Fluid Flow-1

Subject Code: ChE-108

Dr. Asif Jamil

Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite

Materials Engineering
 Introduction
 Mechanics is the science that deals with both
stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of force.

 The branch of mechanics that considers bodies

at rest is called statics, whilst the branch that
deals with bodies in motion is called dynamics.

Fluid Mechanics deals with the behavior of fluids

at rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid
dynamics) and the interaction of fluids with
solids or the other fluids at the boundaries.

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Pressure

Force per unit area is called pressure,

and its unit is the Pascal, N/m2 in the SI
system and psia, lbf/in2 absolute, in the
English system.

Force F
P 
Area A
Pressure Concept
 Pressure is the basic property of a static
fluid.
 Pressure is force exerted by the fluid against
the walls of the container.
 Pressure exists at every point within volume
of fluid.
 What kind of property is pressure?
 Is pressure independent of direction? Or
does it vary with direction?

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Pressure Concept

Planes AOB, AOC, COB, and

ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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Pressure Concept

Planes AOB, AOC, COB,

and ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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Pressure Concept

Planes AOB, AOC, COB, and

ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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Pressure Concept

Planes AOB, AOC, COB, and

ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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Pressure Concept

Planes AOB, AOC, COB, and

ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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Pressure Concept
TETRAHYDRON

Y
X

Imagine that tetrahedron is isolated as a free body and all

forces acting in the z-axis, either from outside the fluid or
surrounding fluid. 10
Pressure Concept
Three forces are involved

1) Pressure on plane COB acting upward

2) Vertical component of pressure force on
plane ABC acting downward.
3) Force of gravity acting downward.

Since the fluid is in equilibrium, the resultant

of these forces is zero.

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C B

Force of
Gravity
Pressure
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1) Pressure on plane COB acting upward

 Area of face COB = ∆x∆y/2

 Average pressure = pz

Force = (pz ∆x∆y)/2

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2. Vertical component of pressure force
on plane ABC acting downward.
Let þ be the average pressure on face ABC.
 Area of face ABC = ∆x∆y/2CosØ

Force = Pressure X Area

Force = þ[(∆x∆y)/(2cosØ)]

Now the angle between force vector of þ with z-axis is

also , Ø, so

Force = þ[(∆x∆y)/(2cosØ)]cosØ
Force = þ[∆x∆y/2]

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Planes AOB, AOC, COB, and
ABC form a tetrahedron.

Ø be the angle between plane

COB & ABC.

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2-D diagram of plane ABC & COB
z

φ φ

y
Plane COB

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2. Vertical component of pressure force
on plane ABC acting downward.
Let þ be the average pressure on face ABC.
 Area of face ABC = ∆x∆y/2CosØ

Force = Pressure X Area

Force = þ[(∆x∆y)/(2cosØ)]

Now the angle between force vector of þ with z-axis is

also , Ø, so

Force = þ[(∆x∆y)/(2cosØ)]cosØ
Force = þ[∆x∆y/2]

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3. Force of gravity acting downward

Volume of tetrahydron = ∆x∆y∆z/6

Fluid density = d

Force of gravity = d [(∆x∆y∆z)/6] (g/gc)

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Pressure Concept
Force balance in z-direction
Upward forces – downward forces = 0

[(pz ∆x∆y)/2]-þ[∆x∆y/2]- d[(∆x∆y∆z)/6] (g/gc) = 0

Dividing be ∆y∆z
[pz/2] - þ/2 – (d∆zg)/6gc = 0
As the distance between plane ABC & O approaches
zero
 Putting ∆z =0 , pz= pz and þ=p
pz/2- p/2 = 0 or pz = p
Similarly balance along x and y axis can also be written
px = py = pz = p
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Conclusion
 Point “O” can be placed in any place in
the fluid and the angle “Ø” may be of any
degree.
 Pressure is independent of direction.

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium
In a stationary mass of a single static fluid, the
pressure remain constant in any cross section
parallel to earth’s surface but varies from
height to height.

a
a b c d
b
c

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium

S = Cross sectional area

Z = height
p = pressure
𝜌 = density

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 Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Three forces are acting on the volume

1) Force from pressure ‘p’ acting in an upward

direction, which is “pS”.

2) Force from pressure ‘’p+dp’’ acting in a downward

direction, which is “(p+dp)S”.

3) Force of gravity acting downward, which is

(g/gc)𝜌SdZ.

 Since the fluid is in equilibrium, the resultant of these

forces is zero.

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium
Upward forces – downward forces = 0

pS - (p+dp)S – (g/gc) 𝜌SdZ = 0

Dividing by “S”

dp + (g/gc) 𝜌dZ = 0

For incompressible fluids

p/𝜌 + g/gc Z = const

Between two definite heights Za & Zb

pb/𝜌 – pa/𝜌 = g/gc (Za - Zb)

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 Barometric Equation
For an ideal gas the density and pressure are
related by the equation

𝒑𝑴
𝝆=
𝑹𝑻
dp + (g/gc) 𝜌dZ = 0
𝑑𝑝 𝑔𝑀
+ 𝑑𝑍 = 0
𝑝 𝑔𝑐𝑅𝑇

𝑝𝑏 𝑔𝑀
ln =− (𝑍𝑏 − 𝑍𝑎 )
𝑝𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝑅𝑇

𝑝𝑏 𝑔𝑀
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 − (𝑍 − 𝑍𝑎 ) Barometric Equation
𝑝𝑎 𝑔𝑐𝑅𝑇 𝑏
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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a centrifugal field

 In a rotating centrifuge, a layer of liquid is

thrown outward from the axis of rotation and
is held against the wall of the bowl by
centrifugal force.

 The free surface of the liquid takes the

parabolic shape.

 In industrial centrifuges, the rotation speed is

high than the force of gravity, the liquid surface
is virtually cylindrical & coaxial with the axis of
rotation.

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a centrifugal field

 The entire mass of liquid is rotating like a rigid body.

 No sliding of one layer over another.
 Principles of fluid statics are applicable under such
conditions. 3/15/2021 Department of Chemical Engineering 27
Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a centrifugal field

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Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a centrifugal field

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Manometer
 Used for measuring pressure difference.
 U tube manometer is shown in figure.
 U tube is filled with fluid A.
 The arms of U-tube are filled with fluid B.

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Pressure at pt. 1 = pa
Pressure at pt. 2
Pressure =
Pressure at 5 = Pb
Pressure at 4

Pressure at 3

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According to principles of hydrostatics

Pressure at pt. 2 = Pressure at pt. 3

=

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 Inclined Manometer
 For measuring small differences in pressure,
inclined manometer is used.
 One leg is inclined, so, for a small magnitude
of Rm, the meniscus in the incline tube move
a considerable distance.
 The distance is Rm/sinα.
 By making angle small, the magnitude of Rm
is multiple into long distance R1, and large
reading becomes equivalent to small
pressure difference.

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Inclined Manometer

R1
Rm

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35
Solution:
Atmospheric pressure = 0
gc = 1
pa = 0.14 x 105 = 14,000 Pa
Zb = 250 mmHg

Pb = g(– Zb) ρ Pb = m/sec2 x mmHg x Kg/m3

Pb = (-250/1000) x 9.8 x13,590] Pb = -33,318 Pa

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For Inclined Manometer

14,000 + 33,318 = R1 x 9.80665 x (13590 – 1260) sin 45

R1 = 460 mm
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Decantation

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Continuous Gravity Decanter
 What is gravity decanter?

A gravity decanter is a vessel in which two

liquids of different densities are allowed to
separate by gravity.

Decanter is used for he continuous separation of

two immiscible liquids of differing densities.

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Continuous Gravity Decanter

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Continuous Gravity Decanter

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 Total length; ZT = ZB + ZA1

Pressure due to ZB + pressure due to ZA1 = pressure due to ZA2

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Size of a Decanter

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 Centrifugal Decanter
 If the difference b/w densities of two liquids is
small, force of gravity may be too weak to
separate the liquids in reasonable time.

 The separation is accomplished with centrifuge.

 Centrifuge consists of cylindrical metal bowl,

usually mounted vertically and rotate around its
axis at high speed.

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Centrifugal Decanter

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∆þ b/w rB & ri = ∆þ b/w rA & ri

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 Solution (a)

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Solution (a)

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 Solution (b)

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