Experiment # 01

Force, Area, Leverage

and Hydraulic
Pressure.
Submitted to
Required Equipment:
1. Vega Hydraulic and Pneumatic Bench.
2. Two Cylinders, 1.5” and 0.75” bore diameter.
3. Pressure Gauge, 0-30 psig, 0-400 psig.
4. Steel bar with holes.
5. Weights, 17.6 lbs, 4.4 lbs.
6. Struts, pins, clevis, other misc. hardware.

Objectives:
1. Determine and understand the relationship between pressure, force and area.
2. Understanding the moments, Levers and Mechanical Advantage.

Procedure:
 We had Two Cylinders with different diameters.
 We charged both of them completely by opening the rod end to the atmosphere and
charging the cap ends.
 We fastened the end cap of the Cylinder A to the bench.
 We also attached a pressure gauge to that cylinder cap end in order to determine the
pressure on that end.
 After that we started loading the rod end of the cylinder A and checked for the Pressure
on the Pressure gauge and note the reading.
 We tried three different loads of(4.4 , 17.6 and 22 lbs).
 We used Cylinder B and used the same weights to get the pressure for that cylinder.
 To eliminate frictional effects from the cylinder we tapped the base of the cylinder.
 We made a Third class Lever using 1.5” diameter cylinder.
 We fastened the cap end of the cylinder to a gauge, and did fasten a strut parallel to
that cylinder.
 To complete a third class lever we fixed a steel bar over both of them.
 Strut was acting as a pivot and the cylinder was the force applied.
 We attached a load of 17.6 lb on the other side of the steel bar.
 Then we found the mechanical advantage for that lever and as it was expected the
mechanical Advantage for a third class lever would always be less than 1.
 We used three different locations and noted the mechanical advantage for each of
them.
 At the same time while changing the location of the load we also measured the
pressures shown by the pressure gauge.
 As a last step of the experiment we fastened both the cylinders A and cylinder B to the
bench.
 And then attached the steel bar ends to the rod ends of the cylinders.
 We connected pressure gauges to the cap ends of the both cylinders.
 We had to find a location on the steel bar where we can attach the 17.6lb of load and its
does not affect the horizontal position of that steel bar. Which certainly meant that
moments applied on the both rods of the cylinder A and B must be equal.

“Fluid Flow diagram”

Pressure Relief
Valve

Cylinder

Pressure
guage

MOTOR

Sink(Reservoir)
Pressure Relief Valve:
This valve helps when pressure exceeds a certain limit. It is activated by a spring which compresses as
pressure is increased to a certain limit allowing the fluid to move back to the sink in order to relieve the
pressure.

Similarly as pressure is decreased this spring is again stretched which closes the backflow to the sink.

This is also called Counter balance valve.

Results:

“Table for the Pressures noted for different weights”

S.No LOADS (lbs) CYLINDER A (psig) CYLINDER B (psig) CYLINDER C (psig)
1 4.4 0 5 7
2 17.6 7.5 9.5 40
3 22 10 11 48

“Chart for the reaction representation of different cylinders to the loads”

"Relationship between load (lbs) and

pressure (psig) of cylinders"
60

50
PRESSURE (psig

40

30 Cylinder A
Cylinder B
20
Cylinder C
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
LOADS (lbs
 “Calculations for the Third class Lever with 1.5” diameter cylinder as being
between Pivot(strut) and Load (17.5lbs)”
According to the General Leverage law;

 Moments of both load and the force applied about the pivot must always be
equal to achieve a dynamic equilibrium condition.

Force Load
Pivot

“Mechanical Advantage”
Mechanical Advantage for a Third class lever will always be less than 1.
𝐿 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = =
𝐹 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑

As moment arm for load is always more than that of Force in third class lever.

So M.A < 1
 “Attaching both the Cylinders to the ends of the steel bar”

As we attached the cap ends of both the cylinders to the bench and attached the ends of the steel bar to
each cylinder at the rod end.

We needed to find out the location where we can apply the load and the horizontal position of the steel
bar is not disturbed.

As we know that diameter of one cylinder is half of the other.

Diameter of Cylinder A is twice to that of Cylinder B.

Diameter of Cylinder A = 0.75”

Diameter of Cylinder B = 1.5”

4L L

Load

Cylinder B Cylinder A
 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝜋(𝐷)2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
4

As diameter of cylinder A is twice to that of Cylinder B, That means that it’s area will be four times.

As both cap ends are connected to each other. So in order to make the pressure in both of the cylinders
to be equal we need to apply force on one end to be four times of the other. Because Area of one end is
four times to the other. Which certainly refer to the moment arm. So we do need to apply the force on
the beam or steel bar at a location where its horizontal position is not disturbed.

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑎

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑏

And we did find that the area of cylinder A is four times to that of cylinder B.

𝐴𝑎 = 4 𝐴𝑏

So to make the pressure equal moment arm of force to cylinder B must be four times to the moment
arm of cylinder A.

𝐹𝑏
𝑃𝑏 =
𝐴𝑏

𝐹𝑎 𝐹𝑎
𝑃𝑎 = =
𝐴𝑎 4𝐴𝑏

Now comparing the pressures. We get the relation between forces at the both ends.

𝐹𝑎 = 4𝐹𝑏

We for making the end force to be 4 times. We can change the moment arm of the load applied.

So we kept the moment arm of load from cylinder B to be four times to that of cylinder A.