9 TRANSMISSION LINES hhave properties that can affect signal characteristics. The discussion will dy such properties as the characteristic impedance of transmission Objectives Upon completing the material n Chapter 9, the student il be able to Understand the theory of transmission lines in general ‘Calculate the characteristic impedance ofa transmission line Define the reams standing waves, stnding-wave ratio (SWR),and normalization ofimpedance Determine the requirements for impedance mating "Analyze the properties of impedance matching stubs Become familiar with the Smith chart and is Use vyvvvy ‘and it will also make them arranged in some uniform pattem This simplifies caleulatons 2jon Systems 234 _Kennedy’s Electronic Commu 9.1.1 Fundamentals of Transmission Lines ‘There are two types of commonly used transmission Lines. The paral 9a, and the coaxial (unbalanced) line in Fig. 9. () Coaxial (unbalanced) ine 91 Transmission lines Any system of conductors is likely to ra wavelength at the operating frequency. This is far mor line, whose outer conductor surrounds the inner one sed for microwaves, whereas coaxi Chapter 12 that waveguides also hav invariably grounded. Pare ines may be employed for frequencies up to 18 GHz, Fequency imitations. From the general point of view the ‘owest usable frequency; bel sectional dimensions become inco large. Beteen 1 nd af se, depending on ie reas wang ae nt onaly hal sow{Gi ea eg. Equivalent Circuit Representation Since each conductor has a certain Jength and diame [Ranges and an inductance. Since there ae two wies clas to cach oer, there an capacitance be them, The wires are separated by a medium electric, which cannot be perfect the current leakage through it ean be represented by a shunt conductance. The resultin 88 shown in Fig. 9.2. Note that all the quant ‘measured and quoted per unit lengt At radio frequencies, the indTransmission Lines 235 line. They are thus distributed throughout ey be assumed to be lumped at any one point. Fig. 9.3. Thansmission-line RF equivalent circuit 9.1.2 Characteristic Impedance length is infinite. Under these condi {snot mentioned in the definition. Methods of Calculation It can now be shown thatthe characteristic impedance of line will be measured atts input when the fine i terminated a the far end in an impedance equal oZ, (Z,=Z,,.max power transfer), ortant, because such a situation is far easier to reproduce for ‘measurement purposes than a ‘faline has infinite length, all the power fed V2! of Fig. 9.4 are just as far from th (ooking tothe right) is also Z, although the eurent and voltage are orks igh) as 2 to 2 limedby ae whichhs ipa per tod ltt chviouely does not matter what the ciel ote right of 12" canis of, provided th it has tn ibpus impedence equal to the characteristic impedance ofthe line: Z ill be measured a he input of @ ane ie ft ouput is terminated in Z, Under these conditions, considered purely resistive ig 94 byfitelig, — tense ic ry at charted i iv ea consisting Of srica and ‘hunt elements is given bY