Political Science

Power And (Minor)

Authority (Anarchy)

Submitted To : Submitted By:

Dr.Saurav Sarmah Abhay Singh
(18139)
Group Number-13

Rajiv Gandhi National University Of Law

,Punjab

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SERIAL NUMBER TITLE PAGE

01 INTRODUCTION 03

02 THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF 06

ANARCHY

03 CASE STUDY 08

04 CONCLUSION 12

2
 1.INTRODUCTION

1.1.Method-This Project on power and authority has been based on research method
of case studies. Case studies typically involve the distinct have a look at of a specific
”

case (a person or small organization). Diverse strategies of information collection and

evaluation are used but this commonly includes statement and interviews and may
involve consulting other human beings and personal or public information. The
researchers may be interested in a selected phenomenon (e.G. Coping with a analysis
or a move into residential care) and select one or greater people inside the respective
state of affairs on whom to base their case have a look at/studies. Case research have a
very slender cognizance which leads to particular descriptive statistics that is precise
to the case(s) studied. Nonetheless, it could be beneficial in medical settings and can
even challenge present theories and practices in different domain names. ”1

“ Talking about anarchy let’s first understand and define anarchy first , Anarchy is the
condition of a society, entity, group of people, or individual that rejects hierarchy and
promotes self-governing. Anarchism is a political philosophy that eschews the notion
of a state and its authority. ”2

The Subtopic of this project anarchy is a component of the main topic i.e. Power and
authority , The Reason why I have opted out for this topic is that anarchy is an
extremely rare type of government. After Researching for many days only one proper
example of the state of Somalia is found . Anarchy if very different from any other
kind of power of authority body .

Now lets introduce the state of somalia and anarchism within it ,”Somalia is the only
country in the world where there is no government. Seventeenth century philosopher
Thomas Hobbes wrote that "life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short", if there is
no central authority. Few Somalis have probably heard of Hobbes but most would
agree with his description - except for "solitary", as family and clan ties remain
extremely strong.”

1 “Research Methods.” Alzheimer Europe, 21 Aug. 2009, www.alzheimer-europe.org/Research Retrieved on 16

Nov. 2018.
2 “Anarchy.” Edited by Ellen Sandhu, Investopedia, 22 Apr. 2014, www.investopedia.com/terms/a/anarchy.asp.
Retrieved on 16 Nov. 2018

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The ultimate authorities of siad barre moved toward getting toppled in 1991.
for the reason that then somalia has been isolated into a bunch of different fiefdoms
overseen by methods for adversary warlords who from time to time to strife for
domain.
After Introducing both the topic of this project and the sub-topic now the project is
going to elaborate about the origin of Anarchy or Anarchism. Anarchist and ”

Philosophers argue that rebellion is the first condition of mankind. Its historical
background can be followed to the old Greeks. Some would state that the United
States and the opportunities that it empowers are prolific ground for Anarchism. So it
can be said that anarchism is one of the first form of government and it originated
right at the moment when the early humans started gaining intelligent consciousness. ”3

The term Anarchy is taken from the Greek root (anarchos) signifying "without
power," rebellion, revolutionary, and political agitation are utilized to express both
endorsement and objection.
Anarchy in terms of Political Science: Anarchy, in political theory and the
investigation of worldwide relations, the nonattendance of any specialist better than
country states and fit for parleying their question and authorizing global law. The term
political agitation is gotten from the old Greek root anarchos ("without power"),
meaning the nonappearance of the standard of law or of settled government.
1.2.Some Consequences Of Anarchy : Pragmatists have contended that the
”

predominance of anarchy in the state framework requires singular states to be

heartlessly greedy. Since there is no suprastate on-screen character fit for authorizing
global law, each state must accommodate its own security. In this manner, a basic
rebellion is likewise unavoidably a self improvement routine: each administration
claims all authority to choose what is simply or vital for itself and to wage war to seek
after or authorize that choice. Since the most ideal approach to accomplish security
under disorder is to be incredible (both militarily and financially), self improvement
drives normally to control augmenting conduct. In an anarchic state-framework,
control amplifying conduct is along these lines the ordinary conduct all things
considered. ”4

3 Staff, Plain Dealer. “What Is Anarchism and Where Did It Come from?” Cleveland, 2 May 2012,
www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2012/05/anarchism_history_definaition.html. Retrieved On 16
Nov. 2018
4 Eckstein, Arthur M. “Anarchy Political Science.” Britannica, Arthur M. Eckstein, 22 Apr. 2014,
www.britannica.com/topic/anarchy. Retrieved On 16 Nov. 2018

4
“ The mix of insurgency, merciless self improvement, and power-augmenting conduct
by all states prompts another pragmatist affirmation: in such a domain "war is
ordinary," as a main pragmatist theoretician, the American political specialist Kenneth
Waltz, asserted. As it were, war, or the risk of war, is the essential means by which
states under anarchy settle irreconcilable situations. The availability of each state in an
anarchic framework to guard its interests through composed savagery is the essential
factor in charge of the advancement of inner societies of militarism and
combativeness (and an accentuation on looking after respect—i.e., worldwide status). ”5

5 Eckstein, Arthur M. “Anarchy Political Science.” Britannica, Arthur M. Eckstein, 22 Apr. 2014,
www.britannica.com/topic/anarchy. Retrieved On 16 Nov. 2018

5
 2.THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF ANARCHY

 For defining the philosophical or theoretical points on anarchy lets first give
briefings on the main topic i.e. Power And Authority . All of the headings will be
elaborated individually .The below points can also be used to distinguish between
power and authority.

2.1. Power- In terms of political theory , Power is ability of someone or something to

take decisions or prevent others from taking decisions. Power in politics is understood
through participation , liberty and rights.
2.1.1. A theory on power :
 Corporatist Theory of Power: In recent past political researchers are taking and
”

indicating extra interest about corporatist character of power. A corporatist

hypothesis signifies that in an entrepreneur society there are numerous classes
and gatherings and a natural unity and class concordance among them are
fundamental among them all and this is basic for the best possible working of
society and additionally for its advancement. ”6

2.2 Authority- Authority can most basically be characterized as legitimate power,

“

authority is, in this manner, based on a recognized duty to obey instead of on any type
of intimidation or control. In this sense authority is control shrouded in authenticity or
legitimacy. ”7

2.2.1. A theory on Authority :

 Max Weber’s theory of authority: Authority is classified on the basis of
“

legitimacy Authority’s claim to do something and to demand allegiance from the

citizens are based on arguments which Weber calls legitimacy. Needless to say
that Weber uses the term legitimacy in the light of greater and wider perspective.
There are three types of authority. The first is traditional authority. Second is

6 Nitisha. “Power and Authority: Definition, Nature and Theory.” Political Science Notes, 6 Nov. 2015,
www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/power-and-authority-definition-nature-and-theory/795.
Retrieved on 16 Nov. 2018.
7 Nitisha. “Power and Authority: Definition, Nature and Theory.” Political Science Notes, 6 Nov.
2015, www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/power-and-authority-definition-nature-and-theory/795.
Retrieved on 16 Nov. 2018.

6
 charismatic authority and the third is legal-rational authority. This classification,
though not fool proof one, is still recognized and accepted by majority people. ”8

According to the textbook that has been used as a reference in this project:

The terms Power' and Authority are often used in Political Science. In this connection
it is necessary to know the meaning of the two terms. D.D. Rapheal has given a clear
description about the origin of the words in his book "Problem of Political
Philosophy" Every now and then we speak of exercise of authority. What does
authority means? Authority means legitimate power which has been approved by the
people in accordance with the constitution or the law of the state.

A government officer is competent to exercise authority, that is his power is

legitimate. According to D.D. Rapheal it is wrong to say the powers of the ministers,
the authority refers to the authority of the ministers. It should be used so. Jean Bodin,
the French political writer also has made the same confusion in his essay on
Sovereignty. Hence, we use the term authority for power in politics. Eric Rowe says,
"Power like authority is a means of favourably affecting the behaviour of another but
by might or right, The possessors of power use force to impose their will. Authority
and power are normally formed together. Even widely approved rulers cannot rule by
authority alone. They must from time to time coerce.9

Now Another Textbook defines and elaborates power and authority as :

Authority consists of two important components: Power and Legitimacy.Legitimacy

of an act or arrangement implies that the members of society treat that arrangement as
beneficial to society as well as to themselves. So they willingly tend to abide by it.
Power alone involves capacity to get a decision obeyed by others against their will.
Robert M. Maclver (The Web of Government,; 1965) aptly defined power as the
capacity in any relationship to command the service or compliance of others'. Power
may involve the use of 'force', but service or compliance of others will best be
obtained when they regard the command as 'right', 'good' or 'beneficial'. Power, to be

8 Nitisha. “Power and Authority: Definition, Nature and Theory.” Political Science Notes, 6 Nov.
2015, www.politicalsciencenotes.com/articles/power-and-authority-definition-nature-and-theory/795.
Retrieved on 16 Nov. 2018.

9 Jayapalan, N. Comprehensive Political Theory. Vol. 1, Atlantic Publishers, 2002. P.119 , Retrieved on
16 Nov. 2018.

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effective and stable, must be accompanied by the capacity to secure willing
obedience. Use of force or coercion or sanctions may be resorted to only when
legitimacy fails to work. If we think of power as a naked sword authority may be
envisaged as a sword in its scabbard. While power is based on fear or force,
legitimacy is based on respect and willing compliance. In any case, power and
legitimacy play complementary roles in securing obedience to the commands of
authority. No authority would function effectively in the absence of adequate
instruments of power.10

10 Gauba, O. P. An Introduction To Political Theory. 7th ed., Mayur Books, 2018. p.324 Retrieved on
16 Nov. 2018.

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 3.CASE STUDY: ‘SOMALIA’

Somalia is one of and the only anarchic state left in the globe it has been out of any
governmental or political control and authority since january 26 th of 1991. A standout
amongst the most entrancing spots on Earth at this moment, especially to libertarians,
is Somalia. For a significant part of the previous 23 years, Somalia has been living
under relative statelessness, and hence works as a fascinating case study for some
anarchists.

3.1. A Brief History Of Somalia: From the seventh to the tenth century, Arab and
“

Persian exchanging posts were set up along the shoreline of present-day Somalia.
Itinerant clans involved the inside, at times pushing into An ethiopian area. In the
sixteenth century, Turkish standard reached out toward the northern drift, and the
sultans of Zanzibar picked up control in the south. ”11

“ After British control of Aden in 1839, the Somali coast turned into its wellspring of
nourishment. The French built up a coal-mining station in 1862 at the site of Djibouti,
and the Italians planted a settlement in Eritrea. Egypt, which for a period asserted
Turkish rights in the territory, was prevailing by Britain. By 1920, a British and an
Italian protectorate possessed what is currently Somalia. The British administered the
whole region after 1941, with Italy returning in 1950 to fill in as United Nations
trustee for its previous region. By 1960, Britain and Italy allowed freedom to their
particular divisions, empowering the two to join as the Republic of Somalia on July 1,
1960. Somalia broke political relations with Britain in 1963 when the British
conceded the Somali-populated Northern Frontier District of Kenya to the Republic of
Kenya. On Oct. 15, 1969, President Abdi Rashid Ali Shermarke was killed and the
armed force seized control. Maj. Gen. Mohamed Siad Barre, as leader of a renamed
Somali Democratic Republic, inclined vigorously toward the USSR. In 1977, Somalia
straightforwardly upheld revolts in the easternmost region of Ethiopia, the Ogaden
11 Spencer, Alfred. “Somalia.” Infoplease., 3 Mar. 2010, www.infoplease.com/world/countries/somalia.
Retrieved on 17 Nov. 2018

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Desert, which had been seized by Ethiopia when the new century rolled over. Somalia
recognized annihilation in an eight-month war against the Ethiopians that year, having
lost quite a bit of its 32,000-man armed force and a large portion of its tanks and
planes. President Siad Barre fled the nation in late Jan. 1991. His takeoff left Somalia
in the hands of various family based guerrilla gatherings, none of which confided in
one another. ”12

3.2. Why is Somalia unable to change it’s current state of crisis : First of all somalia is
“

an example of complete failure of anarchy . there's no sense contrasting the run of the
mill way of life of an American or European with that of a Somali. The capital
gathering that has occurred in America in the course of the last a few hundred years
has made extraordinary riches for those of us sufficiently fortunate to live in the
Western World. Somalia has not had the advantage of such a large number of long
periods of relative opportunity to develop any genuine riches.Indeed, the whole nation
has been ruined by war and remote government for many years, and after that any
residual riches was stolen from the general population of Somalia while living under
socialism. Somalia was dejected before the fall – they've just barely started the way
toward revamping.Be that as it may, even after the fall, remote forces have not
disregarded Somalia. They have been liable to relentless remote mediation, including
from the US, UN, African Union, and Ethiopia. The times of most noteworthy
savagery after 1991 were amid times when outside intercession intended to set up a
focal government in Somalia were at their pinnacle. ”13

3.3. Statistical Chart For Living Conditions in Somalia :

Index 1991 2011 (or latest)

Life
46 years 50 years
expectancy
Birth rate 46 44
Death rate 19 16

12 Spencer, Alfred. “Somalia.” Infoplease., 3 Mar. 2010, www.infoplease.com/world/countries/somalia.

Retrieved on 17 Nov. 2018
13 Watson, Glenn. “‘Anarchist’ Experience In Somalia.” Government Denies Knowledge, 2 Nov. 2014,
governmentdeniesknowledge.com/anarchist-somalia/. Retrieved on 17 Nov. 2018

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Index 1991 2011 (or latest)
GDP per
$210 $600
capita
Infant 116 deaths <1yr, per
109 deaths <1yr, per thousand births
mortality thousand births
Access to safe
35% 29%
water
Adult literacy 24% 38%

“ Ironic to the fact that somalia’s social conditions are not ideal and a violent and public
war like situation has been circulating for decades now It can be easily noticed that on
about each measure (the special case being access to safe water), there has been a
generous enhancement amid the twenty years of "mayhem" and the revulsions of
"disorder". It is obviously conceivable that a few or the majority of this advantage has
been expected to a limited extent to the universal guide offices that have been
dynamic in Somalia amid this time. While conceivable, this appears to be improbable,
taking into account how Somalia's greatest years were those with the slightest
universal intercession.One could guarantee that these enhancements just reflect
expected upgrades after some time, allowed a multi year term. ”14

Conclusively It can be said that Somalia has demonstrated the cutting edge world that
organizations can satisfy all the typical elements of the state, and perform them all the
more successfully. Statelessness prompts better outcomes for about everybody, and
especially for the most exceedingly awful off. Be that as it may, Somalia will more
probable be recognized as a brutal and disorderly place, where in reverse warlords
would rule over their kin and assault others. It will be recognized as a place that
harbored psychological militants, until the "the popular states" (like the US
government, the Ethiopian military, and the Transitional government in Somalia)
came in, drove the trouble makers out, and built up "peace". Lamentably, with US
troops on the ground in Somalia right now, this revamping of history will probably be
just around the corner.Somalia has accomplished noteworthy advancement since the

14 Watson, Glenn. “‘Anarchist’ Experience In Somalia.” Government Denies Knowledge, 2 Nov. 2014,
governmentdeniesknowledge.com/anarchist-somalia/. Retrieved on 17 Nov. 2018

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crumple of the fierce autocracy of Siad Barre in 1991. In the event that individuals in
the more created nations of the world wish to encourage the devastated district, we
can unquestionably send cash and even visit to offer medicinal administrations and
other help.

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 4.CONCLUSION

 At the end of this project we can conclusively say that , “it is quite clear that
power and authority are two different things, where power has nothing to do with
level or management or position. On the other hand, authority completely
depends on these two, i.e. the position level determines the level of authority a
person has. ”15

 This Project has attempted to exhibit that anarchist thoughts are straightforwardly
identified with the more customary ideas and worries of political theory, and
firmly associated to other major political conventions. It has likewise endeavored
to demonstrate that anarchism has obtained increasingly, rather than decrease,
importance in contemporary politics, monetary and specialized conditions. While
some parts of the project proposed that those types of disorder which appear to be
minimum political regularly, infact, advance a feeling of individual responsibility.

 Discussing about the case study of Somalia the anarchist state ,Somalia
introduces an intriguing contextual investigation of certain libertarian and rebel
thoughts, yet it's anything but a satisfactory trial of the whole revolutionary
"program". Sadly, it looks progressively like Somalia's "anarchist" test will
probably be finding some conclusion.

15 S., Surbhi. “Difference Between Power and Authority.” Key Differences, 18 Feb. 2016,
keydifferences.com/difference-between-power-and-authority.html.

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