If the amount of molten salts becomes too high, either because of an excessive input of

volatile elements or due to a high degree of volatility, the installation of a kiln gas bypass
becomes necessary in order to extract part of the circulating elements from the kiln system
(see Fig. Sa, Sb, Sc).
A small part of the circulating elements leave the kiln system with the main exhaust gas
dust. The latter is efficiently precipitated in the dedusting unit and is normally reintroduced
into the kiln system.This is called the external cycle of the circulating elements (Fig.6).
In normal cases a negligible amount of circulating elements is emitted by the stack into the
atmosphere. However, the emission of S02 is not negligible any more, when the sulfur in
the raw materialis present in form of sulfide (FeS2, PbS, ZnS) or organic _compounds. In
this latter case the sulfides are volatilized in the temperature range of 400 - 600°C and
leave the kiln system partly as gaseous S02 emission (Fig. 7).