ex 4 1.7593
x ln e ln 4
36. 6x 72 37. 2x 27
x 1.3863
x ln 6 ln 72 x ln 2 ln 27
14. 4.5 e0.031t ln 72 ln 27
ln 4.5 0.031t ln e x
ln 6 x
ln 2
ln 4.5
t 2.3869 4.7549
0.031
38. 9x4 7.13
48.5186 t
(x 4) ln 9 ln 7.13
15. x 13.57 x ln 9 4 ln 9 ln 7.13
x ln 9 ln 7.13 4 ln 9
ln 7.13 4 ln 9
x
ln 9
x 4.8940
39. 3x 32 40. 25ex 1000
x ln 3 ln 3 ln 2 ex 40
x
ln 3 ln 2
x ln e ln 40
ln 3
[20, 20] scl:2 by [4, 20] scl:2 x 3.6889
x 1.3155
16. x 26.90
41. 60.3 e0.1t
ln 60.3 0.1t ln e
ln 60.3
0.1 t
40.9933 t
42. 6.2e0.64t 3et1
ln 6.2 0.64t ln e ln 3 (t 1) ln e
ln 6.2 ln 3 1 0.36t
[15, 30] scl:5 by [50, 150] scl:10 ln 6.2 ln 3 1
0.36 t
17a. p 760e0.125(3.3)
760e0.4125 0.7613 t
503.1 torrs 43. 22 44 (1 e2x)
1
17b. 450 760e0.125a
2 1 e2x
450
760 e0.125a 1
e2x
2
0.125a ln e
ln
450
760 ln 2
1
2x ln e
450 1
ln ln 2
760
0.125 a x
2
4.1926 a; 4.2 km 0.3466 x
44. 25 e0.075y
ln 25 0.075y ln e
Pages 736–737 Exercise ln 25
y
18. 5.4931 19. 0.2705 0.075
Chapter 11 394
45. 5x 76 52. x 4.72
x ln 5 ln 7 ln 6
ln 7 ln 6
x
ln 5
x 1.7657
46. 12x4 4x
(x 4) ln 12 x ln 4
x ln 12 4 ln 12 x ln 4
x ln 12 x ln 4 4 ln 12 [10, 10] scl:1 by [10, 75] scl:5
x(ln 12 ln 4) 4 ln 12
4 ln 12
53. x 0.37
x
ln 12 ln 4
2
x 9.0474
47. x 3 27.6 3
x (27.6) 2
x 144.9985
48. x 3.76
1.6845 t
1.6845 8 24 323.4236
324 h
[70, 10] scl:1 by [3, 10] scl:1
56a. ln 180 72 k(0) c
50. t 133.14 4.6821 c
56b. ln 150 72 k(2) 4.6821
ln 78 4.6821
2 k
0.1627 k
56c. ln 100 72 (0.1622)t 4.6821
ln 28 4.6821
0.1627 t
8.3 t 8.3 2 6.3
[10, 150] scl:10 by [100, 2000] scl:100
about 6.3 min
51. x 2.14
57. e2x 4ex 3 0
(ex 3)(ex 1) 0
ex 3 0 ex 1 0
ex 3 ex 1
x ln e ln 3 x ln e ln 1
x 1.0986 x0
0 or 1.0986
58a. 2 e0.063t
[6, 6] scl:1 by [4, 24] scl:2 ln 2 0.063t ln e
ln 2
0.063 t
11.0023 t
about 11 years
58b. See students’ work.
395 Chapter 11
59. 1800 5000 ln r 68. 2x 5y 3 0
1800
ln r A2
B2
22 (
5)2 29
5000
2x 5y 3
antiln
1800 0
r
5000
29
29 29
0.6977 r; about 70% 229 529
29 x 29y 29 0
329
1
60a. 1ek(1622)
329
2 p 29 0.56 units
1
ln 1622 k ln e 5 2
2 sin
29
cos
29
1
ln 529
2
k ___29
1622 tan
229
0.000427 k
29
60b. 1.7 23e(0.000427)(t) 5
1.7 tan 2
2.3 0.000427t ln e
ln
112°
1.7
ln
229
529
329 3
29
2.3
t 29 x 29y 29 0; 29 0.56; 112°
0.000427
707.9177 t 69. y
70 cos 4v
about 708 yr 70. d 800 (10 55)
61. y is a logarithmic function of x. The pattern in the 250
table can be determined by 3y x which can be The correct answer is 250.
expressed as log3 x y.
62. 1.2844
11-6B Graphing Calculator Exploration:
3
63. 16 4 8
64. x2 y 4 Natural Logarithms and Area
x2 4y2 8
(y 4) 4y2 8 Pages 738–739
4y2 y 4 0 1. 0.69314718
1
1
(4)(4
4) 2. 0.6931471806; It is the same value as found in
y
8
1
65
Exercise 1 expressed to 10 decimal places.
y
8 3a. The result is the opposite of the result in
y 0.9, 1.1 Exercise 1.
x2 0.9 4 x2 11 4 3b. Sample answer: a negative value
x
4.9
x
2.9
4a. 0.69314718
x 2.2, 2.2 x 1.7, 1.7 4b. 1.0986123
y 4c. 1.3862944
4d. 0.6931471806, 1.098612289, 1.386294361
4e. The value for each area is the same as the value
O x of each natural logarithm.
5. 0.5108256238; 0.6931471806; 0.9162907319;
These values are equal to the value of ln 0.6,
ln 0.5, and ln 0.4.
6. If k 1, then the area of the region is equal to
52.4 N
146 cm3
m3 ln k. If 0 k 1, then the opposite of the area is
1003 cm3 c
65.
m2
equal to ln k.
0.00765 c; 0.00765 N m
7. The value of a should be equal to or very close to
66. x 0.25 cos y 0.25 sin 1, and the value of b should be very close to e. This
0.25 0 prediction is confirmed when you display the
(0.25, 0) actual regression equation.
67. u
a 1, 2
3 4, 3
8. Sample answer: Define ln k for k 0 to be
1, 2
12, 9
1
the area between the graph of y x, the x-axis,
13, 7
and the vertical lines x 1 and x k if k 1 and
to be the opposite of this area if 0 k 1. Define
e to be the value of k for which the area of the
region is equal to 1.
Chapter 11 396
Modeling Real-World Data with
0.415 1.0091e0.0197x
11-7 Exponential and Logarithmic
15c.
0.415
Functions 1.0091 0.0197x
ln
0.415
ln
Page 744 Check for Understanding 1.0091
0.0197 x
1. Replace N by 4N0 in the equation N N0ekt,
45.10 x
where N0 is the amount invested and k is the
45.10 10 35.10 min
interest rate. Then solve for t.
16a. y 2137.5192(1.0534)x
2. The data should be modeled with an exponential
function. The points in the scatter plot approach a 16b. y 2137.5192(1.0534)x
horizontal asymptote. Exponential functions have y 2137.5192(eln 1.0534)x
horizontal asymptotes, but logarithmic functions y 2137.5192e(ln 1.0534)x
do not. y 2137.5192e0.0520x
3. y 2e(ln 4)x or y 2e1.3863x; ln y ln 2 (ln 4)x or 16c. 2631.74 2137.52e4r
2631.74
ln y 0.6931 1.3863x 2137.52 4r
ln
ln 2 ln 2
4. t
0.0175 5. t
0.08
2631.74
2137.52
39.61 yr 8.66 yr ln
4 r
6a. y 10.0170(0.9703)x 0.0520 r; 5.2%
6b. y 10.0170(0.9703)x 17. y 40 14.4270 ln x
y 10.0170(eln 0.9703)x 18a. y –826.4217 520.4168 ln x
y 10.0170e(ln 0.9703)x 18b. The year 1960 would correspond to x 0 and
y 10.0170e0.0301x ln 0 is undefined.
6c. 5 10.0170e0.0301x 19. Take the square root of each side.
5
y cx2
10.0170 0.0301x
ln
5 y cx2
ln
10.0170
x y cx
0.0301
20a. 1034.34 1000(1 r)1
23.08 x; 23.08 min 1.03034 1 r
0.03034 r; 3.034%
20b. y 1000.0006(1.0303)x
Pages 745–748 Exercises 20c. y 1000.0006(1.0303)x
ln 2 ln 2
7. t
0.0225 8. t
0.05 y 1000.0006(eln 1.0303)x
30.81 yr 13.86 yr y 1000.0006e(ln 1.0303)x
ln 2 y 1000.0006e0.0299x
9. t
0.07125 20d. 1030.34 1000er
9.73 1030.34
1000 r
ln
10. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote
0.0299 r; 2.99%
11. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote
21a. x 0 50 100 150 190 200
12. logarithmic; the graph has a vertical asymptote
13. exponential; the graph has a horizontal asymptote ln y 1.81 2.07 3.24 3.75 4.25 4.38
14a. y 4.7818(1.7687)x
21b. ln y 0.0136x 1.6889
14b. y 4.7818(1.7687)x
21c. ln y 0.0136x 1.6889
y 4.7818(eln 1.7687)x
y e0.0136x1.6889
y 4.7818e(ln 1.7687)x
y 4.7818e0.5702x 21d. y e0.0136(225)1.6889
ln 2 115.4572
14c. Use t k; k 0.5702. 115.5 persons per square mile
ln 2
t
0.5702
22a. The graph appears to have a horizontal
asymptote at y 2, so you must subtract 2 from
1.215 hr
each y-value before a calculator can perform
15a. y 1.0091(0.9805)x exponential regression.
15b. y 1.0091(0.9805)x 22b. y 2 1.0003(2.5710)x
y 1.0091(eln 0.9805)x
23a. ln y is a linear function of ln x.
y 1.0091e(ln 0.9805)x
y cxa
y 1.0091e0.0197x
ln y ln(cxa)
ln y ln c ln xa
ln y ln c a ln x
397 Chapter 11
23b. The result of part a indicates that we should 32.
take the natural logarithms of both the x- and y (2, 1): f(x) 2(2) 8(1) 10
y-values. x4 22
x2
(2, 3) (4, 1): f(x) 2(4) 8(1) 10
ln x 6.21 6.91 8.52 9.21 9.62 (4, 4)
26
x 2y 4
ln y 4.49 4.84 5.65 5.99 6.19 (4, 1) (2, 8): f(x) 2(2) 8(3) 10
y1 38
23c. ln y 0.4994 ln x 1.3901 O x (4, 4): f(x) 2(4) 8(4) 10
23d. ln y 0.4994 ln x 1.3901 (2, 1)
50
eln y e0.4994ln x1.3901
y e0.4994ln x e1.3901 50; 22
y (eln x)0.4994 4.0153 33. Circle X contains the regions a, b, d, and e.
y 4.0153x0.4994 Circle Z contains the regions d, e, f, and g. Six
24. 2 ek(85) regions are contained in one or both of circles X
ln 2 85k and Z.
0.0082 k The correct choice is C.
12 e0.0082t
ln 12 0.0082t
303 t
303.04 min or about 5 h Chapter 11 Study Guide and Assessment
25. 0.01
26. log5 (7x) log5 (5x 16) Page 749 Understanding the Vocabulary
7x 5x 16
1. common logarithm 2. exponential growth
2x 16
x8 3. logarithmic function 4. scientific notation
27a. y x(400 20(x 3)) 5. mantissa 6. natural logarithm
y x(460 20x) 7. linearizing data 8. exponential function
y 20x2 460x 9. nonlinear regression 10. exponential equation
y 2645 20(x2 23x 132.25)
y 2645 20(x 11.5)
vertex at (11.5, 2645), maximum at x 11.5 Pages 750–752 Skills and Concepts
$11.50 1 2
1
1
60 b 81 43
29.
sin 24° sin 48°
64
60 sin 48° b sin 24° 3x2
1
3 1
3
60 ft b 109.625 15. 3x2(3x)2
(3x)2
16. 6a 3 63a 3
about 109.6 ft 3x2 216a
9x2
1
b 3
42˚
3 1 3
18˚
17. 12x4 2 (x4)3
1
8x12
30. 5x2 8x 12 0
18. (w3)4 (4w2)2 w12 42 w4
Discriminant: (8)2 4(5)(12) 176
16w16
The discriminant is negative, so there are 1
1
3 1
3 1
2
2 imaginary roots. 19. (2a) 3 (a2b) 3 (2a) 3 (a2b) 3
x 10
8
176
(2a)(a2b)
2a3b
8
4i11
4
2i11
1 or 5 1
1
5
9
0 20. 3x 2 y 4 (4x2y2) 12x 2 y 4
31. 4 units left and 8 units down
Chapter 11 398
21. 22. 1
45. 2 log6 4 3 log6 8 log6 x
y y 1
log6 42 log6 8 3 log6 x
42
log6 1
log6 x
83
y 3x 42
y ( 12 ) x 1
x
83
8x
O x O x 1
46. log2 x 3 log6 27
23. 24. 1
y y log2 x log2 27 3
y 2x 1
1
x 27 3
x3
47. y
y 2x 2
O x
y log10 x
O x O x
25. 26.
y y
O x
y 2x 2 48. log 300,000 log (100,000 3)
y 2x 1 log 100,000 log 3
5 0.4771
5.4771
49. log 0.0003 log (0.0001 3)
O x log 0.0001 log 3
4 0.4771
27. A 2500e0.065(10)
3.5229
4788.8520; $4788.85
50. log 140 log (10 14)
28. A 6000e0.0725(10)
log 10 log 14
12,388.3866; $12,388.39
1 1.1461
29. A 12,000e0.059(10) 2.1461
21,647.8610, $21,647.86
2
1
51. log 0.014 log (0.001 14)
30. 8 3 4 31. 34 8
1 log 0.001 log 14
32. log2 16 4
1 3 1.1461
5 2
33. log5 2
1.8539
34. 2x 32 35. 10x 0.001
52. 4x 6x2
2x 25 10x 103
x log 4 (x 2) log 6
x5 x 3
x log4 x log 6 2 log 6
1
36. 4x 1
6 37. 2x 0.5 x log 4 x log 6 2 log 6
4x 42 2x 21 x(log 4 log 6) 2 log 6
2 log 6
x 2 x 1 x
log 4 log 6
1
38. 6x 216 39. 9x 9 x 8.84
6x 63
9x 91 53. 120.5x 80.1x4
x3 x 1 0.5x log 12 (0.1x 4) log 8
40. 4x 1024 41. 8x 512 0.5x log 12 0.1x log 8 4 log 8
4x 45 8x 83 0.5x log 12 0.1x log 8 4 log 8
x5 x3 x(0.5 log 12 0.1 log 8) 4 log 8
4 4 log 8
42. x4 81
1
43. 12 x x
0.5 log 12 0.1 log 8
x (81) 4
16 x x 8.04
x3
44. log3 3 log3 x log3 45
log3 3x log3 45
3x 45
x 15
399 Chapter 11
3x log 100 log 125
54. 14 6x2 62. log4 100
log 9 63. log15 125
log 15
1
3x log 4 (x 2) log 6 2.0959 1.7829
1 64. 4x 100
3x log 4 x log 6 2 log 6
1 x ln 4 ln 100
3x log 4 x log 6 2 log 6 ln 100
1
x
ln 4
x(3 log log 6) 2 log 6
4 x 3.3219
2 log 6
x
1 65. 6x2 30
3 log log 6
4 (x 2) ln 6 ln 30
1 ln 30
Change the inequality because 3 log 4 log 6 is x2
ln 6
negative. ln 30
x
ln 6 2
x 0.6
55. 0 12x8 7x4 x 3.8982
(2x 8) log 0.1 (x 4) log 7 66. 3x1 42x
2x log 0.1 8 log 0.1 x log 7 4 log 7 (x 1) ln 3 2x ln 4
2x log 0.1 x log 7 4 log 7 8 log 0.1 x ln 3 ln 3 2x ln 4
x(2 log 0.1 log 7) 4 log 7 8 log 0.1 x ln 3 2x ln 4 ln 3
4 log 7 7 log 0.1 x(ln 3 2 ln 4) ln 3
x
2 log 0.1 log 7 ln 3
x 4 x
ln 3 2 ln 4
57. y x 0.8967
y 3 log (x 2) 68. 24 e2x 69. 15ex 200
200
ln 24 2x ex 15
x ln 24 200
O x 2 x ln 15
x 1.5890 x 2.5903
70. x 3.333
58. y
59. x 3.42
Chapter 11 400
ln 2 ln 2
72. t
0.028 73. t
0.05125 Chapter SAT & ACT Preparation
24.76 13.52
ln 2
74. 18
k Page 755 SAT and ACT Practice
ln 2 1. To find the greatest possible value, the other 3
k
18
values must be as small as possible. Since they
0.0385; 3.85%
are distinct positive integers, they must be 1, 2,
and 3. The sum of all 4 integers is 4(11) or 44. The
sum of the 3 smallest is 1 2 3 or 6, so the
Page 753 Applications and Problem solving fourth integer cannot be more than 44 6 or 38.
1 t
75. 0.065 2 The correct choice is B.
1 1
1 2. Since one root is 2, x 2, 2x 1, and 2x 0.
log 0.65 t log 2 1
Similarly for the root that is 3,
log 0.65 1
1 t x 3, 3x 1, and 3x 1 0.
log
2
To find the quadratic equation, multiply these two
0.6215 t
factors and let the product equal zero.
0.6215 5730 3561.13 or 3561 yr.
(2x 1)(3x 1) 0
1.15 1010
76a. 10 log
1012
6x2 5x 1 0
20.6 20.6 dB The correct choice is E.
9 109 3. The result of dividing T by 6 is 14 less than the
76b. 10 log
102 correct average.
39.5 39.5 dB T
correct answer 14
6
8.95 103 T
76c. 10 log
1012
6 14 correct average
99.5 99.5 dB The correct average is the total divided by the
77. 200,000 142,000e 0.014t
number of scores, 5.
100
71 e0.014t correct average 5
T
100
ln
71 0.014t T
14 5
T
6
100
ln The correct choice is E.
71
t 4. y
0.014
24.4 t
B x,y (2 )
1990 24 2014
78a. N 65 30e0.20(2) y
44.89; 45 words per minute
78b. N 65 30e0.20(15) A x C (x, 0) x
2
63.50; 64 words per minute
78c. 50 65 30e0.20t tan A
y
2y
x
x
1
2 e0.20t 2
1 Find the area of ABC.
ln
2 0.20t 1 1 xy
1 A 2bh 2xy 2
ln
2 Simplify the ratio.
0.20
t xy
area of ABC
2y 2 4
3.47 t; 3.5 weeks 2 x xy x2
tan A
2y
x
The correct choice is E.
Page 753 Open-Ended Assessment 5.
x
10
2y
1
y
1. Sample answer: (n4) (4m)1 4
2yx 10y
2. Sample answer: 2x 10
log 2 log(x 2) 2 log 36
1 x5
The correct choice is B.
401 Chapter 11
6. C D 9. A is the arithmetic mean of three consecutive
2 x (x 2) (x 4)
D positive even integers, so A
3 3
2 1 3x 6 x 2, where x is a positive even integer.
D
3 and, therefore, r .
3
3
Now use this value for the radius to calculate half Then A is also a positive even integer. Since A is
of the area. even, when A is divided by 6, the remainder must
1 2 also be an even integer. The possible even
2r2 23 29 18
1 1 1 1 1
A
2 remainders are 0, 2, and 4.
The correct choice is A. The correct choice is C.
7. The average of 8 numbers is 20. 10. First notice that b must be a prime integer. Next
sum of eight numbers
20 notice that 3b is greater than 10. So b could be 5,
8
since 3(5) 15. (b cannot be 3.) Check to be sure
that 5 fits the rest of the inequality.
sum of eight numbers 160 5 25 1
The average of 5 of the numbers is 14. 3(5) 15 6(5) 6 46
sum of five numbers So 5 is one possible answer. You can check to see
14
5 that 7 and 11 are also valid answers.
sum of five numbers The correct answer is 5, 7, or 11.
70
The sum of the other three numbers must be
160 70 or 90. Calculate the average of these
three numbers.
sum of three numbers 90
average
3
3 30
The correct choice is D.
8. The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°. Since
∠B is a right angle, it is 90°. So the sum of the
other two angles is 90°. Write and solve an
equation using the expressions for the two angles.
2x 3x 90
5x 90
x 18
The question asks for the measure of ∠A.
∠A 2x 2(18) 36
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 11 402
Chapter 12 Sequences and Series
11. an a1 (n 1)d
12-1 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 3 a1 (7 1)(2)
3 a1 12
15 a1
Pages 762–763 Check for Understanding 12. an a1 (n 1)d
1. a1 6 4(1) or 2 34 100 (12 1)d
a2 6 4(2) or 2 66 11d
a3 6 4(3) or 6 6 d
a4 6 4(4) or 10 13. an a1 (n 1)d
a5 6 4(5) or 14 24 9 (4 1)d
2, 2, 6, 10, 14; yes, there is a common 15 3d
difference of 4. 5d
2a. an 9 5 14, 14 5 19
9, 14, 19, 24
1 n
14. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
35
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 n S35 2[2.7 (35 1) 2]
1 1435
n
15. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
2
n
210 2[2 30 (n 1)(4)]
3
420 60n 4n2 4n
2b. linear 4n2 64n 420 0
2c. The common difference is 1. This is the slope of 4(n 21)(n 5) 0
the line through the points of the sequence. n 21 or n 5
Since n cannot be negative, n 21.
3a. The number of houses sold cannot be negative.
n 16. n 19, a19 27, d 1
3b. Sn 2[2a, (n 1)d] an a1 (n 1)d
10
S10 2[2 3750 (10 1)500] 27 a1 (19 1)1
9 a1
$60,000 n
4. Negative; let n and n 1 be two consecutive S19 2(a1 a19 )
19
numbers in the sequence. 2(9 27)
d (n 1) n or 1 342 seats
5. Neither student is correct, since neither sequence
has a common difference. The difference
fluctuates between 1 and 1. The second sequence Pages 763–765 Exercises
has a difference that fluctuates between 2 and 2. 17. d 1 5 or 6
6. d 11 6 or 5 7 (6) 13, 13 (6) 19,
16 5 21, 21 5 26, 26 5 31, 31 5 36 19 (6) 25, 25 (6) 31
21, 26, 31, 36 13, 19, 25, 31
7. d 7 (15) or 8 18. d 7 (18) 11
1 8 9, 9 8 17, 17 8 25, 25 8 33 4 11 15, 15 11 26, 26 11 37, 37 11 48
9, 17, 25, 33 15, 26, 37, 48
8. d (a 2) (a 6) 19. d 4.5 3 or 1.5
a a 2 6 or 4 6 1.5 7.5, 7.5 1.5 9, 9 1.5 10.5,
a 2 4 a 6, a 6 4 a 10, 10.5 1.5 12
a 10 4 a 14, a 14 4 4 a 18 7.5, 9, 10.5, 12
a 6, a 10, a 14, a 18 20. d 3.8 5.6 or 1.8
9. an a1 (n 1)d 2 (1.8) 0.2, 0.2 (1.8) 1.6,
a17 10 (17 1)(3) 1.6 (1.8) 3.4, 3.4 (1.8) 5.2
38 0.2, 1.6, 3.4, 5.2
10. an a1 (n 1)d 21. d b 4 b or 4
37 13 (n 1)5 b 8 4 b 12, b 12 4 b 16,
50 5(n 1) b 16 4 b 20, b 20 4 b 24
10 n 1 b 12, b 16, b 20, b 24
11 n 22. d 0 (x) or x
x x 2x, 2x x 3x, 3x x 4x, 4x x 5x
2x, 3x, 4x, 5x
403 Chapter 12
23. d n 5n or 6x 40. 4 5 (4 1)d
7n (6n) 13n 13n (6n) 19n, 9 3d
19n (6n) 25n, 25n (6n) 31n 3d
13n, 19n, 25n, 31n 5 3 2, 2 3 1
24. d 5 (5 k) or k 5, 2, 1, 4
5 k (k) 5 2k, 5 2k (k) 5 3k, 41. 12 3 (4 1)d
5 3k (k) 5 4k, 5 4k (k) 5 5k 12 3 3d
5 2k, 5 3k, 5 4k, 5 5k 12 3
d
3
25. d (2a 2) (2a 5) or 7
12 3 12 23
2a 9 7 2a 16, 2a 16 7 2a 23, 3 3 3 ,
2a 23 7 2a 30, 2a 30 7 2a 37 12 2 3
12 3 24 3
2a 16, 2a 23, 2a 30, 2a 37 3 3 3
12 2 3 24 3
26. d 5 (3 7 ) or 2 7 3 , 3 , 3 , 12
7 7 2 7 9 27, 9 27 2 7
42. 5 2 (5 1)d
11 37 , 11 37 2 7 13 47
3 4d
9 27 , 11 37 , 13 47 0.75 d
27. a25 8 (25 1)3 2 0.75 2.75, 2.75 0.75 3.5,
80 3.5 0.75 4.25
28. a18 1.4 (18 1)(0.5) 2, 2.75, 3.5, 4.25, 5
9.9 3
43. d 1 2 or 2
1
Chapter 12 404
50. 9:00, 9:30, 10:00, 10:30, 11:00, 11:30, 12:00 58. Sn a1 a2 (a31 a32)
n 7, d 2, a1 3 (a41 a42) (a51 a52)
a7 3 (7 1)2 a1 a2 a2 a1 a3 a2 a4 a3
15 data items per minute a1 a2 a2 a1 (a2 a1) a2 a3 a2
51. Let d be the common difference. Then, y x d, a3
z x 2d, and w x 3d. Substitute these 0
values into the expression x w y and simplify. 59. A Pert
x (x 3d) (x d) x 2d or z. 100e0.07(15)
52. a1 5, d 4, n 25 $285.77
a25 5 (25 1)4 60. 4x2 25y2 250y 525 0
101 4x2 25(y2 10y) 525
25
S25 2(5 101) 4x2 25(y 5)2 100
x2 (y 5)2
1325 bricks
25 4 1
n
53. Sn 2(128° 172°); Sn (n 2)180°
h 0, k 5, a 5, b 2, c 21
center: (0, 5)
150n 180n 360 , 5)
foci: (
21
30n 360 vertices: major → (
5, 5)
n 12 minor → (0, 3) and (0, 7)
54a. S4 (4 2)180° or 360°
y
S5 (5 2)180° or 540°
S6 (6 2)180° or 720°
O x
S7 (7 2)180° or 900°
360°, 540°, 720°, 900° (0, 3)
(5, 5)
54b. The common difference between each
consecutive term in the sequence is 180, (5, 5) (0, 5)
therefore the sequence is arithmetic.
54c. a35 180 (35 1)180 (0, 7)
5940°
55a. a1 1, d 2 6
5
61. r 1
2 or 0.5
S5 [2(1)
2 (5 1)2] 5
v 8 2 or 8
25
10 0.5cos 8 i sin 8 0.46 0.19i
55b. S10 2[2(1) (10 1)2]
62. 2, 1, 3
5, 3, 0
2(5) (1)(3) (3)(0)
100
7
55c. Conjecture: The sum of the first n terms of the
63. x cos 30° y sin 30° 5 0
sequence of natural numbers is n2. 3 1
Proof: x
2 2y 5 0
Let an 2n 1. The first term of the sequence x y 10 0
3
of natural numbers is 1, so a1 1. 64.
Then, using the formula for the sum of an y
arithmetic series, O
n
Sn 2(a1 an) 2 x
n 2
Sn 2[1 (2n 1)]
n 4
2(2n) or n2
6
56. a1 5, d 7, n 15
15
S15 [2(5)
2 (15 1)7]
65. Find A.
810 feet A 90° 19° 32
57. n 10, S10 5510, d 100 70° 28
10 Find a.
5510 2[2a1 (10 1)100] a
cos 19° 32
5510 10a1 4500 4.5
405 Chapter 12
67. x1 64b. Value
x 3x24x
2 27,500
(x2 3x) 25,000
x 2 22,500
(x 3) 20,000
1 17,500
yx1
15,000
68. 0 1
1 0
2 0 1
1 3 4
1 3 4
2 0 1 12,500
10,000
A(1, 2), B(3, 0), C(4, 1) 7500
69. a 4b 15 → a 15 4b 5000
4a b 15 2500
4(15 4b) b 15 0
60 16b b 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
15b 45 Years
b 3 6c. an exponential function
4a (3) 15
4
4a 12 7. r — or 6
2
a 3 3
a b 3 (3) or 6 24(6) 144, 144(6) 864, 864(6) 5184
The correct choice is C. 144, 864, 5184
3
8. r 2
9 3 27 27 3
,
2 2 4 4 2 881 , 881 32 21463
12-2 Geometric Sequences and Series 27 81 243
, ,
4 8 16
7.2
9. r 1.8 or 4
Page 771 Check for Understanding 28.8(4) 115.2, 115.2(4) 460.8,
1. Both arithmetic and geometric sequences are 460.8(4) 1843.2
recursive. Each term of an arithmetic sequence is 115.2, 460.8, 1843.2
the sum of a fixed difference and the previous 2.1
term. Each term of a geometric sequence is the 10. r 7 or 0.3
product of a common ratio and the previous term. an a1rn1
2. an (3)11 or 9 a7 7(0.3)71
a2 (3)21 or 27 0.005103
a3 (3)31 or 81 11. an a1rn1
The expression generates the following sequence: 24 a1(2)51
9, 27, 81, . The common ratio is 3, therefore 24 16a1
it is a geometric sequence. 3
a
2 1
3. If the first term in a geometric sequence were 2.5
zero, then finding the common ratio would mean 12. a3 2 or 1.25
1.25
dividing by zero. Division by zero is undefined. a2 2 or 0.625
4. Sample answer: The first term of the series 0.825
a1 2 or 0.3125
5 10 20 is 5 and the sum of the first 6
terms of the sequence is 105, but 105 is not 0.3125, 0.625, 1.25
greater than 5. 13. an a1rn1
5a. No; the ratio between the first two terms is 2, 27 1(r)41
but the ratio between the next two terms is 3. 27 r3
5b. Yes; the common ratio is 3 . 3r
1(3) 3, 3(3) 9
5c. Yes; the common ratio is x.
1, 3, 9, 27
6a. 1
Beginning of Value of 14. r
0.5 or 2
Year Computers a1 a1rn
Sn
1r
1 27,500.00
0.5 0.5(2)9
2 15,125.00 S9
1 (2)
3 8318.75 85.5
4 4575.31
5 2516.42
6 1384.03
Chapter 12 406
15. r 1.035 26. a5 82
3 51
The value of the car after 10, 20, and 40 years will 81
be the 11th, 21st, and 41st terms of the sequence 2
respectively. 3
8
a11 20,000(1.035)111 3
27. r 1 or 4
—
$28,211.98
2
a21 20,000(1.035)211
$39,795.78
1
3 61
a6 2 4
a42 20,000(1.035)411 243
$79,185.19 2048
0.4
28. r
4.0 or 0.01
a7 40(0.01)71
Pages 771–773 Exercises 4 1011
2
16. r 1
0 or 0.2
10
29. r or 2
5
0.4(0.2) 0.08, 0.08(0.2) 0.016, 91
2
a9 5
0.016(0.2) 0.0032
0.08, 0.016, 0.0032 165
20
17. r
8 or 2.5 30. 192 a1(4)61
50(2.5) 125, 125(2.5) 312.5, 192 1024a1
312.5(2.5) 781.25 0.1875 a1
125, 312.5, 781.25 31. 322 a1(2 )51
2
322 4a1
3 82 a1
18. r or 3
6 a13
2 1 51
32.
9
1
2(3) 6, 6(3) 18, 18(3) 54 6 8
1 a1
6, 18, 54
486 a1
3
a2 4863 or 162
—— 1
10 2
19. r — or
a3 1623 or 54
3 5 1
——
4
3 2
6 6 2
,
25 5 125 125 5 61225 , 61225 25 24
3125
486, 162, 54
6 12
, ,
24 33. 0.32 a1(0.2)51
125 625 3125 0.32 0.0016a1
3.5
20. r 7 or 0.5
200 a1
1.75(0.5) 0.875, 0.875(0.5) 0.4375, a2 200(0.2) or 40
0.4375(0.5) 0.21875 a3 40(0.2) or 8
0.875, 0.4375, 0.21875 200, 40, 8
6 34. 81 256r51
21. r —— or 2
81
32 r4
2
12, 122
122 2
24
256
62 , 122 3
4 r
, 24
12, 122
256
4
192, 192
4
144,
3 3
3
3
3
22. r 9 or 3
144
4
108
3
3
3
3
3
33 3 3 1, 13 3
, 3
3 256,
192,
144,
108, 81
3
, 1, 3
1
35. 54 2r41
1
23. r i or i 27 r3
1
i(i) 1, 1(i) i, i(i) 1 3 r
1, i, 1 2(3) 6, 6(3) 18
t5 2, 6, 18, 54
24. r t8 or t3 4
36. 7 7r31
t2(t3) t1, t1(t3) t4, t4(t3) t7 49
t1, t4, t7 r2
4
25. a1b , a1b ab a1, a1ab ab,
a b
b2 a2 2 3 3 2 5
7
2 r
,
b b b b b 2 2 b 3 4 7
2
5
a a 2 a a a 7 7 a 2 9 7 2
1 b b2 b3 4
1
, ,
2, 7
ab a3 , a5 , a7 , a9 7
407 Chapter 12
5 5.50
37. r — or 3 43a. r 5 or 1.1
5
3 a10 5(1.1)101
5 5
(3)5 $11.79
3 3
S5 13
a20 5(1.1)201
605 $30.58
3 a10 5(1.1)401
38.
13
r 65 or 0.2 $205.72
65(0.2)6 $11.79, $30.58, $205.72
S6 65
1 0.2 5 5(1.1)52
43b. S52
1 1.1
81.2448
$7052.15
3
2 3 43c. Each payment made is rounded to the nearest
39. r
1
or 2 penny, so the sum of the payments will actually
3 10
1 1 2 be more than the sum found in b.
S10 —— 1 1
3
1 2 44a.
5 8
x
1
2
11,605
512
13 1
80 x
2
3 80
40. r 2 or 3
x
13
2 2(3 )8
S8 1 1
1 3 1 20 z
160 44b.
8
2
1 3 1 1 1
160 1 3
4 2
0 z
1 3 1
1 1
3
5 z
)
160(1 3
2 5z
80(1 3 ) 45. a2 3(a1) by definition
41a. The population doubles every half-hour, so r 2. 3(2)
After 1 hour, the number of bacteria is the third 6
a2
term in the sequence and n 1 2. After 2 hours, r a 3
it is the fifth term and n 1 4. After 3 hours, 1
Then an a1rn1
it is the seventh term and n 1 6. After t
So, an (2)(3)n1
hours it is the 2t 1 term and n 1 2t.
bt b0 22t 46. a1 1, r 2.5, n 15
a15 1(2.5)151
41b. bt 30 22(5)
372,529
30,720
47a. 251 1
2 $25.05
0.024
41c. Sample answer: It is assumed that favorable
conditions are maintained for the growth of the 47b. No; at the end of two years, she will have only
bacteria, such as an adequate food and oxygen $615.23 in her account.
supply, appropriate surrounding temperature,
and adequate room for growth. 25.05 25.05 1
0.024 24
12
S24
42a. a7 a4r3
1 1
0.024
12
12 4r3
3 r3 $615.23
3
3 r 0.024 24
a1 a1 1
12
42b. a4 a1r41 47c. 750
4 a13
3
3 1 1 0.24
12
4 3a1 1.5 a11 1 12
4
0.024 24
3 a1 $30.54 a1
a28 33
281
4 3
a01 1
2 $30.54
0.024
26,244 a0 $30.48
The least monthly deposit is $30.48.
Chapter 12 408
a2 55. Find the amplitude.
48. r a 86 36
A 2 or 25
1
1
27 Find h.
r — 3 86 36
1
h 2 or 61
81
Find k.
an a1 rn1
2
1 4
6561 8
1 3
n1 k
(6561)(81) 3n1 k 2
(38)(34) 3n1 y 25 sin 2t c 61
312 3n1
12 n 1 36 25 sin 2 1 c 61
13 n 1 sin 2 c
6561 is the 13th term of the sequence.
n 2 2 c
49. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
n c
650 2[2(20) (n 1)5]
y 25 sin 2t 3.14 61
1300 40n 5n2 5n
56. Since 43° 90°, consider the following.
0 5n2 35n 1300
b sin A 20 sin 43°
0 5(n 13)(n 20)
13.64
n 13 or n 20
Since 11 13.64, no triangle exists.
Since n cannot be negative, n 13 weeks.
log 26 5 57. (n2) 49
50. log11 265
log 11 n 7
2
2.3269 Solution set: {nn 3 or n 3}
51. y
n mn1 nm
5 5 1 or 4 (5)(4) or 20
4 4 1 or 3 (4)(3) or 12
O 3 3 1 or 2 (3)(2) or 6 ← least
x
3 3 1 or 4 3(4) or 12 possible
4 4 1 or 5 4(5) or 20 value
5 5 1 or 6 5(6) or 30
The answer is 6.
52.
A2 B2
32 (
52)
34
Since C is positive, use 34
.
3
x y 0
5 5
12-3 Infinite Sequences and Series
34
34
34
5 5
34 3 5
p
34 34 , cos f
or , sin f
34
34
5 Pages 780–781 Check for Understanding
34 1a. an
tan f 3
34
1.0
5
tan f 3
f 59°
Since cosine is negative and sine is positive, 0.5
59° 180° or 121°.
p r cos(v f)
5
34
34 r cos(v 121°)
53. 3x 4y 5 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10n
3 5
y 4x 4
1b. The value of an approaches 1 as the value of n
3 5
x t, y 4t 4 increases.
n1
54. csc v 3 1c. lim
n 1
1 n→
sin v 3
1
3 sin v
409 Chapter 12
n1 n 1 3 1
1d. lim
n lim lim 10. r
6 or 2
n→ n→ n n→ n
6
10 Sn ——
1
1
1 2
Chapter 12 410
4 3n n2 259 259
4 3n n2
n 3 n3 n 3 5
27. 6.2 6
9 1000 1,000,000 …
20. lim
2n3 3n2 5 lim 2n3 3n2 5 259 1
n→ n→ a1
1000 , r 1000
n3 n3 n 3
259
4
3
1
n3 n2 n 1000
lim
3 5
Sn 6 ——
n→ 2 1
n n3 1
1000
1 1 1 259
lim 4 lim
3 lim 3 lim 2 lim n 6
999
n→ n n→ n
n→ n→
1
n→
1 7
lim 2 lim 3 lim n lim 5 lim
3
62
7
n→ n→ n→ n→ n→ n
15 15
40300
5
28. 0.1
100 10,000 …
2 3 0 5 0 or 0
15 1
21. As n → , 3n becomes increasingly large and thus a1
100 , r 100
1 15
the value 3n becomes smaller and smaller,
100
approaching zero. So the sequence has a limit of Sn — 1
zero. 1
100
22. Dividing by the highest powered term, n, we find 15 5
99 or 3
3
(2)n
2 63 63
n 1 (2)n 3
29. 0.26 1
0 1000 100,000 …
lim —
4 lim
n
n→ 1 n→ 4
1
63 1
n n a1
1000 , r 100
which as n approaches infinity 63
1 (2)n 1000
lim
4
1, but lim n has no limit since Sn
1
5 — 1
n→ 1 n→ 1
n 100
o2o 1. 1
5
63
5n (1)n 5n (1)n 990
23. lim n lim lim 29
n→
2
n→ n2
n→ n2
110
5 (1)n
lim lim
n2
30. The series is geometric, having a common ratio of
n→ n n→
0.1. Since this ratio is less than 1, the sum of the
(1)n
lim n2
2
series exists and is 9.
n→
As n increases, the value of the numerator 12
31. r 1
3
6 or 4
alternates between 1 and 1. As n approaches
16
infinity, the value of the denominator becomes Sn 3
increasingly large, causing the value of the 1 4
fraction to become increasingly small. Thus, the 64
terms of the sequence alternate between smaller 7.5
and smaller positive and negative values, 32. r 5 or 1.5
approaching zero. So the sequence has a limit of This series is geometric with a common ratio of
zero. 1.5. Since this ratio is greater than 1, the sum of
4 4
1
24. 0.4 0 100 …
the series does not exist.
5 1
a1 1
4 1 33. r 1
0 or 2
0 , r 10
4 10
10 Sn 1
Sn — 1 1 2
1 1
0 20
4
9 34. The series is arithmetic, having a general term of
51 51 7 n. Since lim 7 n does not equal zero, this
1 100 10,000 …
25. 0.5
n→
51 1 series has no sum.
a1
100 , r 100
1
51 4
100 35. r —
1
or 2
Sn — 1
8
1
100 This series is geometric with a common ratio of 2.
51 17
99 or 3
3
Since this ratio is greater than 1, the sum of the
370 370 series does not exist.
7
26. 0.30
1000 1,000,000 …
370 1
a1
1000 , r 1000
370
1000
Sn —— 1
1
1000
370 10
999 or 27
411 Chapter 12
n2(2n 1) n2(2n 1)
2n 1 lim
1 n2 n2
41b. lim
(2n 1)(2n 1)
n→ 2n 1
9 1
36. r — or 6 n→
2 2n3 n2 2n3 n2
3 lim
4n2 1
n→
2
3 2n2
—— lim
Sn n→ 4n 1
2
1 6
1
2n2
4 n2
7 —
lim 4n2 1
4 n→
n2 n2
5 2
37. r — or 3 2
6
5 lim 1
6
n→ 4 n2
5
Sn — 2
1
2
1 3
42a. 12 4 3
3
35
3
r 3
1
5 a4 a1r41 3
38. r or
4 a13
3
5 5
5 4 a1(3)
Sn
5 4
a
1 5 3 1
5
1 5 42b. a28 a1r281
5
— 4
33
27
3
5 5
1 5 1 5 4
3(39)
51
5 4(38)
1 25 26,244
4 n 1
5(5
1) 43. No; if n is even, lim cos 2 2, but if n is odd,
n→
4
3
3 n
39. r 8 or 2 lim cos 2 2.
1
n→
8
Sn 1
44a. After 2 hours, 2D exists. After 4 hours, 2 2D or
1 1
3
1 2 1
D exists. After 6 hours and before the second
3
8 1
2
4
1 1 1 1
—— dose, 2 2 2D or 8D exists.
3
1 2 1 23 44b. a1 D, r 8
1
3
81 2 1 18n
—— Sn D ——
3 1
1 4 1 8
3
321 2 7D1 8
8 1 n
32 163
44c. lim Sn S
2 n→
40a. a1 35 r 5 a1
S
1r
a2 35 or 14
2
5 D
a3 14 1
1 8
a4 145 or 5.6
2
8
7 D
a5 5.6 8
35, 14, 14, 5.6, 5.6 44d. 350 7D
14 14 306.25 D
40b. Sn 35 2
2 The largest possible dose is 306.25 mg.
1 5 1 5 20
20 70 45a. A side of the original square measures 4 or
35 3 3 5
2 5 feet. Half of 5 feet is 2 feet.
813 m or about 82 m
41a. The limit of a difference equals the difference of
522 522 s2
50
the limits only if the two limits exist. Since
4 s2
n2 n2
neither lim nor lim exists, this 52
n→ 2n 1
n→ 2n 1
2 s
property of limits does not apply. 5
2
feet.
Perimeter 4 2 or 102
Chapter 12 412
10
2
2 51. vy 125 sin 20°
45b. a1 20, r 2
0 or 2 125 miles
42.75 miles
20 vx 125 cos 20°
S 2
20˚
1 2 117.46 miles
52. cos 112.5° cos 2
225°
20 1 22
—— 1 cos 225°
2
1 2
1 22
2
2
20 102 1 2
2
1 4 2
40 202
ft or about 68 ft 2 2
4
46a.
2 2
n 17.3032181(0.864605)n
2
1 15.0
2 12.9 53. y
3 11.2 1
4 9.7
5 8.4
6 7.2 180˚ O 180˚ 360˚
7 6.2
8 5.4
1
9 4.7
10 4.0
54. possible values of p:
1,
2
15.0, 12.9, 11.2, 9.7, 8.4, 7.2, 6.2, 5.4, 4.7, 4.0 possible values of q:
1,
2,
4,
8
46b. The 2000–2001 school year corresponds to the p 1 1 1
possible rational zeros, q:
1,
2,
2,
4,
8
9th term of the sequence, 4.7. The model is 0.3
below the actual statistic. 55. If b 1, then 4b 26 30 which is divisible by 2,
46c. The 2006–2007 school year would correspond to 5, and 6.
the 15th term of the sequence. If b 11, then 4b 26 70, which is divisible
17.3032181(0.864605)15 2.0 by 7.
4b 26 is not divisible by 4 since 4 divides 4b
46d. Yes; as n → , 17.3032181(0.864605)n → 0.
evenly, but does not divide 26 evenly. The correct
46e. No, the number of students per computer must choice is B.
be greater than zero.
47. 33 2, 23 13, 133 9,
2 2 1 1 2 8
1 8 16 Continued Fractions
2, 13, 9, 2
7
48. a16 1.5 (16 1)0.5 Page 784
9 1. 1.618181818
49. x2 4y2 12x 16y 16 2. N 24
(x 6)2 4(y 2)2 4 1
(x 6)2 (y 2)2 3. x 1 x
4 1 1
x2 x 1
h 6, k 2, a 2, b 1, c 5 x2 x 1 0
center: (6, 2) (1)
(1)2
4(1
)(1)
foci: (6
5, 2) x
2(1)
vertices: (8, 2) and (4, 2) 1
x
5
2
50. Since the sum 1
1
cannot be
1
1
2 2 1
3 3 1
1 5
5 negative, the value of 1
1
is
2 .
1
1
6 6
0
2 4 6 8
7 11
6 6
4 5
3 3 3
2
413 Chapter 12
1 1
4. Let x 3 , then x 3 x. 11. Answers will vary. Sample answers: A 1, B 14;
1
3 3
A 4, B 1.
Solve for x. A2 B: If A 1 and B 14,
12 14 15.
x 3 1x If A 4 and B 1, 15.
42 (1)
x2 3x 1
x2 3x 1 0
x
3
(3)2
4(1
)(1) 12-4 Convergent and Divergent Series
2(1)
3
13
2
Since the sum of positive numbers must remain
Pages 790–791 Check for Understanding
3
13 1a. See students’ work.
positive, x .
2 1b. See students’ work.
5. The output and the decimal approximation are 1c. See students’ work.
equal.
1d. In a given trigonometric series where r 1,
1 1 each succeeding term is larger than the one
6. Let x A 1
, then x A x.
A A
preceding it. Therefore, the series approaches
and thus does not converge.
Solve for x.
1 2. As n → , S → 6.
x A x
3a. sn
x2 Ax 1
x2 Ax 1 0 1.6
1.4
A
4(1
(A)2 )(1) 1.2
x
2(1) 1
0.8
A
A2
4
2
0.6
0.4
Since the sum of positive numbers must remain 0.2
A A2
4 O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
positive, x
2
7. Sample program:
Program: CCFRAC 3b. convergent
n2
:Prompt A :Prompt B 3c.
3n
:Disp “INPUT TERM” 3d. We can use the ratio test to determine whether
:Disp “NUMBER N, N 3” the series is indeed convergent.
:Prompt N n2 (n 1)2
:1 → K an 3n and an1
3n1
:B 1/(2A) → C (n 1)2
:Lbl 1 3n1
r lim —
:B 1/(2A C) → C n→ n2
3n
:K 1 → K
:If K N 1 (n 1)2 3n
r lim
3n1 n2
:Then: Goto 1 n→
:Else: Disp C A n2 2n 1
r lim
3n2
8. For large values of N, the program output and the n→
2 1
decimal approximation of A2 B are equal. 1 n n
B r lim
3
9. x A 2A n→
B
2A
2A 1
r 3 Since r 1, the series is convergent.
B
x A 2A
xA 4. Consider the infinite series an
(x 2A(x A) B
A)2 1. If the lim an
0, the sum of the series does not
n→
x2 2Ax A2 2Ax 2A2 B exist, and thus the series is divergent. If the
x2 A2 B lim an 0, the sum may or may not exit and
n→
x
A2
B therefore it cannot be determined from this test
B if the series is convergent or divergent.
Since the sum A cannot be
B
2A
2A 2. If the series is arithmetic then it is divergent.
B 3. If the series is geometric then the series
negative, the value of A is
B converges for r 1 and diverges for r 1.
2A
2A 4. Ratio test: the series converges for r 1 and
.
A2 B diverges for r 1. If r 1, the test fails. This
10. They will be opposites. test can only be used if all the terms of the
Chapter 12 414
series are positive and if the series can be 900 3
12a. The series is geometric where r
1500 or 5 .
expressed in general form.
1500 15005
3 10
5. Comparison test: may only be used if all the
terms in the series are positive. S 10 ———
3
n
5. an 2n , an1
n1 1 5
2n1
an1 3727 m
r lim
an 1500
n→
n1
12b. S 3
2n1 1 5
lim n
n→ 2 n 3750 m
(n 1)2n No, the sum of the infinite series modeling this
lim n2n
1
n→ situation is 3750. Thus, the spill will spread no
(n 1) more than 3750 meters.
lim 2n
n→
1
1
lim 2 2n
n→
1 Pages 791–793 Exercises
2 4 4
13. an 3n , an 1
3n1
convergent
4
4n 1 4(n 1) 1
6. an 4n, an1
4(n 1)
3n1
r lim 4
—
4(n 1) 1 n→
3n
4(n 1)
4 3n
r lim —— 4n 1
lim
n→ 4 3 3
n
n→
4n
1
(4n 3)(4n) 3
lim (4n 4)(
4n 1)
n→ convergent
16n2 12n
lim 16n2 12n 4
2n 2n1
n→ 14. an 5n, an1
5(n 1)
16n2 12n
2n1
n2 n2
lim —— 5(n 1)
16n2
n→ 12n 4 r lim —
n2 n2 n2
n→ 2n
5n
16
1
6 or 1
2n 2 5n
lim
2n (5n 5)
n→
test provides no information 10n
(n 1) lim
7. The general term is n. n→ 5n 5
n1 10n
1
n n for all n, so divergent n
lim —
8. The series is arithmetic, so it is divergent. 5n
n→ 5
n n
1
9. The general term is
2 n2 .
10
5 or 2
1 1
2 n2
n for all n, so convergent divergent
1 1 2n 2n1
10. an
n 2n , an1
(n 1)2n1 15. an n2 , an1
(n 1)2
1 2n1
(n 1)2n1 (n 1)2
r —— 1 r lim —— 2n
n→
n2n n2
n2n
lim 2n 2 n2
n→ (n 1)2
n1 lim
n→ 2 (n 2n 1)
n 2
n
lim
lim
2n
2
n
2n2
n
lim —— n2
lim ——
2n n
n→ n 1
n2
n→ 2n 1
n 2 n2 n 2
1
2(1 0)
2
1 divergent
2
convergent
3
11. The series is geometric where r 4.
3
Since
4 1, it is convergent.
415 Chapter 12
1
16. an
2 2 24. The general term is
2n 1 .
(n 1)(n 2) , an1 (n 2)(n 3)
1 1
2
2n 1 n for all n, so convergent
(n 2)(n 3)
r lim —— 25. The series is geometric where r 4.
3
n→ 2
(n 1)(n 2) 3
Since 4 1, it is convergent.
2(n2 3n 2)
lim
2(n2 5n 6) 2n 1
n→ 26. The general term is
2n 1 .
n2 3n 2 2n 1 1
n2 n2
n2 n for all n, so divergent
2n 1
lim ——2 1
n
n→ 5n 6 27. The general term is
5 n2 .
n 2 n2 n 2
1 1
1
5 n2 n for all n, so convergent
test provides no information 1
2n 1 2(n 1) 1
28. The general term is
n
.
17. an ,
1 2 ... (2n 1) an1
1 2 ... [2(n 1) 1] 1 1
n
n for all n, so divergent
2(n 1) 1
1 2 ... [2(n 1) 1] 29. The series is arithmetic, so it is divergent
r lim
n→ 2n 1 2n 1 2(n 1) 1
30. an
2n1 , an1
2n 2
1 2 ... (2n 1)
2(n 1) 1
(2n 1)(1 2 ... (2n 1))
lim
(2n 1)(1 2 ... (2n 1))
2n2
n→ r lim ——
2n 1
1 n→
lim 2n1
n→ (2n 1)(2n) (2n 1) 2n 2
1 lim
lim 2 n→
(2n 1) 2n 2 2
n→ 4n 2n
2n 1
0 lim
convergent n→ 4n 2
2n 1
5n 5n1
18. an
1 2 ... n , an1
n n
1 2 ... (n 1) lim —
4n 2
n n
n→
5n1
r lim 1 2 ...n (n 1) 2 1
4 or 2
n→ 5
1 2 ... n
convergent
5n 5(1 2 ... n)
lim
5n(1 2 ... (n 1)) 31a. No, MagicSoft let a1 1,000,000 to arrive at
n→
5 their figure. The first term of this series is
lim
1,000,000 0.70 or 700,000.
n→ n 1
0 31b. The series is geometric where a1 700,000 and
convergent r 0.70.
2n 2(n 1) 2(n 1) 2(n 2) 700,000
19. an 2n, an1
2n1 S
1 0.70
2(n 1) 2(n 2) $2.3 million
2n1
r lim 1 1 1
n→ 2n 2(n 1) 32. the harmonic series: 1 2 3 4
2n
2(n 1) 2(n 2) 2n 33a. Culture A: 1400 cells, Culture B; 713 cells
lim 2n 2(n 1) 2n 2 Culture A generates an arithmetic sequence
n→
n2 where a1 1000, d 200 and n 8
lim 2n a8 1000 (8 1)200
n→
n 2
lim 2n 2n 2400
n→ Only considering cell growth, there are
1
2 2400 1000 or 1400 new cells.
Culture B generates a geometric sequence where
convergent
1 1
a1 1000 and r 1.08
20. The general term is
(2n)2 or 4n2 . a8 1000(1.08)81
1
1
n for all n, so convergent 1713 A part of a cell cannot be generated.
4n2
Only considering cell growth, there are
1
21. The general term is
n3 1 . 1713 1000 or 713 new cells.
1
1
n for all n, so convergent 33b. Culture A: a31 1000 (31 1)200
n3 1
n
7000
22. The general term is
n 1. 7000 1000 6000 cells
n
1
n for all n, so divergent Culture B: a31 1000(1.08)311
n1
10,062
5
23. The general term is
n 2. 10,062 1000 9062
5 1 Culture B; at the end of one month, culture A
n2 n for all n, so divergent
will have produced 6000 cells while culture B
will have produced 9062 cells.
Chapter 12 416
2n 1
u
34a. 2n1 41. AB 5 8, 1 (3)
12n 3, 2
1 1 1 1
35d. The sequence 3, 3
6 , 432 , 5184 is geometric 56, 84, 126, 189
1 6
where r 1 2.
4. r 3 or 2
a1 3 3(2)8
lim Sn S S8
1 (2)
n→ 1 r
1
255
3 n2 2n 5
— n2 2n 5
n2 n2
n2
1
1 1 5. lim
n2 1 lim ——
2 n→ n→ n2 1
n 2 n2
4
11 hour 1
4
The hands will coincide at 4 11 o’clock, 6. a1 250, r 0.55
approximately 21 min 49 s after 4:00. a2 250(0.55) or 137.5
4n2 5 a3 137.5
n2
4n2 5 n2 a4 137.5(0.55) or 75.625
36. lim
3n2 2n lim —
n→ 3 n2
n→ 2n
a5 75.625
n2 n2 137.5 137.5
4 Sn 250
1 0.55 1 0.55
3
2 861 ft
37. r
2 or 2
1 1
91 7. a1 2
5 , r 10
2
a9 2 1
25
162 S —
1
38. 19 11 (7 1)d 1 1
0
30 6d 2
5d 4
5
1 2 n 1 2 … (n 1)
11 5 6, 6 5 1, 1 5 4, 8. an n1
, a n
10n 10 1
4 5 9, 9 5 14 1 2 … (n 1)
11, 6, 1, 4, 9, 14, 19
10n1
r lim
39. 45.9 e0.075t n→ 12…n
10n
ln 45.9 0.075t
10n[1 2 … (n 1)]
51.02 t lim
10n 10(1 2 … n)
n→
40. 6 12r cos (v 30°) n1
1 lim 10
r(cos v cos 30° sin v sin 30°) n→
2
n1
1
3 1
2 r cos v 2 r sin v As n → , 10 → . Since r 1, the series is
2
divergent.
3 1 1
0 2x 2 y 2 1
9. The series is geometric where r 3.
0 3
x y 1
Since r 1, it is convergent.
417 Chapter 12
60
10. 5001 4 515
0.12
13a. 389(0.63)n1
n1
a1 515, r 1.03 n 4 389 389(0.63)60
515 515(1.03)4
S60
1 0.63
S4
1 1.03 1051 ft
$2154.57 389
13b. S
1 0.63
1051 ft
n 5 6 7 8
n4 54 64 74 84
18.
1 1 1 1 1
1 n5
7
2 3 4 5 5 5 3 3 2
There are 6 terms. 1
6 123
4. (n 3) (1 3) (2 3) (3 3)
n1 19.
8
2j 24 25 26 27 28
(4 3) (5 3) (6 3) j4 16 32 64 128 256
(2) (1) 0 1 2 3 496
3 3
Chapter 12 418
2 n 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 47b. 0 1(1 x) 2(2 x) 3(3 x) 4(4 x)
25. 45 45 45 45 45
5(5 x) 25
n1
2
4
8 16 32
5
25
125
5 1 x 4 2x 9 3x 16 4x 25 5x 25
8
55 15x 25
S —
5 15x 30
2
1 5 x2
7
8 2 48a. false; 3k 33 34 37
3 or 23 9
k3
5
26. n in (2 (3
i2) (4 (5
i3) i4) i5)
b7
3b 37 38 39
n2 (1) (3 i) (5) (5 i) 7 9
4 3 (2m 5) 1 3 13 49
31. 2 5k 32. (13 4k) m3
8 9
k1 k0
Since 49 49, (2n 3) (2m 5).
10 n2 n3
2k
1
33. 34. 7
k2
5k 1
k1
2k 1
48c. true; 2 n2 18 32 98 270
n3
(1)kk2
5 7
35.
k2
36.
k0
k!
n3
2n2 18 32 98 270
7 7
(k 1)!
(1)n1 2 k Since 270 270, 2 n2 2n2.
32
37. n 38.
n0 k1 n3 n3
10
48d. false; (5 n) 6 7 15 105
k21
k
39. 40. k
2k 3 3 k! k1
k1 k2 9
k
22 (4 p) 4 5 13 85
p0
41. 10 9
k11
3k! Since 85
105, (5 n)
(4 p).
(a 2)! (a 2)! k1 p0
42.
a!
a(a 1)(a 2)! 49a. 6!
1
a(a 1)
49b. 5! or 120
(a 1)! (a 1)(a)(a 1)(a 2)! 49c. 4! or 24, “LISTEN”
43.
(a 2)!
(a 2)! 50a. On an 8 8 chessboard, there is 1-8 8 square.
a(a 1)(a 1) On an 8 8 chessboard, there are 4-7 7
(a b)! (a b)(a b 1)! squares, one in each of the four corners.
44.
(a b 1)!
(a b 1)!
50b. For the 6 6 squares, begin in one corner.
a
For different configurations, you can move it
45. 43.64 over, up to 2 more spaces, or down, up to 2 more
spaces. Thus, there are 3 3 or 9-6 6 squares.
Continue this procedure for the other sizes of
squares.
9-6 6, 16-5 5, 25-4 4, 36-3 3, 49-2 2,
and 64-1 1
8
50c. n2 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82
n1 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64
46a. 500,000(0.35)n
n1
204
175,000 3
46b. S 51. The general term is
n 2.
1 0.35
3 1
269,239 people
n2 n for all n, so divergent
269,230
46c.
500,000 53.8% 52. 0.42(21) 8.82 liters
46d. The ad agency assumes that the people who buy If with each stroke 20% is removed, then 80%
the tennis shoes will be satisfied with their remains.
purchase. a1 21(0.80) 16.8
a2 16.8(0.80) 13.44
47a. (x 3) (x 6) (x 9) (x 12) (x 15)
a3 13.44(0.80) 10.752
(x 18) 3
a4 10.752(0.80) 8.6016
6x 63 3
It will take 4 strokes for 42% of the air to remain.
6x 60
x 60
419 Chapter 12
51 2c. Even indexed terms are negative and odd
a12
53. 322
indexed terms are positive.
4a1
322
3. The sum of the exponents of each term is n.
a1
82
4. The exponents must add to 12, so the exponent of
2
82 16, 162
162
, y is 12 7 or 5.
162 2 32 To find the coefficient of the term use the formula
82 , 16, 162 , 32 n
(x y)n
n!
xnryr.
54. log10 0.001 3 r!(n r)!
r0
55. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 Evaluate the general term for n 12 and r 5.
(0, 9) → 81 9E F 0 12!
x7y5 792x7y5.
5!7!
(7, 2) → 49 4 7D 2E F 0
(0, 5) → 25 5E F 0 5. c5 5c4d 10c3d2 10c2d3 5cd4 d5
32 6 5
9E F 81 9(4) F 81 6. (a 3)6 a6 3 6a5 4
12 a
5E F 25 F 45 33 6 5 4
3
123 a
14E 56 53 7D 2(4) 45 0
34 6 5 4 3
E 4 7D 0 2
1234 a
D0 35 6 5 4 3 2
x2 y2 4y 45 0 a
12345
36 6 5 4 3 2 1
x2 (y 2)2 49 123456
56. (2 i)(42 i) 8 52i i2 a6 18a5 135a4 540a3 1215a2
7 5i2 1458a 729
57. vy 59 sin 63° 3 2 5 (y)2
7. (5 y)3 53(y)0 3 52(y)
21
52.57 ft/s 59 ft/s 3 2 1 50 (y)3
vx 59 cos 63°
321
26.79 ft/s 63˚
125 75y 15y2 y3
2x1 3y1 9 x1 4y1 4 8. (3p 2q)4 (3p)4 (2q)0 4(3p)3 (2q)1
58. d1 , d
13 2
17 4 3(3p)2 (2q)2 4 3 2(3p)(2q)3
2x1 3y1 9 x1 4y1 4
21 321
13
17
4 3 2 1(3p)0(2q)4
x1 317
217 y1 917
4321
13
x1 413
y1 413
81p4 216p3q 216p2q2 96pq3
217 x 413
13 16q4
7!
y 917
317 413
0 9. (a)7r(b)r
r!(7 r)!
5m 2 7!
59.
9m 3
5!(7 5)! (a)
75(b)5
Chapter 12 420
7 6 d5 22 8 7(p2)6(q)2
16. (d 2)7 d7 20 7 d6 21
21 24. (p2 q)8 (p2)8(q)0 8(p2)7(q)1
21
7 6 5 d4 23 7 6 5 4 d3 24 8 7 6(p2)5(q)3 8 7 6 5(p2)4(q)4
4321
321 4321 321
7 6 5 4 3 d2 25 8 7 6 5 4(p2)3(q)5
54321
54321
8 7 6 5 4 3(p2)2(q)6
7 6 5 4 3 2 d1 26
654321
654321
8 7 6 5 4 3 2(p2)1(q)7
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 d0 27
7654321
7654321 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1(p2)0(q)8
d7 14d6 84d5 280d4 560d3 87654321
672d2 448d 128 p16 8p14q 28p12q2 56p10q3
17. (3 x)5 35(x)0 5 34(x1)1
5 4 33(x)2
70p8q4 56p6q5 28p4q6 8p2q7
21
q8
5 4 3 32(x)3 5 4 3 2 31(x)4
321
4321 25. (xy 2z ) (xy)6(2x3)0 6(xy)5(2z3)1
3 6
6 5(xy)4(2z3)2 6 5 4(xy)3(2z3)3
5 4 3 2 1 30(x)5
21 321
54321
6 5 4 3(xy)2(2z3)4
243 405x 270x2 90x3 15x4 x5 4321
4 3(4a)2(b)2 6 5 4 3 2(xy)1(2z3)5
18. (4a b)4 (4a)4(b)0 4(4a)3(b)1
21 54321
43 2(4a)1(b)3
4 3 2 1(4a)0(b)4 6 5 4 3 2 1(xy)0(2z3)6
321 4321 654321
421 Chapter 12
Binomial Theorem to find the 4th term for the
1 6
expansion of 3x 4x . 12-7 Special Sequences and Series
3
6!
(3x)3
3!3! 41x 16
135
Chapter 12 422
12a. A Pert x2 x4 x6 x8
27. cos x 1 2! 4! 6! 8!
2P Pe(0.06)5
P e0.3 cos 6 cos 0.5236
(0.3)2 (0.5236)2 (0.5236)4 (0.5236)6 (0.5236)8
1 0.3 2
! 1 2
!
4
!
6
!
8
!
1.345 0.2742
1 2 24
0.7516 0.0206 0.0056
720 40,320
approximately 1.345P
0.8660
12b. No, in five years she will have increased her 3
savings by about 34.5%, not 100%. actual value: cos 6 2 0.8660
x3 x5 x7 x9
12c. The approximation is accurate to two decimal 28. sin x x 3! 5! 7! 9!
places.
sin 2 sin 1.5708
1.5708 0.6460 0.0797 0.0047 0.0002
1.0000
Pages 812–814 Exercises
actual value: sin 2 1
13. ln (4) ln (1) ln 4 i 1.3863 5 5
5
0.7071
2
actual value: sin 4 2 0.7071
423 Chapter 12
39. If you add the numbers on the diagonal lines as 0.01
45a. a1 0.005, r
0.005 or 2
shown, the sums are the terms of the Fibonacci
sequence. a3 0.005(2)31
1
0.020 cm
1
a4 0.020(2)
1 0.040 cm
2
1 1 3 45b. 0.005(2)n1
5 45c. a10 0.005(2)101
1 2 1 8 2.56 cm
13
. a100 0.005(2)1001
1 3 3 1 .
. 3.169 1027 cm
1 4 6 4 1 2
1
83
46. 8 3 or 2
1 5 10 10 5 1 1
3
8
1 6 15 20 15 6 1 47. y2 Dx Ey F 0
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 (0, 0): F 0
40a. , , , , , , , , ,
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 (2, 1): 1 2D E F 0
40b. neither (4, 4): 16 4D 4E F 0
40c. Fn 2D E 1 4D 2E 2
Fn 1 4D 4E 16 → 4D 4E 16
2E 14
2
1.75
2D E 1 E7
1.5 2D 7 1 y 3x 7y 0
2
1.25 2D 6
1 D3
0.75
14
0.5 48. r 6 or 4
0.25
v 8 4
O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 n
15
40d. yes; 1.618 8 or 8
40e. The two ratios are equivalent to three decimal 15
4 cos 8 i sin 8
15
places. 49. u
r 2 302 502 2(30)(50) cos 140°
40f. See students’ work. u
r 75.5 N
41a. A Pert
75.5
30
sin 140° sin v
5000e0.05(13) 30 sin 140°
sin v
5000e0.65 75.5
5000 1 0.65 2 3
(0.65)2
4
(0.65)3 (0.65)4
v Arcsin
30 sin 140°
75.5
! ! !
14°48
$9572.29 v
41b. No, the account will be short by more than 50a. t
$30,000. 5(2) radians
1 second
41c. about 42 years; 47 years old
10 radians per second
41d. 40,000 Pe0.65 v
50b. v r t
$20,882 P
2 ft(10 radians/s)
1
42a. Every third Fibonacci number is an even
number. 15.7 ft/s
42b. Every fourth Fibonacci number is a multiple of 3. 51. Let m multiple choice. Let e essay.
6 5(2x)4(y)2 m e 30
43. (2x y)6 (2x)6(y)0 6(2x)5(y)1
21 1m 12e 96 e
6 5 4(2x)3(y)3 6 5 4 3(2x)2(y)4
f(m, e) 5m 20e
321 4321 30
6 5 4 3 2(2x)1(y)5
f(24, 6) 5(24) 20(6) m e 30
54321 240 m 12e 96
20
6 5 4 3 2 1(2x)0(y)6 f(0, 8) 5(0) 20(8)
654321 160 10 (0, 8) (24, 6)
64x6 192x5y 240x4y2 160x3y3 f(30, 0) 5(30) 20(0) m0
60x2y4 12xy5 y6 150 (0, 0) 10 20 m
6
f(0, 0) 0 e0 (30, 0)
44.
k1
2k
To receive the highest score, answer 24 multiple
choice and 6 essay.
Chapter 12 424
2
52. (DC)2 22 18
24
10. pn 40 0.60
(DC)2 14 p1 0.60 1.75(0.60)(1 0.60)
DC 14
1.02
2
(1.02)(40) 41
14
52 (BC)2
39 (BC)2 p2 1.02 1.75(1.02)(1 1.02)
39
BC The correct choice is C. 0.9843
(0.9843)(40) 39
p3 0.9843 1.75(0.9843)(1 0.9843)
1.0113
12-8 Sequences and Iteration (1.0113)(40) 40
p4 1.0113 1.75(1.0113)(1 1.0113)
0.9913
Page 819 Check for Understanding (0.9913)(40) 40
1. Iteration is the repeated composition of a function p5 0.9913 1.75(0.9913)(1 0.9913)
upon itself. 1.0064
2. It is the sequence of iterates produced when a (1.0064)(40) 40
complex number is iterated for a function f(z). p6 1.0064 1.75(1.0064)(1 1.0064)
3. If the prisoner set is connected, then the Julia set 0.9951
is the boundary between the prisoner set and the (0.9951)(40) 40
escape set. If the prisoner set is disconnected, then p7 0.9951 1.75(0.9951)(1 0.9951)
the Julia set is the prisoner set. 1.0036
4. f(1) (1)2 1 (1.0036)(40) 40
f(1) 12 1 p8 1.0036 1.75(1.0036)(1 1.0036)
f(1) 12 1 0.9973
f(1) 12 1 (0.9973)(40) 40
1, 1, 1, 1
p9 0.9973 1.75(0.9973)(1 0.9973)
5. f(2) 2 2 5 1 1.002
f(1) 2 (1) 5 7 (1.002)(40) 40
f(7) 2 (7) 5 19
p10 1.002 1.75(1.002)(1 1.002)
f(19) 2 (19) 5 43
0.9985
1, 7, 19, 43
(0.9985)(40) 40
6. z0 6i 41, 39, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40
z1 0.6(6i) 2i 5.6i
z2 0.6(5.6i) 2i 5.36i
z3 0.6(5.36i) 2i 5.216i
Pages 820–821 Exercises
7. z0 25 40i
11. f(x0) f(4)
z1 0.6(25 40i) 2i 15 26i
3(4) 7
z2 0.6(15 26i) 2i 9 17.6i
5
z3 0.6(9 17.6i) 2i 5.4 12.56i
f(x1) f(5)
8. z0 0, f(z) z2 (1 2i)
3(5) 7
z1 02 (1 2i) 1 2i
8
z2 (1 2i)2 (1 2i)
1 4i 4i2 1 2i 2 6i f(x2) f(8)
z3 (2 6i)2 (1 2i) 3(8) 7
17
4 24i 35i2 1 2i 31 22i
f(x3) f(17)
9. z0 1 2i, f(z) z2 (2 3i)
3(17) 7
z1 (1 2i)2 (2 3i) 44
1 4i 4i2 2 3i 1 i 12. f(2) (2)2 4
z2 (1 i)2 (2 3i) f(4) 42 16
1 2i i2 2 3i 2 5i f(16) 162 256
z3 (2 5i)2 (2 3i) f(256) 2562 65.536
4 20i 25i2 2 3i 19 23i 13. f(4) (4 5)2 1
f(1) (1 5)2 16
f(16) (16 5)2 121
f(121) (121 5)2 13,456
14. f(1) (1)2 1 0
f(0) 02 1 1
f(1) (1)2 1 0
f(0) 02 1 1
425 Chapter 12
15. f(0.1) 2(0.1)2 0.1 19. z0 1 2i
0.08 z1 2(1 2i) (3 2i)
f(0.08) 2(0.08)2 (0.08) 2 4i 3 2i
0.09 5 2i
f(0.09) 2(0.09)2 0.09 z2 2(5 2i) (3 2i)
0.07 10 4i 3 2i
f(0.07) 2(0.07)2 (0.07) 13 2i
0.08 z3 2(13 2i) (3 2i)
2
16a. t1 1 2 26 4i 3 2i
2 29 2i
t2 2 1
20. z0 1 2i
2
t3 1 2 z1 2(1 2i) (3 2i)
2 2 4i 3 2i
t4 2 1 1 6i
z2 2(1 6i) (3 2i)
2
t10 2 1 2 12i 3 2i
2 1 5 14i
16b. t1 4 2 z3 2(5 14i) (3 2i)
2
t2 4 10 28i 3 2i
1
2 13 30i
t3
2 1
21. z0 6 2i
4 2
2
z1 2(6 2i) (3 2i)
t4 4
1 12 4i 3 2i
2 15 2i
z2 2(15 2i) (3 2i)
t10
2
4 30 4i 3 2i
1
33 2i
2
z3 2(33 2i) (3 2i)
2
16c. t1 7 66 4i 3 2i
2 69 2i
t2
2
7
7
22. z0 0.3 i
2 z1 2(0.3 i) (3 2i)
t3
7 0.6 2i 3 2i
t4
2
7 3.6 4i
2
z2 2(3.6 4i) (3 2i)
7
7.2 8i 3 2i
10.2 10i
2
t10
2
7 z3 2(10.2 10i) (3 2i)
7 20.4 20i 3 2i
2 23.4 22i
16d. The values of the iterates alternate between x 1 2
0
and x0. 23. z0 3 3i
z1 33 3i 2i
1 2
17. z0 5i
z1 2(5i) (3 2i)
1 2i 2i
3 8i
1
z2 2(3 8i) (3 2i)
z2 3(1) 2i
6 16i 3 2i
3 2i
9 14i
z3 3(3 2i) 2i
z3 2(9 14i) (3 2i)
9 6i 2i
18 28i 3 2i
9 8i
21 26i
24. z0 0 i, f(z) z2 1
18. z0 4
z1 (i)2 1
z1 2(4) (3 2i)
2
11 2i
z2 (2)2 1
z2 2(11 2i) (3 2i)
3
22 4i 3 2i
z3 32 1
25 6i
z3 2(25 6i) (3 2i) 8
50 12i 3 2i
53 14i
Chapter 12 426
25. z0 i, f(z) z2 1 3i 31.
Iteration x percent x 2.5x(1 x)
z1 i2 1 3i
1 0.10 0.325
3i
z2 (3i)2 1 3i 2 0.325 0.8734
8 3i 3 0.8734 1.1498
z3 (8 3i)2 1 3i 4 1.1498 0.7192
64 48i 9 1 3i 5 0.7192 1.2241
56 45i 6 1.2241 0.5383
26. z0 1, f(z) z2 3 2i 7 0.5383 1.1596
z1 12 3 2i 8 1.1596 0.6969
4 2i
9 0.6969 1.225
z2 (4 2i)2 3 2i
16 16i 4 3 2i 10 1.225 0.5359
15 18i 11 0.5359 1.1577
z3 (15 18i)2 3 2i 12 1.1577 0.7013
225 540i 324 3 2i 13 0.7013 1.225
96 542i 14 1.225 0.5359
27. z0 1 i, f(z) z2 4i 15 0.5359 1.1577
z1 (1 i)2 4i 16 1.1577 0.7013
1 2i 1 4i 17 0.7013 1.225
2i
18 1.225 0.5359
z2 (2i)2 4i
4 4i 2002 1984 18; After 18 years, about 54% of
z3 (4 4i)2 4i the maximum sustainable population is present.
16 32i 16 4i 32. f(z) z2 c
28i 1 15i (2 3i)2 c
2
2 1 15i 4 12i 9i2 c
28. z0 2 2i, f(z) z2
4 3i c
2
2
2 1 1
z1 2 2i 2 i 2i2 1 33.
2
2
z2 (i)2 1 x1 2
2
z3 12 1 2
x1 2
29. z0 1 i, f(z) z2 2 3i 2
z1 (1 i)2 2 3i
1 2i 1 2 3i 34. See students’ work. Sample topics for discussion
2i are judging soil quality and detection of heat
z2 (2 i)2 2 3i stress in cows.
4 4i 1 2 3i 35a. 1.414213562, 1.189207115, 1.090507733,
5 7i 1.044273782
z3 (5 7i)2 2 3i 35b. f(z) z, z0 2
25 70i 49 2 3i 35c. 1
22 73i 35d. 1
30. p1 p0 rp0
p1 2000 (0.052)(2000)
8!
$2104 37. (2a)84(3b)4 70 16a4 81b4
4!(8 4)!
p2 2104 (0.052)(2104)
90,720a4b4
$2213.41
p3 2213.41 (0.052)(2213.14) 38. Convergent; the series is geometric with
1
$2328.51 r 4 1.
p4 2328.51 (0.052)(2328.51)
39. The distance between the vertices is 130 ft.
$2449.59
p5 2449.59 (0.052)(2449.59) 2a 130, so a 75.
c 7 91
$2576.97 e a 5 65
b2 c2 a2
b2 912 652
4056
x2 y2 x2 y2
a2
b2 1 ⇒
4225 4056 1
427 Chapter 12
40. n1 sin I n2 sin r
1.00 sin 42° 2.42 sin r 12-9 Mathematical Induction
r Arcsin 1.00 sin 42°
2.42
r 16° Page 826 Check for Understanding
41a. 1. The n 1 case shows that the premise is true for
an infinite number of cases.
2. Provide a counterexample.
40 ft 3a. n(n 2)
3b. Since 3 is the first term in the sequence of
partial sums and 1(1 2) 3, the formula is
valid for n 1.
56˚ Since 8 is the second term in the sequence of
partial sums and 2(2 2) 8, the formula is
42˚ valid for n 2.
Since 15 is the third term in the sequence of
41b. Let h height of the building. partial sums and 3(3 2) 15, the formula is
Let x distance from the point of elevation to valid for n 3.
the center of the base of the building. 3c. Sk ⇒ k(k 2); Sk1 ⇒ (k 1)(k 3)
h h 40
tan 42° x tan 56° x 4. 8n 1 7r for some integer r.
h h 40
x
tan 42° tan 56° h 5. Sample answer: If we wish to prove that we can
(h 40) tan 42° climb a ladder with an indefinite number of steps,
tan 56° h we must prove the following. First, we must show
40 that we can climb off the ground to rung 1. Next,
1.6466 1 h
40 we must show that if we can climb to rung k, then
0.6466 h we can climb to rung k 1.
h 62 feet 6. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
Since 3 is the first term in the sequence and
No, the height of the building is about 62 feet for
1(1 2) 3, the formula is valid for n 1.
a total of about 102 feet with the tower.
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
42. x
2 for all x, so infinite discontinuity and derive a formula for n k 1.
43. y Sk ⇒ 3 5 7 … (2k 1) k(k 2)
x y 14 Sk1 ⇒ 3 5 7 …
(3, 9) (5, 9) (2k 1) (2k 3) k(k 2) (2k 3)
y9 k2 4k 3
(k 1)(k 3)
(8, 6) Apply the original formula for n k 1.
y5 (k 1)[(k 1) 2] (k 1)(k 3)
(3, 5) (8, 5) The formula gives the same result as adding the
(k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
x3 x8 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
O x n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
f(x, y) 2x 8y 10 valid for all positive integral values of n.
f(3, 9) 2(3) 8(9) 10 7. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
88 Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and
f(5, 9) 2(5) 8(9) 10 2(21 1) 2, the formula is valid for n 1.
92 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
f(8, 6) 2(8) 8(6) 10 and derive a formula for n k 1.
74 Sk ⇒ 2 22 23 … 2k 2(2k 1)
f(8, 5) 2(8) 8(5) 10 Sk1 ⇒ 2 22 23 … 2k 2k1
66 2(2k 1) 2k1
f(3, 5) 2(3) 8(5) 10 2 2k1 2
56 2(2k1 1)
max: 92, min: 56 When the original formula is applied for n k 1,
HL
44. H L 2 the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since
2H 2L H L
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
H 3L
H n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the
3 The correct choice is D.
L formula is valid for all positive integral values
of n.
Chapter 12 428
8. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. The formula gives the same result as adding the
1
Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
1 1 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
1 21 2, the formula is valid for n 1. formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula
and derive a formula for n k 1. is valid for all positive integral values of n.
1 1 1 1 1
Sk ⇒ 2 22 23 … 2k 1 2k
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Sk1 ⇒ 2 22 23 … 2k
2k1 1 2k 2k1
2 1
Pages 826–828 Exercises
1
2 2k 2k1
11. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
2 1 Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
1
2k1 2k1
1
(1)[2(1) 1] 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
1
2k1 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
When the original formula is applied for n k 1, and derive a formula for n k 1.
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is Sk ⇒ 1 5 9 … (4k 3) k(2k 1)
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since Sk1 ⇒ 1 5 9 … (4k 3) (4k 1)
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for k(2k 1) (4k 1)
n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the 2k2 3k 7
formula is valid for all positive integral values (k 1)(2k 1)
of n. Apply the original formula for n k 1.
9. Sn: 3n 1 2r for some integer r (k 1)[2(k 1) 1] (k 1)(2k 1)
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1. The formula gives the same result as adding the
S1 ⇒ 31 1 or 2. Since 2 2 1, Sn is valid for (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
n 1. for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2.
that it is also valid for n k 1. Since it is valid for n 2, it is also valid for n 3,
Sk ⇒ 3k 1 2r for some integer r and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid
Sk1 ⇒ 3k1 1 2t for some integer t for all positive integral values of n.
3k 1 2r 12. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
3(3k 1) 3 2r Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
3k1 3 6r (1)[3(1) 1]
1, the formula is valid for n 1.
3k1 1 6r 2 2
3k1 1 2(3r 1) Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
and derive a formula for n k 1.
Thus, 3k1 1 2t, where t 3r 1 is an k(3k 1)
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid, Sk ⇒ 1 4 7 … (3k 2) 2
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
Sk1 ⇒ 1 4 7 … (3k 2) (3k 1)
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
k(3k 1)
indefinitely. Hence, 3n 1 is divisible by 2 for all 2 (3k 1)
integral values of n. k(3k 1) 2(3k 1)
n(n 1) 2 2
10a. 6 4 10 10b. an 2 3k2 5k 2
10 5 15 2
15 6 21 (k 1)(3k 2)
2
21 7 28
28 8 36 Apply the original formula for n k 1.
10, 15, 21, 28, 36 (k 1)[3(k 1) 1] (k 1)(3k 2)
2 2
10c. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
The formula gives the same result as adding the
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
1(1 1)(1 2) (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
6 1, the formula is valid for n 1. for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
n k and derive a formula for n k 1. n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2) valid for all positive integral values of n.
Sk ⇒ 1 3 6 … 2 6
k(k 1) (k 1)(k 2)
Sk ⇒ 1 3 6 … 2 2
k(k 1)(k 2) (k 1)(k 2)
6 2
k(k 1)(k 2) 3(k 1)(k 2)
6
(k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
6
Apply the original formula for n k 1.
(k 1)[(k 1) 1][(k 1) 2] (k 1)(k 2)(k 3)
6
6
429 Chapter 12
13. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. 15. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
1
Since 2 is the first term in the sequence and Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and
1 1 1[2(1) 1][2(1) 1]
21 1 2 , the formula is valid for n 1.
3 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
and derive a formula for n k 1. and derive a formula for n k 1.
1 1 1 1 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1)
Sk ⇒ 2 4 8 … 2k 2k 1 Sk ⇒ 12 32 52 … (2k 1)2 3
1 1 1 1 1
Sk1 ⇒ 2 …
4 8 2k
2k1 Sk1 ⇒ 12 32 52 … (2k 1)2 (2k 1)2
1 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1)
2k 1 2k1
(2k 1)2
3
2 1 k(2k 1)(2k 1) 3(2k 1)2
2 2k 1 2k1
3
2 1 [k(2k 1) 3(2k 1)](2k 1)
2
1 k1
k1
2
3
1 (2k2 5k 3)(2k 1)
2
1
k1
3
When the original formula is applied for n k 1, (2k 3)(k 1)(2k 1)
3
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since Apply the original formula for n k 1.
the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for (k 1)[2(k 1) 1][2(k 1) 1] (k 1)(2k 1)(2k 3)
n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the 3 3
formula is valid for all positive integral values of n. The formula gives the same result as adding the
14. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
12(1 1)2 formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
4 1, the formula is valid for n 1. n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k valid for all positive integral values of n.
and derive a formula for n k 1. 16. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
k2(k 1)2
Sk ⇒ 1 8 27 … k3 4 Since S1 ⇒ 1 and 21 1 1, the formula is valid
for n 1.
Sk1 ⇒ 1 8 27 … k3 (k 1)3 Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
k2(k 1)2 and derive a formula for n k 1.
4 (k 1)3
Sk ⇒ 1 2 4 … 2k1 2k 1
k2(k 1)2 4(k 1)3
4 Sk1 ⇒ 1 2 4 … 2k1 2k 2k 1 2k
(k 1)2[k2 4(k 1)] 2(2k) 1
4 2k1 1
(k 1)2(k2 4k 4) When the original formula is applied for n k 1,
4
(k 1)2(k 2)2
the same result is obtained. Thus if the formula is
4 valid for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since
Apply the original formula for n k 1. the formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
(k 1)2[(k 1) 1]2 (k 1)2(k 2)2
n 2, n 3, and so indefinitely. Thus, the
4 4 formula is valid for all positive integral values of n.
The formula gives the same result as adding the 17. Sn ⇒ 7n 5 6r for some integer r
(k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1.
for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the S1 ⇒ 71 5 or 12. Since 12 6 2, Sn is valid for
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n 1.
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
valid for all positive integral values of n. that it is also valid for n k 1.
Sk ⇒ 7k 5 6r for some integer r
Sk1 ⇒ 7k1 5 6t for some integer t
7k 5 6r
7(7k 5) 7 6r
7k1 35 42r
7k1 5 42r 30
7k1 5 6(7r 5)
Thus, 7 k1 5 6t, where t 7r 5 is an
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid,
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
indefinitely. Hence, 7n 5 is divisible by 6 for all
integral values of n.
Chapter 12 430
18. Sn ⇒ 8n 1 7r for some integer r Apply the original formula for n k 1.
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1. (k 1)
{2a
(k 1)
[(k 1) 1]d} 2(2a kd)
S1 ⇒ 81 1 or 7. Since 7 7 1, Sn is valid for 2
431 Chapter 12
23. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. (k 1)2 5(k 1) k2 2k 1 5k 5
Since S1 ⇒ [r(cos v i sin v]1 or r(cos v i sin v) (k2 5k) (2k 6)
and r1[cos (1)v i sin (1)v] r(cos v i sin v), the 2r 2(k 3)
formula is valid for n 1. 2(r k 3)
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k Thus, k2 5k 2t, where t r k 3 is an
and derive a formula for n k 1. integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid,
That is, assume that [r(cos v i sin v)]k then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1,
rk(cos kv i sin kv). it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
Multiply each side of the equation by indefinitely. Hence, n2 5n is divisible by 2 for all
r(cos v i sin v). positive integral values of n.
[r(cos v i sin v)]k1 26a. Number of people Number of Interactions
[rk(cos kv i sin kv] [r(cos v i sin v)] 2 1 21
rk1[cos kv cos v (cos kv(i sin v)
i sin kv cos v i2 sin kv sin v] 3 1 2 33
rk1[(cos kv cos v sin kv sin v)
i(sin kv cos v cos kv sin v)]
rk1[cos (k 1)v i sin (k 1)v] 4 1 2 3 46
When the original formula is applied for
n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if n(n 1)
the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for n 2
n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1, it 26b. Step 1: Verify that Sn ⇒ 0 1 2 3 …
is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on n(n 1)
(n 1) 2 is valid for n 1.
indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
positive integral values of n. Since 0 is the first term in the sequence and
1(1 1)
0, the formula is valid for n 1.
24a. 2
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for
n k and derive a formula for n k 1.
k(k 1)
Sk ⇒ 0 1 2 … (k 1) 2
24b. 4 1 3 k(k 1)
945 Sk1 ⇒ 0 1 2 … (k 1) k 2 k
k(k 1) 2k
16 9 7 2
1, 3, 5, 7, … k2 k 2k
2
24c. 2n 1
k(k 1)
24d. n2 2
24e. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. Apply the original formula for n k 1.
Since 1 is the first term in the sequence and (k 1)[(k 1) 1] k(k 1)
12 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
2 2
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for The formula gives the same result as adding the
n k and derive a formula for n k 1. (k 1) term directly. Thus if the formula is valid
Sk ⇒ 1 3 5 7 … (2k 1) k2 for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
Sk1 ⇒ 1 3 5 7 … (2k 1) (2k 1) formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for
k2 (2k 1) n 2, n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the
k2 2k 1 formula is valid for all positive integral values
(k 1)2 of n.
When the original formula is applied for 15(14)
26c. Yes; 15 people will require 2 or 105
n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if interactions and last approximately 105(0.5) or
the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for 52.5 minutes.
n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1,
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on
indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
positive integral values of n.
25. S1 ⇒ n2 5n 2r for some positive integer r
Step 1: Verify that S1 is valid for n 1.
S1 ⇒ 12 5 1 or 6. Since 6 2 3, S1 is valid for
n 1.
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
that it is valid for n k 1.
Sk ⇒ k2 5k 2r for some positive integer r
Sk1 ⇒ (k 1)2 5(k 1) 2t for some positive
integer t
Chapter 12 432
27. Step 1: Verify that Sn ⇒ (x y)n xn nxn1y When the original formula is applied for
n(n 1) n(n 1)(n 2) n k 1, the same result is obtained. Thus if
xn2y2
2!
3! xn3y3 … yn is the formula is valid for n k, it is also valid for
valid for n 1. Since S1 ⇒ (x y)1 x1 y1 or n k 1. Since the formula is valid for n 1,
x y, Sn is valid for n 1. it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on in
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k indefinitely. Thus, the formula is valid for all
and derive a formula for n k 1. positive integral values of n.
k(k 1) 10k 1 1
Sk ⇒ (x y)k xk kxk1y 2
! xk2y2 28e. lim
10n lim 1
10n
n→ n→
k(k 1)(k 2)
xk3y3 … yk 1 0 or 1
3!
433 Chapter 12
4
2
Chapter 12 Study Guide and Assessment 21. r 4 or 2
)8
4 4(2
S8
1 2
Page 829 Understanding the Vocabulary 60 1
2
1 2
1. d 2. i 3. m 4. j 1
2
5. k 6. f 7. c 8. e )
60(1 2
12
9. b 10. h
601
2
3n
3n n
Pages 830–831 Skills and Concepts 22. lim lim 4n 1
4n 1
n→ n→
n n
11. d 4.3 3 or 1.3
3
5.6 1.3 6.9, 6.9 1.3 8.2, 4
8.2 1.3 9.5, 9.5 1.3 10.8 6n 3 6n 3
23. lim n lim n lim n
6.9, 8.2, 9.5, 10.8 n→ n→ n→
12. a20 5 (20 1)(3) 60
6
52 2nn3 2n 2n
13. 4 6 (5 1)d 24. Does not exist; lim
3n3 lim ;
3 since lim
3
n→ n→ n→
10 4d becomes increasingly large as n approaches
2.5 d infinity, the sequence has no limit.
6 (2.5) 3.5, 3.5 (2.5) 1, 4n3 3n
1 (2.5) 1.5 4n3 3n n4 n 4
25. lim lim n4 4n3
6, 3.5, 1, 1.5, 4 n→ n4 4n3
n→
n4 n4
14. d 23 (30) or 7 0
a14 30 (14 1) 7 1
61 0
14
S14 2(30 61) 5
123 123
23 1000 1,000,000 …
26. 5.1
217 123 1
n a1
1000 , r 1000
15. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d]
123
n
250.2 2[2(2) (n 1)(1.4)] 1000
Sn 5
1
250.2 2n 0.7n(n 1) 1
1000
0 0.7n2 1.3n 250.2 123
1.3
(1.3)3
4(0
.7)(2
50.2) 5
999
n
2(0.7) 41
1.3
26.5 5
333
1.4 504
27. r
1260 or 0.4
n 18 or n 19.86
1260
Since n is a positive whole number, n 18. Sn
1 0.4
7 1
16. r 4
9 or 7
2100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n2 (n 1)2
1 7 7, 7
7 ,
49 49
7
343
28. an 5n , an1
5n1
1 1 1 (n 1)2
, ,
7 49 343 5n1
17. a15 2.2(2)151 r lim n2
n→
36,044.8 5n
Chapter 12 434
9
46. f(3) (3)2 4 13
31. (3a 3) (3 5 3) (3 6 3) (3 7 3) f(13) 132 4 173
a 5 (3.8 3) (3.9 3)
f(173) 1732 4 29,933
12 15 18 21 24 f(29,933) 29,9332 4 895,984,493
90 13; 173; 29.933; 895, 984, 493
32. (0.4)k (0.4)1 (0.4)2 (0.4)3 … (0.4) 47. z0 4i
k1
0.4 z1 0.5(4i) (4 2i) 2i 4 2i 4
S
1 0.4 z2 0.5(4) (4 2i) 2 4 2i 6 2i
2
3 z3 0.5(6 2i) (4 2i)
9
3 i 4 2i 7 3i
33. (2n 1)
a0
34. 1(n2 1)
a1 48. z0 8
6! 6!
35. (a 4)6 a6 z1 0.5(8) (4 2i) 4 4 2i 2i
1!(6 1)! a (4) 2!(6 2)! a
5 1 4
6! 6! z2 0.5(2i) (4 2i) i 4 2i 4 3i
(4)2
3!(6 3)! a (4) 4!(6 4)!
3 3
z3 0.5(4 3i) (4 2i)
a2 (4)4
6! 2 1.5i 4 2i 6 3.5i
5!(6 5)! a (4)
1 5
6! 49. z0 4 6i
6!(6 6)! a0 (4)6 z1 0.5(4 6i) (4 2i)
a6 24a5 240a4 1280a3 3840a2 2 3i 4 2i 2 i
6144a 4096 z2 0.5(2 i) (4 2i)
4! 1 0.5i 4 2i 5 1.5i
36. (2r 3s)4 (2r)4 3
1!(4 1)! (2r) (3s)
1
z3 0.5(5 1.5i) (4 2i)
4!
2 2 2.5 0.5i 4 2i 6.5 2.75i
2!(4 2)! (2r) (3s)
4! 50. z0 12 8i
3!(4 3)! (2r)(3s)
3
z 0.5(12 8i) (4 2i)
4!
0 4 6 4i 4 2i 10 6i
4!0! (2r) (3s)
z2 0.5(10 6i) (4 2i)
16r4 96r3s 216r2s2 216rs3 5 3i 4 2i 9 5i
81s4 z3 0.5(9 5i) (4 2i)
10!
37.
4!(10 4)! x104 (2)4 210 x6 16 4.5 2.5i 4 2i 8.5 4.5i
3360x6 51. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1.
8! Since the first term in the sequence is 1 and
38.
2!(8 2)! 4m82 12 28 4096m6 1 1(1 1)
114,688m6
2 1, the formula is valid for n 1.
10! Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k
39.
7!(10 7)! x107 (3y)7 120 x3 2187y7
and derive a formula for n k 1.
262,440x3y7 k(k 1)
12! Sk ⇒ 1 2 3 … k 2
40.
5!(12 5)! (2c)125 (d)4 792 128c7 (d)5
101,376c7d5 Sk1 ⇒ 1 2 3 … k (k 1)
3
3 3 k(k 1) 2(k 1)
41. 2cos
4 2e
i sin
4
i4 2 2
k2 k 2k 2
42. 4i 4cos 2 i sin 2 2 2
k2 k 2k 2
4ei 2
2
k2 3k 2
43. r 2 2 or 22
2 (2) 2
2 7 (k 1)(k 2)
v Arctan 2 or 4 2
7 7
cos 4 i sin 4
2 2i 22 Apply the original formula for n k 1.
7 (k 1)[(k 1) 1] (k 1)(k 2)
22
e i 4 2
2
The formula gives the same result as adding the
44. r )2
(33 32 or 6
(k 1) term directly. Thus, if the formula is valid
v Arctan or
3
for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the
3
3 6
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2,
3i 6cos 6 i sin 6
33
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
6e i6
valid for all positive integral values of n.
45. f(2) 6 3 2 0
f(0) 6 3 0 6
f(6) 6 3 6 12
f(12) 6 3 (12) 42
0, 6, 12, 42
435 Chapter 12
52. Step 1: Verify that the formula is valid for n 1. 12
54b. S12 2(16 368)
Since the first term in the sequence is 3 and
1(1 1)(2 1 7) 2304 ft
6 3, the formula is valid for n 1. 55. If the budget is cut 3% each year, 97% remains
Step 2: Assume that the formula is valid for n k after each year.
and derive formula for n k 1. a1 160,000,000, r 0.97
Sk ⇒ 3 8 15 … k(k 2) 6
k(k 1)(2k 7) a11 160,000,000(0.97)111
$117,987,860.30
Sk1 ⇒ 3 8 15 … k(k 2) (k 1)(k 3) 6
k(k 1)(2k 7)
56a. One side of the original triangle measures 3 or
6 (k 1)(k 3) 2 units. Half of 2 units is 1 unit. Each side of the
k(k 1)(2k 7) 6(k 1)(k 3) new triangle measures 1 unit, so its perimeter is
6 6 1 1 1 or 3 units.
3 1
k(k 1)(2k 7) 6(k 1)(k 3)
56b. a1 6, r 6 or 2
6 6
S
1
(k 1)[k(2k 7) 6(k 3)] 1 2
6
(k 1)(2k2 7k 6k 18)
1
6
(k 1)(2k2 13k 18)
6
Page 833 Open-Ended Assessment
(k 1)(k 2)(2k 9)
1a. Arithmetic; arithmetic sequences have common
6 differences, while geometric sequences have
Apply the original formula for n k 1. common ratios.
(k 1)[(k 1) 1][(2(k 1) 7] (k 1)(k 2)(2k 9)
6
6
1b. Sample answer: 1, 4, 7, 10, …; an 1 3(n 1)
6 5n2 6 5n2
The formula gives the same result as adding the
(k 1) term directly. Thus, if the formula is valid
2. Sample answer: 3n; lim
n→
3n lim
2
n→ n
3
5n
2 5n
for n k, it is also valid for n k 1. Since the lim
n 0, but since lim 3 becomes increasingly
formula is valid for n 1, it is also valid for n 2, n→ n→
large as n approaches infinity, the sequence has
n 3, and so on indefinitely. Thus, the formula is
no limit.
valid for all positive integral values of n.
53. Sn ⇒ 9n 4n 5r for some integer r
Step 1: Verify that Sn is valid for n 1.
S1 ⇒ 91 41 or 5. Since 5 5 1, Sn is valid for
n 1. Chapter 12 SAT & ACT Preparation
Step 2: Assume that Sn is valid for n k and show
that it is also valid for n k 1. Page 835 SAT and ACT Practice
Sk ⇒ 9k 4k 5r for some integer r 1. If 40% of the tapes are jazz then 60% of the tapes
Sk1 ⇒ 9k1 4k1 5t for some integer t must be blues. There are 80 tapes. Find 60% of 80.
9k 4k 5r 0.60(80) 48
9k 4k 5r The correct choice is D.
9(9k) (4k 5r)(4 5) 2. Because of alternate interior angles,
9k1 4k1 5(4k) 20r 25r 150 130 unmarked angle of right
9 k1 4k1 4k1 5(4k) 20r 25r 20 unmarked angle of right
4k1 In the right triangle, x 20 90 or x 70.
5(4k) 45r The correct choice is C.
5(4k 9r) d gallons d
3. fraction pumped
k gallons k
Thus, 9 k1 4 k1 5t, where t 4k 9r is an
integer, and we have shown that if Sn is valid, Change this fraction into a percent by multiplying
then Sk1 is also valid. Since Sn is valid for n 1, by 100.
d 100d
it is also valid for n 2, n 3, and so on percent pumped k 100 or k%
indefinitely. Hence, 9n 4n is divisible by 5 for all The correct choice is A.
integral values of n.
4. First calculate the number of caps Andrei has now.
He starts with 48 and gives away 13, so he has
48 13 35 left. Then he buys 17, so he has
Page 833 Applications and Problem Solving 35 17 52. Then he trades 6 caps for 8 caps.
54a. a1 16, d 48 16 or 32 this leaves him with 52 6 8 or 54. His total is
A12 16 (12 1)32 now 54.
368 ft
Chapter 12 436
54 48 9. The increase from 99 to 100 is 1. So the percent
Percent increase 4
8 100
1
increase from 99 to 100 is .
12.5% 99
1 1
The correct choice is B. is greater than , or 1%.
99 100
5. Since the figure is not drawn to scale, do not The correct choice is A.
assume that the two lines are parallel, even 10. Choose a number for the total number of cars in
though they may appear parallel. Since AB AC, the parking lot. Since the fractions have
ABC is isosceles. So m∠B m∠ACB. denominators of 2, 4, and 5, choose a number that
m∠B m∠ACB 80 180 is divisible by 2, 4, and 5. Let the number of cars
2 m∠ACB 100 in the parking lot equal 40.
m∠ACB 50 1
Since AD is a line segment, x 70 50 180.
5 40 8 blue cars
So, x 60. 1
8 blue cars 4 blue convertibles
2
Consider right triangle CDE. 1
x y 90
4 the number of convertibles 4
60 y 90 the number of convertibles 16
y 30
x y 60 30 or 30 Not Blue and Not Convertible
The correct choice is C.
6. The population of Rockville is now 20,000 and will
double every 8 years. So in 8 years the population 8 Blue 4 Convertible
will be 40,000 and in 16 years will be 80,000. So
f(8) 40,000 and f(16) 80,000. Choice A is 16
incorrect since f(8) 20,000. Choice B is incorrect
since f(16) 2(20,000)2 or 800,000,000. Choice C
20,000 The number of cars that are neither blue nor
is incorrect since f(8) 64 . Choice E is convertible is the total number minus the blue
incorrect since f(8) 20,000. For Choice D, cars minus the convertibles plus the number that
f(8) = 40,000 and f(16) = 80,000. are both blue and convertible.
The correct choice is D. Neither blue nor convertible
7. Notice that the figure is not drawn to scale. ∠A 40 8 16 4
could be a right angle. To be sure it is, find the 20
slope of AB and compare it to the slope of AC. percent that are neither blue nor convertible
20
Slope of AB
10 4 6 40 100
65 1
1 50%
Slope of AC 6
The answer is 50.
Since the slopes are negative reciprocals, the line
segments are perpendicular, so m∠A 90.
Therefore, ABC is a 30°-60°-90° right triangle.
The hypotenuse, AC, is twice the length of the leg
opposite the 30° angle, AB.
AB (6 5)
2 (1
0 4)2 16 3 or 37
AC 237
The correct choice is D.
8. Method 1: Substitute each answer choice for x to
test both inequalities.
A: (6) 6 0 and 1 2(6) 1.
0 0 and 13 1; false
Method 2: Solve each inequality for x.
x60 and 1 2x 1
x 6 2x 2
x 1
The solution is 6 x 1. All of the answer
choices except A are in this range.
The correct choice is A.
437 Chapter 12
Chapter 13 Combinatorics and Probability
4! 5!
12. C(4, 3) C(5, 2)
(4 3)!3! (5 2)! 2!
13-1 Permutations and Combinations 4321 54321
1321 32121
4 10 or 40
Pages 842–843 Check for Understanding
13. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
1. Sample answer: Both are used to determine the
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3,628,800.
number of arrangements of a group of objects.
15!
However, order of the objects is important in 14. C(15, 9)
(15 9)! 9!
permutations. When order of the objects is not 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
important, combinations are computed.
654321987654321
2. Select 2 jacks out of 4—C(4, 2) 5005
Select 3 queens out of 4—C(4, 3) 15a. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
number of hands—C(4, 2) C(4, 3) 10 10 10 10 10 100,000.
3. Sam is correct. The room assignments are an 15b. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
ordered selection of 5 rooms from the 7 rooms. A 1 9 9 9 10 7290
permutation should be used. 15c. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
4. (10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10)
blue ————— S-blue (10 10 10 10 10) 999,900,000
S green ———— S-green
gray ————— S-gray
blue ———— M-blue Pages 543–545 Exercises
M green———— M-green 16. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 2 6 4 48.
gray ———— M-gray 7!
blue ————— L-blue 17. P(7, 7)
(7 7)!
L green ———— L-green 7654321
1
gray ————— L-gray
blue ———— XL-blue 5040
XL green ——— XL-green 18a. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
gray ———— XL-gray 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 9,000,000.
5. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 18b. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
4 3 5 5 300. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 78,125.
6. independent 18c. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
7. P(6, 6)
6! 10 10 10 10 10 10 1 1,000,000.
(6 6)!
654321 18d. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
1 1 1 1 10 10 10 10 10,000.
720 19. dependent 20. independent
5!
8. P(5, 3)
(5 3)! 21. dependent
54321
21 22. P(8, 8)
8!
(8 8)!
60 87654321
1
12!
P(12, 8) (12 8)! 40,320
9.
P(6, 4) ——
6!
6!
(6 4)! 23. P(6, 4)
(6 4)!
12! 2! 654321
6! 4!
21
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 1
6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
360
55,440 24. P(5, 3)
5!
(5 3)!
7! 54321
10. C(7, 4)
(7 4)! 4!
21
7654321
60
3214321
35 25. P(7, 4)
7!
(7 4)!
11. C(20, 15) 7654321
20!
321
(20 15!) 15!
840
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
15,504
Chapter 13 438
26. P(9, 5)
9!
38. C(7, 3) C(8, 5)
(9 5)! 7! 8!
987654321
(7 3)! 3! (8 5)! 5!
4321 7654321 87654321
15,120
4321321
32154321
10! 35 56 or 1960
27. P(10, 7)
(10 7)! 39. C(5, 1) C(4, 2) C(8, 2)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5! 4! 8!
321 (5 1)! 1! (4 2)! 2! (8 2)! 2!
604,800
54321 4321 87654321
43211 2121
65432121
6!
P(6, 3) (6 3)! 5 6 28 or 840
28.
P(4, 2) —
4!
14!
(4 2)! 40. C(14, 4)
(14 4)! 4!
6! 2! 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4! 3!
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
65432121
4321321 1001
10 14!
41. C(14, 5)
(14 5)! 5!
6!
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(6, 4) (6 4)!
29.
P(5, 3) —
5! 98765432154321
(5 3)! 2002
6! 2!
5! 2!
42. C(18, 12)
18!
654321
(18 12)! 12!
54321
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6
6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
6!
7! 18,564
P(6, 3) P(7, 5) (6 3)! (7 5)!
30. ——— 43. C(3, 2) C(5, 1) C(8, 2)
P(9, 6) 9! 3! 5! 8!
(3 2)! 2! (5 1)! 1! (8 2)! 2!
(9 6)!
6! 7! 3! 321 54321 87654321
121 43211
9! 3! 2!
65432121
6543217654321
98765432121
3 5 28 or 420
5 44. P(11, 11)
11!
(11 1)!
5! 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
31. C(5, 3)
(5 3)! 3!
1
54321
21321
39,916,800
10 45a. C(13, 3) C(13, 2)
13! 13!
(13 3)! 3! (13 2)! 2!
10! 13 12 11 13 12
32. C(10, 5)
321 21
(10 5)! 5!
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5432154321 286 78 or 22,308
252 45b. C(4, 1) C(4, 2) C(4, 2)
4! 4! 4!
33. C(4, 2)
4!
(4 1)! 1! (4 2)! 2! (4 2)! 2!
(4 2)! 2!
4321 4321 4 321 4321
3211 2121 2121
2121
6 4 6 6 or 144
12! 12!
34. C(12, 4) 45c. C(12, 5)
(12 5)! 5!
(12 4)! 4!
12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
876543214321
765432154321
495 792
9! 46a. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
35. C(9, 9)
(9 9)! 9! 10 10 10 10 10 100,000
1 46b. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
36. C(14, 7)
14! 10 9 8 7 6 30,240
(14 7)! 7!
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
46c. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
76543217654321 5 5 4 4 4 1600.
5! 4!
3432 P(5, 2) P(4, 3)
(5 2)! (4 3)!
3! 8! 54321 4321
(3 2)! 2! (8 3)! 3!
37. C(3, 2) C(8, 3)
321 1
321 87654321 20 24 or 480
121
54321321
3 56 or 168
439 Chapter 13
47. C(3, 1) C(4, 1) C(6, 1) C(14, 6) 53b. Yes; let h, t, and u be the digits.
3! 4! 6! 14! 100h 10t u
(3 1)! 1! (4 1)! 1! (6 1)! 1! (14 6)! 6!
100h 10u t
321 4321 654321
100t 10h u
2 1 1 3 2 1 1 5 4 3 2 1 1
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 100t 10u h
87654321654321 100u 10t h
3 4 6 3003 or 216,216 100u 10h t
42! 200(h t u) 20(h t u) 2(h t u)
48a. P(42, 42)
(42 42)! 222(h t u)
42! 222(h t u)
6 37(h t u)
1.4 1051
54. 2140 (1.058) $2264.12
42!
48b. C(42, 30)
(42 30)! 30!
2264.12(1.058) $2395.44
42! 2395.44(1.058) $2534.38
12! 30! 10
654321 54321
(2, 180°), (2, 0°)
432121
32121 60. vx 28 cos 45°, vy 28 sin 45°
15 10 or 150 282 282
2
2
10!
52. C(10, 2)
(10 2)! 2! 19.80 ft/s 19.80 ft/s
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 61. sin 2x 2 sin x 0
8765432121 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x 0
45 2 sin x (cos x 1) 0
3552 2 sin x 0 or cos x 1 0
53a. or 37(2 5 9) 592
6 sin x 0 cos x 1
x 0°, x 180°, x 360°, or x 180°
So, x 0°, 180°, 360°
62. y 8 cos (v 30°)
amplitude 8
360°
period 1 or 360°
phase shift 30°
Chapter 13 440
63. Find B. 26!
6! 3! 7! 10! 5.1 10
22. linear; 12
B 180° 90° 27° or 63°
Find a. 23. circular; (9 1)! 40,320
a 24. circular; (5 1)! 24
tan 27°
15.2
25. circular; (8 1)! 5040
15.2 tan 27° a
7.7 a 26. linear; 6! 720
Find c. 27. linear; 10! 3,628,800
cos 27° c
15.2 28. circular; (9 1)! 40,320
(14 1)!
c
15.2 29. circular; 3,113,510,400
cos 27° 2
30. circular; (20 1)! 1.22 1017
c 17.1
360 31. circular; (32 1)! 8.22 1033
64. Each hour, an hour hand moves through 1 2 or
1 32. linear; 25! 1.55 1025
30°. Since 12 minutes is 5 of an hour, the hour 8!
1
hand moves through an additional 5(30) or 6°. 33.
2!2!2!2! 2520
2(30°) 6° 66° 34a. (7 1)! 720
The correct choice is A. 34b. 7! 5040
11!
35. 46,200
3!4 !3!
11!
36a. 2! 2 ! 2! 4,989,600
13-2 Permutations with Repetitions
and Circular Permutations 36b. integral calculus
43!
37a.
20! 14! 9! 7.85 1017
Pages 848–849 Check for Understanding 37b. (43 1)! 1.41 1051
1. The circular permutation has no beginning or end. 37c. 43! 6.04 1052
Therefore, the number of different arrangements
1 38. Let n total number of symbols.
is always n of a revolution. Let n 3 number of dashes.
2. Sample answer: house or phone numbers where n!
35
3! (n 3)!
some of the digits repeat
n(n 1)(n 2)(n 3)!
3. Sample answer: The number of permutations of n
(n 3)! 210
n!
charms on a bracelet with a clasp is . n3 3n2 2n 210 0
2
8! Use a graphing calculator to find the solution at
4. 10,080
2! 2!
9!
n 7.
5. 22,680
2! 2! 2! 2! 6!
14! 39. C(6, 3)
(6 3)! 3!
6. 7,567,560
2! 4! 5! 2! 654321
321321
7. circular; (11 1)! or 3,628,800
8. circular; (8 1)! or 5040 20
9. circular; (12 1)! or 39,916,800 40. (5x 1)3 C(3, 0) (5x)3 (1)0
5! C(3, 1) (5x)2 (1)1
10. linear; or 60 C(3, 2) (5x)1 (1)2
2
11.
9!
756 C(3, 3) (5x)0 (1)3
5! 2! 2!
125x3 75x2 15x 1
41. x log2 413
Pages 849–851 Exercises log10 413
8! x
log 2
12.
2! 2! 10,080 10
x 8.69
10!
13.
2! 2! 907,200 42. h 6, k 1
8! 3hp
14.
2! 20,160 36p
10! 3 p
15.
3! 2! 302,400 (y k)2 4p(x h)
12! (y 1)2 12(x 6)
16.
2! 2! 2! 59,875,200
43. 2(4 3i)(7 2i) 2(28 29i 6i2)
9!
17. 3780 56 58i 12(1)
4! 2! 2!
44 58i
7!
18.
2! 2! 2! 630
9!
19.
5! 4! 126
50!
50!
20.
4! 3! 4! 2! 8! 8! 3! 2! 2! 3!
2! 4!
2.35 1048
21. circular; (12 1)! 39,916,800
441 Chapter 13
u u u C(4, 1) C(3, 2)
3u 2 3u
0
i
2 0
j
2 0u
2 5
k
35
12
35
u 6j u
u 10k
15i 35
odds 23 or 23
—
12
15, 6, 10
35
since 2, 0, 3
15, 6, 10
30 0 30 or C(3, 1) C(4, 2)
0 and 2, 5, 0
15, 6, 10
30 30 0 or 0, 11. P(s)
C(7, 3) P(f) 1 P(s)
then the resulting vector is perpendicular to uv 36
3
18
1 35
and u
5
w. 18 17
45. x cos 45° y sin 45° 8 0 35
35
18
2 2
x 2y 8 0 35 18
2 odds — 17
or 17
x 2
2 y 16 0
35
y 45˚ 80 4
12. P(rain)
100 or 5
8
4
P(not rain) 1 5
4 1
5
1
8 4 O 4 8 x 5 1
odds — 4 or 4
4
5
8
The sparks will be highest at the y-intercept, 82 Pages 856–858 Exercises
444
inches above the center of the wheel. This is 13. P(face card)
52
82 8 or about 3.31 inches above the wheel. 12 3
or
52 13
46. If x2 36, then x 6 or x 6. 6666
2x1 261 or 32 14. P(a card of 6 or less) 5
2
1 24 6
2x1 261 or
128
52 or 1
3
10 10
The correct choice is E. 15. P(a black, non-face card) 5
2
20 5
5
2 or 13
10 10 10 10
16. P(not a face card)
52
13-3 Probability and Odds 40 10
52 or 13
5 5 1
17. P(red) 5 2 3 1
0 or 2
855–856 Check for Understanding 2 2 1
1. The probability of the event happening is 5050. 18. P(white) 5 2 3 10 or 5
52 7
2. Answers will vary; see students’ work. 19. P(not pink)
5 2 3 or 10
3. Sample answer: The probability of the successful 53 8 4
20. P(red or pink) 5 2 3 10 or 5
outcome of an event is the ratio of the number of
C(4, 2)
successful outcomes to the total number of 21. P(2 pop)
C(40, 2)
outcomes possible. The odds of the successful 6 1
outcome of an event is the ratio of the probability
780 or 130
C(8, 2)
of its success to the probability of its failure. 22. P(2 country)
C(40, 2)
3 3
4. Geraldo is correct. P(win)
2 3 5 or 60%.
28
7
780 or 195
7 7 1
3 7 11 21 or 3
5. P(softball)
23. P(1 rap and 1 rock)
C(10, 1) C(18, 1)
C(40, 2)
37 10
6. P(not a baseball)
3 7 11 or 21
10 18
735
0
7. P(golf ball)
3 7 11 or 0
180
or
3
780 13
7 7
8. P(woman)
7 4 or 11 24. P(not rock)
C(22, 2)
C(40, 2)
C(4, 3)
9. P(s) P(f) 1 P(s)
231
77
780 or 260
C(7, 3)
4 4 31
3
5 1 3
5 or 35 25. Using the Basic Counting Principle, there are 1 1
4
or 1 way to roll both fives. Using the Basic
35 4 1
odds —
31 or 3
1
Counting Principle, P(both fives) 36.
35
Chapter 13 442
C(3, 2) C(3, 1) C(24, 2)
26. P(s)
C(6, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 33. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s)
3 1 3 276 92
15 1 5 2925
1
325
1 4 828 92 233
5 5
2925 or 325
325
1 92
5 1 325 92
odds — 4 or 4
odds —
233 or 233
5 325
C(4, 2) 1 1
27. P(s) C(6
, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 34. P(s) 1
249 or 250
6 2 4
15
1 5 35. P(s) 5 P(f) 1 P(s)
2 3 4 1
5 5 1 5 or 5
2 4
5 2 5 4
odds 3 or 3
— odds 1 or 1
—
5 5
C(1, 1) C(3, 1) C(13, 3) C(13, 2)
28. P(s)
C(6, 2) P(f) 1 P(s) 36. P(s) C(52, 5) P(4, 2)
13 1 286 78
15 1 5 12
2,598,960
3 1 4 267,696
15 or 5
5 2,598
,960
1 429
5
4165
1
odds 4 or 4
—
P(f) 1 P(s)
5 429 3736
C(1, 1) C(2, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1) C(2, 1) C(3, 1) 1
4165 or 4165
29. P(s)
C(6, 2) C(6, 2) C(6, 2) 429
2 3 6 11
1 or
odds —
4165 429
3736 or 3736
5 15 15 15
P(f) 1 P(s) 4165
1 1
11
1 15 or 1
4 37. P(s) 1
4 or 5
5
11 38. P(s) 0.325 P(f) 1 P(s)
15 11 1 0.325 or 0.675
odds 4 or 4
—
0.325 13
odds
15 0.675 or 27
C(11, 3) 1 1 1 1
30. P(s)
C(27 , 3) P(f) 1 P(s) 39a. P(s) 1
0 9 8 or 720
165 11 1 1 1 1
2925 1
19 5 39b. P(f) 1
0 10 10 or 1000
11 184
19 5
195
P(s) 1 P(f)
1 999
11
1
1000 or 1000
19 5 11
odds —
184 or 18 4
999
1000 999
195 odds —
1 or 1
C(13, 2) C(11, 1)
31. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s) 1000
1 1 1
78 11 22 40a. P(both males) 2 2 or 4
2925 1 75
1
858 22 53 40b. P(s) 1 2 P(f) 1 P(s)
2925 or 75
75
1 1 1
22
2 1 2 or 2
75 22
odds 53 or 53
— 1
_2 1
75 odds 1 or 1
C(14, 3)
2
32. P(s)
C(27, 3) P(f) 1 P(s)
C(15, 10) C(5, 0)
364 28 41a. P(s)
2925 1
225
C(20, 10)
3003 1 21
28 197 or
225
225
184,756 1292
C(15, 8) C(5, 2)
28
41b. P(s)
C(20, 10) P(f) 1 P(s)
225 28 6435 10 225
odds 197 or
—
197 1
184,756 646
225 64,350 421
184,756
646
225
646
225
646 225
odds — 421 or 421
646
443 Chapter 13
179,820 151,322 51. Drawing the altitude from one vertex to the
42a. P
84,475 3273 179,820 151,322 opposite side forms a 30°-60°-90° right triangle
331,142
418,890
with hypotenuse 2s. The short side of this right
triangle measures s. So the altitude drawn has
0.791 length s 3. This is the height of the equilateral
151,322
42b. P(f) P(s) 1 P(f) triangle. The base measures 2s. So the area of the
418,890 1
151,322 equilateral triangle is 2s s
3 3s2.
1
418,890
2
267,568
The correct choice is B.
418,890
267,568
418,890
odds ——
151,322
2s 2s
418,890
267,568 133,784 s
3
or
151,322 75,661
43. P A Q s s
x 8x
u Page 858 Mid-Chapter Quiz
Given a pipe PQ and a random cut point, A,
15!
APAQ 18. If AP is x inches long, then AQ is 8x 1. P(15, 5)
u (15 5)!
inches long. Now, the cut must be made along AP 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
so that the longer piece will be 8 or more times as
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
long as the shorter piece. Thus, the probability 360,360
u x 1
x 8x 9 . Since the cut
that the cut is on AP is 20!
2. C(20, 9)
(20 9)! 9!
can be made on either end of the pipe, the actual
2 167,960
probability is 9.
3. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
44. This is a circular permutation. 26 26 26 10 10 10 10 175,760,000.
(6 1)! 5! or 120 12!
10! 4. P(12, 5)
(12 5)!
45. C(10, 4)
(10 4)! 4! 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7654321
6543214321
95,040
210
n
5. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
46. Sn 2[2a1 (n 1)d] 18 18 3 6 5832.
14 9!
S14 2[2(3.2) (14 1)1.5] 6. 181,440
2!
10!
7(25.9) 7. 4200
3! 4! 3!
181.3
8. This is a circular permutation.
47. Let y 7log7 2x (8 1)! 5040
log7 y log7 2x C(13, 2)
y 2x 9. P(both hearts)
C(52, 2)
78 1
So, 7log7 2x 2x.
1326 or 17
48. Center: (7, 2) C(3, 1) C(3, 1)
10. P(s) P(f) 1 P(s)
r2 (10 7)2 (8 2)2 C(12, 2)
33 3
32 (10)2 or 109 66 1 22
(x 7)2 (y 2)2 109 9 3 19
66 or 2
22
49. r 3 2 or 6 2
3
5
v ( 4) or 4 22 3
odds —19 or 19
5 5
6(cos 4 i sin 4) 6 2 2i
2
2
22
32
32
i
u
50. u 3, 5
4, 2
3 (4), 5 2
Chapter 13 444
2a. diamonds spades, 4 4 7 8
5 14 13 195
20. dependent, 1
clubs, 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
hearts 21. dependent, 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44
aces
17 16 15 14 19
43 4
2 41 40 1,160,054
12 8 8 32
22. dependent, 28 2
7 26 819
5 4 7 35
6 16 16 1024
23. independent, 1
2b. No, one of the aces can be an ace of diamonds.
24. independent
2c. P(ace or diamond) P(ace) P(diamond) 4
P(ace and diamond) P(winning) 7
4 4 4 4
3. Answers will vary; see students’ work. P(winning next four games) 7 7 7 7
6 3 1
4. independent,
36
36
72
256
2401
4 3 2
dependent, 1 0 9 15
5. 1 1 1 11
25. inclusive, 6 6 3
6 36
4 3 2
6. dependent, 6 5 5 4 26 2 7
2 52 52 13
26. inclusive, 5
4 6 10
exclusive, 13 13 13
7. 26 12 6 8
27. inclusive, 52 52 5
2 13
15 11 6 20
8. inclusive, 27 27 2 7 27
28. exclusive
4 4 8 2 P(at least 3 males)
exclusive, 52 52 52 or 13
9.
P(3 males) P(4 males) P(5 males)
37 36 35 34 33
10. P(selecting 5 even numbers) 75 74 73 72 71
C(5, 3) C(4, 2)
C(5, 4) C(4, 1) C(5, 5) C(5, 0)
C(9, 5) C(9, 5) C(9, 5)
0.025 60 20 1
66 65 64 63 62
126 126 126
11. P(selecting 5 two digit numbers) 75 74 73 72 71 81 9
126 or 14
0.518
29. exclusive
12. P(5 odd numbers or 5 multiples of 4)
P(sum of 6 or sum of 9) P(sum of 6) P(sum of 9)
P(5 odd numbers) P(5 multiples of 4) 5 4
3
6 36
7
5 74 73 72 71 75 74 73 72 71
38 37 36 35 34 17 16 15 14 13
9 1
0.029 0.0004 3
6 or 4
0.029 30. exclusive
13. P(5 even numbers or 5 numbers less than 30) P(at least three women)
P(5 even numbers) P(5 numbers less than 30) P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women)
P(5 even numbers and 5 numbers less than 30) P(6 women)
75 74 73 72 71 75 74 7
3 72 71
37 36 35 34 33 29 28 27 26 25 C(7, 3) C(7, 3) C(7, 4) C(7, 2) C(7, 5) C(7, 1)
C(14, 6) C(14, 6) C(14, 6)
7
5 74 73 72 71
14 13 12 11 10 C(7, 6) C(7, 0)
C(14, 6)
0.025 0.007 0.001
1225 735 147 7
3003 3003 3003 3003
0.032 2114 302
300 3 or 429
14. P(none if 6 clocks are damaged)
96 95 94 93 92 91 31. exclusive
100 99 98 97 96 95
P(at least 4 tails)
435,643
P(4 tails) P(5 tails) P(6 tails)
560,175
1 6 1 6 1 6
15. P(at least 1 right handed pitcher C(6, 4)2 C(6, 5)2 C(6, 6)2
P(1 right-handed pitcher) P(2 right-handed 15 6 1
64 6
4 64
pitchers)
22 11
C(8, 1) C(5, 1)
C(8, 2) C(5, 0) 64 or 32
C(13, 2) C(13, 2)
40 28 32. inclusive
78 78
68 34 542 531 2562 2551 522 511
78 or
39 12 650 2
2652 2652 2652
660 55
2652 or 221
Pages 864–867 Exercises 33. exclusive
5 4 5
16. dependent,
9
8 1
8
P(at least 2 rock) P(2 rock) P(3 rock)
C(6, 2) C(5, 1) C(6, 3) C(5, 0)
17. independent, 9 9 8
5 5 25
C(11, 3) C(11, 3)
1
75 20
18. independent, 6 6 3
1 1 1
165 165
6
95 19
4
19. dependent, 7 6 7
3 2
165 or 33
445 Chapter 13
26 25 24 23 22 46. P(word processing or playing games)
34. P(all red cards) 52 51 50 49 48 P(word processing) P(playing games) P(both)
253
9996
2 1
5 3 4
1
24 2
2652 or
221 5
4
13 10
36. P(all diamonds)
52 48. P(even sum)
37. P(both red or both queens) P(3 even cards) P(2 odd cards and 1 even card)
C(5, 3) C(4, 0) C(4, 2) C(5, 1)
P(both red) P(both queens) P(both red queens)
C(9, 3) C(9, 3)
5
2 51 52 51 52 51
26 25 4 3 2 1 10 30
84 84
650 12 2
2652 2652 2652
40
84 or 2
10
1
660 55
2652 or
221 49. P(at least 3 women)
5 4 P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women)
38. P(2 pennies)
21
20 C(6, 3) C(7, 2) C(6, 4) C(7, 1) C(6, 5) C(7, 0)
1
C(13, 5) C(13, 5) C(13, 5)
21 420 105 6
1287 1287 1287
39. P(2 nickels or 2 silver-colored coins)
531 59
2
1 20 21 20 21 20
7 6 16 15 7 6
1287 or 143
240 4 50. P(at least 1 doctor)
420 or 7 P(1 doctor) P(both doctors)
40. P(at least 1 nickel) 1 P(no nickels)
100 100 100 100 100 100
93 3 97 7 93 97
1
14 13
21
20 958 9021
17
10,000 10,000
30 9979
10,000
41. P(2 dimes or 1 penny and 1 nickel)
P(2 dimes) P(1 penny and 1 nickel) 51. P(supplies or money)
C(9, 2) C(5, 1) C(7, 1) P(supplies) P(money) P(both)
C(21, 2)
C(21, 2) 812 625 375
36 35 2500 2500 2500
210
210 1062 531
71
2500 or 1250
210
5 4 3 2
52a.
42. P(all female) 1
0 9 8 7
1 P (A ) P (B )
4
2
43. P(all female or all male)
P(all female) P(all male)
5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
0 9 8 7 10 9 8 7
1
1 1 P (C )
4
2 42
2 1
42 or
21
44. P(at least 3 females) 52b. P(A or B or C) P(A) P(B) P(C) P(A and
P(3 females) P(4 female) B) P(A and C) P(B and C) P(A and B and
C(5, 3) C(5, 1) C(5, 4) C(5, 0) C). You must add the intersection of all three
C(10, 4) C(10, 4)
50 5 sets which have not been accounted for.
210 210
53. P(action video or pop/rock CD or romance DVD)
55 11
210 or 42
4 1 5 2 1
2 11 9 7 4 4
1 1
4 0.93
7
45. P(at least 2 females and at least 1 male)
P(2 females and 2 males)
P(3 females and 1 male)
C(5, 2) C(5, 2) C(5, 3) C(5, 1)
C(10, 4) C(10, 4)
100 50
210 210
150 5
210 or 7
Chapter 13 446
54a. First consider the probability that no 2 students 60. 12x 2 3x 4
have the same birthday. The first person in the (x 2) log 12 (x 4) log 3
class can have any birthday; there are 366 x log 12 2 log 12 x log 3 4 log 3
choices out of 366 days. The second person has x log 12 x log 3 4 log 3 2 log 12
only 365 choices out of 366 days, and so on. x (log 12 log 3) 4 log 3 2 log 12
So, P(2 students with the same birthday) 4 log 3 2 log 12
x
log 12 log 3
1 P(no 2 students have the same birthday).
x 6.7549
1
366 366 366 . . . 366
366 365 364 349
61. Let y income and x number of $1.00 increases.
366!
348!
income (number of customers) (cost
1
36618 of a ticket)
366! y (400 20x)(3 x)
(366 348)! y 1200 340x 20x2
1
36618 y 1200 20(x2 17x)
1
P(366, 18) y 1200 1445 20(x2 17x 72.25)
36618
(y 2645) 20(x 8.5)2
0.346 The vertex of the parabola is (8.5, 2645). An
P(366, n) 1
54b. 1
366n 2
increase of $8.50 will give a maximum profit of
$2645. The price of each ticket should be 3 8.5
54c. In part a, there is only a 0.346 probability that 2
or $11.50.
students have the same birthday. This is too 2
small. Substitute numbers greater than 18 for n 62. A 4
k
in the inequality of part b. When n is 23, P is 2
8270
about 0.51. So, 23 18 or 5 more students are 4(7)
231,560
needed in the class. 2
55a. inclusive 271.5 yards
55b. 63. x x1 ta1 y y1 ta2
x 1 t(2) y 5 t(4)
x 1 2t y 5 4t
x 1, y 5
t 2, 4
Dead Flooded
Battery Engine 64. 2 tan x 4 0
tan x 2
tan1(tan x) tan1 2
x 63° 26
65. Since ADB CBD and they are alternate
55c. P(flooded engine or dead battery) interior angles,
ADLBC. Simply because a 45
P(flooded engine) P(dead battery) P(both) does not mean b 45, so you cannot conclude that
1 2 1 3 bisects ABC.
2 5 10 The correct choice is B.
4
5
1
56. P(two threes given a sum of six) 5
57. (7 1)! 720 13-5 Conditional Probability
58. Let b basket. Let m miss.
20
Expand (b m)20
20!
r!(20 r)! b20 r mr Pages 870–871 Check for Understanding
r0
1. Sample answer: If A and B are independent
Find the coefficient of the b15m5 term where r 5.
20! events, then P(AB) P(A). Thus, the formula
5!(20 5)! b205m5 15,504b15m5 for conditional probability becomes P(A)
P(A and B)
15,504
P(B) or P(A) P(B) P(A and B). This is the
59. No, the spill will spread no more than 2000 meters formula for the probability of independent events.
away. 2. S {J spades, Q spades, K spades, J clubs,
480
a1 1200; r
1200 or 0.4
Q clubs, K clubs}
a1 3. Answers will vary; see students’ work.
s
1r 4
1200 36
1 0.04 4. P(cubes match sum greater than 5) —
26
36
2000 2
13
447 Chapter 13
4 1
52 100
5. P(queen face card) —
12 13c. P(not rejected counterfeit) —
25
52 100
1 1
3
25
1
8
6. P(all heads first coin is a head) 4 —
8 Pages 872–874 Exercises
1 2
4
4
1 14. P(1 head at least 1 tail) —
3
8 4
7. P(all heads at least 1 head) — 7 2
8
3
1 4
7 12
1
15. P(Democrat man) —
8
8 12
8. P(all heads at least 2 heads) — 1
4
2
8
4
1
4 16
16. P(first bag first chip is blue) —
10
9. P(numbers match sum greater than or equal to 9)
16
2 2
36 5
—
10 12
36 24
1 17. P(girls are separated girl at an end) —
20
5
24
10. P(sum is even sum greater than or equal to 9)
3
4 5
36 18. P(number end in 52 number is even)
—
10 321
36 5!
2 43214321
5
5!
11. P(numbers match or sum is even sum greater 1
4
8
20
36
than or equal to 9) — 72
10
19. P(2 odd numbers sum is even) —
32
36
2 72
5
5
68 62 8
12a. P(disease prevented)
100 100 2
13 52
20 20. P(ace black) 26 —
68 52
1
200
12b. P(disease prevented vaccine) — 1
3
100
2
200
52
17
21. P(4 black) — 26
25
52
12c. P(disease prevented conventional treatment) 1
62 1
3
200 6
—
100
52
200 22. P(face card black) —
26
31 52
50 3
69
13
100 0
13a. P(legal accepted) 70
—
52
100 23. P(queen of hearts black) —
26
69 52
70
0
6
1
100
13b. P(rejected legal) 75
— 52
24. P(6 of clubs black) —
26
100
52
2
2
5
1
26
Chapter 13 448
4
36. A the sum of the cards is 7 or less
52
25. P(jack or ten black) — B at least one card is an ace
26
B both cards not an ace
52
2 C(48, 2) 188
13
P(B)
C(52, 2) 221
188 33
26. P(second marble is green first marble was P(B) 1 P(B) 1
221 221
3 2
C(4, 2) C(4, 1) C(20, 1)
8 7 P(A and B)
C(52, 2)
green) —
3 43
8
663
P(A and B)
2
P(A B)
P(B)
7
43
27. P(second marble is yellow first marble was
663
3 5 —
33
8 7 221
green) —
3 43
8
99
5
37. P(sum greater than 18 queen of hearts)
7 1 19
28. P(second marble is yellow first marble is yellow) 52 51
5 4 —1 51
8 7 52 51
—
5 19
51
8
4
38a.
7
C S U
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(4, 1)
C(6, 3)
29. P(salmon bass) 15 25 5
C(1, 1) C(5, 2)
C(6, 3)
4 2
or
10 5 155
30. P(not walleye trout and perch) 25
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1)
200
C(6, 3) 38b. P(cancer smokes) —
30
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) (4, 1)
200
C(6, 3) 5
3
4
6
39. A person buys something
31. P(bass and perch not catfish)
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) C(3, 1)
B person asks questions
120
C(6, 3)
500 4
C(5, 3)
P(A B) —
150 or 5
C(6, 3)
500
3
1
0 Four out of five people who ask questions will
32. P(perch and trout neither bass nor walleye) make a purchase. Therefore, they are more likely
C(1, 1) C(1, 1) (2, 1) to buy something if they ask questions.
C(6, 3) 40. Sample answers: The rolls are independent. The
C(4, 3)
number cubes do not have a memory, whether
C(6, 3)
2 1 they are fair or biased. Probability does not
4 or
2 guarantee an outcome.
33. P(passes and studied)
Brown Hair Brown Eyes 41. P(passes studied)
P(studied)
2
4 3
5
P(studied)
50% 10% 20%
2 5 5
P(studied) 3 4 or 6
20% 66 33
42a. P(defective)
1000 or 500
Exercises 33–35
0.10 42b. P(chip from 3-D Images defective)
P(brown eyes brown hair)
0.60 21
1 1000
6
—
66
0.20 1000
34. P(no brown hair brown eyes)
0.30 7
2
22
3 934 467
0.20 42c. P(functioning)
1000 or 500
35. P(no brown eyes no brown hair)
0.40
1
2
449 Chapter 13
42d. Sample answer: A chip from CyberChip Corp. 53. x x (4 2x)(3 2x) 6
has the least probability of being defective. 12 14x 4x2 6
x x
P(defective from CyberChip)
25 4x2 14x 6 0
500 6 ft2
2(2x 1)(x 3) 0
0.05 x x 1
21 x 2 or x 3
P(defective from 3-D Images)
300
x x
0.07 4 ft
20
P(defective from MegaView Designs) If x 3 ft then the photo would have a negative
200
1
0.10 length and width. So, x 2 ft or 6 in.
P(A and B 5
43. P(A B) by definition. 54. f(x)
P(B) x2 4
So, if P(A) P(A B) then by substitution P(A)
5
P(A and B) (x 2)(x 2)
P(B) or P(A and B) P(A) P(B). Therefore, f(x) is discontinuous when x
2;
the events are independent. f(x) is undefined when x
2.
44. P(at least 3 women) 55. Drop an altitude B C
P(3 women) P(4 women) P(5 women) from B to , from
AE
C(6, 3) C(7, 2) C(6, 4) C(7, 1) C(6, 5) C(7, 0) u
C(13, 5) C(13, 5) C(13, 5)
C to ED , and from
420 105 6 C
E to B. Label h h
1287 1287 1287
the diagram as
h
531 59
1287 or 143
shown.
45. C(9, 4) 126
A E D
1
area of unshaded region (BC)h
46. 3(0.5)b 3(0.5)1 3(0.5)2 3(0.5)3 . . .
1
2
1
b1 1.5 0.75 0.375 . . . area of shaded region 2(AE)h 2(ED)h
a1
1
S
r a1 1.5, r 0.5 2h(AE ED)
1.5
or 3 BC AE ED since opposite sides of a
0.5
parallelogram are equal. So, the ratio of the areas
47. They are reflections of each other over the x-axis. 1 1
is 2h(BC)2h(BC) or 11.
48. y
The correct choice is B.
6
4
2
13-6 The Binomial Theorem
64 O 2 4 6 x and Probability
4
6
Page 877 Graphing Calculator Exploration
1. S {0, 1, 2}
2
2. P (Bobby wins) 3
49. r cos v
2 50
3. Answers will vary. In 40 repetitions, it may be
rcos v cos 2 sin v sin 2 5 around 0.22. This means that there were exactly
0 r sin v 5 5 wins for 8 or 9 of the 40 repetitions.
2 5 1 1
y 5 4. P(winning 5 games) C(6, 5) 3 3
50. x 4t y 3 2t 0.26
y (4, 5)
x y3
4 t
2 t 5. There is not a large enough sample of trials.
x y3 (0, 3)
2 6. Increase the number of repetitions.
4
x
y 2 3 (4, 1)
O x Page 878 Check for Understanding
1a. Yes, it meets all three conditions.
51. A 2r2 v
1 1b. No, there are more than 2 possible outcomes.
1c. No, the events are not independent.
2(8)21
180
1 98 71
2. Sample answer: the probabilities derived from a
54.7 ft2 simulation rather than an actual event
x
52. tan 27° 25
12.7 x; 12.7 m
Chapter 13 450
3. First, determine P(right) and P(wrong). Second, 15. P(no more than 3 times correct)
set up the binomial expansion (pr pw)5. Third, 1 P(correct 4 times)
2 4 1 0
determine the term of the expansion. Fourth, 1 C(4, 4)3
3
substitute the probability values for pr and pw. 16
Last, compute the probability of getting exactly 2 11
81 1
correct answers. 16
1 1 5 4
1
4. P(only one 4) C(5, 1) 6
81
65
6
3125
81
2 2 1 2
7776
16. P(correct exactly 2 times) C(4, 2)3
3
5. P(no more than two 4s) 4 1
P(no 4s) P(one 4) P(two 4s) 6
9
9
1 0 5 5 1 1 5 4
C(5, 1)
C(5, 0) 6 6
6
6
8
27
1 2 3
56
C(5, 2) 6 17. P(7 correct)
1 7 1 3
C(10, 7) 2 2
3125 3125 1250
120
1 1
128 8
7776 7776 7776
625
648
15
128
6. P(at least three 4s) 18. P(at least 6 correct)
P(three 4s) P(four 4s) P(5 fours) 1 6 1 4 7 3
1 3 5 2 1 4 5 1 C(10, 6)2 C(10, 7)12 12
C(5, 4)
2
C(5, 3) 6 6
1 8
1 2 1 9 1 1
C(10, 2 C(10, 9)2 2
6 6
1 5 0
8) 2
56
C(5, 5) 6
1 10 1 0
250 25 1 C(10, 10)2 2
7776 7776
7776 1 1 1 1 1 1
23 210 6
4 16 120 128 8 45 256 4
648 1 1 1
1 5 5 0 10
512 2 1 1024 1
7. P(exactly five 4s) C(5, 5)6
6 386
1
7776
1024
193
5 0
8. P(not having rain on any day) C(5, 5)1
0 130
7
512
1 0 1 10
16,807 19. P(all incorrect) C(10, 0)2
100,000
2
1
11
1024
9. P(having rain on exactly one day)
1
1 4
C(5, 1)1
0 170
3
1024
36,015 7203 20. P(at least half correct)
100,000 or 20,000 1 5 1 5
C(10, 5)2
2
answer to 18
10. P(having rain no more than three days) 1 1 386
1 [P(rain on 4 days) P(rain on 5 days) 252 32 32 1024
4 1 5 0
1 C(5, 4) 1
0 170 C(5, 5) 1
0 170
3 3 252 386
1024 1024
319
1
100,000 100,000
2835 243
512
1 4 2 0
96,922
100,000 or 50,000
48,461 21. P(4 heads) C(4, 4) 3 3
4 4 1 2 1
11. P(4 do not collapse)
C(6, 4) 5 5 1 81 1
1
3840
or
768 8
1
15,625 3125
1 3 2 1
12. P(10 stocks make money) C(13, 10) 8
5 10 3 3
8 22. P(3 heads) C(4, 3) 3 3
1 2
0.1372 4 27 3
8
8
1
451 Chapter 13
1 5 3 5 35. Enter 16 nCr X on the Y-menu of your calculator.
25. P(half answers correct) C(10, 5)4
4 16 nCr X represents the coefficients of the
1 243
252
1024 1024
binomial expansion where X is the number of
0.058 games won.
P(winning at least 12 games)
26. P(from 3 to 5 correct answers) 12 4 13 3
1820 1
0 130 560 170 130
7
1 3 3 7 1 4 3 6
C(10, 3) 4 4 C(10, 4)
4
4
7 14 3 2
1 5 3 5 120 10 10
C(10, 5) 4 4
7 15 3 1 7 16 3 1
1
120 6
2187 1 729 16 1
0 10 1 10 10
4 16,384 210 256
4096
252
1 243 0.45 or 45%
1024 1024
36a. A success means that a missile hits its target.
0.25 0.15 0.06
There are 6 trials and the probability of success
0.46 1
2 10 3 0 on each trial is 20% or 5.
27. P(all point up) C(10, 10) 5
5
1024 36b. P(between 2 and 6 missiles hit the target)
1
9,765,625 1 1 [P(0 missiles hit the garget) P(1 missile
1.049 104 hits the target)]
1 0 4 6 1 1 4 5
28. P(exactly 3 point up) C(10, 3)5
2 3 3 7 1 C(6, 0)5
C(6, 1) 5 5
5 5
1 1 1
4096 1 1024
8 2187 6
120
125 78,125
15,625 5 3125
1077
0.215
3125
2 5 3 5
29. P(exactly 5 point up) C(10, 5)5
5 37. P(all men or all women)
10 0 10 0
C(10, 10)1
0 160 C(10, 10)1
0 140
4 6
32 243
252
3125 3125
0.201 0.0062
20 0
38a. P(all carry the disease) C(20, 20)1
0 190
1
30. P(at least 6 point up)
2 6 3 4 7 3
1 1020
C(10, 6)5 C(10, 7)25 35
5
2 8
3 2 2 9 3 1 38b. P(exactly half have the disease)
C(10, 5 C(10, 9)5 5
8) 5 10 10
C(20, 10) 1
0 190
1
2 10 3 0
C(10, 10)5 5 6.4 106
64 81 128 27
210
15,625 625 120 78,125 125
39. P(at least 2 people do not show up)
256 9 512 3 1 [P(0 people do not show up)
45 390,625 25 10 1,953,125 5
P(1 person does not show up)]
1024 0 75
1 C(75, 0)
100 19060
4
1 9,765,625 1
0.166 4 1 96 74
C(75, 1)
100 100
31. P(3 heads or 3 tails)
1 3 1 0 1 3 1 0 0.807
C(3, 3)2
2 C(3, 3)2
2 40. P(less than or equal to 3 policies)
1 1
1 8 1 1 8 1 1 P(4 policies)
1 4 1 0
1
4 1 C(4, 4)2
2
1 1 1
1
32. P(at least 2 heads)
16
1 2 1 1 1 3 1 0
C(3, 2) 2 2 C(3, 3) 2 2
15
16 or about 0.94
1 1 1
3 4 2 1 8 1 41a. If Trina walks 100 meters, then she has flipped
4 the coin 10 times. To end up where she began,
8
she walked north and south 5 times each.
1 1 5 1 5
2 P(back at her starting point) C(10, 5)2
2
1 2 1 1
33. P(exactly 2 tails) C(3, 2) 2 2 252
1 1
32 32
1 1
3 4 2 0.246
3 41b. The closest Trina can come to her starting point
8
is if she flips 6 heads and 4 tails or 4 heads and
34a. The values of the function for 0 x 6 are the 6 tails. However, this places her 20 meters from
coefficients of the binomial expansion. her starting point. The answer for part b is the
34b. Change 6 nCr X to 8 nCr X on the Y-menu. same as that for part a, 0.246.
Chapter 13 452
41c. P(exactly 20 meters from the starting point) 50. 4 1 12 21 62 72
1 6 1 4 1 4 1 6
C(10, 6)2
2
C(10, 4) 2 2 4 32 44 72
1 1 1 1 1 8 11 18 0
210 210
64 16 16 64 Since the remainder is 0, x 4 is a factor of the
0.41 polynomial.
42. P(sum less than 9 both cubes are the same) Area of page for text (9 1 1)(12 1.5 1.5)
4 51.
Area of entire page
9 12
36 63
—
6
108
36 7
2
12
3
The answer is 7/12.
43. P(letter is contained in house or phone)
5 5 3
26 26 26
7
2
6 Chapter 13 Study Guide and Assessment
44a. 80, 75, 70, . . .
44b. T 80 5n Page 881 Understanding the Vocabulary
44c. T 125 1. independent 2. failure
40,000
n 3. 1 4. probability
1000 or 40
125 g 5(40) 5. permutation 6. permutation with
75 g; 75° F repetitions
45. 3x 1 6x 7. mutually exclusive 8. sample space
(x 1)log 3 x log 6 9. conditional 10. combinatorics
x log 3 log 3 x log 6
x log 3 x log 6 log 3
x(log 3 log 6) log 3 Pages 882–884 Skills and Concepts
x
log 3
11. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 3 2 1 or 6.
log 3 log 6
x 0.38 12. Using the Basic Counting Principle, 5 4 3 2 1
or 120.
46. h 0, k 3, a 7, b 5, c 26
Center: (0, 3) 13. Using the Basic Counting Principle,
Foci: (
26 , 3) 6 5 4 3 2 1 or 720.
6!
Vertices: major axis → (7, 3) and (7, 3) 14. P(6, 3)
(6 3)!
minor axis → (0, 2) and (0, 8) 654321
3 2 1
cos
47. 2 i sin 2 0 2 i
2 2 120
0 2 i 8!
u 15. P(8, 6)
(8 6)!
48. WX 6 8, 5 (3)
or 2, 8
87654321
u
WX (6 8
)2 (5 (3))2 21
20,160
(2)2
82 5!
68
or 217
16. C(5, 3)
(5 3)! 3!
54321
49. 55 cm
21321
10
106˚ 11!
17. C(11, 8)
(11 8)! 8!
71 cm
d 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
32187654321
165
6!
d2 712 552 2(71)(55) cos 106° P(6, 3) (6 3)!
18.
d 101.1 cm P(5, 3)
5!
(5 3)!
65432121
106˚
54321321
71 cm d 2
5! 3!
(5 5)! 5! (3 2)! 2!
19. C(5, 5) C(3, 2)
74˚ 1 321
1
121
55 cm
3
d2 712 552 2(71)(55) cos 74°
d 76.9 cm
453 Chapter 13
20. There are P(5, 5) ways to arrange the other books 1 13
34. P(s) 1
4 ; P(f) 14
if the dictionary is on the left end. The same is
1
true if the dictionary is on the right end.
14
2 P(5, 5) 2
5!
odds —
13
(5 5)!
14
54321
2 1 1
13
240
35. independent, P(sum of 2) P(sum of 6)
3! 7!
(3 2)! 2! (7 2)! 2!
21. C(3, 2) C(7, 2) 1
3
5
6 36
321 7654321
121
5432121
5
1296
3 21 or 63 36. dependent, P(two yellow markets)
5! 54321 4 3
22.
2! 2!
2121 10 9
30 1
2
5
10! 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
23.
2! 3! 3!
21321321 37. P(selecting a prime number or a multiple of 4)
50,400 P(prime number) P(a multiple of 4)
8! 87654321 6 3
24.
21 4 14
1
2!
9
20,160 1
4
6! 654321
25.
3! 2!
32121 38. P(selecting a multiple of 2 or a multiple of 3)
60 P(multiple of 2) P(multiple of 3)
9! 987654321 P(multiple of 2 and 3)
26.
3! 2!
32121 7 4 2
1
4 14 14
30,240 9
C(7, 3) C(4, 0) C(5, 0) 1
27. P(3 pennies)
C(16, 3)
4
Chapter 13 454
1 2 1 2 2. 4x–3 8 32
46. P(2 heads and 2 tails) C(4, 2)2
2
1 1 4x –3 24
6 4 4
x –36
3
8 (x–3 )2 62
47. P(at least 3 tails) x – 3 36
P(3 tails) P(4 tails) x – 3 39
1 3 1 1 1 4 1 0
C(4, 3)2
2 C(4, 4)2
2
The correct choice is E.
1 1 1 3. Find the probability of selecting a green marble
4 8 2 1 1
6 1 from the jar now.
1 1 5
or number of green marbles
1
3
1
5 or 5
4 16 16
total marbles
Let x represent the number of green marbles
1 2
added so the probability equals 2 5 or 5.
Page 885 Applications and Problem Solving number of green marbles 3x 2
48. C(1, 1) C(6, 4) 1 15 or 15
total marbles 15 x 5
7! 5(3 x) 2(15 x)
49. 2520
2
15 5x 30 2x
50. P(at least 1 good chip) 3x 15
1 P(both defective chips) x5
C(3, 2)
1
C(15, 2) The correct choice is C.
1 sum of terms
1 3 4. Average
number of terms
5
34 sum of five terms
35 20
5
Page 887 SAT and ACT Practice 7. ∠A and ∠C must be equal because they are
corresponding angles. The correct choice is A.
1. You might want to draw a diagram of the 20 coins.
The first and last coins are heads. The total 8. The sample space, or total possible outcomes, is
number of heads is 10. There could be 9 the 52 cards in a deck. The outcome “drawing a
consecutive heads followed by 10 tails and then diamond” consists of the 13 cards that are
the final head. The correct choice is D. diamonds.
13 1
P(diamond) 52 or 4
H H H H H The correct choice is C.
9. 7 different entrees are offered. 3 are chosen.
H H H H
The number of combinations that can be chosen
7! 7!
is C(7, 3) 35.
3!(7 3)! 3!4!
The correct choice is B.
H
455 Chapter 13
10.
Chapter 13 456
Chapter 14 Statistics and Data Analysis
6f. Sample answer:
14-1 The Frequency Distribution Ages of Presidents
12
Pages 892–893 Check for Understanding Frequency
1. A line plot, a bar graph, a histogram, and a 8
frequency polygon all show data visually. A line 4
plot shows the frequency of specific quantities by
using symbols and a bar graph shows the 0
0 40 50 60 70
frequency of specific quantities by using bars. A
Age
histogram is a special bar graph in which the
width of each bar represents a class interval. A 6g. Sample answer: 50–60
frequency polygon shows the frequency of a class
interval using a broken line graph.
2. Choose an appropriate class interval. Use tally Pages 893–896 Exercises
marks to determine the number of elements in
each class interval. 7a.
3a. No; there would be too many classes.
3b. Yes; there would be 9 classes.
3c. Yes; there would be 5 classes.
3d. No; there would only be 3 classes. 43026 43214 43221 45414
43212 43220 43229
3e. No; there would only be 2 classes. ZIP Codes
4. See students’ work. 7b. 43220
5a. Age
7c. Sample answer: to determine where most of
70+
their customers live so they can target their
1900 60-69 2000 advertising accordingly
50-59 8a. Men Women
Age
40-49 65+
30-39 50-64
20-29 35-49
10-19 20-34
0-9 16-19
16 12 8 4 0 0 4 8 12 16 80 60 40 20 0 0 20 40 60 80
Percent Minutes Behind the Wheel
5b. In 1999, there are larger percents of older 8b. Sample answer: Men spend more hours driving
citizens than in 1990. than women.
6a. range 69 42 or 27 9a. Rental Revenue Year Sales Revenue
6b. Sample answer: 5 2003
6c. Sample answer: 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70 2000
6d. Sample answer: 42.5, 47.5, 52.5, 57.5, 62.5, 67.5
1997
6e. Sample answer:
1990
Ages Frequency 1985
40–45 2 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
45–50 6 Dollars (in billions)
50–55 12
9b. Sales; the sales revenue is increasing, and the
55–60 12 rental revenue has started to decrease.
60–65 7 10a. range 53 4 or 49
65–70 3 10b. Sample answer: 10
10c. Sample answer: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
10d. Sample answer: 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55
457 Chapter 14
10e. Sample answer: 11g. Sample answer:
Olympic Winter
Grams of Fat Frequency
Games
0–10 7
8
10–20 11
6
20–30 10
Frequency 4
30–40 7
40–50 2 2
50–60 1 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
10f. Sample answer: Number of Nations
Chapter 14 458
13b. Sample answer: 16b.
$1,200,000
Stolen Bases Frequency
30–40 1 Sales $800,000
40–50 6
$400,000
50–60 6
60–70 4 $0
1998 1999 2000
70–80 3 Year
150
459 Chapter 14
3. Write the stems 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 on the 1
4
9b. X 0 (6 3(7) 9 2(13) 2(14) 15 16
left. Write the tens digits as leaves to the right of
the appropriate stems. Be sure to order the leaves. 17 18 2(19) 3(20) 5(21) 2(23)
28 30 3(31) 32 2(34) 36 38
4. Tia; the median 2.5 and the mode 2 do not
3(41) 42 47)
represent the greater numbers. The mean 8.5 is
23.55
more representative of all 8 items in the data.
1 9c. Md 21
4(10 10 45 58) or 30.75
5. X
9d. Mode 21
10 45
Md 2 or 27.5 9e. Since the mean 23.55, the median 21, and the
Mode 10 mode 21 are all representative values, any of
1 them could be used as an average.
1
6. X 0 (21 22 23 24 28 29 31 31
34 37)
28 Pages 904–907 Exercises
28 29
Md 2 or 28.5 10. X
1
4(140 150 160 170) or 155
Mode 31 150 160
Md 2 or 155
1
3(91 94 95 98 99 105 105 107
7. X
Mode: none
107 107 111 111 112) 100 1
103.23 100 X 5(3 3 3 6 12) or 5.4
11.
10,323 Md 3
Md 10,500 Mode 3
Mode 10,700 1
4(17 19 19 21) or 19
12. X
8a. 2 8 15 6 38 31 13 7 120
Md 19
120 members
8 Mode 19
8b. fi 120
i1
1
8(3 5 5 8 14 15 18 18)
13. X
8
10.75
(fi Xi) 2(3) 8(7) 15(11) 6(15) 8 14
Md 2 or 11
i1 38(19) 31(23) 13(27) 7(31)
2320 Mode 5 and 18
2320
X
120 or about 19.3 1
1
14. X 2 (54 58 62 63 64 70 76 76
8c.
Visits Members Cumulative Members 87 87 98)
73.5
1–5 2 2 70 76
5–9 8 10 Md 2 or 73
9–13 15 25 Mode 87
1
13–27 6 31 1
15. X 2 (5 6 6 6 7 8 9 10 11 11
17–21 38 69 11 12)
21–25 31 100 8.5
89
25–29 13 113 Md 2 or 8.5
29–33 7 120 Mode 6 and 11
1
Half of the data has been gathered in the 17–21 9(117 124 139 142 145 151
16a. X
class. This is the median class. 155 160 172)
8d. 69 31 38 21 17 4 145 lb
60 31 29 Md 17 x
16b. Md 145 lb
38 29
x 1
4 X 9(122 129 144 147 150 156
16c.
x 3.052631579
160 165 177)
Md 17 x
150 lb
Md 17 3.1
Md 150 lb
Md 20.1
Each will increase by 5 lb.
9a. stem leaf 1
2(35 2(38) 39 44 3(45) 48 2(57)
17. X
0 6 7 7 7 9
59)
1 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 45.8
2 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 8 Md 45
3 0 1 1 1 2 4 4 6 8 Mode 45
4 1 1 1 2 7
1|3 13
Chapter 14 460
1 24. Order the values from least to greatest. The
1
18. X 4 (5.2 5.4 5.6 6.0 6.1 6.7 6.8
median lies between the fourth and fifth terms.
6.9 7.1 7.6 8.0 8.2 8.6 9.1) 2, 3, 3.2, 8, x, 11, 13, 14
6.95 88
6.8 6.9 x 8, since Md 2 or 8.
Md 2 or 6.85 1
X
25a. 179 [9(245) 14(275) 23(325) 30(375)
Mode: none
1 33(425) 28(475) 18(525) 12(575)
1
19. X 5 (90 91 97 98 99 105 106 7(625) 3(675) 1(725) 1(775)]
109 113 3(118) 120 2(125)) 10 425.6
1088
25b.
Md 1090 Cumulative
Scores Number
Mode 1180 Number of
of Students
20. stem leaf Students
1 0 5 5 5 5 7 7 200–250 9 9
2 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 7 8 250–300 14 23
3 0 0 5 5 5 300–350 23 46
4 6
350–400 30 76
5 5
1|0 10 400–450 33 109
21a. 135(11) $1485; 145(24) $3480; 450–500 28 137
155(30) $4650; 165(10) $1650; 500–550 18 155
175(13) $2275; 185(8) $1480; 550–600 12 167
195(4) $780 600–650 7 174
21b. 1485 3480 4650 1650 2275 1480 650–700 3 177
780 $15,800 700–750 1 178
21c. 11 24 30 10 13 8 4 100 750–800 1 179
100 employees
15,800 179
21d. X
100 or about $158
2 89.5; Half of the data has been gathered in
the 400–450 class. This is the median class.
21e.
Weekly Frequency Cumulative 25c. 109 76 33 450–400 50
Wages Frequency 89.5 76 13.5 Md 400 x
$130–$140 11 11 33 13.5
50 x
$140–$150 24 35
x 20.4
5
$150–$160 30 65 Md 400 x
$160–$170 10 75 Md 400 20.5
$170–$180 13 88 Md 420.5
1
$180–$190 8 96 5(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.8)
26a. X
$190–$200 4 100 3.92
Md 3.7
Half of the data has been gathered in the
Mode 3.6
$150–$160 class. This is the median class.
26b. Only the mean would change. It would increase
21f. 65 35 30 160 150 10
to 4.6.
50 35 15 Md 150 x 1
30 15
5(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9 8.2)
X
10 x
4.6
x5
26c. The mean increases slightly; the median
Md 150 x
increases slightly; the mode stays the same.
Md 150 5 1
Md 155 4(3.6 3.6 3.7 3.9)
X
21g. Both values represent central values of the data. 3.7
3.6 3.7
22. 7.5
1
(2 4 5 8 x) Md 2 or 3.65
5
37.5 19 x Mode 3.6
18.5 x 27a. Sample answer: {1, 2, 2, 2, 3}
1
23. 6 4(x 2x 1 2x 3x 1) 27b. Sample answer: {4, 5, 9}
24 8x 27c. Sample answer: {2, 10, 10, 12}
3x 27d. Sample answer: {3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 9}
461 Chapter 14
28a. X 50
30a. Let
stem leaf 9
Chapter 14 462
33. He is shorter than the mean (5 11.6) and the
median (5 11.5). 14-3 Measures of Variability
1
X 1
0 (67 68 69 69 71 72 73 74
75 78) Page 914 Check for Understanding
71.6 or 5 11.6 1. The median of the data is 70, Q1 is 60, and Q3 is
71 72
Md 2 100. The interquartile range is 40 and the semi-
71.5 or 5 11.5 interquartile range is 20. The outliers are 170 and
180. The data in the first two quartiles are close
34.
22 together in range. The last two quartiles are more
diverse.
20
18 2. square the standard deviation
16 3. Both the mean deviation and the standard
14
deviation are measures of the average amount by
which individual items of data deviate from the
12
Frequency mean of all the data. The mean deviation uses the
10
absolute values of the deviations. Standard
8 deviation uses the squares of the deviations.
6
4. See students’ work.
4
5. interquartile range Q3 Q1
2
41 25
0 16
0 60 65 70 75
16
Speed Limit Semi-interquartile range 2
3 2 3
8
35. dependent; 11 1
0 55
n n1
36. an 3n ; an1
3n1
n1 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
3n1
r lim n
—
6. X
1
(4.45 5.50 5.50 6.30 7.80 11.00
n→ 3
n 8
3n(n 1) 12.20 17.20)
lim
n1
8.74
n→ 3 (n)
3 (n 1)
n 1
lim n MD 8(4.29 3.24 … 8.46)
n→ 3 3n
n1
lim 3n $3.54
n→
1
n
lim 3n 3n
1
8 (4.29
2 (3.24)2 … 8.462
n→
1 1 $4.11
3 0 or 3 1
7. X 200 [15(5000) 30(15,000) 50(25,000)
Since r 1, the series is convergent.
(1 i)n 1 60(35,000) 30(45,000) 15(55,000)]
37. Fn P i 30,250
(1 0.03)20 1
1500
15 (15,250) 30 … 24,750 15
(25,250) 2 2 2
0.03
200
$40,305.56 13,226.39
y 1
38.
8 1
8a. X 2 (65.7 65.9 … 65.9)
6 70.375
4 69.0 70.3
2 Md 2 or 69.65
O
2 4 6 8x
864 2 (4.875)2 (4.475)2 … 6.2252
4 12
6 4.25
8 1
1
8b. X 2 (57.3 63.3 … 57.5)
39. To find the area of the triangle use Hero’s formula: 80.48
Area
s(s
a)(s
b)(s
c), where 77.5 82.1
Md 2 or 79.8
1
s (a b c) and a 10, b 7, and c 5.
2
(23.18) (22.98) … 25.32
2 2 2
1 1
So, s (10 7 5) (22) 11. 12
2 2
17.06
Area 11(11 10)
(11
7)(11
5)
11 1 16.25.
4 6 or 264
The correct choice is A.
463 Chapter 14
8c. Los Angeles 1
1
14. X 0 (5.7 5.7 … 3.8)
4.89
1
0 (0.81 0.81 … 1.09)
MD 1
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
0.672
Las Vegas
0.81 0.81 … (1.09)
2 2 2
10
0.73
1
1
15. X 2 (369 376 … 454)
55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
8d. Los Angeles 403.5
1
8e. Los Angeles is near an ocean; Las Vegas is in a 2 (34.5 27.5 … 50.5)
MD 1
desert. 20.25
(34.5) (27.5) … 50.5
2 2 2
12
Pages 915–917 Exercises 25.31
9. interquartile range Q3 Q1 1
5(13 22 34 55 91)
16. X
24 17
7 43
(30)2 (21)2 (9)2 122 482
7
semi-interquartile range 2 or 3.5 Variation
5
774
1
17. X 120 [2(3) 8(7) … 7(31)]
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 19.33
(16.33) 2 (12.33) 8 … 11.67 7
2 2 2
10. interquartile range Q3 Q1
120
21.5 12
6.48
9.5 1
9.5
semi-interquartile range 2 or 4.75 9
18. X 0 [3(57) 7(65) … 12(97)]
81.8
(24.8) 3 (16.8) 7 … 15.2 12
2 2 2
90
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9.69
1
11. interquartile range Q3 Q1 8
19. X 5 [2(80) 11(100) … 7(180)]
10.5 7.6 129.65
2.9
(49.65) 2 (29.65) 11 … 50.35 7
2 2 2
2.9
semi-interquartile range 2 or 1.45
85
23.29
20a. Md 259 mi
20b. Q1 129 mi; Q3 360 mi
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
20c. interquartile range Q3 Q1
12. 360 129
231 mi
231
20d. semi-interquartile range 2
115.5 mi
20e. An outlier would lie 231 115.5 or 346.5 mi
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are no such points.
20f.
1
6(152 158 … 721)
13. X
381 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1
MD 6(229 223 … 340) 20g. The data in the upper quartile is more diverse
211 than the other quartiles.
21. Sample answer: {15, 15, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 30,
(229) (223) … 340
2 2 2
6 35, 45}
223.14 22a. Md 282
22b. Q1 42; Q3 770
Chapter 14 464
22c. interquartile range Q3 Q1 X 5
1
25a. 0 [26(9) 12(11) … 2(21)]
770 42
728 11
728 (9 11) 26 (11 11) 12 … (21 11) 2
2 2 2
semi-interquartile range
2 25b.
50
364 2.94
22d. An outlier would lie 728 364 or 1092 points 26. yes; when the standard deviation is less than 1;
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are no such points. when both equal 0 or 1
22e. 27. See students’ work.
1
3
28a. X 5 [2(4.4) 4.9 5.4 5.5 2(6.2) 6.4
0 200 400 600 800 1000 6.5 6.9 7.1 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7
1 7.8 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.4 8.5 8.6
22f. X (22
19 23 … 966) 8.7 8.8 3(8.9) 9.0 9.2 2(9.3)
404.42 9.5 9.6 9.8 9.9]
1 7.75
9 (382.4 381.4 … 561.58)
22g. MD 1
28b. Md 8.0
316.97
…
382.42 381.42 561.582 28c. Mode 8.9
22h. Variance
19 29a. range 68 23 or 45
118,712.56 29b. Sample answer: 10
2.56
22i.
118,71 29c. Sample answer: 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70
344.55 29d. Sample answer:
22j. There is a great variability among the number of
teams in women’s sports. Programs Sold Frequency
23a. Q1 $3616, Md $4125, Q3 $5664 20–30 2
23b. interquartile range Q3 Q1 30–40 1
5664 3616 40–50 2
2048 50–60 5
23c. An outlier would lie 2048 1024 or $3072 60–70 2
outside of Q1 or Q3. There are two such values,
$26,954 and $27,394. 29e. Sample answer:
23d.
4
0 5000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
Frequency
1
1
23e. X 9 (2684 2929 … 27,394)
2
6775.95
1
(4091.95 3846.95 … 20,618.05)
0
MD 19 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
4463.39 Programs
Sold
23f.
(4091.95) (3846.95) … 20,618.05
2 2 2
1
19 30. 9(9!) 40,302 ways
7103.45 31. x1 0.5(8) 1 or 3
23g. The data in the upper quartile is diverse. x2 0.5(3) 1 or 0.5
24a. x3 0.5(0.5) 1 or 0.75
32. 7 ft 7(12) or 84 in.
84 9 93 in.
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 93
31 in.
3
1
4
24b. X 2 (0 0 … 635) 31 in. 1
31
2 or 2 ft 7 in.
60.40 The correct choice is C.
1
2 (60.40 60.40 … 574.60)
MD 4
67.87
(60.40)2 (60.40)2 … (514.60)2
24c. Variance
42
14,065.48
5.48
24d.
14,06
118.60
24e. The data in the upper quartile is diverse.
465 Chapter 14
Page 917 Mid-Chapter Quiz 3.
1. Sample answer: 10
2. Sample answer:
3. Sample answer:
Physics Exam
10
8
Frequency 6
4 5. 50th percentile; it contains half of the data.
2 6a.
0
0 50 60 70 80 90 100
Exam Score
4. stem leaf
5 4 5 445 480 515 550 585 620 655
6 2 2 4 5 6b. Since 515 and 585 are within are standard
7 1 5 6 7 8 9 deviation of the mean, it contains 68.3% of the
8 0 2 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 9 data.
9 0 2 3 3 5 6 8 9 6c. 99.7% of the data lie within 3 standard
54 54 deviations of the mean.
1
3
5. X 0 (54 55 … 99)
550
3(35) 445 655
81.1 6d. 550 480 70, 620 550 70
84 85 tj 70
6. Md 2 or 84.5 t(35) 70
7. Mode 89 t 2 → 95.5%
8. 0.995(200) 191 values
7a. Since 22 and 26 are within one standard
deviation of the mean, it contains 68.3% of the
50 60 70 80 90 100 data.
9. MD
1
(27.1 26.1 … 17.9) 7b. 24 20.5 3.5, 27.5 24 3.5
30
tj 3.5
10.42 t(2) 3.5
10. Sample answer: The data that are less than the t 1.75 → 92.9%
median are more spread out than the data greater 7c. 24 0.7(2) 22.6 and 24 0.7(2) 25.4
than the median. 22.6 25.4
7d. 24 1.96(2) 20.08 and 24 1.96(2) 27.92
20.08 27.92
14-4 The Normal Distribution 8a.
65 70 75 80 85 90 95
Chapter 14 466
8c. Chemistry; the chemistry grade is 3 standard 13b. X tj 180
tj 150
X
deviations above the class mean, while the 140 t(20) 180 140 t(20) 150
speech grade is only 2 standard deviations above 20t 40 20t 10
the class mean. t 2 t 0.5
95.5% 38.3%
2 47.75%
2 19.15%
47.75 19.15 28.6%
Pages 923–925 Exercises
13c. 50%
9a.
25% 25%
1 5 1
38.3% 95.5% 3
19.15% 47.75% P(five tails) 6 2 2 or 3
2 2 2
19.15 47.75 66.9% 1 6
P(six tails) 2 or 64
1
467 Chapter 14
15b. 18. 96%
20
15
Frequency
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 2% 2%
Number of Tails
1 46 51 56 61 66 71 76
X 6
15c. 4 [0(1) 1(6) 2(15) 3(20) 4(15)
96% corresponds to t 2.1.
5(6) 6(1)]
61 2.1(5) 50.5 months
3
19a. 30%
(0 3) (1 3) … (6 3)
2 2 2
15d. j 20% 20%
64
1.2 15% 15%
15e. They are similar.
16a. 84%
44 51 58 65 72 79 86
8% 8% 70% corresponds to t 1.0.
65 1.0(7) 72
19b. 65 1.0(7) 58
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 t 19c. 30% corresponds to t 0.4
65 0.4(7) 67.8 68
The 92nd percentile is the upper limit to 84% of
The lowest score for an A is 72, so the highest
the data that is centered about the mean. 84%
score for a B is 71. The interval for B’s is 6871.
corresponds to t 1.4. The 92nd percentile is
1.4 standard deviations above the mean. 20a. a normal distribution with a small standard
deviation
16b. 57.6%
20b. a normal distribution with a large standard
21.2% 21.2% deviation
20c. a distribution where values greater than the
mean are more spread out than values less than
the mean
20d. a distribution where all values occur with the
same frequency
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 t 21a. 95% corresponds to t 1.96
tj 260
X tj 250
X
t 0.8 corresponds to 57.6% of the data centered
100 57.6
255 1.96j 260 255 1.96j 250
about the mean. 2 21.2 1.96j 5 1.96j 5
21.2 57.6 78.8 percentile j 2.55 j 2.55
17a. tj 22.3
X about 2.55 mL
20.4 t(0.8) 22.3 21b. tj 357
X tj 353
X
0.8t 1.9 355 t(2.55) 357 355 t(2.55) 353
t 2.38 → 98.4% 2.55t 2 2.55t 2
100 98.4 t 0.78 t 0.78
0.8%
2
57.6%
17b. 100 0.8 99.2% 147 150
22a. Md 2 or 148.5
22b. Q1 110, Q3 200
22c. interquartile range Q3 Q1
200 110
90
90
22d. semi-interquartile range 2 or 45
22e.
Chapter 14 468
1 3. About 68.3%; the answer for Exercise 2 can be
9(19 33 42 42 45 48 55 71 79)
23. X
rounded to 0.683, which equals 68.3%.
48.2
Md 45 4.
Mode 42
24. y sec(k c) h
2
k: k 2
k4
c
c: k
c 0.95449974
4
5.
c 4
h3
y sec(4 4) 3
25a. Sample answer: Use a graphing calculator to
enter the year data as L1 and the Enrollment
data as L2. Then make a scatter plot. The
scatter plot indicates that a cubic function would 0.9973002
best fit the data. Perform a cubic regression to
6. The answer for Exercise 3 can be rounded to
find the equation
0.954, which is about 95.5%. The answer for
y 0.05x3 2.22x2 29.72x 366.92.
Exercise 4 can be rounded to 0.997, which equals
25b. Sample answer: 99.7%.
2015 1965 50
7. 0.9999; t 4 corresponds to P 0.999.
f(50) 0.05 503 2.22 502 29.72 50 366.92
2553 students 8.
26.
60˚ 4
x˚ 3 60˚ 5
1 2
30˚
1; no; since the curve is approaching the x-axis
Since vertical angles are equal, m2 60.
asymptotically, the area is probably not exactly
m1 60 30 180
equal to 1.
m1 90
Since an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
measure of the sum of the two remote interior
angles, x 60 m1. So, x 60 90 and x 30.
The correct choice is E.
14-5 Sample Sets of Data
0.68268949
469 Chapter 14
7. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% and 20. jX
11.12
1
000
t 2.58.
5 0.3516452758
jX 5
or 0.83
36
tjX 110
2.58jX
interval: X
tjX 45
2.58(0.83
internal: X ) 109.09110.91
42.8547.15 21. P 90% corresponds to t 1.65.
4
8. A 5% confidence interval is given when P 95% jX or 0.4
100
and t 1.96.
tjX 68
1.65(0.4)
interval: X
5.6
jX 67.3468.66 in.
300
2.4
0.323316156 22. jX
or 0.24
100
tjX 55
1.96jX
internal: X
tjX 24
1.96(0.24)
interval: X
23.5324.47
54.3755.63
17.1
9a. jX
3.5 23. jX
3
50
150
0.29 0.9140334473
tjX 4526
1.96jX
interval: X
9b. P 50% corresponds to t 0.7.
4524.214527.79
tjX 27.5
0.7jX
interval: X 28
27.3027.70 min 24. jX
3
70
9c. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% 1.455650686
and t 2.58.
tjX 678
1.96jX
interval: X
tjX 27.5
2.58jX
interval: X 675.15680.85
27.7628.24 min 0.67
25. jX
8
0
0.0749082772
tjX 5.38
1.96jX
interval: X
Pages 930–932 Exercises
1.8 5.235.53
10. jX or 0.2 1
8
1 X 6
26a. 4 [1(4) 3(6) … 2(20)]
5.8
11. jX 12.375
250
(4 12.375) (6 12.375) … (20 12.375)
2 2 2
0.37 26b. j
7.8 64
12. jX
140 3.37
0.66 26c. jX
3.37
14
64
13. jX
7
00 0.42
0.53 26d. P 0.95 corresponds to t 1.96.
14. jX
2.7 interval: X
tjX 12.375
1.96(0.42)
1
30
11.5513.20 min
0.24
13.5 26e. tjX 1
15. jX
375 t(0.42) 1
0.70 t 2.38 → about 98.4%
5.6 12
16. 0.056 27. jX
45
N
N
100 1.788854382
N 100,000 tjX 3
5.3 t 1.68 → 91.1%
17. jX
5
0 100 91.1 8.9%
0.7495331881 1.4
28a. jX
interval: X
tjX 335
2.58jX
50
333.07336.93 0.1979898987 or about 0.20
40
18. jX or 5 28b. A 5% confidence interval is given when P 95%
64
and t 1.96.
tjX 200
2.58(5)
interval: X
tjX 16.2
1.96j X
interval: X
187.1212.9
12 15.8116.59 mm
19. jX
200 28c. P 99% corresponds to t 2.58.
0.8485281374
tjX 16.2
2.58jX
interval: X
tjX 80
2.58jX
interval: X 15.6916.71 mm
77.8182.91 28d. P 0.80 corresponds to t 1.3
tjX 16.2
1.3jX
interval: X
15.9416.46 mm
45
29a. jX
or 4.5
100
Chapter 14 470
29b. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% 34c. 50% of 10,000 0.50(10,000)
and t 2.58. 5000 tires
tjX 350
2.58(4.5)
interval: X 34d. tj 50,000
X
338.39361.61 hours 40,000 t(5000) 50,000
29c. Sample answer: 338 hours, there is only 0.5% 5000t 10,000
chance the mean is less than this number. t 2 → 95.5%
100% 95.5%
30. 10.2064 9.7936 0.4128 2.25%
2
0.4128
2 0.2064 0.0225(10,000) 225 tires
tjX 0.2064 34e. tj 25,000
X
2.58tjX 0.2064 40,000 t(5000) 25,000
jX 0.08 5000t 15,000
jX
j
t 3 → 99.7%
N 100% 99.7%
0.15%
0.8 2
0.08
N 0.0015(10,000) 15 tires
N
10 1
8(44 49 55 58 61 68 71 72)
35. X
N 100 packages
1.8 59.75
31a. jX
1
10
MD 8(15.75 10.75 … 12.25)
0.57
8.25
tjX 4.1
1.96(0.57)
31b. interval: X
(15.75) (10.75) … (12.25)
2 2 2
2.985.22 hours j
8
With a 5% level of confidence, the average family
in the town will have their televisions on from 9.59
a1 a1rn
2.98 to 5.22 hours. 36. Sn
1r
31c. Sample answer: None; the sample is too small to n 10, a1 1
1
6, r 4
generalize to the population of the city.
1 1
3.2 (4)10
32a. jX
16 16
50
S10
0.45 14
349,525
32b. P 50% corresponds to t 0.7. 16 or 21,845.3125
tjX 42.7
0.7jX
interval: X
37. xy
42.3843.02 crackers
r cos v r sin v
32c. Sample answer: No; there is a 50% chance that sin v
the true mean is in the interval. However, since 1
cos v
43 is near one end of the interval, they may 1 tan v
want to take another sample in the near future. tan1(1) v
33a. A 5% confidence interval gives a P 95% and 45° v
t 1.96. 38. tan x cot x 2
753.136 746.864 1
3.136 tan x
tan x 2
tjX tan2 x 1
tan x 2
1.960jX 3.136
jX 1.6 tan2 x 1
2 tan x
tan2 x 2tan x 1 0
tjX 753.136
X
(tan x 1)2 0
1.96(1.6) 753.136
X
tan x 1 0
750 h
X
tan x 1
j
33b. jX
N
x 45°
1.6
j 39. *2 22 2(2) or 0
1
600
*1 12 2(1) or 1
64 j; 64 h *2 *1 0 (1) or 1
34a. 40,000 35,000 5000, 45,000 40,000 5000 The correct choice is C.
tj 5000
t(500) 5000
t 1 → 68.3%
0.683(10,000) 6830 tires Chapter 14 Study Guide and Assessment
34b. tj 30,000
X
40,000 t(5000) 30,000
5000t 10,000 Page 933 Understanding the Vocabulary
t 2 → 95.5% 1. box-and-whisker plot
95.5%
47.75% 2. median
2
0.4775(10,000) 4775 tires 3. standard error of the mean
471 Chapter 14
4. range 22. j 2.4)
2 (2.4)2
… 2 .62
5. measure of central tendency 1.74
6. population 23. 88 78 10 98 88 10
7. bimodal tj 10
8. inferential statistics t(5) 10
9. histogram t 2 → 95.5%
10. standard deviation 24. 88 86 2 90 88 2
tj 2
t(5) 2
t 0.4 → 0.311
Pages 934–936 Skills and Concepts
25. 90% corresponds to t 1.65.
11. range 14.0 9.0 or 5
tj 88
1.65(5)
interval: X
12. 9.5, 10.5, 11.5, 12.5, 13.5 79.7596.25
13. Women's Tennis Shoes 26. 0.683(150) 102.45
18 27. 0.955(150) 143.25
16 0.683
14 28. (150)
2 51.225
12 1.5
29. jX
90
Frequency 10
8 0.16
4.9
6 30. jX
120
4
2 0.45
25
0 31. jX
or 1.25
400
0 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weight (ounces) 18
32. jX
or 3.6
25
1 15
X 9(2 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8)
14. 33. jX
50
5 2.121320344
Md 5
tjX 100
2.58jX
interval: X
Mode 4 94.53105.47
1
5(160 200 200 240 250)
15. X 34. jX
30
1
5
210 7.745966692
Md 200
tjX 90
2.58jX
interval: X
Mode 200
1
70.02109.98
5(11 13 15 16 19)
16. X 24
35. jX
200
14.8
1.697056275
Md 15
Mode: none
tjX 40
2.58jX
interval: X
1 35.6244.38
8(5.9 6.3 6.3 6.4 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8)
17. X 0.5
36. jX
2
6.45 00
6.4 6.6 0.035
Md 2 or 6.5
37. P 0.90 corresponds to t 1.65.
Mode 6.3 and 6.6
tjX 1.8
1.65(0.035)
range: X
1
8(122 128 130 131 133 135 141
18. X 1.741.86 h
146) 38. A 5% confidence level is given when P 95% and
133.25 t 1.96.
131 133
tjX 1.8
1.96(0.035)
range: X
Md 2 or 132 1.731.87 h
Mode: none 39. A 1% confidence level is given when P 99% and
19. interquartile range Q3 Q1 t 2.58.
52
tjX 1.8
2.58(0.035)
range: X
3 1.711.89 h
3
20. semi-interquartile range 2 or 1.5 40. P 0.90 corresponds to t 1.65.
1.4
1
1 jX or 0.14
21. X 0 (1 1 … 6) 1
00
3.4
tjX 4.6
1.65(0.14)
range: X
1 4.374.83 h
MD (2.4
10 2.4 … 2.6)
1.6
Chapter 14 472
Page 937 Applications and Problem Solving m x%(10n)
41a. stem leaf x
2000
100 (10 20)
1 0 3 5 6 7 9
2 1 3 4 5 1000 x
3 9 9 The correct choice is D.
10 10 4. The numbers in S are positive numbers that are
1 less than 100 and the square root of each number
X 2(10 13 15 16 17 19 21 23
41b.
is an integer. So the set S contains perfect squares
24 25 39 39)
between 0 and 100.
21.75
19 21
Make a list of the
41c. Md 2 or 20 numbers, n, in set S. n n
From your list, you can 1 1
41d. Mode 39
see that the median, or 4 2
42. X tj 80 9 3
middle value for n, is 25.
75 t(2) 80 16 4
The correct choice is C.
2t 5 25 5
t 2.5 → 98.8% 36 6
100% 98.8%
2 0.6% 49 7
64 8
81 9
Page 937 Open-Ended Assessment 5. m∠DBA 90 30 60
1a. Sample answer: {2, 3, 10, 20, 40} m∠EBC 90 40 50
1b. Sample answer: 15 m∠ABC 180 m∠DBA m∠EBC
2. See students’ work. 180 (60) (50) or 70
The correct choice is E.
1
6(10 20 30 35 35 50)
6. X
Chapter 14 SAT & ACT Preparation 30
There are 3 numbers larger than 30: 35, 35, and
50. The correct choice is D.
Page 939 SAT and ACT Practice 7. y
1. The percent increase is the ratio of the number
increase to the original amount.
10 1
Amy
80 8
30 3
Brad
70 7
20 1 O x
Cara
80 4
30 1 The line of best fit has a rise of 2 and a run of 5. So
Dan
60 2 2
the slope of the line of best fit is 5. The closest
20 2
Elsa
90 9 2 1
answer choice to 5 is 2.
1
The largest fraction is 2. Dan has the greatest The correct choice is D.
percent increase. The correct choice is D. 8. Each year the number of employees increases by
2. a b bc 300. The last year of data is 2005. The expected
b b employment in 2007, two years later, will be
(b bc)
a 2 300 more employees than in 2005.
b
b(1 c)
3100 600 3700
1 The correct choice is D.
1c
The correct choice is B.
3. Method 1:
0.1%(m) 10%(n) m x%(10n)
x
0.001m 0.1n m 100 10n
m 100n m 0.1xn
100n 0.1xn
100 x
Method 2
Let m represent a large number such as 2000.
0.1% of m 0.001(2000) or 2
10% of n 2, so 0.1n 2 or n 20.
473 Chapter 14
9.To find the median of Set A, first rewrite the 1
1
10. X 0 [820 (65) (32) 0 1 2 3
elements of Set A in order: 4, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11.
32 64 820]
Since the number of elements is even, the median 1
is the average of the middle two elements: 2 and 3. 0 (1 2 3)
1
So the median of Set A is 2.5. To find the mean of 6
1
0
Set B, add all of the elements together and divide
by the number of elements in the set. The sum of The answer is 0.6, 6/10, or 3/5.
the elements is 15, and there are 6 terms. So the
15
mean is or 2.5.
6
The difference between the median of Set A and
the mean of Set B is 2.5 2.5 or 0.
The correct choice is C.
Chapter 14 474
Chapter 15 Introduction to Calculus
6. lim (1 x 2x cos x) 1 0 20 cos 0
15-1 Limits x→0
111
1
x2 x2
7. lim lim
Page 945 Graphing Calculator Exploration x→2 x2 4 (x 2)(x 2)
x→2
1
1. lim
x2
x→2
1 1
2 2 or 4
x 3x
2 x(x 3)
8. lim lim
x→0 x 4x x→0 x(x 4)
3 2
x3
lim
x→0 x 4
2
03 3
or
02 4 4
x2 3x 10 (x 5)(x 2)
ex 1 9. lim x2 5x 6 lim (x 3)(
x 2)
lim
x 1 x→3 x→3
x→0 (3 5)(3 2)
(3 3)(3 2)
2. 8(1) 4
6(5) or 15
2x 5x 2
2 (2x 1)(x 2)
10. lim lim
x→2 x x 2 x→2 (x 1)(x 2)
2
2x 1
lim
x→2 x 1
2(2) 1
2 1 or 1
11a. v (r )
x2 4 0.16
lim 4 0.14
x→2 x 3x 2
2
0.12
3. y is undefined when x 1. 0.10 v (r ) 0.65(0.52 r 2)
x2 4 (x 2)(x 2) 0.08
4. lim
x
2 3x 2 lim
(x 2)(x 1) 0.06
x→2 x→2
x2 0.04
lim
x1 0.02
x→2
22 O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 r
21 or 4
Yes, the limit is the same. 11b. As the molecules get farther from the center and
5. No; if the exact answer is a complicated fraction or closer to the pipe, r is increasing. As r increases,
an irrational number, you may not be able to tell v(r) gets closer and closer to 0 in./s.
what it is from the decimals displayed by a
calculator.
Pages 946–948 Exercises
12. The closer x is to 2, the closer y is to 1. So,
Page 946 Check for Understanding lim f(x) 1. Also f(2) 1.
x→2
1. Sample answer: The limit of f(x) as x approaches a
13. The closer x is to 0, the closer y is to 0. So,
is the number that the values of f(x) get closer to
lim f(x) 0. However, there is point discontinuity
as the values of x gets closer and closer to a. x→0
2. Sample answer: lim f(x) is the number that the when x 0. So f(0) is undefined.
x→1 14. The closer x is to 3, the closer y is to 4. So,
values of f(x) approach as x approaches 1. f(1) is
lim f(x) 4. However, there is a point at (3, 2).
the number that you get if you actually plug 1 into x→3
the function. They are the same if f(x) is So f(3) 2.
continuous at x 1. 15. lim (4x2 3x 6) 4(2)3 3(2) 6
x→2
3. Sample answer: If f(x) is continuous at x a you 16 6 6
can plug a into the function. If the function is not 16
continuous, you may be able to simplify it and 16. lim (x3 3x2 4) (1)3 3(1)2 4
x→1
then plug in a. If neither of these methods work, 134
you can use a calculator. Examples will vary. 0
sin x sin
4. The closer x is to 0, the closer y is to 3. So, lim f(x) 17. lim
x
x→0 x→
3. However, there is a point at (0, 1), so f(0) 1. 0
or 0
5. lim (4x2 2x 5) 4(2)2 2(2) 5
x→2
16 4 5 18. lim (x cos x) 0 cos 0
x→0
17 0 1 or 1
475 Chapter 15
x2 25 (x 5)(x 5) 1 1x
x 5 lim
19. lim 1
x5 x x
31. lim
x→5 x→5
lim
lim (x 5) x→1 x 1 x→1 x 1
x→5 1x 1
5 5 or 10 lim x
(1 x)
2n2 x→1
20. lim n lim 2n lim x
1
x→0 x→0 x→1
2(0) or 0 1
1 or 1
x2 3x x(x 3)
21. lim
x
2 2x 15 lim
(x 5)(x 3)
x4
x4 x 2
x→3 x→3
x
32. lim x 2 lim x 2 x 2
lim
x5
x→4 x→4
(x 4)(x 2)
x→3
3 3 lim x4
3 5 or 8
x→4
lim x 2
x3 3x2 4x 8 13 3(1)2 4(1) 8 x→4
22. lim x6 16
x→1 4
2 or 4
1348 8
7 or 7 33. lim
2h3 h2 5h
lim
h(2h2 h 5)
h h
4h 4
h2 (h 2)(h 2) h→0 h→0
23. lim
h2 lim
h2 lim (2h2 h 5)
h→2 h→2
h→0
lim h 2 2(0)2 0 5 or 5
h→2
2 2 or 0 x 0
cos (x ) cos (0 )
34. lim
2x2 3x 2(3)2 3(3) x→0
24. lim
cos () or
33 2(3)2 3 6
x3 2x2 x 6
x→3
18 9 1
27 18 9 or 2 35.
x3 x2 2x x(x2 x 2)
25. lim
3 4x2 2x lim
x→0 (x 4x 2)
x x 2
x→0
x2 x 2
lim
x→0 x 4x 2
2
0 02
2
or 1
02 4(0) 2
x cos x x cos x
26. lim 2 lim
x→0 x x x→0 x(x 1)
cos x
lim tan 2x
x→0 x 1 lim x 2
cos 0 x→0
0 1 or 1
(x 2) 4
2 x2 4x 4 4 36.
27. lim 4 lim x
x→0 x→0
x(x 4)
lim x
x→0
lim (x 4)
x→0
0 4 or 4
(x 1)2 1 x2 2x 1 1
28. lim
x2 lim
x2
x→2 x→2
x(x 2)
lim
lim
ln x
0.5
x→2 x 2 x→1 ln (2x 1)
lim x
x→2 37.
2
x3 8 (x 2)(x2 2x 4)
29. lim
x2 4 lim (x 2)(x 2)
x→2 x→2
x2 2x 4
lim
x2
x→2
(2)2 2(2) 4
2 2
444
or 3
4 1 8
2x 8 2(x 4) lim 0.5
30. lim lim x→1 x 1
(x 4)(x2 4x 16)
x→4 x 64
3
x→4
2
lim
x→4 x 4x 16
2
2
42 4(4) 16
2 1
4
8 or 24
Chapter 15 476
38. 45. When P 0.99, t 2.58.
Find
X.
1.4
X
50
0.20
Find the range.
tj X 16.2
2.58(0.20)
X
15.68416.716 mm
9
lim
3x sin 3x
4.5 46. P(not getting a 7) 1
0
x2 sin x 5
P(never getting a 7 in five spins) 1
0
x→0 9
39. lim a a2 c2 a a2 02
c→0 59,049
a 2
100,000
5
Letting c approach 0 moves the foci together, so
47. (x 3y)5
5!
r!(5 r)! (x)5r (3y)r
the ellipse becomes a circle. a2 is the area of a r0
circle of radius a. To find the third term, evaluate the general term
40.
x for r 2.
2 10 1
f(x)
5! 5!
x
r!(5 r)! (x)5r(3y)r
2!(5 2)! (x)
52(3y)2
x y 5!
3 2
2! 3! (x )(9y )
1 0.06697
10(x3)(9y2)
0.1 0.06908 90x3y2
y8 4
3 3
180˚ 0˚
42b. yes; in the last three columns, all the decimal 1 2 3 4
x2
places of 1
2 agree with those of cos x.
210˚ 330˚
d(t) d(2) 16t2 64
43. lim
t2 lim
t2 240˚ 300˚
t→2 t→2 270˚
16(t 2)(t 2)
lim
t2
t→2 u
51. WX 3 4, 6 0
lim 16(t 2)
t→2 7, 6
16(2 2) or 64 ft/s u
WX (3 4)2 (6
0)2
44a. As x approaches 0, the decimals for the values of 49
36
1
f(x) (1 x) x approach 2.71828 ... , which is the 85
decimal expansion of e. 25 in. 1 yd 1 mi
52. C 1
36 in. 1760 yd 0.0012395804 mi
44b. He ignored the exponent. As x approaches 0 from 65
1 v C 52437.09741
the positive side, x approaches infinity. A v v
number close to 1 raised to a large power need w t
3600 s
not be close to 1. If x approaches 0 from the 14.6 rps
1
negative side, x approaches negative infinity. A
number close to 1 raised to a large negative
power need not be close to 1, either.
477 Chapter 15
1 y 3. 0.5
53. csc 270°
sin 270°
1
y
270˚
1
1 or 1
x
56.
132 (1)(6) (2)(3)
6 6 (6)
12
57. yes; opposite sides have the same slope
1 y 6. 3
m
AB 8 (8, 4)
1 A B
mDC
8
1
(0, 3)
mBC 4
1
mAD 4 x
58. If 8, then n 3.
2n
3n2 332 C
35 or 243 (10, 4) 7. The graph of a linear function is a line and the
D (2, 5) methods in this function will result in the
calculation of the slope of that line.
8. If you zoom in on a maximum or minimum point,
the graph appears flat. The slope is 0.
15-2A Graphing Calculator Exploration:
dy
9. At (0, 1), dx 1. For other points on the curve, the
The Slope of a Curve dy
values for y and dx are approximately the same.
Page 950
1-6. Exact answers are given. Accept all reasonable
approximations.
1. 4
Chapter 15 478
3. f(x h) means substitute the quantity x h into 13. C(x) 1000 10x 0.001x2
the function. On the other hand, f(x) h means C(x) 0 10 1x11 0.001(2)x21
substitute x into the function, then add h to the C(x) 10 0.002x
result. Using f(x) h instead of f(x h) in the C(1000) 10 0.002(1000)
definition of the derivative results in: 8
f(x) h f(x) h The marginal cost is $8.
lim
h lim
h→0 h→0 h
lim 1
h→0
1
Pages 958–960 Exercises
f(x h) f(x)
14. f (x) lim
h
You would always get 1. h→0
f(x h) f(x) 2(x h) 2x
4. f (x) lim lim
h
h h→0
h→0 2x 2h 3x
3(x h) 2 (3x 2) lim h
lim
h h→0
h→0 2h
3x 3h 2 3x 2 lim h
lim
h
h→0
h→0 2
3h f(x h) f(x)
lim
h 15. f(x) lim
h→0 h
h→0
3 lim
7(x h) 4 (7x 4)
f(x h) f(x) h
h→0
5. f(x) lim
h 7x 7h 4 7x 4
h→0 lim
h
(x h)2 x h (x2 x) h→0
lim
h 7h
h→0 lim
x2 2xh h2 x h x2 x h→0 h
lim
h→0
h 7
2xh h2 h f(x h) f(x)
lim
h 16. f(x) lim
h
h→0 h→0
h(2x h 1) 3(x h) (3x)
lim
h lim
h
h→0 h→0
lim 2x h 1 lim
3x 3h 3x
h→0 h
h→0
2x 0 1 or 2x 1 3h
lim
h
6. f(x) 2x2 3x 5 h→0
f (x) 2 2x21 3 1x11 0 3
4x 3 17. f(x) lim
f(x h) f(x)
h
7. f(x) x3 2x2 3x 6 h→0
4(x h) 9 (4x 9)
f(x) 1 3x31 2 2x21 3 1x11 0 lim
h
h→0
3x2 4x 3 4x 4h 9 4x 9
8. f(x) 3x4 2x3 3x 2 lim
h
h→0
f (x) 3 4x41 2 3x31 3 1x11 0 lim
4h
h
12x3 6x2 3 h→0
9. y x2 2x 3 4
dy f(x h) f(x)
2 1x21 2 lx11 0 18. f(x) lim
h
dx h→0
dy 2(x h)2 5(x h) (2x2 5x)
dx 2x 2 lim
h
h→0
f (1) 2(1) 2 2x2 4xh 2h2 5x 5h 2x2 5x
4 lim
h
h→0
10. f(x) x2 4xh 2h2 5h
lim
h
1 h→0
F(x) 21 C
2 1x h(4x 2h 5)
1 lim
h
3x3 C h→0
479 Chapter 15
20. f(x) 8x 34. y (5x2 7)2
f(x) 8 1x11 25x4 70x2 49
dy
8 100x3 140x
dx
21. f(x) 2x 6 f (1) 100(1)3 140(1)
f(x) 2 1x11 0 240
2 35. f(x) x6
1 4
22. f(x) 3x 5 F(x)
1
61 C
61 x
1
f (x) 3 1x11 0 1
7x7 C
1
3 36. f(x) 3x 4
1
23. f(x) 3x2
2x 9 F(x) 3 11 4x C
1 1x
f(x) 3 2x21 2 1x11 0 3
2x2 4x C
6x 2
1 37. f(x) 4x2 6x 7
24. f(x) 2x2 x 2 1 1
1 F(x) 4 21 6 x11 7x C
2 1x 11
f(x) 2 2x21 1 1x11 0 4
3x3 3x2 7x C
x1
25. f(x) x3 2x2 5x 6 38. f(x) 12x2 6x 1
1 1
f(x) 3x31 2 2x21 5 1x11 0 12 21 6 x11 x C
21x 11
3x2 4x 5
4x3 3x2 x C
26. f(x) 3x4 7x3 2x2 7x 12
39. f(x) 8x3 5x2 9x 3
f(x)
3 4x41 7 3x31 2 2x21 7 1x11 0 F(x)
12x3 21x2 4x 7 8
1
x31 5
1
21 9 x11 3x C
1
31 2 1x 11
27. f(x) (x2 3)(2x 7) 5 9
2x4 3x3 2x2 3x C
2x3 7x2 6x 21
1 2
f (x) 2 3x31 7 2x21 6 1x11 0 40. f(x) 4x4 3x2 4
6x2 14x 6 1 1 2 1
F(x) 4 41 x21 4x C
4 1x 3 21
28. f(x) (2x 4)2
1 2
4x2 16x 16 0 x 9 x 4x C
2 5 3
f (x) 4 2x21 16 1x11 0 41. f(x) (2x 3)(3x 7)
8x 16 6x2 5x 21
29. f(x) (3x 4)3 1 1
F(x) 6 21 5 x11 21x C
2 1x
27x3 108x2 144x 64 11
5
f(x) 27 3x31 108 2x21 144 1x11 0 2x3 2x2 21x C
81x2 216x 144
2 1
42. f(x) x4(x 2)2
30. f(x) x3 x2 x 9
3 3 x6 4x5 4x4
2 1 1 1 1
f(x) 3x31 2x21
3 3 1 1x11 0 F(x) 61 4 x51 4 x41 C
6 1x 51 41
2 1 2 4
2x2 3x 1 7x7 3x6 5x5 C
x3 4x2 x
31. y x3 43. f(x) x
dy
dx 3x2 x2 4x 1
1 1
f (1) 3(1)2 F(x) 21 4 x11 x C
2 1x 11
3 1
3x3 2x2 x C
32. y x3 7x2 4x 9 2x2 5x 3
dy 44. f(x)
x3
dx 3x2 14x 4
2x 1
f(1) 3(1)2 14(1) 4 1
7 F(x) 2 11 x C
1 1x
33. y (x 1)(x 2) x2 x C
x2 x 2 45. Any function of the form F(x) 6x6 4x4 3x3
1 1 1
dy
2x 1 x C, where C is a constant.
dx
1
f(1) 2(1) 1 46a. v(12) 15 4(12) 8(12)2
1 81 ft/s
Chapter 15 480
46b. v(t) 15 4t 8t2
1 49a. h(t) 3 80t 16t2
1
h(t) v(t) 0 80 1t11 16 2t21
v(t) 0 4 1t11 8 2t21 80 32t
1
4 4t 49b. v(1) 80 32(1)
1 48 ft/s
v(12) 4 4(12)
49c. At the ball’s maximum height, the velocity is 0.
7 ft/s2 0 80 32t
46c. When t 12 the car’s velocity is increasing at a 80 32t
rate of 7 ft/s per second. 2.5 t; 2.5 s
46d. v(t) 15 4t 8t2
1 49d. h(2.5) 3 80(2.5) 16(2.5)2
1 1 1
103 ft
s(t) 15t 4 11 t21 C
1 1t 8 21 f(x h) f(x)
50. f(x) lim
h
1 h→0
15t 2t2 t3
24 C exh ex
lim
When t 0, s(t) should equal 0, so C 0. h→0 h
1 ex e h e x
s(t) 15t 2t2 2
4t
3
lim
h
h→0
1
46e. s(12) 15(12) 2(12)2 2
4 (12)
3 ex (eh 1)
lim
h
h→0
540 ft
eh 1
47. f (x) lim
f(x h) f(x)
ex lim
h
h h→0
h→0
eh 1
1
1
A calculator indicates that lim
h 1, so
xh x h→0
lim
h f(x) ex 1 ex. i. e. ex is its own derivative.
h→0
x xh
51a. total revenue cost per cup number of cups
x(x h) x(x h)
lim r(p) p(100 2p)
h→0 h 51b. When r(p) is at a maximum, the derivative
h
equals zero.
x(x h)
lim
h
r(p) p(100 2p)
h→0 100p 2p2
1
lim r(p) 100 1p11 2 2p21
h→0 x(x h)
100 4p
1
x(x 0) 0 100 4p
1 100 4p
25 p; 25 cents
x2
x2 3x 3 (x 3)(x 1)
48a. When y 2010, I(2010) 2.75. 52. lim lim
x3 x3
The total amount spent in 2010 on health care x→3 x→3
will be about $2.75 trillion. lim x 1
x→3
48b. T(y) is approximately linear near (2010, 2.75). 3 1 or 4
Health Care Spending 53a.
(Trillions of Dollars)
$3.5
Projections 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260
3.0
53b. See students’ work.
2.5 54. List all pairs of matching numbers and their
2.0
sums.
1 1 2; 2 2 4; 3 3 6; 4 4 8;
1.5 5 5 10; 6 6 12
1.0
There are 3 sums out of 6 that are greater than
seven.
0.5 3
P(sum 7 given that the numbers match) 6
0 1
2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2
Source: Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services 55. an a1rn1
1 61
Find the slope of the tangent line at (2010, 2.75). a6 93
2.75 – 2.56 9 1
T (2010)
2010 – 2009
243 or 27
481 Chapter 15
57. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0 Page 960 Mid-Chapter Quiz
22 (1)2 2D E F 0 1. lim (2x2 4x 6) 2(3)2 4(3) 6
→ 2D E F 5 0 x→3
(3)2 02 3D F 0 → 3D F 9 0 18 12 6
12 42 D 4E F 0 → D4E F 17 0 36
x2 9x 14 (x 7)(x 2)
2D E F 5 0 3D F 9 0 2. lim lim
2x2 7x 6 (2x 3)(x 2)
(3D E F 9) 0 ( D 4E F 17) 0 x→2 x→2
x7
5D E 4 0 4D 4E 8 0 lim
2x 3
x→2
43 4E 8 0
1
20D 4E 16 0 27
2(2) 3 or 5
28
(4D 4E 8) 0 4E 3
7 sin 2x
24D 8 0 E 3 3. x
sin x
lim x 2
x x→0
3 F90
1 1
D
3
3
1 0.9093
F 8
1 7 0.1 1.9867
The solution of the system is D 3, E 3, and
0.01 1.9999
F 8
1 7 0.01 1.9999
x2 y2 3x 3y 8 0
2 2
0.1 1.9867
x 16 y 76 11689 1 0.9093
5 5
58. 5cos 6 i sin 6 52 i 2
3 1
f(x h) f(x)
4. f(x) lim
h
53 5 h→0
2 2i (x h)2 3 (x2 3)
lim
h
59. x x1 ta1 → x 8t 3 h→0
y y1 ta2 → y 3t 2 lim
x2 2xh h2 3 x2 3
h
h→0
60. y y 3 sin( 45˚) 2xh h2
lim
h
h→0
h(2x h)
lim
h
O h→0
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚ 450˚
2x 0 or 2x
5. f(x)
f(x) 0 is a constant.
61. d H2 6. f(x) 3x2 5x 2
H1
f(x) 3 2x21 5 1x11 0
6x 5
319 m
7. R(M) M 22 3
C M
253 m
42˚12
C 1
2M 2 3M 3
A C 1
R(M) 2 2M 21 3 3M 32
d2 2(253)(319) cos 42° 12
2532 3192
CM M 2
d 165,7
77 161,4
14 cos2
42° 1
8. f(x) x2 7x 6
d 214.9 m 1 1
p 1 3 F(x) 1 21 7 x11 6x C
21x 11
62.
q:
2,
1,
2,
3 1 7
3x3 2x2 6x C
1 2 3 8 3
2 5 3 9. f(x) 2x3 x2 8
3 2 5 3 0 F(x) 2
1
31 x21 8x C
1
31x 21
6 3 1 1
1
2 1 2 0 2 x4 3 x3 8x C
Chapter 15 482
3 n
3i 3 3
15-3 Area Under a Curve 8.
0
x3dx lim n
n→ i 1 n
n (n 1)
81 2 2
lim 4 4
n→ n
Page 966 Check for Understanding n 2n 1
81 2
lim 4 2
1. Sample answer: y x4 n→ n
upper right corner, add up the areas of the 6 n
32 nn
6i 6
rectangles, and then find the limit of the total 9a. 32tdt lim
0 n→ i 1
area of the rectangles as n approaches infinity.
1152 n(n 1)
3. Lorena is correct. If the function is decreasing, lim
n→
n2
2
then the graph will always be above the tops of n n
lim 576 n
2
2
the rectangles, so the total area of the rectangles n→
lim 5761 n
will be less than the area under the graph. 1
2 n
2i 2 2
n
n→
4. x2dx lim 576 ft
0 n→ i 1 n
10 n
32 nn
n(n 1)(2n 1)
8 10i 10
lim n3 6 9b. 32tdt lim
n→ 0 n→ i 1
4 2n3 3n2 n
lim 3 n
n→
3 lim
3200
n2
n(n 1)
2
n→
4 3
lim 3 2 n n2
n→
1
lim 1600n
2
n2 n
n→
8
3 units2 lim 1600 1 n
1
x dx x dx x dx
3 3 1 n→
5. 2 2 2 1600 ft
1 0 0
n
3i 2 3 i 2 1 n Yes; integration shows that the ball would fall
lim
n→ i 1 n
lim
n
n→ i 1 n
n 1600 ft in 10 seconds of free-fall. Since this
27 n(n 1)(2n 1)
exceeds the height of the building, the ball must
lim n3 6
n→
hit the ground in less than 10 seconds.
n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n→ n
1
3
6
9 2n3 3n2 n Pages 966-968 Exercises
lim 2 n
3 n
n→ 2
n 1 n
2i 2
2n3 3n2 n 10. (x 1)dx lim
lim
n→
1
6
n3 0 n→ i 1
9
lim 2 2 3
1
n→
lim 6 2 n n
1 3 1 lim
n→ n
2 2(1)
n
1 1
2(2)
n ...
n→ n n2 2
2n
1
9 3 or 3 unit2
26
n 1
6. 1
x3dx lim
n
i 3 1
n→
2 2
lim n n n(1 2 ... n)
n→ i 1 n n
2 n(n 1)
0
n2(n 1)2
2
lim n n n 2
n→
1
lim n4 4 n→
2
lim n(2n 1)
n 2n 1 n→
1 2
lim 4n 2
n→ 4 n 2
lim n n
n→
lim
1
4 1 2
n n2
1
4 units2
n→ 3 n
3i 2 3
1
4 unit2 11.
0
x2dx lim n
n→ i 1 n
6 n 2 n(n 1)(2n 1)
7.
0
x2dx lim n
6i
n→ i 1 n
6
lim
n→ n
27
3 6
2n 3n n
9 3 2
216 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n→ n
3
6 lim 2
n→ n 3
2n3 3n2 n
lim 36 n 3 lim
9
n→ 2
2 n3 n1 2
n→
9 units2
lim 36 2 n n2
3 1
n→
72
483 Chapter 15
x dx 4 n
2 0 2 4i 2
n 6 nn
4i 4
12. x2dx x2dx 2 17. (x2 6x)dx lim
1 1 0 0 n→ i 1
x dx x dx
41 2 41
1 2 4
2 2 By symmetry lim 6 n
0 0 n→ n n
42 2 42
lim
n
lim
n→
1
6 2 3
n n→
1
n2
lim 2
4
3
3
n
1
n2
24 n(n 1)
n 2
64 2n 3n n 96 n n
lim n 6 n 2
1 8 3 2 2
3 3 or 3 units2 3 2
n→
3 3 1
13.
1
xdx
0
xdx
0
xdx lim
n→ 3
32
3 1
(2
n n2
) 481 n
1
n n 64 208
n n→
lim nn
3i 3 i 1
lim 3 48 or 3 units2
n→ i 1 n
i1 3
n(n 1) n(n 1) (x2 x 1)dx
9
lim n2 2 lim n2 2 1
18.
0 n
3i 2
n n 1 n
n→ n→ 3i 3
9 n2 n 1 n2 n lim
lim 2 n
n→
2
lim 2 n
n→
2 n→ i 1
31 2 31
9 1
1
lim 2 1 n lim 2 1 n
1
lim
n→ n
3
n
n 1
n→ n→ 32 2 32
9 1
2 2 or 4 units2
n n 1 . . .
3n 2 3n
5 n
5i 2 5
n n 1
14. x2dx lim
n→ i 1 n
n
0
125 n(n 1)(2n 1)
3 9
lim n n2 (12 22 . . . n2)
lim n 3
n→
n (1 2 . . . n) n
6 3
n→
125 2n3 3n2 n
lim 6 n
n→
3 lim
3
9 n(n 1)(2n 1)
3 n(n 1)
n
2
n→ n n 6 n 2
lim
n→
125
6 2 n n2 3 1
lim n3
27 2n2 3n2 n
n2
9
n2 n
3
6 2
125 n→
3 units2 9
3 1 9
1
lim 2 2 n n2 2 1 n 3
2x dx
5 n→
9
15. 2 9 2 3
2x
1 5 1 9 15
3 2x3 12 2 or 2 units2
0 0 n
sin in n
n n
5i 3 5 i 3 1
lim 2 n→
n→ i 1
lim 2
n
i1
n
n
n
19. lim
n→ i 1
2 n
8 nn
250 n2(n 1)2 n2(n 1)2
2 2i 2
lim
n 4
lim
4 n 4
4
20. 8xdx lim
n→ n→ 0 n→ i 1
625 n2 2n 1 1 n2 2n 1
lim 2 n
n→
2 lim 2 n
n→
2 lim
n→ n
32 n(n 1)
2
2
625
2 1 1 2
lim 2 1 n n2 lim 2 1 n n2
n→ n→
1
n2 n
lim 16 n 2
n→
625 1
2 2 or 312 units2
1
lim 16 1 n
n→
5 n
5i 4 5 16
16.
0
x4dx lim
n→ i 1 n
n
6n5 15n4 10n3 n
lim n
n→
3125
5
30
lim
n→
625
6 6 15
n
10
n2
1
n4
625 units2
Chapter 15 484
(x 2)dx lim
4 n
1 n 2n
3i 3 4 16 2
21. lim 2 (1 2 . . . n )
2 2
1 n→ i 1 n→ n n
n 16
n (1 2 . . . n) 2n
3 3i
lim 3 n
n→ n i 1
31 32
1 1
lim n n2 (12 22 . . . n2)
3
lim n 3 n 3 n ...
n→
(1 2 . . . n) 2n
n→ 4
3n
3 n
n
n(n 1)(2n 1) 64 n(n 1)
lim 6n4 3 6
8
n 2 2
2n 5 2n 2
5 5 3
23. 8x3dx 8x3dx 8x3dx n
n
3 0 0
n n 2 32
5i 3 5 3i 3 3
8 n n n→
lim 8 n n lim 5 (1 2 . . . n )
5 5 5
lim n→ n n
n→ i 1 i1
lim
5000 n2(n 1)2
n→ 648 n (n 1)
lim n 4
2 2 4
n2 (12 22 . . . n2)
n→ n4 4 4
2n6 6n5 5n4 n2
lim 1250 n
2 n2 2n 1
n→
64
lim n6 12
n→
n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim 162 n
2 n2 2n 1
8
n3 6
n→
5n4 n2
lim 1250 1 n n2
2n6 6n5
n→
2 1
lim
n→ 3
16 n 6
4 2n 3n n
3 n
3 2
lim 162 1
2 1
n
n2 3
n→
lim 32 n n n 3
16 6 5 1 4
1250 162 or 1088 2 4
n→
(x 4x 2)dx
4
24.
1
2
2 n3 n1 2
(x 4x 2)dx (x
4 1 32 8 40
2 2 4x 2)dx
3
3 or
3
0 0 5 n
5i 3 5
lim
n
n
4i 2
4n 2
4i
n4 26.
0
x3dx lim
n→ i 1
n
n
n→ i 1
625 n2(n 1)2
lim
n
i i 2
n 4 n 2n
1 lim n
n→
4
4
n→ i 1 2n 1
41 2 41 42 2
lim n n 4 n 2 n
4 lim
n→
625
4 n
n2
2
n→
42
4 n 2 . . . n 4n
4n 2 4n lim
n→
625
4 1 n2 n1 2
2 2 2 625
2 lim n1 4n 2 n 4
1 1
n
n→
n 2
4 n 2 . . . n 4 n 2
2 n
485 Chapter 15
3 n
3i 3 3
n 31a. r (t )
1 1
27. x3dx
2 lim
0 n→ i 1 2 n 160
n2(n 1)2
lim
81
n→ 2n
4
4 120
81 n2 n 1
lim 8 n
n→
2 80
r (t ) 50 36t 3t 2
81
1 1
lim 8 1 n n2
n→
40
81 O t
8 or 10.125 ft2
28a. f(20)80 2(20)
12
n
12i 2
50 36n 3n n
40 12i 12
28b. (80 2x)dx lim
20 n→ i1
n
40 n
20 40i
lim
n
n→ i1 12 n 12 n 2
41 42 50 36n 3n
lim
20
40 n 40 n . . .
n→ n lim n 50n n(1 2 . . . n)
12 432
4n
40 n
n→
n(12 22 . . . n2)
432
2
lim 40n 4n0 (1 2 . . . n)
20
n→ n
5184 n(n 1)
lim 600 n2 n6
5184 n(n 1)(2n 1)
2 3
800 n(n 1)
lim 800 n 2 n→
n n 2n 3n n
lim 600 2592n 864n
2 3 2
2
n→ 2 3
n n
lim 800 400 n
2
n→
lim 600 25921 n 8642 n n
2 1 3 1
n→ 2
n→
lim 800 4001
1
600 2592 1728
n
n→
800 400 or $400 $1464
$1464
10 31c. $122
29. (6 0.06x2)dx 12
0 n 32a. v (t )
2
6 0.06 n n
10i 10
lim 15
n→ i 1
10 1 2
10
lim n
n→
6 0.06 n
v (t ) 3.5t 0.25t 2
10 2 2
6 0.06 n . . .
10
10 n 2
6 0.06 n
Chapter 15 486
10
(1.2t 0.03t2)dt 40. Use a graphing calculator to find the maximum
0 n 2 width of x 5.4 cm.
1.2n 0.03n n
10i 10i 10
lim
n→ i1
10 1 10 1 2
1.2
10
lim n
n→ n 0.03 n
10 2 10 2 2
1.2n 0.03n . . .
10 n 10 n 2
1.2n 0.03n
lim nn(1 2 . . . n)
10 12
n→
n(12 22 . . . n2)
3
2
[5, 10] scl1 by [30, 90] scl1
120 n(n 1) 30 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim n2 n6
2 3 41. 62 82 102
n→
n n 2n 3n n 36 64 100
lim 60n 5n
2 3 2
n→
2 3
100 100
lim 601 n 52 n n
1 3 1
2 ABC is a right triangle with a base of 6 inches
n→
60 10 or 70 m and a height of 8 inches. The area of
1
ABC 2(6)(8) or 24 square inches. If the
The first one results in a greater distance
covered. rectangle has a width of 3 inches, then it has a
24
33. The equation y r2 x2 can be rearranged to length of 3 or 8 inches, since Aw. The perimeter
obtain x2 y2 r2, which is the circle centered at of the rectangle 2(3) 2(8) or 22 inches. The
the origin of radius r. In the equation y r2 x2, correct choice is C.
y must be nonnegative, so the graph is only the
top half of the circle. Therefore, the value of the
1
integral is 2 the area of a circle of radius r, Page 969 History of Mathematics
1
or 2r2. 1. See students’ work. The difference in area should
34. f(x) 3x2 x2 7x decrease as the number of sides of the polygon
f(x) 3 3x31 1 2x21 7 1x11 increases.
9x2 2x 7 2. The roots of the resulting equation are the zeros of
x2 22 the derivative of the original function.
35. lim
x→2 x 2 22
3. See students’ work.
0
4 or 0
36. log1x 3
3
1 3
x 3 15-4 The Fundamental Theorem of
x 32 or 27
Calculus
u
37. u 2, 5, 3
3, 4, 7
1, 1, 10
487 Chapter 15
0 0
7. (4 x2)dx 4x 3x3
1 Pages 973–976 Exercises
2 2
15. x5dx C
1
x6
40 3 03 4(2) 3 (2)3
1 1 6
0 8 3
8
3
16
4x8 C
units2
3
17. (x2 2x 4)dx 13x3 2 12x2 4x C
2 2
1
8. x4dx x5 1
0
5 0 3x3 x2 4x C
1 1
25 5 05
5 18. (3x2 x 6)dx 3 13x3 1 12x2 6x C
32 32
0
5 or 5 units2 x3 2x2 6x C
1
1
9. (x2 4x 4)dx 19. (x4 2x2 3)dx 15x5 2 13x3 3x C
1 1 1 1
1 2
3x3 4 2x2 4x 5x5 3x3 3x C
1
1
1
3x3 2x2 4x
1
20. (4x5 6x3 7x2 8)dx
1 1 1
3 13 2 12 4 1 4 6x6 6 4x4 7 3x3 8x C
1
2 3 7
3 (1)3 2 (1)2 4 (1) 3x6 2x4 3x3 8x C
1
4
1 1 3 3
1
3
1
2x4 22. 2x2dx 2 3x3
0 0
1 3
2
3x3
1
34
2 1
2 14 0
18 0 or 18 units2
4 4
1 1
11. (x2 x 6)dx 3x3 2x2 6x
3 3
1 1
1
23. (x2 2)dx 3x3 2x
6 4
1 1
3 43
2 42 2 2
2 3 3 23 2 2
1 1
33
3 13 2 12 6 1
1 1 3
2 2
1 1
224
6 6 or 2
35 63 24. (4x x3)dx 4 2x2 1 4x4
0 0
1
2 2
12. (2x2 3x 2)dx 2
1
x3 3
1
x2 2x 2x2 x4
4
3 2 0
0 0
2 22 24 2 02 4 04
1 1
2
2 3
3x3 2x2 2x 4
0
4 0 or 4 units2
3 23 2 22 2 2
2 3
4 4
1
25. x3dx 4x4
0 2 0
2 3
3 0
2
0 0
4 4
1 1
(x3 x 6)dx 6x
13. x4 x2
1 1
4 2 1
2 2 26. 3x6dx 3 7x7
4 44 2 42 6 4
1 1 1 1
1
3
x7
4 24 2 22 6 2
1 1 7 1
1
0 0
1 1
(x2 2x)dx 3x3 2 2x2
0 0
0 1
x3 x2
0.1
3
250x2 2
0 1 1
03 02 (2)3 (2)2
(250 (0.1)2) (250 02) 3 3
2.5 0 or 2.5 J
20
20
0 3 or 3 units2
Chapter 15 488
(x
3 3 0
1 1
28. 2 2x 3)dx 1 3x3 2 2x2 3x 37. (x4 x3)dx
1 1 1
1 0
1 1
3x3 x2 3x 5x5 4x4
1 1
3 33 32 3 3
1
5 05 4 04 5 (1)5 4 (1)4
1 1 1 1
3 13 12 3 1
1
0 2
0 or 20
9 9
11 16 2
9 3 or 3 units2 38. (x3 x 1)dx
1 1 0
1 1 2
29. (x3 x)dx x4
4 x2
2
1 1
4x4 2x2 x
0 0
0
4 14 2 12 4 04 2 02 4 24 2 22 2 4 04 2 02 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3
4 0 or 4 unit2 8 0 or 8
3 5
30. (x3 8x 10)dx 39. (x2 3x 8)dx
1 2
3 1 1
1 1
4x4 8 2x2 10x 3x3 3 2x2 8x
1 2
3 1 3
1
x4
4 4x2 10x 3x3 2x2 8x
1 2
34 4 32 10 3 8 5
1 1 3
4
3 53
2 52
265 148 413
7 7
31. 6x2dx 6 3x3
1 6 6 or 6
0 0 3
7
2x3 40. (x 3)(x 1)dx
0 1
3
(2 73) (2 03) (x2 2x 3)dx
686 0 or 686 1
3
1 1
3x3 2 2x2 3x
4 4
1
32. 3x4dx 3 x5 1
5 2 1 3
2
3x3 x2 3x
4
3
5x5 1
3 33 32 3 3 3 13 12 3 1
2 1 1
3 3
45 25
9 3 or 3
5 5 5 32
3072 96 2976
or
5 5 5 3 3
(x 1)3dx (x3 3x2 3x 1)dx
41.
3 3
1
33. (x 4)dx x2 4x 2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
4x4 3 3x3 3 2x2 x
1 1
32 4 3 (1)2 4 1 2
2 2 3
1 3
x4 x3 x2 x
33
or
2
7
2 20 4 2 2
34 33 32 3
1 3
5 5
1 1 4 2
34. (3x2 2x 1)dx 3 3x3 2 2x2 x
4 24 23 2 22 2
1 1 3
1
5
x3 x2 x 15 15
1 4 0 or 4
(53 52 5) (13 12 1)
1 1
x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1)
105 1 or 104 42. dx
x2 dx
x2
0 0
1
3 3
1 1
35. (x3 x2)dx x4
4 x3
3
(x 1)dx
1 1 0
1
4 34 3 33 4 14 3 13
1 1 1 1 1
2x2 x
0
4 1
2
45 1
2 12 1 2 02 0
1 1
135 1 34
12
12 or
3 2
3
1
(x4 2x2 1)dx
2 2
36.
0 43. x(4x2 1)dx (4x3 x)dx
1
1 1 0 0
2 x
x5 x3 1 1 2
5 3 0 4 4x4 2x2
1 0
1 2
5x5 3x3 x
2
1
0 x4 x2
2
5 15 3 13 1 5 05 3 03 0
1 2 1 2 0
489 Chapter 15
1
44. (x 1)(3x 2)dx 49a. f (x )
110
1
100
1
(3x2 5x 2)dx 90
1 80 f (x ) 75 8x 12 x 2
1
1 1 70
3 x3
3 5 x2
2 2x 60
1
5 1 50
x3 x2
2 2x 40
1
30
2 1
5
13
2 12 20
2 10
(1) 2 1
5
(1)3
2
O x
2 2 or 6
11 1
6
1
75 8x 12x2dx
20.5
1 20.5 49b. 60
45a. x3dx 4x4 0
6
0 0 1 1 1 1
6
675x 4x2 6x3
1 1
44,152.52 0 or 44,152.52 0
6(558 0)
100.5 100.5
1
45b. x2dx x3
0
3 0 $93
13 03
1
100.53 12
3
338,358.38 0 or 338,358.38
49c.
1
12 6
6
75 8x 12x2dx
12
675x 8 2x2 2 3x3
100 1 1 1 1
100(100 1)(2 100 1)
i2
6 6
12
675x 4x 2 6x3
i1 1 1
100(101)(201)
or 338,350 6
675 12 4 122 6 122
6 1 1
2 2
1
46. 490,000 xdx 490,000 x2
75 6 4 62 6 63
2 1
0 0
2
245,000 x2 1
6(1188 558)
0
(245,000 22) (245,000 02) $105
980,000 0 or 980,000 J
R R
1
50. (R2 x2)dx R2x 3x3
47a. Since the graph is below the x-axis, f(x) is R R
R2 R 3 R3
1
negative. Each f(xi) is negative and x is
n
positive, so each term in the sum f(xi)x is R2 R 3 (R)3
1
i1
3R3 3R3
negative. Therefore, the sum is negative. since 2 2
47b. 2
(x2 5)dx
51a. 1000 k(6.4 106)2
1000 k
1
0 2
1 40.96 1012
x3 5x
3 0 4.1 1016 k; 4.1 1016Nm2
2 5 0
1 1
23 5 03
3.8 108
3 3
22 51b. 4.1 1016x2dx
3 6.4 106
3.8 108
47c. Since the function is negative, the integral in 4.1 1016 (1)x1
6.4 106
part b gives the opposite of the area of the 3.8 108
4.1 1016
22
region. The area is 3. x
6.4 106
y 4.1 1016 4.1 10
6.4 10
16
48. The integral represents the
10
3.8 108
6
8 area of a right triangle. The
6 value is
1
(3)(9)
27
. 1.1 108 64.1 108
2 2
4
2 6.3 109 J
O
2 1 2 3 4 5x
4 y 3x 6
6
Chapter 15 490
2 n
1 2i 2 2
n Pages 978–980 Skills and Concepts
1
52. x2dx
2 lim
0 n→ i1 2 n 11. There is a point at (2, 1) so f(2) 1. However,
4 2 n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim
n→ 2n
3
6 the closer x is to 2, the closer y is to 3.
So, lim f(x) 3.
4 2n 3n2 n
3 x→2
lim 6 n
12. lim (x3 x2 5x 6) (2)3 (2)2 5(2) 6
3
n→
2 3 1 x→2
lim 3 2 n n2 8 4 10 6
n→ 4
4
3 13. lim (2x cos x) 2(0) cos 0
x→0
53. f(x) 2x6 3x2 2 01
f(x) 2 6x61 3 2x21 0 1
x2 36 (x 6)(x 6)
12x5 6x 14. lim
x6 lim
x1
x→1 x→1
54. In a normal distribution, 68.3% of the data lie
lim x 6
within 1 standard deviation of the mean. So, x→1
100 68.3 or 31.7% of the data lie outside 1 6 or 5
1 standard deviation of the mean. Thus, 31.7% of 5x2 5
the test-takers scored more than 100 points above 15. lim
2x lim 2x
x→0 x→0
or below the mean of 500. 5
(0)
2
55. To begin with 25 out of the 50 numbers are odd.
With each consecutive draw, there is 1 fewer odd 0
x2 2x x(x 2)
numbers and 1 fewer tickets. 16. lim
x
2 3x 10 lim4
(x 5)(x 2)
25 24 23 22 x→4 x→4
P(four odd numbers)
50 49
48
47 x
lim
253
x→4 x 5
4606 4
56. A Pert
4 5 or 4
491 Chapter 15
f(x h) f(x) 1
23. f (x) lim
h 35. f(x) 2x3 2x2 3x 2
h→0
4(x h)2 3(x h) 5 (4x2 3x 5) 1 1 1
lim F(x) 2 31 2 x21
3 1x 21
h
h→0 1
4x2 8xh 4h2 3x 3h 5 4x2 3x 5 3 11 2x C
1 1x
lim h 1 2 3
h→0
8xh 4h2 3h
8x4 3x3 2x2 2x C
lim h
h→0 36. f(x) x4 5x3 2x 6
h(8x 4h 3) 1 1 1
lim h F(x) 41 5 x31 2 x11
41 x 31 11
h→0
lim 8x 4h 3 6x C
1 5
h→0 5x5 4x4 x2 6x C
8x 3
f(x h) f(x) 37. f(x) (x 4)(x 2)
24. f(x) lim
h x2 2x 8
h→0
1 1
(x h)3 3(x h) (x3 3x) F(x) 21 2 x11 8x C
2 1x
lim
h
11
h→0 1
x3 3x2h 3xh2 h3 3x 3h x3 3x 3x3 x2 8x C
lim
h x2 x
h→0 38. f(x) x
3x2h 3xh2 h3 3h
lim
h
x1
h→0 1
3xh
h(3x2 3) h2 F(x) 11 x C
1 1x
lim
h 1
h→0 2x2 x C
lim 3x2 3xh h2 3
2 n
2 nn
h→0 2i 2
39. 2x dx lim
3x2 3 0 n→ i 1
n(n 1)
25. f(x) 2x6 lim
n→ n
8
2 2
f (x) 2 6x61
n2 n
12x5 lim 4 n
n→
2
26. f(x) 3x 7 lim 4 1 n
1
f (x) 3 1x11 0 n→
3 4 units2
1 n
i 3 1
27. f(x) 3x2 5x 40. x3dx lim n
n→ i 1 n
f(x) 3 2x21 5 1x11 0
n2(n 1)2
6x 5 lim
n→ n
1
4 4
1 1 n2 2n 1
28. f(x) 4x2 x 4
1
lim 4 n
n→
2
f(x) 4 2x21 1 1x11 0
1
1 2
1
lim 4 1 n n2
2x 1 n→
1
1 1 4 unit2
29. f(x) 2x4 2x3 3x 4
4 4 3
f(x)
1
1
4x41 2 3x31 3 1x11 0 41. x2dx x2dx x2dx
2 3 0 0
1 n n
2x3 6x2 3 4i 2 4 3i 2 3
lim n n→
n→ i 1 n
lim n n
30. f(x) (x 3)(x 4) i1
64 n(n 1)(2n 1)
x2 7x 12 lim
n→ n
3
6
f(x) 2x21 7 1x11 0
27 n(n 1)(2n 1)
2x 7 lim n3 6
n→
31. f(x) 5x3(x4 3x2) 64 2n3 3n2 n
5x7 15x5 lim 6 n
n→
3
f (x) 5 7x71 15 5x51 2n3 3n2 n
35x6 75x4 lim
n→
27
6
n3
32. f(x) (x 2)3 64
lim 6(2
3
n
1
n2 ) lim
27
n→ 6
2 n3 n1
2
x3 6x2 12x 8 n→
64 27
f(x) 3x31 6 2x21 12 1x11 0
3
3
3x2 12x 12 37
units2
33. f(x) 8x 3
1
F(x) 8 11 C
1 1x
4x2 C
34. f(x) 3x2 2
1
F(x) 3 21 2x C
2 1x
x3 2x C
Chapter 15 492
2 2 1
42. 6x2dx 6x2dx 6.x2dx Page 981 Applications and Problem Solving
2 2
1m
1 t 2 m 1 100
1 0 0 50 1 50
n n 51. lim
2i 2 2 i 2 1
6 lim 6
2 2
lim
n→i 1
n
n
n→ i 1
n
n
t→100 2
0.0000125 m
48 n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)(2n 1)
lim n3 6 lim n3 6
n→ n→
6
52. c(x) 9x5 135x3 10,000
48 2n3 3n2 n 6 2n3 3n2 n
c(x) 9 5x51 135 3x31 0
lim 6 n
n→
3 lim 6 n
n→
3 45x4 405x2
c(2.6) 45(2.6)4 405(2.6)2 or $681.41
lim 1 2
3 1 3 1
lim 8(2
n
n2 )
n
n2
n→ n→ 60
mi 5280 ft r
1h
53a. 88 ft/s
16 2 or 14 units2 1
hr 1mi 3600 s
88 ft/s
a 5 s 17.6 ft/s
2
4 4
1
43. 6xdx 6 2x2
17.6dx
2 t
2
53b. v(t)
4
3x2 0
t
2
17.6x
(3 (3 42) 22) 0
48 12 or 36 17.6t 17.6(0)
17.6t
2 2
1
44. 3x2dx 3 3x3
17.6xdx
t
3 3 53c. d(t)
2
0
x3
t
1
3 17.6 11
1 1x 0
23 (3)2
t
8.8x2
8 (27) or 35 0
8.8t2 8.8(0)2
2 2
1 1
45. (3x2 x 3)dx 3 x3
3 1 x2
2 3x 8.8t2
2 2
2
1 2
x 2 x 3x
3
2
1
(23 2 22 3 2) Page 981 Open-Ended Assessment
1. Sample answer: f(x) x2 2x 2;
1
( 2)3 2 (2)2 3 (2)
lim(x2 2x 2) 12 2(1) 2
12 (16) or 28 x→1
5
(2x
4 4
46. (x 2)(2x 3)dx 2 7x 6)dx 2. Sample answer: g(x) 16x3;
0 0
4 1 1
1 1
2 x3
3 7 2x2 6x 16x3dx 4x4
0 0 0
4
2 7
3x3 2x2 6x 4 14 4 04
0
4
3 43 2 42 6 4
2 7
23 03 72 02 6 0
368 368
3 0 or 3 Chapter 15 SAT & ACT Preparation
47. 6x4dx 6
1
x5
5 C
6
x5
5 C Page 983 SAT and ACT Practice
1
48. (3x2 2x)dx 3 1
x3
3 2
1
x2
2 C 1.
1
2
1
3
1 1
x3 x2 C 2 3
1
49. (x2
1
5x 2)dx 3x3 5 2x2 2x C
1
3 2
1 5
6 6
3x3 2x2 2x C
1
50. (3x5 4x4 7x)dx 3 16x6 4 15x5 7 12x2 C
1
1 4 7 6
2x6 5x5 2x2 C 6
The correct choice is A.
493 Chapter 15
2. Let x represent the length of the second side of the
triangle. Then the first side has length 2x. 6. Since 5 is prime, 5 3(5) or 15.
1
x 2x Since 16 is composite, 16 2(16) or 8.
? 5 16 15 8 or 23.
Clearly the perimeter must be greater than 3x, so Now, you need to determine which of the choices is
eliminate answer choices A and B. Use the equal to 23. Calculate each one.
Triangle Inequality Theorem.
x 2x ? P x 2x 3x 21 10.5 23 69 31 63
3x ? P 6x
? x 2x P x 2x x 46 23 69 34.5
?x P 4x
The correct choice is B.
Since the perimeter cannot equal 6x or 4x,
7. The nth term of an arithmetic sequence with first
eliminate answer choices C and E as well.
term a1 and common difference d is given by
The only possible answer choice is D.
an a1 (n – 1)d. a1 4, and d 3, so
3. Draw a figure. Begin with the 3 parallel lines. a37 4 (37 – 1)(3)
Draw the 3 nonparallel lines in positions that are 4 (36)(3) or 112
as general as possible. For example, do not draw The correct choice is C.
perpendicular lines or concurrent lines. Draw the
8. Draw a figure.
first nonparallel line, and mark the intersections.
Then draw the second line, making sure it
intersects each of the other lines. Then draw the
third line, making sure it intersects each of the
others.
Chapter 15 494
Extra Practice
Lesson 1-1 4. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(2x3 x2 x 1)
2(2x3 x2 x 1)
Page A26 4x3 2x2 2x 2
1. D {2, 1, 2}; R {4, 2, 4}; no [g f](x) g(f(x))
2. D {3, 0.5, 0.5, 3}; R {0.5, 3}; yes g(2x)
2(2x)3 (2x)2 (2x) 1
3. D {1, 0, 2, 5, 7}; R {1, 2, 3, 5, 7}; yes
16x3 4x2 2x 1
4. D {2, 2.3, 3.2}; R {4, 1, 3, 4}; no
5. f(4) 4(4) 2
16 2 or 14
6. g(3) 2(3)2 (3) 5 Lesson 1-3
2(9) 3 5
18 3 5 or 26
3 Page A26
7. h(1.5)
2(1.5) 1. x 2 0
3
3 or 1 x2
8. k(5m) 3(5m)2 3 f (x )
3(25m2) 3
75m2 3
O x
Lesson 1-2 f (x ) x 2
Page A26
1. f(x) g(x) 2x 1 x2 3x 1 2. 3x 4 0
x2 5x 2 3x 4
4
f(x) g(x) 2x 1 x2 3x 1 x 3
x2 x
f(x) g(x) (2x 1)(x2 3x 1) f (x )
2x3 5x2 5x 1
g(x) g(x)
f f(x)
2x 1
x2 3x 1
2. [f g](x) f(g(x)) O x
f(4x2) f (x ) 3x 4
3 4x2
[g f ](x) f(f(x))
3. 1 0, false 4. 4x 0
g(3 x)
none x0
4(3 x)2
36 24x 4x2 f (x ) f (x )
3. [f g](x) f(g(x))
f(x 9)
1 f (x ) 4x
3(x 9) 1
O x O x
1
3x 2 f (x ) 1
[g f ](x) g (f(x))
g 3x 1
1
1
3x 1 9
1
3x 8
Lesson 1-4
Lesson 1-6
Page A26
1. y mx b → y 2x 1 Page A27
2. y 2 1(x 1)
1. y
y 2 x 1
y x 3 48
1
3. y mx b → y 4x 3 47
4. y (4) 0(x (2))
46
y40
y 4 45
31
5. m
Enrollment
(millions)
2 2 44
2 1
4 or 2
1
43
y 1 2(x 2)
1 42
y 1 2x 1
1 41
y 2x 2
60 40
6. m
0 (1) x
6 0
1 or 6 0 1990 19911992 199319941995199619971998 1999 2000 2001
Year
y mx b → y 6x 6
2. Sample answer: y 0.6091x 1171.6
7. y 0 47.2 – 40.5
8. y 0 1.5(x 10) m
2001 – 1990
y 1.5x 15 0.6091
y 40.5 0.6091(x 1990)
y 0.6091x 1171.6
3. Sample answer: y 0.6125x 1178; r 0.99
Lesson 1-5 Enter the School Year data as List 1.
Enter the Enrollment data as List 2.
Perform a linear regression on the graphing
Page A27 calculator.
1. None of these; the slopes are neither the same nor 4. Sample answer: 53.7 million; yes; the correlation
opposite reciprocals. coefficient shows a strong correlation.
2. y (2) 1(x 0) f(2011) 0.6125(2011) 1178
y2x 53.7 million
xy20
3. y 3 2(x 1)
y 3 2x 2
2x y 1 0
4. y 1 is a vertical line; parallel slope is undefined.
y 12 or y 12 0
Page A27
x
1. f (x ) 2. g (x )
O
g (x ) |x 2| y |x | O
x
O x
O x Lesson 2-1
3. h (x ) 4. f (x )
Page A28
1. y
2x y 1 0
O x
O x
O x 3y 6x 3
5. g (x ) 6. k (x )
y 2x 1; consistent and dependent
g (x ) |5 2x | 2. y
O x (1, 5)
xy4
y 3x 8
O x
x
O
Page A27 3x y 1
1. y 2. y O
x
y2 2y 6x 4
O x
no solution; inconsistent
xy3
O x 4. 5x 2y 1 x 2y 5
x 2y 5 1 2y 5
3. y 4. y 4x 4 2y 6
x 1 y3
(1, 3)
5. 2x 4y 8 2x 3y 8
2x 3y 8 2x 3(0) 8
O x
O x y0 2x 8
y x 1 x4
4x 2y 6 (4, 0)
2(7) 2(5) 3(4) 3(1)
x y z 4 → 2x 2y 2z 8 8. 2C 3A 2(0) 2(1) 3(1) 3(5)
3x 2y 2z 3 3x 2y 2z 3
2(8) 2(4) 3(2) 3(6)
5x 5
14 12 10 (3)
x1
3x 2y 3 x y z 4 03 2 15
3(1) 2y 3 1 0 z 4 16 6 8 18
26 13
2y 0 z 3
y0 z3 3 17
(1, 0, 3) 22 26
9. impossible
5 4 1
10. ED 312
2 3
1(1) (5)(3)
1(4) (5)(2)
3(4) 2(2) 3(1) 2(3)
14 14
16 3
1
5 2 2 22 1 1
1. 0.5 3 4 6
1 10 01 42 2 6
3 7
42 2 6
3 7
12 2 3
F(4, 2), G(2, 3), H(6, 7)
1 1
A 22, 12 , B(1, 2), C(1, 3)
y B (2, 4) y
8
B (1, 2)
F (4, 2) 4 F (4, 2)
O
O x 8 4 4 8x
C (1, 3) A (2 12, 112 G (2, 3)4
) G (2, 3)
C (2, 6)
6 3 4 1
Lesson 2-5
2 2 2 2
2. 2 5 7 5
3 3 3 3
Page A29
4 5 6 1
5 8 4 2
J(4, 5), K(5, 8), L(6, 4), M(1, 2)
1.
113 72
3(2) (11)(7)
83
L (4, 7) y
L(6, 4)
8
M (1, 5)
2. 3
7 2
5
3(2) (7)(5)
4 29
M (1, 2) 5
8 4 O 4 8x
3.
1
0
2 6
1
5(6) 2 (0)
4 J (6, 2)
K (3, 5) 30
J (4, 5)
8 1
0 2
K (5, 8) 4. 3 1 2
5 1 3
3. 1 0 5 3
0 5 3
0
0 1 2 8 4
2 8 4 1 1 2
1 3
0 3 2 2 3
5 3
1
5 1
8
3 2
5. 4 2 1
N (5, 2) 4 N (5, 2) 3 3 4
8 4
O
4 8x
1 2
3 4
134
1 2 4 2
3 4 3 3
4
6. 5 3 6
Lesson 2-6
2 5 2
4
3 6
5 2
0
5 6
2 2
(1)
5 3
2 5
Page A29
4(36) 0(22) 1(19) 1. y
163 (3, 7)
3 1 1 3 1
1
7.
1
2
1 1 2 5 1
2
5
3
1
5 5
1
(0, 1) (3, 1)
2
5
5
O x
54
1 0 1 4 0
8. 40 5 10 vertices: (3, 1), (0, 1), (3, 7)
5
10 0 10
4
1 0 f(x, y) 4x 3y
f(3, 1) 4(3) 3(1) or 15
101
8
1
f(0, 1) 4(0) 3(1) or 3 → minimum
4
f(3, 7) 4(3) 3(7) or 33 → maximum
43 65 2 43 65
1 1
9. 6
2. y
5
3 4 (4, 7)
2 3
3 5
2 2 (0, 3)
3 33
1
O x
1 5
33
2
33
1
vertices: (0, 3), (4, 7), (4, 2), (0, 2)
11 11
f(x, y) 2x y
f(0, 3) 2(0) 3 or 3 → minimum
11. 31 2
2
x
y
22
6 f(4, 7) 2(4) 7 or 1
2 2 1 2 2 f(4, 2) 2(4) 2 or 6 → maximum
1
1
3 2
1 3 8 1 3 f(0, 2) 2(0) 2 or 2
2
3. y
8 2 2
31 8 2 2
6
1 2 x 1 22
1 3 2 y 1 3 (1, 1)
x
y
4
5 O
(1, 1)
x
1 1 2 1 1 2
4 2
1
3 4 0 3 4
vertices: (1, 1), (1, 6), (1, 2), (1, 1)
3 1
f(x, y) x y
2
31 24 43 xy 31 24 6
1 1
10 10 f(1, 1) (1) 1 or 0 → minimum
1 7
f(1, 6) (1) (6) or 7 → maximum
xy 2
1 f(1, 2) 1 (2) or 1
(2, 1) f(1, 1) 1 (1) or 0 → minimum
x 4
13. 24 1
3
y
13
3 1 1 3 1
1
2 1
4 2 10 4 2
4 3
3 1
24 xy 10 3 1
134
1 1 1
1
0
4 2 3 4 2
5
xy
2
1
1
5
,
2
b2
2a2
1; yes
Lesson 3-3
7
2(b)2
yx (a)2 1
7
2b2 Page A30
a2 1; no
7 1. y 2. y
2(b)2
y x (a)2 1
7
2b2
a2 1; no y |x 4|
7
x-axis, y-axis
7. x 4y → a 4b
y x2 1
x-axis a 4(b)
a 4b; no O x O x
y-axis (a) 4b
a 4b; yes 3. y 4. y
yx (b) 4(a)
b 4a; no
y x (b) 4(a)
b 4a; no
O x
y-axis
y 2|x 1|
8. y 3x → b 3a
y
x2 O x
x-axis (b) 3a
b 3a; no
y-axis b 3(a) 5. y 6. y
b 3a; no
yx (a) 3(b) y (x 2)2 1
a 3b; no
y x (a) 3(b)
a 3b y |x | 2
a 3b; no
none of these O x O x
9. y
x2 1 → b
a2 1
7. Case 1 Case 2
x-axis (b)
a2 1
x 2 3 x 2 3
b
a2 1 (x 2) 3 x23
b
a2 1; yes x 2 3 x5
y-axis b
(a)21 x 1
b
a2 1; yes {x1 x 5}
yx (a)
(b)2 1 8. Case 1 Case 2
4x 2 18 4x 2 18
a
(b)2
1; no
(4x 2) 18 4x 2 18
y x (a)
(b)2
1 4x 2 18 4x 20
a
b2 1 4x 16 x5
a
b2 1; no x 4
x-axis, y-axis {xx 4 or x 5}
9. Case 1 Case 2
5 2x 9 5 2x 9
(5 2x) 9 5 2x 9
Lesson 3-2 5 2x 9 2x 4
2x 14 x 2
x 7
Page A30 {x2 x 7}
1. g(x) is a translation of f(x) up 2 units.
2. g(x) is the graph of f(x) expanded vertically by a
factor of 3.
3. g(x) is a translation of f(x) left 4 units and down
3 units.
(3x 4) 3x 0 (3x 4) 3x 0
6x 4 0 4 0; true 2x y
6x 4 y 2x
2 f 1(x) 2x; Yes, it is a function.
x 3 1
all real numbers 9. f(x)
x4
1
y
x4
1
x
y4
Lesson 3-4 1
y 4 x
1
y x 4
Page A30 1
f 1(x) x 4; Yes, it is a function.
1. f (x ) 2. f (x ) 10. f(x) x2 8x 2
f 1(x ) y x2 8x 2
f (x )
f (x ) x y2 8y 2
f 1(x ) x 2 y2 8y
O x x 2 16 (y 4)2
x 18 y 4
O x 4
x 18 y
f 1(x) 4
x; 18 No, it is not a function.
3. 11. f(x) x3 4
f(x )
y x3 4
x y3 4
f 1(x ) x 4 y3
3
x4y
f 1(x) ;
3
x x 4 Yes, it is a function.
O 3
f (x ) 12. f(x)
(x 1)2
3
y
(x 1)2
3
x
(y 1)2
4. f(x) 4x 5
3
y 4x 5 (y 1)2 x
x 4y 5
3
y 1
x
x 5 4y
y 1
x
x5 3
y 4
f 1(x) 1
x; No, it is not a function.
x5 3
f 1(x) 4; Yes, it is a function.
5. f(x) 2x 2
y 2x 2
x 2y 2
x 2 2y
x2
y
2
x2
f 1(x)
2 ; Yes, it is a function.
as x → , y → 3; y 3
2x2
2. x 3 y
x3 Lesson 4-1
2x2
x2
y ——
x 3
Page A32
x2 x2
2 1. yes; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
y
1 3
f(2) (2)3 7(2)2 2(2) 40
x x2
8 28 4 40
no horizontal 0
asymptotes since as
2. no; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x → , y is undefined
x5 x5
f(1) (1)3 7(1)2 2(1) 40
3. h(x)
x2 6x 5 y
x2 6x 5 1 7 2 40
x5
x 5
36
(x 5)(x 1) x2 x2
y ——
x2
3. no; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x 5, x 1
6x 5
f(2) (2)3 7(2)2 2(2) 40
x2 x2 x2
1
5 8 28 4 40
x x2 24
y ——
6 5
1 4. yes; f(x) x3 7x2 2x 40
x x2
as x → , y → 0; y 0 f(5) (5)3 7(5)2 2(5) 40
125 175 10 40
0
(x 1.5)(x2 1) 0 2
x3 1.5x2 x 1.5 0; odd; 3 x 92 77
4
8. (x (2))(x (i))(x i) 0 9
77
x 2
2
(x 2)(x i)(x i) 0 9 77
(x 2)(x2 1) 0 x 2
2
x 2x2 x 2 0; odd; 1
3
7. b2 4ac (3)2 4(4)(7) or 121; 2 real
9. (x (3i))(x 3i)(x (i))(x i) 0 x
(3)
121
(x 3i)(x 3i)(x i)(x i) 0 2(4)
3
11
(x2 9)(x2 1) 0 x 8
x4 10x2 9 0; even; 0 7
x 4 or x 1
10. (x (1))(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 0
(x 1)(x 1)(x 2)(x 3) 0 8. b2 4ac (2)2 4(1)(10) or 44; 2 real
2
44
(x2 1)(x2 5x 6) 0 w
2(1)
x 5x3 5x2 5x 6 0; even; 4
4
w 1
11
9. b2 4ac (5)2 4(12)(6) or 263; 2 imaginary
(5)
263
t
2(12)
Lesson 4-2 5
i 263
t 24
10. b2 4ac (6)2 4(1)(13) or 88; 2 real
Page A32 6
88
1. x2 4x 5 0 x
2(1)
x2 4x 5 x 3
22
x2 4x 4 5 4 11. b2 4ac (4)2 4(4)(1) or 0; 1 real
(x 2)2 9 (4)
0
x 2
3 n
2(4)
x23 x 2 3 1
n 2
x5 x 1
12. b2 4ac (6)2 4(4)(15) or 276; 2 real
2. x2 6x 8 0 6
276
x2 6x 8 x
2(4)
x2 6x 9 8 9 6
2 69
x 8
(x 3)2 1
3
69
x 3
1 x 4
x31 x 3 1
x 2 x 4
3. m2 3m 2 0
m2 3m 2 Lesson 4-3
9 9
m2 3m 4 2
4
3 2
m 2
17
4 Page A32
3 17 1. 2 1 10 8
m 2
2 2 16
3 17
m
2 2 1 8 8
4. 2a2 8a 6 0 x 8, R8
a2 4a 3 0 2. 1 1 3 4 1
a2 4a 3 1 2 2
a 4a 4 3 4
2 1 2 2 1
(a 2)2 7 x2 2x 2, R1
a 2
7 3. 1 1 0 3 5
a 2
7 1 1 2
1 1 2 3
x2 x 2, R3
5. f(x) x2 2x 8 r 1 1 0 2
f(4) (4)2 2(4) 8
1 1 2 2 0
16 8 8
0; yes 1 1 0 0 2
6. f(x) x3 12 2 1 3 6 10
f(1) (1)3 12 2 1 1 2 6
1 12 or 13; no rational root: 1
7. f(x) 4x3 2x2 6x 1 4. p:
1,
2,
4,
8
f(1) 4(1)3 2(1)2 6(1) 1 q:
1,
2,
3,
6
4 2 6 1 p 1 1 2 4 8 1
7; no
:
q
1,
2,
4,
8,
2,
3,
3,
3,
3,
6
8. f(x) x4 4x2 16
r 6 1 22 4 8
f(4) (4)4 4(4)2 16
256 64 16 1 6 7 29 33 25
208; no 1 6 5 27 23 15
2
3 6 3 24 12 0
Lesson 4-4 1
2 6 4 24 16 0
2 1
Page A32 rational roots: 3, 2
1. p:
1,
2,
3,
6 5. 2 or 0 positive
q:
1 f(x) x3 4x2 x 4
p
:
q
1,
2,
3,
6 1 negative
r 1 4 1 4
r 1 2 5 6
1 1 5 4 0
1 1 3 2 8
1 1 1 6 0 x2 5x 4 0
2 1 4 3 0 (x 4)(x 1) 0
2 1 0 5 16 x 4, x 1
rational zeros: 1, 1, 4
3 1 5 10 24
6. 2 or 0 positive
3 1 1 2 0
f(x) x4 x3 3x2 5x 10
rational roots: 3, 1, 2 2 or 0 negative
2. p:
1 r 1 1 3 5 10
q:
1,
2 1 1 2 5 0 10
p 1
:
q
1,
2
10 1 9 93 935 9360
r 2 1 2 3 1
1 2 1 3 0 1 rational zeros: none
1 2 3 5 8 9 7. 2 or 0 positive
1 f(x) 4x3 7x 3
2 2 0 2 2 0 1 negative
1 9 13
2 2 2 3 2
4
r 4 0 7 3
3
1 2 4 6 2 0
rational root: 2
4x2 6x 2 0
(4x 2)(x 1) 0
1
x 2, x 1
3 1
rational zeros: 2, 2, 1
3
2
2 2 1
4. 2
2t t2
4 1
2
t2 t2
1 and 0, 2 and 3 2(t 2) 4 1
2. 2t 4 3
r 1 0 0 5
2t 7
2 1 2 4 13 t 3.5
1 1 1 1 6 5.
1 4
1
3w 5w 15
0 1 0 0 5
5 12 w
1 1 4
2
1
1 2
1
4 3
17 w; w
0
1 4 ? 1
3(1) 5(1)
Test w 1:
15
1 and 2 1
3 5
4 ? 1
15
3. 17 ? 1
r 1 0 1 4 2 1 1
5 5; true
2 2 3 2 6
1
Test w 1:
1
3(1)
1 ? 1
5(1) 15
1 1 1 0 4 2
0 1 0 1 4 2 1
3
1 ? 1
5
15
8 ? 1
1 1 1 0 4 6 ; false
15 15
2 1 2 3 10 22 1 1 ? 1
Test w 18:
3(18) 5(18) 15
2 and 1, 1 and 0 1
1 ? 1
54 90 15
4-6. Use the TABLE feature of a graphing calculator. 4 ? 1
; true
4. 0.3, 1.3 135 15
Lesson 5-1
Page A34
1. 13.75° 13° (0.75 60)
13° 45
13° 45
Page A34
y
Lesson 5-2 1. tan v x
Since tan v 0, y 0.
x x
Page A34 cot v y 0
1 cot v is undefined.
1. cot v
tan v
1
2. Sample answers: 90°, 270°
6
cot v —
5 or 5 x
cos v r
6
Since cos v 0, x 0.
On the unit circle, x 0 when v 90° or v 270°.
5
y x 19 cos 87° a
sin v r cos v r 1.0 a
2 2
5 1 5
a
sin v or cos v or 3. cos B c
5 5 5 5
y r 16.5
tan v x csc v
y cos 65.4° c
2 5
16.5
tan v 1
or 2 csc v 2 c
cos 65.4°
r x
sec v x cot v c 39.6
y
b
5 1 1 4. tan B a
sec v 1
or 5
cot v or
2 2
12
4. r x2 y2 tan 42.5° a
12
(2)2
(2)2 a
tan 42.5°
22 a 13.1
y x
sin v r cos v r 5. sin B c
b
2 2
2
2
sin v or cos v or sin 75°
b
22 2 2 2 2 5.8
y r
tan v x csc v
y 5.8 sin 75° b
2 22 5.6 b 20 feet
tan v 2 or 1
csc v or 2
2
20 b
r
sec v x cot v
x
6. tan 48° x
y
20 b 48˚ b
sec v
22 2 x
2 or 2 cot v
or 1 tan 48°
2
b 42˚
5. r
x2 y2 tan 42° x
x
(5)2 (2)2 tan 42° ––
b
20 b
29
tan 48°
y
sin v r
x
cos v r 20 tan 42° b tan 42° b tan 48°
2
229 5
529
20 tan 42° b(tan 48° tan 42°)
sin v 29
or cos v 29
or 20 tan 42°
29 29
y r (tan 48° tan 42°) b
tan v x csc v y
2 29
85.7 b; 85.7 ft
tan v 5 csc v 2
r x
sec v x cot v y
29 5
sec v 5 cot v 2 Lesson 5-5
6. r
x2 y2
(4)2
(3)2 Page A35
5 3 3
y x
1. Let A arcsin 4. Then sin A 4.
sin v r cos v
r 3 3
3 4
sin arcsin 4 4
sin v 5 cos v
5 1 1
y r 2. Let A cos1 2. Then cos A 2.
tan v x csc v y 1
3 5 sec A
cos A
tan v
4 csc v
3 1
r x sec A
1
or 2
sec v
x cot v
y
2
sec v 4
5
cot v 3
4
sec cos
3. Let A tan1
1. Then tan A 1.
tan(tan1 1) 1
a b
Lesson 5-4 4. tan A b 5. sin B c
38 17
tan A 2
5 sin B 1
9
38 17
Page A34 A tan1 25 B sin1 1
9
a
1. tan A b A 56.7° B 63.5°
a
tan 38°
15
15 tan 38° a
11.7 a
A tan1
28.4 K 65.5 units2
36.5
A 37.9°
Lesson 5-7
Lesson 5-6
Page A35
1. Since 145° 90°, consider Case II.
Page A35 5 10; no solution
1. C 180° (75° 50°) or 55°
2. Since 25° 90°, consider Case I.
a b a c
sin A
sin B
sin A
sin C b sin A 10 sin 25°
7 7 c 4.226182617
b sin 50°
sin 75° sin 75° sin 55° 9 4.226182617; 2 solutions
7 sin 50° 7 sin 55° a b
b
sin 75° c
sin 75°
sin A sin B
6 10
b 5.551472956 c 5.936340197
sin 25° sin B
C 55°, b 5.6, c 5.9
6 sin B 10 sin 25°
2. B 180° (97° 42°) or 41°
6
10 sin 25°
c b c a B sin1
sin C
sin B
sin C sin A
12 b 12 a
B 44.77816685
sin 42°
sin 41°
sin 42° sin 97° B 180° 44.8° or 135.2°
b
12 sin 41° 12 sin 97°
a Solution 1
sin 42° sin 42°
C 180° (25° 44.8°) or 110.2°
b 11.76557801 a 17.80004338 a c
B 41°, a 17.8, b 11.8
sin A
sin C
6 c
3. A 180° (49° 32°) or 99°
sin 25°
sin 110.2°
a b a c 6 sin 110.2°
sin A
sin B
sin A sin C c
sin 2 5°
10 b 10 c
sin 99°
sin 49°
sin 99° sin 32° c 13.32398206
10 sin 49° 10 sin 32° B 44.8°, C 110.2°, c 13.3
b
sin 99° c
sin 99° Solution 2
b 7.641171301 c 5.365247745 C 180° (25° 135.2°) or 19.8°
A 99°, b 7.6, c 5.4 a c
sin A
sin C
4. B 180° (22° 41°) or 117° 6 c
b a b c
sin B
sin A
sin B sin C
sin 25° sin 19.8°
6 sin 19.8°
25 a 25 c c
sin 117°
sin 22°
sin 117° sin 41°
sin 25°
b 15
b
14 sin 48°
sin 85° sin 50° A sin1
15 sin 85°
b
sin 50° A 50.31729382
b 19.50659731 C 180° (50.3° 48°) or 81.7°
C 50°, a 13.8, b 19.5 b 13.5, A 50.3°, C 81.7°
4. c2 a2 b2 2ab cos C
c2 (14.2)2 (24.5)2 2(14.2)(24.5) cos 85.3°
c2 744.8771857
Lesson 5-8 c 27.29243825
a c
sin A sin C
14.2 c
Page A35
sin A
sin 85.3°
1. a2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A sin A c
14.2 sin 85.3°
y y
y sin(2 )
2 1
y 2 cos
1
O 2 3 O 2 3
1
2 1
2 c 2
2. 3 3;
0.5 4
2. k 1 or 2
y y
y 2 cos( 2)
3 y 3 sin 0.5 2
2
1
O 2 3 O 2 3
1
2
2
3
2
3.
12
12; 1 8
c
2
4 3. k 1 or
2
y
y
1
y 12 cos 4 1 y sin (2 2 )
O 2 4 6 8
O 2 3
1 1
2
4. A 0.5
k 6 2 c
2 1
4. A 2
k 2 1 h 1
A
0.5 k or
6 3 A
2 2 or 1 c
v k
y
0.5 sin 3
2
2
5. A 2 y
2 sin (v ) 1
k 3
2 c
A
2 2 5. A 0.5
k 4 8 0 h3
k or 6
2
3 A
0.5 k
4 or 8 c0
y
2 sin 6v y
0.5 sin 8v 3
2 2 c
6. A
3
5
k 4 6. A 20
k 2 4 2 h4
3
A
5 k
2
1
A
20 2 or 4 c 8
4 or 2 k
3 v 2
y
5 cos 2
y
20 cos (4v 8) 4
2
7. A 0.25
k 8 3 2 c 1
2 7. A 4
k 10
0
h 2
A
0.25 k
8 or
4 5
3 2
A
4 k 10 or 5 c0
y
0.25 cos 4 v
3 1
y
4 cos
5 v
2
O 2 3
4
Lesson 7-1
8
Page A38
1
2. y 1. csc v
sin v
1
4
21 co
s v
1
y sec 2
2
1 2
1 4
1
O 2 3
15
16
1
3. y
15
4
4
2 4
15
15
15
y csc(2 2)
4
15
O 2 3
15
2 1
2. tan v
4
cot v
1
6
3
3 6
Lesson 6-8 6 6
6
2
13
13
Page A37 3. cos cos 6 2
6
1. Let v Cos1 0. 2. Let v Arcsin 0.
cos 6
Cos v 0 Sin v 0 sin (315°)
v 2
4. tan (315°)
v0 cos (315°)
sin (45° (360°))
3. Let v Tan1 1. cos(Tan1 1) cos 4 cos (45° (360°))
sin
45°
2
2
Tan v 1 cos 45°
tan 45°
v 4
1
cos x 1
sin 30°
6. Sample answer: cot x 2
csc 30° 2 tan x sin x 2 cos x csc x
sin v
cos x sin x cos x sin x
tanv sin x
1
6.
sin v
c
osv 2
sin v sin x cos x
2 2
2 sin x
1
1
cos v
cos x
2 cos x sin x
1 1
sec v
cos v sin v 1 cos x
7. cot v tan v sin v sec v sin v
sin v cos v cos v 2
sin x
sin v
1 2 cot x
cos v
1 tan v
8. (1 sin x)(1 sin x) 1 sin2 x
cos2 x Lesson 7-3
cos
x
sin x
cot x
sin x sin x
9.
csc x cos x 1
cos x
sin x Page A38
cos x
1. cos 75° cos (45° 30°)
cos
x cos 45° cos 30° sin 45° sin 30°
sin x
2
3
2
1
sin x 2 2 2 2
6 2
4
2. sin 105° sin (60° 45°)
Lesson 7-2 sin 60° sin 45° cos 60° cos 45°
3 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
6 2
Page A38 4
1. csc2 v cot2 v sin v csc v 3. tan 12 tan 4 6
1
csc2 v cot2 v sin v
sin v
p
tan 4 tan 6
csc2 v cot2 v 1
csc2 v csc2 v 1 tan tan
4 6
sec v csc v
3
2.
csc v sec v sin v cos v 1 3
sec v csc v
csc v sec v csc v sec v sin v cos v 1 1 3
3
1 1
3
3
sin v cos v 1 3 1 3
csc v sec v
sin v cos v sin v cos v 1 3
3
3
1 3
3. sin2 x cos2 x sec2 x tan2 x
2 3
1 tan2 x 1 tan2 x 7
11 4. tan
12 tan 3 4
4. sec A cos A tan A sin A tan tan
3 4
1
cos A tan A sin A
cos A 1 tan tan
1 cos2 A 3 4
tan A sin A 3
cos A cos A 1
1
1 cos2 A
tan A sin A
cos A
3
sin2 A 1 1 1
cos A tan A sin A 31 1 3
sin A
sin A
cos A tan A sin A
2 3
tan A sin A tan A sin A
1
1
2 2 3 2
7. sin x cos y 28085
483315
5 4
179
21
25
7
16
21 7
5 4 Lesson 7-4
sin (x y) sin x cos y cos x sin y
21
7
2 3
5 4 5 4
Page A39
6 73
30°
20 1. sin 15° sin 2
8.
122
122
52 119
sin x
1
19
112 23
sin y
23
1 cos 30°
2
12 12 3
1
cos (x y) cos x cos y sin x sin y 2
5 11 1
19
23
2
2 12 12 12
1
2 3
55 2737
2
144
2 3
Since 15° is in Quadrant I, sin 15° 2.
150°
2. cos 75° cos 2
1 cos 150°
2
3
1
2
2
2 3
2
2 3
Since 75° is in Quadrant I, cos 75° 2.
277
1 cos ——
35 2
6
125
1 cos —6— 49
1
3 cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 2 2 5 2
7 7
3
3
1 41
2
4
9
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
tan 2v
2 tan v
1 tan2 v
2 2
or 2 3
(2 3
)2
35
1
1 2
35 2
Since 12 is in Quadrant I, tan 12 2 3
.
45° 12
5
4. cos 22.5° cos 2 4
1
1 cos 45° 5
2
25
8.
32 22 5
; cos v 3, tan v 5
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
2
2 3 3
2 5
1 2
45
2 9
2 2
cos 2v cos2 v sin2 v
2 2 2 2
3 3
5
2
2
Since 22.5° is in Quadrant I, cos 22.5° . 1
2 9
5
2 tan v
5 6 tan 2v
5. sin 12 sin —
2
1 tan2 v
2 5
25
5
1 cos 6
1 5
25 2
2
45
3
1 2 3
10
10
9.
(3)2
(1)2 10
; sin v 10; cos v 1
2 0
sin 2v 2 sin v cos v
2 3
2 10 10
310 10
2
5 5p
2 3
3
2 is in Quadrant I, sin 12
Since 1 5
.
2
1 cos 225°
1 cos 225°
4
5
2
1 2 tan v
2
tan 2v
1 tan2 v
2
1 2 2 ( 3)
1 ( 3)2
2 2
2 2
3
4
2 2
2 2
or 1 2
(2 2
2
)2
5
tan f 2
Page A39
f Arctan 2 180°
5
1. 4 cos2 x 2 0
f 248°
1
cos2 x 2 5.
A2
B2
12 (
1)2 2
2 x y 2
cos x
2
2
2
0
2
x 45°, 135°, 225°, 315° 2 2
x
2
2 y 2
0
2. sin2 x csc x 1 0
1
p 2
sin2 x
sin x 1 0
2
2
sin f 2, cos f 2
sin x 1
x 90° tan f 1
3. cos x 2 cos x
3 f Arctan (1) 360°
cos x f 315°
3 sin x 2 cos x
cos x
6.
A2
B2
22 32 13
3 sin x 2 cos x 0
2 3 12
13
x y 0
13
13
cos x 2 0
3
213
313 1213
sin x x y 0
3 13 13 13
cos x 0 or 20 1213
sin x
p 13
3
x 90°, 270° 2 313
213
sin x
sin f 13, cos f 13
3
sin x 3
2
tan f 2
x 60°, 120° 3
4. 3 cos2 x 6 cos x 3 f Arctan 2
3 cos2 x 6 cos x 3 0 f 56°
3(cos2 x 2 cos x 1) 0
3(cos x 1)(cos x 1) 0
cos x 1 0
cos x 1
x 0°
2 2 (
3)2 13
1, 5
813 u
13 AB 12 (5)2
5. (0, 1) 26
u
0 2(1) 4
d 2 2. AB 2 (1), 2 3
2 1
2 1, 1
6 u
5
AB (1)2 (1)2
6
5
65 2
5; d 5 u
3. AB 1 0, 8 (4)
6. (0, 3) 1, 4
3(3) 2(0) 7 u
d AB (1)2 (4)2
2 2 3
(2)
2 17
u
13
4. AB 3 1, 9 10
2
13 2, 19
13 u
AB 22 (19)2
7. (2, 1) 365
2(2) 5(1) 4 u
d 2 5. AB 3 (6), 6 0
2
2 5
5 3, 6
u
29 AB 32 (6)2
0.9; d 0.9 unit 45
35
u
6. AB 0 4, 7 (5)
4, 12
Lesson 8-1 u
AB (4)2 122
160
410
Page A40
7. 5, 6
52 62
1. 2. 61
u 6ju
5i
1.7 cm
2.1 cm 8. 2, 4
(2)2 42
70˚
104˚ 20
25
u 4ju
2i
3. 330˚
9. 10, 5
(10)2 (
5)2
125
55
3.6 cm u 5ju
10i
10. 2.5, 6
(2.5)2
62
4. 3.6 cm; 89° 5. 2.6 cm; 23° 42.25
6.5
6. 3.7 cm; 357° 7. 1.2 cm; 342° u 6j
2.5i u
8. 7.2 cm; 330° 9. 8.8 cm; 340°
i k
40
3 0 4
210
1 5 2
u 6j
u u 10j
u 15k
u
2i 20i
12. 15, 12
(15)
2 (
12)2 20, 10, 15
369
20, 10, 15
3, 0, 4
20 3 (10) 0
341 15 4
u 12j
u
15i 0; yes
20, 10, 15
1, 5, 2
20 (1) (10)
5 15 2
0; yes
Lesson 8-3 9. 1, 1, 0
2, 1, 3
u uj u
i k
1 1 0
Page A40 2 1 3
u 3ju 3ku
1. u
p 2 1, 2, 1
3(4, 3, 0
3i
2, 4, 2
12, 9, 0
3, 3, 3
10, 5, 2
3, 3, 3
1, 1, 0
3 (1) 3 1 1 (3) 0
u 1 0; yes
2. p 1, 2, 1
2, 2, 4
4, 3, 0
2 3, 3, 3
(2, 1, 3
3 2 3 1 (3) 3
1, 2, 1
1, 1, 2
4, 3, 0
0; yes
2, 2, 3
6 1 2
0, 7, 8
u 10ju 19k u
u 3 4, 3, 0
2 1, 2, 1
8i
4. p 4 8, 10, 19
3, 4, 0
2, 4, 2
9
8, 10, 19
1, 3, 2
8 (1) 10 (3) 19 2
0; yes
1, 14, 2
3
8, 10, 19
6, 1, 2
8 6 10 (1) 19 (2)
5. 2, 4, 1
5, 4, 3
u
v 0, 0, 0
0; yes
7, 0, 4
u
v 0, 0, 0
u
v 0 7, 0 0, 0 4
u
v 7, 0, 4
Lesson 8-5
k u
4. r 902 1102
1 0 3 u 142.13 N
r
1 1 2 90 N
u u
3i j u
k
3, 1, 1
3, 1, 1
(1, 0, 3
3 1 1 0 1 3 110 N
0; yes
3, 1, 1
1, 1, 2
3 1 1 1 1 2
0; yes
x2t y30
x2t y3 Lesson 8-8
2. x (1), y (4)
t 5, 2
x 1, y 4
t 5, 2
x 1 5t y 4 2t Page A41
x 1 5t y 4 2t 1. The figure is 4 times the original size and
3. x (3), y 6
t 2, 4
reflected over the xy-plane.
x 3, y 6
t 2, 4
2. The figure is half the original size.
x 3 2t y 6 4t 3. The figure is 1.5 times the original size and
x 3 2t y 6 4t reflected over the yz-plane.
4. x 3, y 0
t 0, 1
x30 y 0 t
x3 y t
5. x 3t →
x
t 3 Lesson 9-1
y2t → ty2
x
y2
3
Page A42
1 1. 90˚ 2.
y x
3 2 120˚ 60˚ 2 2
K 3 3
x1
6. x 1 2t → t
2 150˚ 30˚ 5
6 6
y
y 4t → t
4 180˚ M
0˚ 0
y x 1 1 2 3 4
4
2
2
1 2 3 4
210˚ 330˚
y 2x 2 7 11
x 10 6 6
240˚ 300˚
7. x 3t 10 → t
3 270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
yt1 → ty1 2
1 10
y 1 3x 3 3. 120˚
90˚
60˚
4. 2 2
1 7 3 3
y x
3
3 150˚ N 30˚ 5
6 6
180˚ 0˚ 0
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
Lesson 8-7 210˚ 330˚ 7
P
11
6 6
240˚ 300˚
270˚ 4 5
3 3 3
Page A41 2
1. vy 70 sin 34° 5. 2 2 6.
120˚
90˚
60˚
39.14 yd/s 70 yd/s
3 3
5
vx 70 cos 34° 6 6
150˚ 30˚
58.03 yd/s 34˚
u
2a. x t v cos v
0 180˚
1 2 3 4
0˚
1 2 3 4
75t cos 25°
210˚ 330˚
u 1 7 11
y t v sin v 2gt2 h 6 6
240˚ 300˚
1 4 5 270˚
75t sin 25° 2(32)t2 5 3 3 3
2
5 75t sin 25° 16t2
7. 2 2 8. 2
2b. y 0 when t ? 3 3 3
2
3
75 sin 25°
(75 si
n 25°)
2 4( )
16)(5 5 5
t 6 6
2(16) 6 6
t 0
0
0.1468595989 or t 2.127882701 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
t 2.13 s
x 75t cos 25° 7
6
11
6
7 11
6 6
75(2.13) cos 25° 4 5 4 5
3
145 ft 3
2
3 3 3
2
3
5 5
3
2 or 2.5 2 or about 4.33
Lesson 9-2 (2.5, 4.33)
7. x 2 8. y 6
Page A42 r cos v 2 r sin v 6
2 6
1. 90˚ 2. r
cos v r
sin v
120˚ 60˚ 2 2
3 3 r 2 sec v r 6 csc v
5
150˚ 30˚
6 6 9. x y 36
2 2
(r cos v)2 (r sin v)2 36
180˚
1 2 3 4
0˚
0 r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 36
5 10 15 20
r2 36
210˚ 330˚
7 11 r 6 or r 6
6 6
240˚ 300˚
4 5
10. x2 y2 3y
270˚
3 3 3 (r cos v) (r sin v)2 3r sin v
2
2
r2 (cos2 v sin2 v) 3r sin v
circle spiral of Archimedes r2 3r sin v
3. 90˚ 4. Sample answer: r 3 sin v
120˚ 60˚
r sin 5v 11. r 4 12. r 4 cos v
150˚ 30˚ r2 16 r2 4r cos v
x2 y 2 16 x2 y2 4x
180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4
210˚ 330˚
240˚ 300˚
Lesson 9-4
270˚
cardioid
Page A42
1.
A2
B2
62 (
5)2
61
Lesson 9-3 6 5 6
x y 0
61
61
61
6 5
661
cos f , sin f , p
Page A42 61
61
61
1
v Arctan 1 2 f Arctan 6 180°
5
1. r
12 (
1)2
7
2 140°
4
7
2,
661
r cos (v 140°)
4 61
Page A43
180˚ 0˚
1 2 3 4 1. 4x 6yi 14 12i
4x 14 6y 12
210˚ 330˚ 14 12
x
4 y 6
240˚ 300˚
270˚
x 3.5 y 2
2. i 3. i
Lesson 9-5 O
(4, 1)
O
Page A43 (0, 5)
3 4
1. i10 (i4) i2 2. i17 (i4) i
1 3 (1) 14 i
1 i
3. i1000 (i4)250 4. i12 i4 (i4)3 (i4)1 z
42 12 z
02 (
5)2
1250 13 11 17
25
or 5
1 2
4. i z
22 ( )2
3
5. (4 i) (3 5i) (4 (3)) (i 5i) 7
1 4i
6. (6 6i) (2 4i) (6 (2)) (6i (4i))
4 2i
O
7. (3 i)(5 3i) 15 4i 3i2 (2, 3)
18 4i
8. (2 5i)2 (2 5i)(2 5i)
4 20i 25i2
v Arctan 4
4
21 20i 5. r
42 42
9. (1 2i)(3 8 i) 3 8i 32i 16
i2 32
or 42
4
3 22 i 32i 4i2
cos
4 4i 42 i sin 4
7 2i 4
v Arctan
2
1
4i
4i 1i 6. r
(2)2
12
1i 1i
10.
1i
4 5i i2 5
2.68
1 i2 2 i 5
(cos 2.68 i sin 2.68)
3 5i
v Arctan 4 2
2
2 7. r 42 (
2 )2
3
2 2i
5 18
or 32 5.94
6 2i 6 2i 2 i
4 2 i 32 (cos 5.94 i sin 5.94)
11.
2 i
2 i 2 i
8a. 5(cos 0.9 i sin 0.9) 3.11 3.92j
12 10i 2i2 8(cos 0.4 j sin 0.4) 7.37 3.12j
4 i2
10 10i 8b. (3.11 3.92j) (7.37 3.12j)
5 (3.11 7.37) (3.92j 3.12j)
2 2i 10.48 7.04j ohms
(i 2)2 i2 4i 4
v Arctan 10.48
7.04
12. 8c. r (10.48
)2 (7
.04)2
4 2i 4 2i
3 4i 4 2i 12.63 0.59
4 2i 4 2i
10.48 7.04j 12.63 (cos 0.59 j sin 0.59) ohms
12 22i 8i2
16 4i2
4 22i
20
1 11 Lesson 9-7
5
10 i
Page A43
1. r 6 4 or 24 v 2 4
3
4
3 3
24cos 4 i sin 4 24 2 i2
2
2
122
122
i
2
3 202
1 d 1025
3 cos 12 i sin 12
2 d 541
or about 32 ft
1.08 0.29i
4. r
(1)2
02 v
1
Lesson 10-2
1
1cos 5 i sin 5 Page A44
0.81 0.59i 1. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2
[x (2)]2 (y 2)2 2
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 2
y
Lesson 10-1
(x 2)2 (y 2)2 2
Page A44
1. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
d
(4 (
2))2
(5
2)2 O x
d
62 32
d 45
or 35
x1 x2 y1 y2
2 4 2 5
2. (x h)2 (y k)2 r2
2, 2 2
,
2 (x 0)2 (y (4))2 42
(1, 3.5) x2 (y 4)2 16
y
2. d
(x2
x1)2
(y2
y1)2
O x
d
(8 (
3))2
(1
6)2
d
112
(7)2 x 2 (y 4)2 16
d 170
x1 x2 y1 y2
3 8 6 (1)
2, 2 2
,
2
(2.5, 2.5)
8 Lesson 10-3
4. x2 6x 8y 18 0
y2
(x2 6x 9) (y2 8y 16) 18 9 16 Page A44
(x 3)2 (y 4)2 7
1. center: (h, k) (0, 0)
2 2 y 10
(x 3) (y 4) 7 a 2 or 5
6
b 2 or 3
(x h)2 (y k)2
a2
b
2 1
(x 0)2 (y 0)2
52
3
2 1
O x x2 y2
25 9 1
c2 a2 b2
5. x2 y2 Dx Ey F 0
c2 25 9
22 (2)2 2D 2E F 0
c2 16
→ 2D 2E F 8
c4
02 (4)2 0(D) 4E F 0
foci: (4, 0)
→ 4E F 16
(2)2 (2)2 2D 2E F 0 2. center: (h, k) (2, 1)
8
→ 2D 2E F 8 a 2 or 4
2D 2E F 8 2(2 0 2E F ) 2(8) 4
b 2 or 2
2D 2E F 8 4E F ) 16
(y k)2 (x h)2
4D 0 F0
a2
b 2 1
D0 (y 1)2 [x (2)]2
42
22
1
4E (0) 16 (y 1)2 (x 2)2
4E 16 1
16 4
E4 c a2 b2
2
x2 y2 4y 0 center: (0, 2) c2 16 4
x2 (y2 4y 4) 0 4 radius: 2 c2 12
x2 (y 2)2 4 c 12 or 23
6. x y2 Dx Ey F 0
2
foci: (2, 1 23 )
(1)2 32 D 3E F 0 3. The major axis contains the foci and it is located
→ D 3E F 10 on the x-axis. y
(4)2 62 4D 6E F 0 center: (h, k) (4, 1)
→ 4D 6E F 52 8 (x 4)2 (y 1)2
c2 a2 b2 1
64 16
(7)2 32 7D 3E F 0 c2 64 16 4
→ 7D 3E F 58 c2 80
2(D 3E F ) 2(10) 4D 6E F ) 2(52 c 80 or 45 4 O 4 8 12x
4D 6E F ) 2(52 2(7D 3E F ) 2(58)
4
2D F ) 2(32 10D F ) 2(64
2D F 32 (8) 3E F 10
10D F 64 4(8) 6E F 52 foci: (h c, k) (4 45, 1)
12D 96 24) 3E 42 major axis vertices: (h a, k) (4 8, 1)
D8 3E 18 (12, 1) and (4, 1)
E 6 minor axis vertices: (h, k b) (4, 1 4)
(8) 3(6) F 10 (4, 5) and (4, 3)
26 F 10
F 16
x2 y2 8x 6y 16 0
(x2 8x 16) (y2 6y 9) 16 16 9
(x 4)2 (y 3)2 9
center: (4, 3)
radius: 3
8 4 O 4 8x O x
4 xy 16
8
x2 y2 8x 2y 13 0 y cos 90°)2 64
(x 8x 16) (y2 2y 1) 13 16 1
2 4(0 y)2 25(x 0)2 64
(x 4)2 (y 1)2 4 4(y)2 25(x)2 64 0
2
2. A 1, C 4; since A and C have different 5. B 4AC 22
2 4(1)(2)
signs, the conic is a hyperbola. 8 8 or 0
x2 4y2 10x 16y 5 parabola
(x 10x 25) 4(y2 4y 4) 5 25 16
2
tan 2v
B
AC
(x 5)2 4(y 2)2 4
(x 5)2 (y 2)2 22
1 1 tan 2v
12
4
3. A 0, C 1; since A 0, the conic is a parabola. tan 2v 22
y2 5x 6y 9 0 2v 70.52877937°
(y2 6y 9) 5x 9 9 v 35, 35°
(y 3)2 5x 6. B2 4AC 52 4(15)(5)
4. A 1, C 2; since A and C have the same sign 25 300 or 275
x2 2y2 2x 8y 15 Since 275 0 and A C, the graph is an ellipse.
(x2 2x 1) 2(y2 4y 4) 15 1 8 tan 2v
B
AC
(x 1)2 2(y 2)2 24 5
(x 1)2 (y 2)2 tan 2v
24 12 1 15 5