Kelvin statement of the Second law of thermodynamics states that no process is
possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat from a reservoir and its complete conversion into work. The entropy of an isolated system increases in the course of a spontaneous change. ∆Stot > 0. The thermodynamic definition of entropy is dS=¿ dqrev/T. The statistical definition of entropy is given by the Boltzmann formula S=k lnW . A Carnot cycle is a cycle composed of a sequence of isothermal and adiabatic reversible expansions and compressions. Tc The efficiency of a heat engine is ε =1− Th . The Kelvin scale is a themodynamic temperature scale in which the Triple Point of water defines the point 273.16 K . dq The Clausius Inequality is dS ≥ T The normal transition temperature, Ttrs, is the temperature at which two phases are in equilibrium at 1 atm. The entropy of transition at the transition temperature, ∆ trsS = ∆trsH/Ttrs. Trouton’s rule states that many normal liquids have approximately the same standard entropy of vapourisation (about 85 J K -1 mol-1) Tf The variation of entopy with temperature is given by S(Tf) = S(Ti) + ∫ (Cp /T ) dT . Ti The entropy of a substance is measured from its area under a graph of C p/T against T, using the Debye extrapolation at low temperatures, Cp =aT3 as T → 0. The Nernst Heat Theorem states that the entropy change accompanying any physical or chemical transformation approaches zero as the temperature approaches zero, ∆S→0 as T→0, provided all the substances involved are perfectly ordered. The Third law of Thermodynamics goes like this: The entropy of all perfectly crystalline substances is zero at T=0. The Helmholtz energy is A = U –TS. The Gibbs energy is G = H – TS.