Fire Detection Alarm System PDF

MS 1745 Part 14; Fire Detection and Fire Alarm System, Guidelines for
Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use and Maintenance P a g e | 1

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hplooi@streamyx.com 6th October 2009

2 Abstract
Fire alarm and detection as passive system is the most commonly

prescribed system for fire protection.
This paper summarises the prescription on design practice for fire
detection and alarm system contain in MS1745 Part 14
An introductory section pertaining to the liability / responsibility of
the professional engineer is included.
Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

This presentation summarises the prescription on design practice for fire detection and alarm
system contained in MS 1745 Part 14. A comparative description of some key prescriptions of BS
5839‐1 which mirrors those in MS 1745 – 14 are also included. The introductory missive on
professional liabilities shows that proficiency in technical standards is a statutory requirement for
engineers submitting plans under the ‘Street, Drainage and Building Act’.
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3 CONTENTS
Introduction; Submitting Engineer’s Responsibilities
Overview & Structure of MS1745
Introduction, Scope, General; Design Flow
Assessing Needs, Planning Design
Circuit Survivability
Detection Zones
Initiating Devices; Siting & Spacing of Detectors, Manual
Break Glass, Alam
Detection Zones
Power Supplies; Cables & Interconnections, Fire Rated
Cables; EMC
Installation, Work Acceptance, Maintenance, Operation
Applications in Special Risk

The content flow mirrors the content of MS1745 – 14.
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4 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities
The responsibilities of a Professional Engineer can be summarised:

From the above, we note that Civil Law is the most important legal requirement regulating the
conduct and practice of engineering. The Civil Law Act is applicable in all countries (including
countries with Socialist Justice System which would have a form of Civil Law). Thus it would be
pertinent to note that the professional engineer will be regulated by Civil Law even in countries
which do not have any form of registering professional engineers.
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Professional responsibility & Duty of Care
1 Professionalism requires the Engineer to place ‘public interest’

and his ‘client’s interest above his own.
2 Action may be taken by the public suffering damages against
any tortfeasor (‘wrong-doer’) causing such damage.
3 In negligence tort, the professional engineer owes a duty of
care to the public and his client.
Highland Tower Ruling, K.L. High Court, Aug 2000:

the learned judge ruled that “... the unqualified architect who undertook the
works would be judged on the standard of a reasonably qualified architect ..”
Thus even an unregistered engineer who practices engineering will be liable

under Civil Law!

Under principles of Civil Law, even an unregistered engineer will be held liable for negligence once
professional engineering services are offered. Fire fighting contractors who provide services (in the
absence of any professional engineer) will therefore be held responsible in the event of negligence
and damage caused to the public.
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Where does it requires that a P.Eng MUST

be responsible ?
STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 ACT 133
Preamble
An Act to amend and consolidate the laws relating to street,
drainage and building in local authority areas in West
Malaysia, and for purposes connected therewith.

Under the ‘Street, Drainage and Building Act’ all buildings and structures are regulated by the local
authorities. Thus permission must be sought before any building or structure can be erected.
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Street, Drainage And Building ACT 1974 ACT 133

Part I, 3. Interpretation
"principal submitting person" means a qualified person who submits
building plans to the local authority for approval in accordance with
this Act or any by-laws made thereunder and includes any other
qualified person who takes over the duties and responsibilities of or
acts for the first mentioned qualified person;
"qualified person" means a Professional Architect, Professional
Engineer or building draughtsman registered under any written law
relating to the registration thereof;
"submitting person" means a qualified person who submits plans
other than building plans to the local authority or relevant statutory
authority in accordance with this Act or any by-laws made thereunder
and includes any other qualified person who takes over the duties and
responsibilities of or acts for the first mentioned qualified person;

The ‘Street, Drainage and Building Act’ very clearly requires that only registered Architect and/or
Engineers are allowed to submit plans to local authority.
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How many who

claims to be
practitioner has a
copy of the UBBL?
MS 1745 : Part 14
MS 1745 : Part 5 & 6

The above lists typical statutory declarations which the Engineer will have to make in the submission
of plans. Two conclusions can be drawn from the above:
(1) The submitting engineer must be proficient in the technical standards of which he signs off
his design. This includes proficiency in the Uniform Building By‐Law. A corollary to the
aforesaid would be that engineers are also required (under principles of Civil Law or Tort
Laws) to maintain his expertise; meaning that he must keep his knowledge abreast of
‘current’ practice (including updates to technical standards).
(2) Listing of technical standards must be updated to take into account latest revision and
updates to standards applicable in statutory declarations.
The ‘Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549) prescribes that Malaysia Standard has primacy over
other international recognised standards.
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Certification of
Completion and
Compliance

Certification of Completion and Compliance (C.C.C.) which came into force on April 2007, places the
primary responsibility for issuance of building O.C.F. (Occupation Certificate of Fitness) on the
submitting person (the registered architect and/or engineer). It should also be noted (form G8) that
the accountability of the contractor responsible will be a growing topic of national discussions.
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10 Overview of MS 1745
Part 1 – Introduction
Part 2 – Control and Indicating Equipment
Part 3 – Audible Fire Alarm Devices
Part 4 – Power Supply Equipment
Part 5 – Heat Detectors – Point detectors
Part 7 – Smoke detectors – point detectors using scattered light,
transmitted light or ionisation
Part 10 – Flame Detectors – Point detectors
Part 11 – Manual Call Points
Part 12 – Smoke Detectors – Line detectors using an optical light beam.
Part 13 – Compatibility Assessment of Systems Components,
Part 14 – Guidelines for Planning, Design, Installation, Commissioning, Use
and Maintenance
Part 15 – Multisensor Fire Detectors

The complete series of MS1745 is listed above. It should be noted that this presentation will focus on
Part 14 as the rest of the standards are product standards. Understanding technical standards
requires a basic idea on types of standards:
(1) Basic Standards – are general standards dealing with topics used by other standards; e.g.
terminology, testing techniques, definition of hazard class etc.
(2) Product Standards – deals with specifying the product itself and can be sub‐divided into 3
sub class:
(a) Material Standards; quality of PVC, ferrous metal used in pipes etc.
(b) Component Standards; valve, proximity switch, hydrants, detectors, meters etc.
(c) Assembly Standards; built‐up unit from components, e.g. alarm panels which is an
assembly of components such as fuses, control modules etc.
(3) Installation Standards – are general standards dealing with integration of various
components, assemblies and equipment for a specific application. Part 14 of the MS 1745
series would be an installation standard.
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EN54 part 1 – Introduction

EN54 part 2 – Control and Indication Equipment
EN54 part 3 – Fire alarm devices, Sounders
EN54 part 4 – Power supply equipment
EN54 part 5 – Heat detectors, point detectors
EN54 part 6 – Heat detectors, rate of rise point detectors without static element
{WITHDRAWN}
EN54 part 7 - Smoke detectors, point detectors using scattered light, transmitted
light or ionisation
EN54 part 8 - Components of automatic fire detection systems. Spec. for high temp.
heat detectors {WITHDRAWN}
EN54 part 9 – Components of automatic detection systems. Method of test of
sensitivity to fire.
EN54 part 10 – Flame Detectors – Point detectors
EN54 part 11 – Manual Call Points
EN54 part 12 – Smoke Detectors – Line detectors using an optical light beam.
EN 54 part 13 – Compatibility Assessment of Systems Components,
EN 54 part 14 – Cabling and interconnection of a fire detection and alarm system

It can be noted that part 6 and 8 have been withdrawn. MS1745 do not include part 6, 8 and 9.
Beyond part 13 however, MS1745 diverge from EN 54.
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EN54 part 15 – Point detectors using a combination of detected fire phenonmena

EN54 part 16 – Components of fire alarm system voice alarm system, voice alarm
control and indicating equipment.
EN54 part 17 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Short circuit isolators
EN 54 part 18 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Input/output devices
EN 54 part 19
EN 54 part 20 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Aspirating smoke detector
EN 54 part 21 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Alarm transmission and fault
warning routing equipment
EN 54 part 22 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Line type heat detectors
EN 54 part 23 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Fire alarm devices. Visual
alarms
EN 54 part 24 Fire detection and fire alarm systems . Voice alarms - Loudspeakers
EN 54 part 25 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Components using radio links
and system requirements
EN 54 part 26 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Point fire detectors using
Carbon Monoxide sensors
EN 54 part 27 Fire detection and fire alarm systems. Duct smoke detectors

The rest of EN 54 series is listed above. Thus practitioners requiring standards on components not
listed under MS may refer to the standards listed above.
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BS 5839 – Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings
Part 1 : 2002 - Code of practice for system design, installation,

commissioning and maintenance
Part 2 : 1983 - Specification for manual call points (withdrawn

and since replaced with BS EN 54-11:2002)
Part 3 : 1988 - Specification for automatic release mechanisms

for certain fire protection equipment
Part 4 : 1988 - Specification for control and indicating equipment

(withdrawn and replaced by BS EN54-2 ‘Control and indicating
equipment’ and BS EN54-4 ‘Power supply equipment’)
continue next page

BS 5839 is the standard which most practitioners follow in this country. A listing of the BS 5839
series is shown above.
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BS 5839 – Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings
Part 5 : 1988 – Specification for optical beam smoke detectors
Part 6 : 1985 – Code of practice for the design and installation of

fire detection and alarm systems in dwellings
Part 8 : 1988 Code of practice for the design, installation and

servicing of voice alarm system
Part 9 : 2003 Code of practice for the design, installation,

commissioning and maintenance of emergency voice
communication systems

Listing of BS 5839 series.
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15 Structure of MS 1745 Part 14
MS 1745 Part 14 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings, Guidelines
for planning, design, installation, commissioning, use and maintenance
0 – Introduction
1 – Scope Annex A – Maintenance Check List
2 – Normative References Annex B – Dealing with False Alarm
3 – Terms and Reference Annex C – Model Certificates
4 – General
5 – Assessment of Needs
6 – Planning and Design
7 – Installation
8 – Commissioning and Verification
9 – Third Party Approval
10 – Documentations
11 – Maintenance
12 – Modification or Extension of an Installed System
13 – Operation of Other Fire Protection System
14 – Application in Special Risk
15 – Integrated Systems
16 – Hierarchical Systems

A summary of the Section headings of MS 1745 part 14 shows the topics which are covered in the
standard. Section 5 and 6 constitute a substantive part of the standard.
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16 MS 1745 Part 14 – Introduction and Scope
0 – Introduction
MS 1745 is meant to be a guide, i.e. it is not mandatory.
It will become mandatory if specified in another document or by an
authority having power.
2 – Scope
Covers planning, design, installation, commission, operation and
maintenance of system.
System covered at least one detector.
DO NOT :
Do not cover systems combining fire alarm with other non-fire related
functions e.g. fire alarm hard-wired as part of a BMS.
Do not recommend whether fire alarm (including the type and extent)
to be installed in any premises

MS 1745 – 14 is worded as a Guide, i.e. it do not carry mandatory requirement. However where it is
cited in specifications, it become (contractually) mandatory. Citation or claims that a system
complies to MS 1745 – 14 also confers mandatory status to the standard.
MS 1745 – 14 DO NOT recommend the type, extent and scope of fire detection and alarm system to
be installed in any building. For recommendation on system and extent of coverage, we will have to
refer to other legal prescription (notably the UBBL).
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17 MS 1745 Part 14 – Normative Reference, Terms & definitions
2 – Normative Reference.
Makes reference to ALL other parts of MS1745.
Parts 1 to 12 can be said to be product standards.
Therefore compliance to MS1745 requires that components must be
certified to conform to the relevant parts of MS 1745.
3 – Terms and Definitions – some important terms:

Competent person – Person … certified by an accredited body with
the necessary knowledge, skills and experience ...
Competent organisation – Organisation which… has under its
employment competent persons with the necessary knowledge,
skills, experience and tools to carry out the work satisfactorily.
Designer – person or organisation taking responsibility for work in
Claus 6 (Planning and Design).

By normative reference, the components which will be specified and installed under this standard
will have to comply with the relevant product standard in the MS 1745 series. Where product
standards are not available in MS, then the EN 54 series will have precedence.
The standard also prescribed that competent person and organisation should be retained.
Competent person in the Malaysian context and especially under the context of the ‘Street, Drainage
and Building Act’ will be the registered engineer.
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18 MS 1745 Part 14 – General
Initial concept
1. Building risk group,
2. Space to be protected,
Assessment of needs
3. Type of system to be installed,
4. Interaction with other fire
Planning and design protection measures
Installation
Commissioning and
verification 1. Selecting and locating detectors,
2. Zoning of building/ alarm zones,
3. Provision for control, displays
Third party approval and indications,
(optional) 4. Provision of power supplies
Use / Operation
Maintenance 4 – General – provide general guidance on use of MS1745

Figure 1 in MS 1745 illustrates the process flow for compliance with MS 1745. As a
substantive portion of the standard deals with “Assessment of Needs” and “Planning and
Design”, the sub‐topics relevant to these two topics are listed as decision clouds.
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19 MS 1745 Part 14 – General
4 – General
4.2 Each of the process listed in Fig. 1 are assumed to be carried out by
different organisation.
4.3 Electrical safety is NOT covered in MS1745 but relevant legislative
requirements should be referred (MS 1979 and MS 1936).
4.4 Design to minimise false alarm (Annex B).
4.5 Warranties to be provided by suppliers and manufacturers.
4.6 Proper documentations at each stage (Annex C – format certificates).
4.7 Responsibility of person to be clearly defined.
4.8 Persons or qualifications to be appropriately competent (cross
reference to definitions).

In Clause 4.3, the following are relevant electrical standards and codes which are mandatory under
the ‘Electricity Supply Act’:
(1) MS 1979:2007 "Electrical Installation of Buildings – Code of Practice"
(2) MS 1936:2006 “Electrical Installation of Building – Guide to MS IEC 60364"
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20 MS 1745 Part 14 – Assessment of Needs
MS 1745 DO NOT specify when, where and how fire

detection and alarm systems are installed.
Consult Client / Architect.

Consult Life Safety Code
Understand space planning,
legally in force (UBBL).
usage & operation needs.
Consult authorities having System

Concept Consult Insurance company.
jurisdiction (Jab. Bomba).
Consider integration with

Consult installers.
existing / other systems
continue next page

Assessment of needs is the first step in delving into detail design and specification. Assessing ‘Needs’
identify the over‐riding consideration, Protection of Life versus Protection of Property with over‐
riding consideration of cost‐operation, which will define a design concept and the extent of coverage
required within and without a premise.
Consultation with insurance company should (in the author’s opinion) be an important consideration
in assessing needs as insurance premiums are not necessarily confined only to basic standard
prescribed under the law (UBBL). System designed and installed are frequently required to be
modified or have components changed, or even sub‐system added after audit by an insurance
company.
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Uniform Building By Law (revised up to 2006)

Part VII – FIRE REQUIREMENTS
153 – Smoke detectors for lift lobbies.
225 – Detecting and extinguishing fire
Systems to be provided in accordance with 10th Schedule.
237 – Fire alarms
Premises G.F.A. >9,290M² (exclude car park & storage area)
OR >30.5M in height
shall be provided with 2 stage alarm with evacuation (continuous
signal)
238 – Command and control centre; Large premises > 30.5M in height
241 – Special requirements for fire alarm systems.
Visible alarm indicator signal where there are deaf persons
244 – Standards for Fire alarm FOC rules, BS CP 1019, BS 3116 & 5446
continue next page

Every practitioner in the building industry should have a copy of the “UBBL”. The UBBL (not Bomba
Officer) will be the first step in assessing the needs, extent and coverage of system to be included.
The above listed by‐laws in the UBBL pertaining to fire alarm and detection system has relevance.
By‐Law 244 however seems to be outdated in its citation of standards:
(1) Since 1986 the role of the “Fire Officer’s Committee” (FOC), UK has been taken over by the
“Loss Prevention Council” (LPC, UK).
(2) BS CP 1019 is superseded by BS5839 – 1
(3) BS 3116 part 1 : 1970 has since been withdrawn and superseded by BS 5839 (relevant
part).
(4) BS 3116 part 4 was superseded by BS 5839‐4 which in turn was withdrawn and superseded
by EN 54‐4.
(5) The original BS5446‐1:1977 was superseded by BS5446‐1:2000 (Fire detection and fire
alarm devices for dwellings. Specification for smoke alarms) which was withdrawn and
replaced with BS EN 14604:2005 (smoke alarm devices)
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UBBL, 10th Schedule prescribes
Fire alarm system prescribed in conjunction with other active fire

systems for the various building occupational hazard class are:
4 types of systems are prescribed:
1. Automatic Electrical Fire Alarm System
2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System
3. Signal Indicator Alarm System
4. Manual Alarm System
continue next page

The UBBL 10th Schedule is the most important document prescribing the extent and scope of
coverage required for the various building hazard class. Four types of fire alarm and detection
Participants are requested to consult 10th Schedule of the UBBL.
systems are listed. P
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MS 1745 Part 14 Section 6 classifies fire alarm systems by extent

of coverage.
4 types of Automatic Fire Detection Systems coverage are defined:

1.Total cover – covering all spaces in building
2.Compartment cover – covering only parts (usually the most vulnerable
areas) of the building.
3.Escape route cover.
4.Local cover – covering particular functions, special equipment or
areas of particularly high risk.
continue next page

MS 1745 – 14 defines coverage in four general classes. An assessment on the coverage required will
have to be made by a competent person as previously stated and as covered in the previous slide
the UBBL (especially the 10th Schedule) will be the first step in assessing coverage.
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BS 5839 – 1; coverage is defined based on clear needs:

Type P – Protection of Properties
P1 – All areas covered with detectors except voids less than
800mm in height
P2 – Defined areas in a building having a high fire risk
Type L – Protection of Life
L1 – Same as P1 (all areas covered with detectors except voids)
L2 – Same as P2 but for areas of high fire risk to life
L3 – Protection of escape route
L4 – Protection of circulation area (2002 edition)
L5 – Fire engineered solution (2002 edition)
Type M – Manual type
continue next page

As a comparison, BS5839 (of which most Malaysian practitioners would claim to be proficient – at
least going by the mandatory statutory declaration commonly made), assessing needs is more
nuance and clear. This clarity is especially important where insurer’s needs have to be clearly
declared. Practitioners should therefore, also consult BS 5839‐1 in assessing the type of coverage
required. Appendix A appended with this presentation has some recommendations on coverage
based on BS5839 classification.
Participants (as an exercise) should compare the recommendations in Appendix A with UBBL, 10th
Schedule.
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MS 1745 – Areas not needing cover:
1. Bathrooms, shower rooms, washrooms etc.
2. Vertical shafts/ cable ducts < 2M² (proper fire stopped provided)
3. Unroofed loading bays
4. Unventilated frozen food stores gross volume < 20M³.
MS 1745 – Voids (under floor and above ceiling) need
independent cover by detectors:
1. Likely to be extensive spread of fire or smoke outside room of origin through
void before fire is detected by detectors outside void.
2. Need to protect cables of emergency system
MS 1745 – Voids not requiring coverage:
1. Less than 1m in height.
2. Less than 10M in length
3. Less than 10M in width
4. Totally separated from other areas by incombustible material
5. Do not contain fire load densities in excess of 25MJ combustible material in 1M²
6. Do not contain cables of emergency systems (unless cable are fire resist for
30min.)

Areas which do not required coverage are listed above.
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26 MS 1745 – 14; Planning and Design
Design to
Minimise False
Alarm (Annex B)
Devices & Sub
Systems Zoning
Compatibility
Compliance
to MS 1745
Fault Detectors
Limitation Siting
(circuit survivability)
Detectors
Selection

After defining the concept and extent of coverage of the design, the practitioner is now ready to
develop a detail design. The chart above illustrates the sub topics which must be considered in
designing and specifying systems in compliance with MS 1745.
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27 MS1745 – Circuit Survivability

In event of single short or open circuit:
Where devices integrate 1. Not more than 32 devices inoperable.
more than 1 function use 2. All inoperative devices in same zone.
isolating devices within 3. All inoperative devices fulfill same function.
housing to limit single
cable fault. Single cable fault in any circuit cannot prevent
correct operation of:
1.Auto detection of fire
2.Operation of manual call points
3.Sounder
4.Tx/Rx of signals to i/o devices
5.Initiate operation of ancillary equip.
Single cable fault in any circuit cannot prevent
1.Initiation of a fire signal in an area greater
than allowed for a single detection zone;
2.Sounding of a fire signal in an area greater
than allowed for a single detection zone;
3.Operation of all alarm devices within a
building (i.e. at least 1 sounder must operate).

A major topic, after having decided on a system concept and extent of coverage, would be designing
circuit for fault‐limitation. In NFPA 72 (the other major fire standard in the world), “fault‐limitation”
is caption as “circuit‐survivability” which (in my opinion) is a better concept to capture in designing a
‘fail‐safe’ system. MS 1745 – 14; prescribes circuit‐survivability in the terms listed above. Thus an
audit to check compliance with MS 1745 would require some test to prove circuit‐survivability as
listed above.
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Two faults in any circuit do not prevent the operation of either detectors,
manual call points or alarm devices over floor area exceeding 10,000M² OR
from more than 5 fire compartment whichever is the smaller.
Use max. 2 physical circuit per 10,000M² .
Use max. of 2 physical circuit per 10,000m² “Circuit
Survivability”
Physically segregate zones by circuit.
for Dummies!
Physically segregate sounder circuits.
Use ring/loop circuit if circuited across zone

Short circuit isolator recommended for ring circuits
to isolate segment of the ring in case of fault
without affecting the whole ring.
Start and return leg of loop/ring circuit to be
physically laid via separate route.

A hard‐wired implementation of the performance‐prescription for circuit‐survivability is listed in this
slide. The recommendations are just some steps which can be implemented and do not preclude
other steps which are particular to addressable systems. In addressable systems, devices are
typically connected in a ‘daisy‐chain’ in a loop, star or radial configuration. Thus circuit survivability
(depending on the addressable hardware) will have to be taken into account in such ‘data‐loops’. It
would therefore be pertinent for practitioners to check with vendors of addressable system on
whether and how compliance to MS 1745 can be effected.
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Faults should be indicated in panels
Incorrect Wiring Method

X Tee tapping – any disconnection
beyond the tap will make inoperable
devices beyond tap. No trouble
signal will be indicated.
Correct Wiring Method

Supervisory monitoring of open
and short circuit possible.

MS 1745 (similar to BS 5839‐1) requires that circuit faults should be indicated on monitoring panels.
In such case, the designer and installer will have to pay attention to the type of looping circuit in
connecting up devices as illustrated above and following slide.
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NFPA 72 : 2002
NFPA72 classifies circuits into ‘CLASS’ and ‘STYLE’
(1) Class A circuits are capable of transmitting an alarm signal

during a single open or a non-simultaneous single ground fault.
(2) Class B circuits are incapable of transmitting an alarm beyond
the location of the fault conditions specified for class A.
Types of circuits are further designated ‘Style’ depending on its

ability to meet alarm and trouble performance during single-open,
single-ground, wire-to-wire short, loss of carrier etc.
Initiating Device Circuit (IDC) – Styles A, B, C, D & E
Notification Appliances Circuit (NAC) – Styles W, A, Y & Z
Signalling Line Circuit (SLC) – Styles 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 7

Whilst MS 1745 and BS 5839 defined “circuit‐survivability” in general “performance‐based” terms,
NFPA 72 (North American) has detailed prescription on defining the class and ‘style’ of circuit in
terms of meeting alarm and trouble performance based on single‐open, single‐ground and wire‐to‐
wire short.
Initiating Devices refer to devices which initiate signals such as detectors, flow switch etc.
Notification Appliances refer devices which receives signal and act on the signal; e.g. alarm
sounders, visual indicators etc.
Signalling Line Circuit refers to circuit which transmit signal received from some IDC to another
monitoring or supervisory panel, e.g. would be a circuit to a repeater panel.
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NFPA 72 : 2002
(1) Class A circuits are capable of Supervision

is accomplished by monitoring the level of
current passing through the circuit and end-
of-line resistor.
(2) The 4-wire loop nature of this circuitry
enables the control panel to ‘condition’ the
looped circuit to single open and single
ground fault. This conditioning ensures that
all devices are capable of responding and
reporting an alarm despite a single-open or
single ground fault.

The above explained the concept of a Class A circuit.
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NFPA 72 : 2002
(1) Class B circuits. A single open disables all

devices electrically beyond the ‘open.
(2) Increases or decreases in the low level
supervisory current through the circuit and
end-of-line, provide monitoring signal to the
control panel indicating alarm or fault
conditions.

The above explains the concept behind a Class B circuit.
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CORRECT METHOD Corrrect wiring method – 2 wire detectors
Incorrect Method Incorrrect wiring method – 2 wire detectors

The above illustrates common mistakes in wiring up circuit for Class A need.
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4-wire smoke detector employing a 3-wire connecting arrangement.

One side of power supply is connected to one side of initiating device circuit.
Wire run broken at each connection to smoke detector to provide supervision

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35 MS 1745 – 14; Fire Detection Zones
(1) A single zone cannot exceed 1,600m²

(2) If a zone extends beyond a single fire
compartment, the zone boundaries
should be boundaries of fire
compartments and the floor area of the
Fire
zone should not exceed 400m².
Compartment (3) Each zone should be restricted to a
single storey of the building unless
(a) The zone consists of a stairwell,
light well etc. extending beyond one
storey but within one compartment.
(b) the total floor area of building <
300m², the whole building can be
one zone.

Basic prescription on zoning.
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36 MS 1745 – 14; Fire Detection Zone
(1) Fire compartments 1 & 2 can be

designed as 1 detection zone
provided total area of
compartments 1 & 2 < 400m²
(2) Total floor area of any one zone
cannot exceed 1,600m².

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37 MS 1745 – 14; Fire Detection Zone
Zone with more than 5 rooms:

(1)Indication of rooms should be
included in control/indicating panel,
OR
(2)Remote indicator lamps installed
outside each door to indicate room
in which detector has operated.
H Heat Detector
Alarm indicator lamp

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38 MS 1745 – 14; Initiating Devices
Heat Detectors Flame Detectors Smoke Detectors
1 Fixed temp
Fusible element 1 UV
Continuous
2 IR
Bimetal
3 UV/IR
2 Rate‐of‐Rise
line 1 ionisation
spot 2 Optical
3 Rate Compensation Manual Switch 3 Beam
line
spot
4 Combination
5 Electronic Spot‐
Thermal

The types of detectors are classified into the types above. In terms of sensitivity smoke detectors are
more sensitive than heat detectors. Spot type heat detectors are the most common, whilst line heat‐
detectors are used in special application. Smoke detectors comprise of 2 main types (ionisation and
optical). Optical smoke detectors comprise of 2 types: the photoelectric detector and the beam
detectors. The following slide illustrates the applications of line (or linear detectors and beam
detectors).
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Cable racks in service tunnels
Conveyors carrying coal dust.
Linear Heat Detectors

The above illustrates deployment of linear heat detectors in special risk applications (cable rack,
conveyors carrying hazardous material etc.).
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Beam Smoke Detectors
Pre-stratified (variable based on

outside temperature)
Variable stratification due to the fire
Beam smoke detector

BEAM should be at height of
plume’s max. diameter.
optical line of sight

Beam detectors detect smoke by measuring the obscuring of a light beam due to smoke. The above
illustrates application of beam smoke detectors in a high ceiling application.
Other specialised detectors are flame detectors which has two primary technology of infra‐red (IR)
or UV light detection. Flame detectors are useful in specialised application and the nature of the
flame will have to be confirmed depending on the type of flammable material.
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41 MS 1745 – 14; Siting and Spacing of Detectors
Limit of ceiling
Limit of ceiling
height for heat
height for smoke
detectors
detectors
CEILING HEIGHT (M)

Detector Types < 4.5 > 4.5 < 6 >6<8 > 8 < 11 > 8 < 25 > 25
Heat, Part 5 Grade 1 5 5 5 NN NS NS
Smoke, point, Part 7 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 NN NS
Beam Part 12 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5(a) NN NS
NS = Not suitable for use in range of heights
NN = Not normally used in the range, but may be used in special applications.
(a) A second layer of detectors will usually be necessary at about ½ ceiling height.

Prescription on ceiling height and radius of coverage given is ONLY a guide. In actual practice the
practitioner will have to consult manufacturer’s guide on radius of coverage (after confirming with
suitable conformance certification on validity of manufacturer’s claims.
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Pitch / Sloping Roof
(1) A/H < 5% ; Standard Spacing
(2) Pitch > 1° ; Detector spacing

H to be increased by 1% for
each 1° of pitch up to a max.
increase of 25%.

In case of pitch roof, any pitch roof with depth to room height ratio of less than 5% can be
considered a “smooth” ceiling in which case the standard spacing table applies. However if the
aforesaid A/H ratio exceeds 5% then the recommended detector spacing is increased by 1% for
every 1° increase in pitch up to a maximum of 25%.
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Ceiling irregularities Ceiling beams in cell-like

arrangement, the internal volume
(1) h/H < 5% ; Standard Spacing
of the cells covered by a single
(2) D > 0.25 x (H-h) Æ detector in every cell detector should not exceed:
(3) D < 0.25 x (H-h) Æ detector in every second cell (1)Heat: V = 6m² x ( H – h )
(4) D < 0.13 x (H-h) Æ detector in every third cell (2)Smoke: V = 12m² x ( H – h )

Where beam depth is an issue, guidelines for moderating detector spacing are listed above.
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False Ceiling and Floors Detectors sited above ceiling if

risk of fire starting above
ceiling and all conditions :
1.Ceiling perforation > 40% of
any 1m x 1m section of ceiling;
2.Each individual perforation
>10mm x 10mm
3.Thickness of ceiling > 3 X
min. dimensions of
perforation.
Detectors NOT required:

1.False floor is perforated; OR
2.False floor is fire rated class A11, A21 or 81 AND no fire load beneath
(e.g. cables).

In case of false floors and ceiling recommendations on coverage are included.
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Atria (high level Detectors installed in

without ceiling)
absence of ceiling:
Rising
Plume 1.Place detectors in path
of rising plume.
Floors Section
2.Use beam detectors.
3.Effective operating
Hf radius = 12.5% Hf

In case were detectors are installed where ceiling are not present, the effective operating radius of
detectors are reduced.
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Detectors installed more than 500mm from any walls or obstruction.

Top of partition less than 300mm is considered to be a full height wall.

Detectors should not be sited 500mm from walls or obstruction. Obstruction include beams and
partitions which are not more than 300 from ceiling.
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Supply Air Inlet > 1m/s

> 1M
Aspirated detectors where

air speed may be high or
varying widely.

Detectors should not be sited in front of fresh air inlet or exhaust and where (air conditioning)
supply air inlet has air velocity more than 1 m/s, it should be at least 1m away. In cases where high
air velocity is a concern, aspirated type smoke detection system may be proposed.
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48 MS 1745 – 14; Manual Break Glass

Manual break glass should generally be sited along escape route. The standard recommends that a
person escaping from a fire should not travel more than 30m to access a manual pull switch. Manual
pull switch should be located as far as possible near exit stair case. Common mistakes are siting
manual pull switch at dead‐ends and away from escape route. In such a case, a person will have to
deviate from the escape route to access the switch which presents a danger to the escapee.
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49 MS 1745 – 14; Alarm
> 65dBA OR
5dBA above ambient
Fire Door Normal Door <120dBA
– 30dBA – 20dBA
> 75dBA; <120dBA

Recommendations on sound level is listed as 65 dB(A) OR 5dB(A) above general ambient sound level
(whichever is the higher). In case where occupant is asleep (hotel rooms), sound levels should be 75
dB(A). Generally a fire door will contribute to about 30dB(A) reduction whilst a normal door will
contribute to about 30dB(A) reduction in sound level. The maximum sound level must however NOT
exceed 120dB(A). Thus the designer will have to place a number of lower dBA sounders rather than
one high dBA sounder to comply with this requirement.
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50 MS 1745 – 14; Alarm
65dBA OR
5dBA above ambient
Sounders
1.At least 2 sounders in a
building.
2.At least 1 sounder in each fire
compartment.
3.Max level < 120dBA
4.Freq. 500Hz – 2kHz
5.Sound should be distinct (not
to be confused with other alarm
e.g. lunch)
6.Sound to be continuous.

A guide on sound attenuation with distance is shown in the graph above. Other prescription on
sounders are also listed above.
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51 Power Supplies
Primary supply
Æ Isolator/ switch fuse to be dedicated
Æ RCD as far as possible not to be used.
Æ Switching of system due to maintenance, energy savings etc should not
affect supply.
Types Æ Normal supply & Standby Supply
Batteries capacity Æ 72 hours normal quiescent condition & 30min. alarm.
Battery capacity with guaranteed downtime less than 24 hours. If system is
locally or remotely supervised and/or a maintenance contract is in force
guaranteeing max. downtime of less than 24 hrs, then battery capacity can
be reduced to 30 hours operating and 30 min. alarm.

Prescription on the standby capacities of batteries are listed above. Note the reduction in capacity
allowed where supervised maintenance contract or local maintenance (competent) is available, the
key term is a guaranteed down time of less than 24 hours in case of supply failure.
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52 MS 1745 – 14; System control
Fire extinguishing system

Smoke or fire doors
Smoke venting equipment
Smoke or fire dampers
Ventilation shut down
Lift control
Security doors

A typical alarm system, in most case will also be used to actuate other emergency or essential
services (list above).
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53 MS 1745 – 14; Cables and interconnection
Cables run in
areas which are
NOT fire
protected
should be fire
resistant OR
protected
against fire.
3 Class of Circuits.
ID = Initiating Devices
ND = Notification Devices
Signal Circuits

MS 1745 – 14 contains clear prescription on the use of fire rated cables for automated fire detection
and alarm system. The next few slides will show the context and prescription on cables and inter
connections.
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Fault in Zone 2 Fault in F.C 1 may

may affect alarm affect alarm signal
signal in Zone 3 in FC2 (cables fire
(cables fire rated rated or protected
or protected for at for at least 30 min.)
least 30 min.)

In the two cases presented above, “fault‐limitations’ require the use of fire‐resistant cables. In these
case, fire resistant is only limited to 30 minutes.
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BS 60331 – Fire Tests

Common misconception in the market is the specification of fire rated cables. Fire rated cables
under IEC 60331 requires that the cable should be able to operate for a certain period (say about 30
minutes) after exposure to fire. Many cables marketed as “fire rated” are merely “fire‐retardant”,
i.e. it will not contribute to the spread or addition to the fire (or it will significantly present itself as a
low fire load). Such cables are cables under IEC 60332‐3. However fire rating under the context of
MS 1745 requires that cables must be able to operate for at least 30 minutes on being exposed to
“fire‐fighting” conditions. The above and following slides explain the concept and specifications
behind specifying fire rating of cables.
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56 MS 1745 – 14; Fire Rated Cables
BS 60332-3

IEC 60331 test a cable for its fire resistant properties (i.e. ability to continue operation during fire
condition) as oppose to IEC 60332‐3 which examines flame propagation property of cables.
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BS5839-1
2002 edition major change to requirement for fire rated cables.
All cables to be fire

rated. The category of
fire rating depends on
the application.

BS 5839 categorise fire rating of cables in terms of its application. The left‐most two standards
specify cables for fire detection and alarm applications.
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58 MS 1745-14; Fire Rated Cables
BS5839-1

The minimum standard of fire rating permitted under MS1745 would be Category W cables (fire
fighting condition).
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BS5839-1

A more correct specification of cables under BS 5839‐1 (and by extension the MS 1745‐14) would be
cables rated as PH30 standard grade cables at 830°C instead of 650°C under BS6387 Cat W cables.
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60 MS 1745 – 14; Cables Protection
Fire rated cables with Normal PVC cables (300V)

mica sheath as fire barrier.
Protection against mechanical damage
Conduit Wiring
Metal Trunking G.I. – Class B certified to IEC 60614-1 & 2
uPVC be high impact class B, certified to IEC60614
If uPVC embedded in concrete they should be class C
Fire rated cables should be laid on trays and in case
where they are exposed (at low level) shall be
mechanically protected (conduit or trunking).

Cables are required to be protected against mechanical damage. This normally means the use of
metal trunking or conduit. The use of conduit however is the most contentious as many installation
consider the use of PVC conduit without a proper check on its specification and certification.
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61 MS 1745 – 14; Cables Protection

Some Common Defects
1. PVC conduit system are
substandard and are NOT
certified to electrical grade.
2. PVC conduit and/or cables
laid in condition where
continuous sunlight occurs
(PVC will deteriorate in the
presence of UV light).
3. Conduit embedded in concrete are of the wrong grade (conduit not properly graded
will crack when laid in concrete).
4. No proper junction boxes and/or terminal boxes.
5. Trunking and/or conduit ‘overloaded’.
6. Splicing/jointing of cables without proper terminal box.
No proper evaluation on fire-

rating of cables in complying PVC products should NOT be
with circuit-survivability! installed exposed to sunlight.

Some common mistakes in cable laying are listed above. The most serious is the used of sub
standard conduit (including GI conduit which are not properly certified). A proper check of SIRIM
certification reveals that many G.I. conduit system may not even be of the correct gauge (class B,
medium grade and in case of embedding in concrete should be at least class C, heavy grade).
It is even more pertinent to note that many fire alarm cabling systems may NOT be properly
specified for fire rating where the standards require such rating.
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62 MS 1745 – 14; Protection against EM disturbance

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)
EMC – DEFINITION
THE ABILITY OF A DEVICE, EQUIPMENT OR SYSTEM TO
FUNCTION SATISFACTORILY IN ITS ELECTROMAGNETIC
ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT INTRODUCING INTOLERABLE
DISTURBANCES TO THAT ENVIRONMENT OR TO OTHER
EQUIPMENT

With the proliferation of addressable type fire alarm, the impact of electromagnetic (EM)
disturbances on sensitive electronic equipment which comprise part of the (supposedly) “fail‐safe”
nature of automatic detection and alarm system pose a serious threat to its integrity. Though MS
1745 is sparse on prescriptive measure on protection against EM disturbances, it should be
emphasised that failure due to EM disturbances is a major consideration which installers of
addressable system CANNOT ignore.
A starting point for planning for EM protection is to gauge the “immunity‐level” or “susceptibility‐
level” of sensitive equipment, and the source and level of EM emission at the vicinity or connectivity
(in EMC terminology it would be termed “EM‐coupling”) to sensitive equipment.
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63 MS 1745 – 14; Protection against EM disturbance

1 Other power cables too near
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) (especially motor and
capacitor switching)
Protect sensitive equipment against 2 Other hi-freq, control cables
EM disturbances too near.
3 Signal cables laid near roof
eaves (or at high level in
building) susceptible to
atmospheric EM disturbance.
4 Cables laid externally
(overhead or u/ground)
susceptible to atmospheric
EM disturbances.

The above attempts to summarise briefly the steps which can be taken to protect equipment against
EM disturbances. Common remedy is the installation of (power‐grade and/or data‐grade) surge
protection devices (SPD). Depending on the nature of the ground, underground cables (especially
hilly rocky ground) is as susceptible to atmospheric EM disturbances as overhead cables. A common
over‐looked source of EM disturbance would be sensing cables laid at high level along timber roof
eaves or roof eaves which are not suitably shielded against atmospheric EM radiation.
Other EM treatments include proper shielding and ground for sensitive equipment. An expert on
EMC should be consulted for proper recommendations on EMC.
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64 MS 1745 – 14; Installation & Work Acceptance

The above is a template for approval and work acceptance procedure. A most basic check will start
with material and components acceptance. This entails an examination of SIRIM certification to
check that the right grade and type of components, materials and product are used. In third party
certification (such as Factory Mutual) this step would be a pre‐requisite, as a compilation of
conformance certification for products, materials and components used in the installation will need
to be filed as record.
The request for Method Statements is also, currently, a common project management tool. However
a proper understanding of the design‐intent, specification and installation procedure IS NECESSARY
before method statement should be requested. Method statement should be specific and NOT
general in nature, i.e. the project manager must state specifically the type and procedure requested
for Method Statement. Current practice of requesting for Method Statement in very general terms
usually result in Contractors generating “Method Statement” which are just copies of the
specifications.
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Check that ALL penetration through fire stop/walls are fire-sealed.

Finally the responsible engineer (whether consultant or contractor) must check that proper fire seals
are installed in ALL penetration of cables, conduit and pipes through fire partitions and floor slabs.
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66 MS 1745 – 14; Commissioning & Verification
Check Conformance Understanding specifications

Understanding certifications
Certification
Check List During Method Statement if

Construction required must be specific in
nature
Pre-Delivery
Can be 1st party, Inspection
2nd party or 3rd
party inspection.
Tests During
Installation
Tests for buried/ Acceptance Tests

covered works.
1. Performance
2. Functional

The above is a template for ensuring final work acceptance. It should be noted that work acceptance
do not only entails accepting final commissioning reports on completion. It should include
compilation of material acceptance, record of installation checks from project inception, through to
QC/QA checks during installation and final commissioning on completion.
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F ire S erv ice s A c t

T ec hn ica l UBBL
S P EC IF Y IN G
S ta nd a rd s E N G IN EE R S
F ire Se rvic es
R e gulat io n s
P RO DUCT IN S PE C T IO N &
C E R T IFIC A T IO N E NFO RCE ME NT
C E R T IF IED
SA F E IN S T A L L A T ION
Fig ur e 1 – A M ode l for S ys te m Ce r tifi ca tion

A model for system certification originally drafted in 2001 (for the electrical safety industry) and
currently adopted in MS 1979 can be paraphrased for the fire fighting industry.
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Verification by Independent Party
1st PARTY – Self Test (e.g. routine factory QC tests).

First-party testing is a large sector. It is for example used as an internal
quality control measure that the products, materials, items and services
are up the requirements expressed in legislation, standards, technical
specifications and contracts with the clients. The manufacturers
declaration of conformity expressed by different ways of marking the
product is often based also on the outcome of these tests.
2nd PARTY – Test by buyers or consumers (e.g. factory test or

witness test by buyers).
Second-party testing is performed by the receiver of the products,
materials, items and services mainly in order to ensure that agreed
requirements and specifications are fulfilled. For ordinary consumers,
testing can be performed by consumer interest organisations or buyer
organisations of products.

An explanation on the type of inspection testing is described above (first party and 2nd party tests).
Understanding the framework on which acceptance‐tests are conducted is essential for the
approving engineer. First party tests (self‐test by vendor/manufacturer) would be the first line of
defence of the approving engineer. Demanding 1st party certificate is akin to requesting for a
product “birth‐certificate”. This ensures that a product is from where it claims to be (i.e. genuine
product). 2nd party witness tests are usually only requested for large assembled equipment. In some
case, where witness test is in a foreign country, the client can engage a third party inspector (who is
expected to be “independent”) to witness test on his behalf.
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Verification by Independent Party
3rd PARTY – Test by independent inspectors (e.g. certification by

SIRIM, Factory Mutual).
Third-party testing is especially required, preferred or used if the results
have a considerable influence or effect on public or societal issues, in
particular related to health, environment, safety and large economic
values. It is also applied when taking measures to eliminate the
possibility of cheating and misconduct or when crucial risks and
consequences of wrong or manipulated results exist. Third-party testing
is expected to provide a nonbiased view and thus a better confidence in
the test results.

Third party certification (such as Factory Mutual) is an important certification body for multinational
corporation.
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Model Certificates – Annex C
Certificate of
Design
Certificate of
Installation
Certificate of
Commission
& Verification
Certificate of
Acceptance

Annex C in the Standard includes model certificates which can be used by practitioners to design a
documented procedure for works acceptance.
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71 MS 1745 – 14; Maintenance / Operation.
Alarm /
Emergency
Response
Plan Persons /
Preventive Organisations
Maintenance Responsible
Check List
Fire Drill
Routine &
Semi-Routine
Check List
Annex A
Maintenance
Manual &
Record of
As-Built
Extension/
Modifications/
Repair

In the compilation of completion documentations for handing over to the operator or client, the
above template lists the important parts of the documents which should be included. Current
handing over documentations merely compiles a catalogue of equipment and components without
any operating procedure or maintenance check list procedure for each components and system.
Annex A has an excellent model form for check‐list for maintenance use.
Other work procedure by the operator would be the conduct of occupants’ training (usually fire drill)
and a documented procedure to ensure that extension and modification works do not compromise
the integrity of existing fire systems.
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72 MS 1745 – 14; Applications in Special Risk
Effects of high ventilation rate and air speed

Fire detection in concealed space, u/floor etc.
Local cover of cabinets required.
Closing of fire dampers in response to alarm signals
Consider aspirating systems
Electronic data processing
areas / electrical risks
Confirm content of storage

Consult with insurers
Detection linked wit auto extinguishing

systems.
Detection layer at rack to prevent spread of fire.
High Rack warehouse

A final section of MS 1745‐14 include a discussions on special risk which is listed above. Insurers are
especially concerned with warehouses and data‐processing centres. Thus consultation with insurers
are essential for ascertaining the acceptability of systems and grade of components used.
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Smoke Control
Fire detection at atrium
Fire compartmentation
Smoke Control with detection
and auto fire suppression
High Atrium Building
Confirm nature and type of storage

Consult Hazmat legislation
ER Plan for hazmat
Detection and fire suppression systems

Linked to ER plan for hazmat.
High Hazard Area

In ascertaining the fire protection needs of high hazard areas, other legislation may be consulted
such as the “Petroleum Safety Measures Act (for oil depots)”, “The Gas Supply Act” (Gas storage at
retail‐end). “Environmental Quality Act” (schedule waste, hazmat handling).
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Confirm nature of fire hazard,

Check environmental conditions
Choice and siting of detectors
Detection and fire suppression systems suited

for environment and hazard class (e.g. mist
suppression system, foam system etc.) linked
to detection system.
Outdoor Areas
E.g. tank farm, conveyors
hplooi@streamyx.com
http://hplooi.blogspot.com

Oil tank, coal conveyors, recycled tyre depot/storage yard are just some of the outdoor risk areas
which demands special consideration for automatic fire detection and alarm. In most case, an
understanding of the risk, type of fire which will be generated and the fire hazard involve will be
necessary before any solution can be proposed. For example:
(1) Tank farm fire is usually fought from a policy of containment, i.e. prevent the fire from
spreading. Once a fire starts it will be difficult to extinguish the fire. A response plan will
require sufficient amount of water just to contain the fire (containment dikes are usually
included in tank farm design) and prevent temperatures from reaching excessively high
levels.
(2) Waste tyre storage yard (typically outdoor) requires attention to fire containment. Once a
fire starts, it would be difficult to extinguish fires from mounds of tyre waste. A more
serious implication would be smouldering fire from tyre waste which would pose air quality
hazard to the surrounding area. Again containment is an essential first step in design Fire
suppression agent include special chemical agent for the suppression of fires from rubber
waste.
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6th October 2009

Eastin Hotel. Petaling Jaya
MS 1745 – FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM

hplooi@streamyx.com
http://hplooi.blogspot.com
Ir. H.P. Looi, (6TH October 2009)

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APPENDIX A –Types of Fire Alarm System, BS5839-1:2002

(Typical Application based on fire needs of premises)
Assessment of Needs Based on BS 5839 – 1 : 2002
Lower Higher
Type of Premises Comments
Risk End Risk End
M normally meets legal requirements.
Most places of work, offices, shops,
M or P/2M P1/M Detection added to meet insurers and business
warehouse, factories, restaurants
interruption risk.
In sleeping areas L3 is the base
Hotels and Hostels L2 L1 recommendation level. In practice this
becomes at least L2.
Pubs with no residential accommodation M.
Pubs M L2
Pubs with residential accommodation L3/L2.
Normally based on fire risk assessment
Schools M M/P2/L4 particularly arson risk. Detection also often
added if in partial use for community activities.
Hospitals L1 L1 Minor variations as per HTM1982
Accommodation under 300 normally M. Larger
Places of assembly, eg entertainment M L1 premises L4 to L1. Large premises are usually
L1.
Transportation terminals M/L5 M/L5 -
Covered shopping centres L3 L1 -
Residential care homes L3 L1 L1 for large premises
Prisons M L5 -
Phased evacuation buildings L3 L3 -
Extra risk to life posed by such things as inner
Buildings with means of escape
M/L5 M/L4 rooms, unoccupied spaces, cross building
difficulties
risks, use of automatic door holders etc.
Insurer requirements M/P2 M/P1 -
END OF APPENDIX A
© Copyright; All rights reserved

Ir. H.P. Looi (hplooi@mektricon.com)
(October 2009)
B2-1/3
APPENDIX B – Circuit Class and Style, NFPA72 : 2002
Table B1 – Performance of Initiating Devices Circuits (IDC)
Class B B B A A
Style A B C D Eα
Alarm receipt capability

during abnormal conditions

Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Abnormal condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Single open – X – – X – – X – – X X – X X
Single ground – X – – X R – X R – X R – X R
Wire-to-wire short X – – X – – – X – X – – – X –
Loss of carrier (if used)/
– – – – – – – X – – – – – X –
Channel interface
R = Required capacity
X = Indication required at protected premises and as required in Chapter 5
α = Style exceeds minimum requirements of Class A

(October 2009)
B2-2/3
Table B2 – Performance of Signaling Line Circuits (SLC)

(October 2009)
B2-1/3
Table B3 – Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC)
Class B B B A
Style W X Y Z
Trouble indication at protected

Alarm capability during

abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
premises
premises
premises
premises
Abnormal condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Single open X – X X X – X X
Single ground X – X – X X X X
Wire-to-wire short X – X – X – X –
END OF APPENDIX B

(October 2009)
APPENDIX A –Types of Fire Alarm System, BS5839-1:2002

(Typical Application based on fire needs of premises)
Assessment of Needs Based on BS 5839 – 1 : 2002
Lower Higher
Type of Premises Comments
Risk End Risk End
M normally meets legal requirements.
Most places of work, offices, shops,
M or P/2M P1/M Detection added to meet insurers and business
warehouse, factories, restaurants
interruption risk.
In sleeping areas L3 is the base
Hotels and Hostels L2 L1 recommendation level. In practice this
becomes at least L2.
Pubs with no residential accommodation M.
Pubs M L2
Pubs with residential accommodation L3/L2.
Normally based on fire risk assessment
Schools M M/P2/L4 particularly arson risk. Detection also often
added if in partial use for community activities.
Hospitals L1 L1 Minor variations as per HTM1982
Accommodation under 300 normally M. Larger
Places of assembly, eg entertainment M L1 premises L4 to L1. Large premises are usually
L1.
Transportation terminals M/L5 M/L5 -
Covered shopping centres L3 L1 -
Residential care homes L3 L1 L1 for large premises
Prisons M L5 -
Phased evacuation buildings L3 L3 -
Extra risk to life posed by such things as inner
Buildings with means of escape
M/L5 M/L4 rooms, unoccupied spaces, cross building
difficulties
risks, use of automatic door holders etc.
Insurer requirements M/P2 M/P1 -
END OF APPENDIX A

(October 2009)
B2-1/3
APPENDIX B – Circuit Class and Style, NFPA72 : 2002
Table B1 – Performance of Initiating Devices Circuits (IDC)
Class B B B A A
Style A B C D Eα


Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Trouble
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Alarm
Abnormal condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Single open – X – – X – – X – – X X – X X
Single ground – X – – X R – X R – X R – X R
Wire-to-wire short X – – X – – – X – X – – – X –
Loss of carrier (if used)/
– – – – – – – X – – – – – X –
Channel interface
R = Required capacity
α = Style exceeds minimum requirements of Class A

(October 2009)
B2-2/3
Table B2 – Performance of Signaling Line Circuits (SLC)

(October 2009)
B2-1/3
Table B3 – Notification Appliance Circuits (NAC)
Class B B B A
Style W X Y Z


abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
abnormal conditions
premises
premises
premises
premises
Abnormal condition 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Single open X – X X X – X X
Single ground X – X – X X X X
Wire-to-wire short X – X – X – X –
END OF APPENDIX B

(October 2009)

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MS 1745 Part 14; Fire Detection and Fire Alarm System, Guidelines for

Fire alarm and detection as passive system is the most commonly

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

4 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

The responsibilities of a Professional Engineer can be summarised:

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

5 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

Professional responsibility & Duty of Care

1 Professionalism requires the Engineer to place ‘public interest’

Highland Tower Ruling, K.L. High Court, Aug 2000:

Thus even an unregistered engineer who practices engineering will be liable

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

6 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

Where does it requires that a P.Eng MUST

STREET, DRAINAGE AND BUILDING ACT 1974 ACT 133

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

7 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

Street, Drainage And Building ACT 1974 ACT 133

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

8 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

How many who

MS 1745 : Part 5 & 6

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

9 INTRODUCTION – The Professional Engineer’s Responsibilities

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

EN54 part 1 – Introduction

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

EN54 part 15 – Point detectors using a combination of detected fire phenonmena

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

BS 5839 – Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings

Part 1 : 2002 - Code of practice for system design, installation,

Part 2 : 1983 - Specification for manual call points (withdrawn

Part 3 : 1988 - Specification for automatic release mechanisms

Part 4 : 1988 - Specification for control and indicating equipment

continue next page

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

BS 5839 – Fire Detection and Alarm Systems for Buildings

Part 5 : 1988 – Specification for optical beam smoke detectors

Part 6 : 1985 – Code of practice for the design and installation of

Part 8 : 1988 Code of practice for the design, installation and

Part 9 : 2003 Code of practice for the design, installation,

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

15 Structure of MS 1745 Part 14

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

16 MS 1745 Part 14 – Introduction and Scope

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

17 MS 1745 Part 14 – Normative Reference, Terms & definitions

3 – Terms and Definitions – some important terms:

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

18 MS 1745 Part 14 – General

Maintenance 4 – General – provide general guidance on use of MS1745

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

19 MS 1745 Part 14 – General

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)

20 MS 1745 Part 14 – Assessment of Needs

MS 1745 DO NOT specify when, where and how fire

Consult Client / Architect.

Consult authorities having System

Consider integration with

continue next page

Ir. H.P. Looi, (6th October 2009)