AFRICA - Africa is the world's second largest and second most-

populous continent (behind Asia in both categories). At about 30.3 million km2(11.7
million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area
and 20% of its land area.[3] With 1.2 billion people[1] as of 2016, it accounts for about 16%
of the world's human population. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean
Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian
Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent
includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully
recognised sovereign states (countries), nine territories and two de
facto independent states with limited or no recognition.[4] The majority of the continent
and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number
of countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

DIFFERENT CIVILIZATION IN AFRICA

 Arab Africa Civilization (Northern Africa)
North Africa is a collective term for a group of Mediterranean countries and
territories situated in the northern-most region of the African continent. The term
"North Africa" has no single accepted definition. It is sometimes defined as
stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west, to the Suez Canal and
the Red Sea in the east. Others have limited it to the countries
of Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, a region known by the French during colonial
times as “Afrique du Nord” and by the Arabs as the Maghreb(“West”). The most
commonly accepted definition includes Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia, as well
as Libya and Egypt. “North Africa”, particularly when used in North Africa and
the Middle East, often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya.
Egypt, due to its greater Middle Eastern associations, is often considered
separately. North Africa includes a number of Spanish possessions (Plazas de
soberanía), notably Ceuta and Melilla.[1] The countries of North Africa share a
common ethnic, cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region.
Northwest Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded
history, while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Copts.
Between the A.D. 600s and 1000s, Arabs from the Middle East swept across the
region in a wave of Muslim conquest. These peoples, physically quite similar,
formed a single population in many areas, as Berbers and Copts merged into
Arab society. This process of Arabization and Islamization has defined the cultural
landscape of North Africa ever since.

RESULT OF EUROPEANS COLONIZATION:

Since the Europeans set foot on North American soil in 1620,they have had a devastating
effect on the native population. I will be discussing the long term effect of North
American colonisation on the Native Americans, focusing on such issues as employment
opportunities, the environment, culture and traditions, health, as well as social justice.
I will begin with the important issue of employment opportunities. The unemployment rate
for Native Americans is a staggering 49%. The following reasons state why the
unemployment rate is so high. To start with, Native Americans have been portrayed by
the media (such as movies) as primitive and hostile when in fact it is quite the
This inability to interact with the surrounding environment forced Native Americans to rely
more heavily on western culture.

Soon after the Europeans arrived, the natives were aggressively encouraged to follow
European beliefs and culture. Native Americans were forced into this new religious belief
system and it forever changed their cultural identity. Native Americans frequently used
many locations as a sacred place, where they performed many culturally significant
rituals. Since European settlement, these locations have been taken over and the
indigenous people forcibly relocated or even been destroyed. For example, the Black
Hills, a mountain range in Dakota, was once home to tribes of Native Americans. Once
gold was discovered there, the tribes were removed, and relocated to a wasteland
where it was almost impossible to sustain normal life and many died as a result.
In the late nineteenth century, the effort to ‘ civilize” native Americans entailed
removing children from their families and placing them in boarding schools where they
were forced to adopt European culture. They were forbidden to speak their traditional
language and were forced to abandon their religious beliefs in favour of Christianity.

Although Native American culture has been partially ruined, there are still people that
are trying to resurrect that culture by reliving past traditions. An example is a man who
has released numerous amounts of buffalo into an Oklahoman reservation.