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SAF Manual 1999 PDF
SAF Manual 1999 PDF
PNPM-D-O-3-1-99 [SAF]
SAF OPERATIONS
MESSAGE
I wish to commend the Special Action Force of the Philippine National Police
(SAF-PNP) for coming out with an Operations Manual which contains the rules,
principles and tactics of our policing system.
It is my hope that this handbook will be your constant guide in our pursuit of
a truly professional, dynamic and respected police organization.
RONALDO V PUNO
Secretary
FORWARD
The publication of this Manual is hoped to fill the long felt need of the men of
Special Action Force (SAF) for reference on matters pertaining to the operational
activities of the unit. This manual not only serves as a useful guide for the personnel
of SAF but also for other members of the PNP who conduct similar operations.
This manual is made simple so that every SAF personnel could understand
and orient himself in the performance of his duties.
PANFILO L LACSON
Police Director
Chief, PNP
PREFACE
The central purpose of this new Special Action Force Manual has been
prompted by a growing conviction that a focused emphasis be placed in both the
principles and procedures of special operations. Both have been fleshed out- and
now enfleshed in an organized fashion into this manual.
No doubt the manual can shed a lot of light on special operations problems,
which every police officer worth his uniform must be willing to face and solve. It can
also be a source of education when disagreements occur on policy or when practice
proceeds from unexamined assumptions.
It is expected that the manual will be subject to the dynamics of revision and
review from time to time. Thus, every reader is encourages not only to apply the
principles set forth therein but also to contribute new ideas and fresh insights to
further improve the same. Every reader’s serious commentary is most welcome.
Members of the Command Group and Directorial Staffs for their evaluation,
guidance, encouragement and suggestion;
The commanding Officers, 1st Batallion and Force Support Battalion and the
Commandant, SAF School and their officers for their inputs;
PSUPT ROMAN A FELIX (DSC), Chief Operations and Plans Division and his
officers including Police officers II Jaydel B Manticahon for their collective effort in
encoding, lay-outing, presenting and publishing this manual.
Finally, this work is dedicated to the men and women of the Special Action
Force.
JOSE ODALUMPINES
Police Senior Superintendent (GSC)
Director, SAF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MESSAGE
FOREWORD
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Policies on Terrorism
2.1. National Crisis Management Committee Policies
2.2. PNP Crisis Management Policies
Section III. Organization and Equipment
2.3. The Counter - Terrorist Unit
2.3.1. The Counter Terrorist Team
2.3.2. Extended Range Support Team (ERST)
2.3.3. The Security Team
Section IV. Counter-Terrorist Operations
2.4. Function of Counter-Terrorist Team
2.5. Assault Process
2.6. Types of Assault
2.7. Utilization of Chemical Munitions
Section V. Crisis Management
2.8. Crisis Management Objectives
2.9. Crisis Management Theory
2.10. Crisis Situation Checklist
2.11. Relationship with the NACAHT/NCMC
2.12. Terrorist Related Crisis Situation
2.13. Employment
Section VI. Training
2.14. Urban Counter Revolutionary Warfare Course
2.15. Extended Range Support Team (ERST) Training
2.16. Police Intervention Techniques Training
2.17. Human Rights Seminar
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Organization, Functions and Equipment
3.1. Organization
3.2. Functions and Equipment
Section III. Patrolling and Scouting
3.3. Patrolling
3.4. Types of Patrols
3.5. Organization of Commando Patrol
3.6. Preparation and Execution
3.7. Reconnaissance
Section IV. Raid
3.8. Organization of the Raid Force
3.9. Procedure of Raid
Section V. Ambush and Counter-Ambush
3.10. Definition and Purpose
3.11. Ambush of Opportunity
3.12. The Deliberate Ambush
3.13. Counter-Ambush Tactics
Section VI. Waterborne Operations
3.14. Mission
3.15. Organization
3.16. Duties and Responsibilities of Crew Members
3.17. Movement
3.18. Tactical Landings
3.19. Tactical Withdrawal
Section VII. Airborne Operations
3.20. Parachute Operations
3.21. Air Landed Operations
Section VIII. Airmobile Operations (Heliborne)
3.22. General
3.23. Missions
3.24. Limitations
3.35. Land Loading Procedure (Enplaning)
3.26. Deplaning Procedure
3.27. Conduct of Assault
Section IX. Close Air Support (CAS) Operations
3.28. General
3.29. Priorities
3.30. Procedures in Directing an Aircraft
Section X. Training
3.31. SAP Commando Course (SAFCC)
3.32. Basic Airborne Course (BAC)
3.33. BUSRROC/SCUBA
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Obiectives
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Objectives
4.1. Ultimate Objective
4.2. Interim Objective
Section III. Organization and Equipment
4.3. Organization
4.4. Composition
4.5. Equipment
Section IV. Operational Tasks and Approaches
4.6. Operational Task
4.7. Integrated Task
4.8. Operational Approaches
Section V. Control Principles
4.9. Civil Disturbance
4.10. Crowds or Mobs
4.11. Police Response in Crowd Control
Section VI. Area Isolation
4.12. Objective
4.13. Techniques
Section VII. Executions
4.14. Kinds of Formation
4.15. Application of Force
Section I. Introduction
Section II. The Search and Rescue System
5. l. SAR System
5.2. SAR Organization
5.3. Equipment
5.4. Emergency Phases
Section III. Search and Rescue Emergency Care
5.5. Emergency Care Component
5.6. Emergency Care SAR Personnel
5.7. Emergency Care Service
5.8. Evacuation and Transport Facilities
5.9. Fixed Medical Facilities
Section IV. The SAR Stages
5.10. Awareness Initial Action Stage
5.11. Initial Action Stage
5.12. Planning Stage
5.13. Operation Stage
5.14. Terminating the Search
Section V. Training 80
Section I. Introduction
Section II. Importance of Training
Section III. Objectives of Training
Section IV. Organization
Section V. Guidelines in the Conduct of Training
7.1. Principles of Learning
7.2. The Performance-Oriented Training
INTRODUCTION
The seed of the idea to create an elite force germinated at Camp Crame, the
first "home " of the Special Action Force (SAF) a decade ago on May 16,1983
pursuant to Headquarters Philippine Constabulary General Orders Number 323. Then
AFP Vice Chief of Staff and PC/INP Chief Fidel V Ramos, spearheaded the activation
of the Philippine Constabulary Special Action Force (PC SAF) to combat terrorism,
hijackings, urban-guerrilla warfare, insurgency and other forms of criminality. This,
in effect, was the rationale behind the SAF's creation.
SAF VISION
SAF MISSION
OBJECTIVES
The PNP SAF seeks to establish the unit's identity, institute reforms and prove
itself capable of handling internal security problem with the following objectives:
(a) To enhance national stability and unity by reducing the most serious
threats to national security, namely: the dissident terrorist, ultra rightist groups and
organized crime groups.
(b) To accelerate the attainment of substantive operational and organizational
reforms to strengthen the mission and capability of the SAP
ORGANIZATIONAL SET-UP
The PNP Special Action Force is one of the National Support Units of the
Philippine National Police and is under the supervision of the National Headquarters,
PNP. The PNP SAP inherited the constabulary military model of organization. There is
the command group at the Headquarters, headed by the Director, PNP SAF; Deputy
Director for Administration; Deputy Director for
Operations; and the Chief of the Directorial Staff who is in-charge of the directorial
staff [Chief, Personnel and Human Resource Div, Chief, Intelligence and
Investigation Div, Chief, Operations and Plans Div, Chief, Logistics Div, Chief PCR
Div, Chief, Comptrollership Div].
The PNP SAF has three (3) Line Battalions, one (1) Force Support Battalion
and SAF School. Every line battalion has three line companies and a Headquarters
Support Unit. The Force Support Battalion is composed of Light Armor Unit (LAU),
EOD/Canine (K-9) Unit, Base Police, Special Support Unit and Maintenance Unit.
See ppt.
COUNTER-TERRORISM
Section I. INTRODUCTION
Lead man Point man for AR 5.56 w/ optic Kevlar Eye protector
clearing rooms, sight and flash Balaclava hood Black
responsible for light suit Black vest Urban
front security boots Low carry holster
Gas mask Tear gas
Half finger gloves
Cover man Door opener, Assist Bolt cutter/sledge
point man hammer/axe, AR
5.56, Shot gun
Team leader Over-all in-charge SMG HK MP5(std),
of the team 9mm
Auto-rifle man Provide max. fire GALIL SAR,5.56
support
Demolition Explosives & booby SMG SAR, 5.56,
expert traps expert Demo Eqpt
Asst. team Account members AR 5.56 w/ optic
Leader sight & flashlight
Aid man Employ first aid AR 5.56 w/ optic
sight & flashlight
Tail security Rear security/ AR 5.56 w/ flash
cover light
Basically the ERST are organized into two man pairs, the sniper and the
spotter. It is the basic operational organization for their employment. The coach-
shooter relationship of the snipers is invaluable in target acquisition, estimation of
range to targets, observation of bullet trace and impact, and offering connections to
target engaged. The mutual support of the two snipers working together is a
significant morale factor during employment in urban operations, combat
environments and/or extended missions.
The primary equipment and the duties and responsibilities of the ERST:
Primary Equipment
SNIPER SPOTTER/OBSERVER
Sniper Rifle with bipod Ml-A or M16A2 with M203 40mm
Binocular Spotting Scope
Handgun Handgun
The security teams are organized into eight (8) - man team. Their basic
function is to provide perimeter defense during Crisis management situation and act
as security forces during special operations. They are also well trained and equipped
similar to that of the counter-terrorist team so that they can also perform the
functions of the latter whenever situation warrants.
The planning phase includes the notification and assembly of the CT Unit. The
alert procedure in notifying the unit must be developed and established in an SOP.
These procedures should include:
(1) A contact plan to notify each CT Unit member. This may be done by
telephone, pager, or other means.
(2) An assembly plan which permits the CT Unit to deploy to the incident
scene with a prescribed time limit.
(1) If assets are not dedicated to the CT Unit, the main body must coordinate for
transportation.
(2) Individuals or teams are responsible for various tasks, i.e., distributing
ammunition, collecting radios, loading vehicles, etc.
(3) Accounting for men and equipment.
(1) Briefing team leaders on latest developments while team members carry out
assigned tasks.
(2) Deploying the ERST as soon as possible, usually 10 minutes after arrival at the
tactical holding area.
(3) Collecting and analyzing intelligence information.
(4) Conducting or updating an existing target analysis.
(5) Completing preparations for an emergency assault.
(6) Conducting leaders' reconnaissance of the crisis site.
(7) Conduct day and night rehearsals and walk-through.
(8) Prepare equipment.
(a) The order of movement should be arranged so that the teams arrive at their last
covered and
This phase covers all the assault skills you have practiced through withdrawal
to the tactical holding area.
Simultaneously, another team will occupy the opposite side. They will be divided into
two and each pair will have a designated window to clear. They will run towards
their assigned area, will the first element of each sub-group to lean against the bus
and offer his knees to be used as a step by his partner so to have a clear view of the
inside.
(c) Aircraft Assault - The assaulting team uses a ladder to be able to reach
the plane's door.
(d) Barricaded Assault - The subject has a cover so it is not possible for the
entry team to expose themselves into the open without elements providing cover
fire. The use of tearing agent or stun grenade is advisable in this type of operation.
(e) ERST Initiated/Explosives Assault - Snipers will be utilized in this type of
assault. They will position to a place where they can have a view on the area;
They are going to provide on-hand information necessary for the success of
the assault. They entry team will proceed to the breaching point under the cover of
the snipers. The demolitionist then will install explosives to be used as their
breaching agent. On signal, the demolitionist will arm the explosive and will create
an opening for the entry team to pass and proceed with assault.
2.7.1. DOs
This Checklist shall be adopted to guide the responding elements of the Crisis
Resolution Team (CRT).
See ppt
The Special Action force shall utilize its counter-terrorist unit (discussed in
section 3) to augment the national tactical strike force which shall be tapped during
terrorist-related crisis situations that shall be taken cognizance by NACAHT.
(Executive Order No. 246 dated May 18, 1995.
2.12. Terrorist Related Crisis Situations
2.12.1. General
2.12.2. Specific
2.13. Employment
As embodied in the Executive Order Number 246 dated 18 May 1995 entitled
"Reconstituting the National Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking as the National
Action Committee on Anti-Hijacking and Anti-Terrorism", the National Tactical Strike
Forces, in which SAP is one of its components shall only be employed during
terrorist-related crisis situations which NACAHT shall take cognizance. Other terrorist
related situations shall be taken cognizance of by the concerned Crisis Management
Committee (CMC) under the existing National Peace and Order Council (NPOC)
structure. However, the local CMC may elevate decisions to the NCMC/NACAHT in
the following modes:
Mode 1 - Upon the request of a local CMC (regional, provincial and city/
municipal) under NPOC and upon acceptance by the NCMC.
Mode 2 - Upon the unilateral decision of the NCMC to take cognizance of a
terrorist-related crisis situation from a local CMC under NPOC.
Hence, the Counter Terrorist Unit of the Special Action Force shall only be
employed during the aforementioned conditions. When employed, the CTU shall
provide the Assault Team, ERST and Security Team to secure inner perimeter. While
the negotiation is in progress, the CTU shall continually gather information and plan
for the assault should the negotiation fails and situation calls for the "last option".
COMMANDO OPERATIONS
Section I. INTRODUCTION
3.1. Organization
The Commando unit is composed of two (2) Commando Platoons and one (1)
Support Platoon.
Each Commando Platoon contains one (I) Reconnaissance Team and three (3)
Commando Teams. The Support Platoon contains one (1) Heavy weapons team,
one (1) Medical team, one (1) Commo team, and one (1) Special Equipment
maintenance team / Transport Team
See ppt.
3.1.1. Commando Platoon - Consists of one (1) Reconnaissance Team and three
(3) Commando Teams. The Reconnaissance Team is trained as surface and under
water swimmers and as parachutist. It is employed primarily for reconnaissance
mission. The Commando Teams serve as the main assault force and security of the
commando unit.
(a) Heavy weapons team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible for
employing fire support to the assaulting or withdrawing commando unit.
(b) Medical team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible for first aid and
evacuation of wounded troops.
(c) Contact team consists of eight (8) personnel responsible for setting
up field communication from the Field units and ACP back to RPC,
RCP.
(d) Special equipment team/transport consists of eight (8) personnel
responsible for maintenance of special equipment of the commando unit.
3.2. Functions and Equipment
3.2.1. The Reconnaissance Team - is composed of eight (8) men who are all
trained for Deep Reconnaissance missions. They are all Commando qualified who
undergo further extensive training for this mission.
3.2.2. The Commando Team - is composed of eight (8) men who are all
capable and dependable in their individual qualification and specialized skill. It is an
Officer-led, assisted by men of any grade.
DESIGNATION FUNCTION EQUIPMENT
1. LEAD SCOUT Light weapon specialist, Ml 6 Rifle, Binoculars,
eyes and ears of the team, Starlight scope, NVG
fluent in several dialects
2. NAVIGATOR Heavy weapon specialists, M60, Lensatic compass,
speaks several dialects map, and GPS
3. TEAM LEADER Trains, employs and AR 154 (Baby Armalite)
control the team, very maps and compass
capable leader. He is
conversant on troop
leading procedures
4. RADIOMAN Commo specialist, speaks M-16 rifle, signal equips,
several dialect radio sets, coiler wire,
CEIO handbook
3.3 Patrolling
All types of patrols are planned and conducted almost at the same way
except for the action of the men for the objective. These plans of actions at the
objective determine the type of patrol to be conducted. Commando Patrols are
classified into the following categories:
3.4.2. Combat Patrol. It is a patrol sent out by a larger force with the
mission of harassment, destruction or capture of enemy personnel, equipment and
installations. This type of patrol also collects useful information whether related to
the mission or not. The following are classified as combat patrols.
(a) Patrol for local security. Also known as sanitizing patrol. In this type of
combat patrol, the leader select a series of objective covering the area in of over
which the patrol is to move. Action to be taken at each objective are planned, based
on available information similar to crossing danger areas.
Hence, the patrol leader must be alert to modify his plan if the situation at an
objective is not exactly known. As each objective is secured, plans for the next
objective are confirmed or modified and the patrol continues. The main objective of
this type of patrol is to check for enemy presence in the vicinity of a given area.
(b) Contact patrols. As in patrol for local security. Series of objectives are
selected in the conduct of contact patrols. The patrols proceed from one objective to
another until contact is established, then acts in accordance in a situation or as
directed. In this particular type of patrol, the main objective is to establish or
maintain contact. However, when contact with the enemy is immediately made, the
patrol must not get engaged in a decisive combat. A contact patrol is sometimes
referred to as Search and Rescue Attack Patrol.
see ppt.
Upon receipt of a patrol order from a higher headquarters, the patrol leader
organizes his unit.
He then designates the members of its individual tasking and their and specific
duties and responsibilities.
He later briefs his men of the detail as directed in the patrol orders and ensures that
the following important subjects are covered.
3.6.1. Movement. The patrol must move with utmost security. It must avoid
contact if possible, unless it is in accordance to the place. The patrol's mission could
be compromised when premature or unexpected contact has been made. More so, it
has no reserve or any other unit to assist it if contact is made. In this regard, lead
elements should master the scouting techniques to be able to spot the enemy early
and to avoid premature contact.
1. Draw a horizon.
2. Put prominent points.
3. Put notes above prominent points.
4. Give sketches a title and indicate azimuth of most prominent features
and place, date and time when made.
5. Affix signature.
3.6.2. Primary and Alternate Routes. Patrol leaders must select a primary
and at least one alternate route to and from the patrol objective. This routes should
be divided into legs or section, which starts and ends at a recognizable terrain
features. These techniques will enable the patrol leader to remain oriented during
the progress of the patrol.
3.6.3. Checkpoints. Patrol leaders may also designate checkpoints along
the route of patrol.
These are recognizable features, which could guide the members of the
patrols, particularly the navigator in finding out if the patrol is in the right course to
the objective. Pre-selected checkpoints must be marked in the map and should be
essential navigational aid. It may be in the form of terrain features or prominent
man made objects such as; rivers, bridges, or towers.
See ppt
(b) Area Reconnaissance. The objective is not clearly defined and located thus all
teams of the Platoon is utilized for Reconnaissance. When entire patrol is used to
reconnoiter the area, each team form both reconnaissance and security mission.
When the teams are not required to the objective rallying point where they started,
they assemble at some other designated rallying point. This method of assembly will
be used when teams must avoid moving through an area twice or when the
objective is approached from the rear.
See ppt
Section IV. RAID
The size of the Commando Raiding Force depends on the mission, nature and
location of the target and the enemy situation. The raid force may vary from a few
personnel attacking a checkpoint or a position of unprotected railroad track to a
battalion attacking a large supply depot. Regardless of size,
the Raid force consists of three basic elements: Command, assault and security.
3.8. Organization
See ppt
See ppt
Composition of Special Teams for Demo, Search, POW and Investigation shall
be from the elements composing the 3 Assault Team.
See ppt
a. As the assault element moves into position, security element keeps command
group informed of all enemy activities, firing only if detected and or order from the
command group.
b. Once the assault element begins its action, the security element prevents enemy
entry into or escape from the object area.
c. The security element covers the withdrawal of the assault element to the rallying
point, withdrawing itself on orders, upon a prearranged signal.
3.9.2. Action in the objective area. Special task details move to their
positions and eliminate sentries, breach of remove obstacles, and execute other
assigned task. The main action group quickly follows the special task details into the
target area. Once the objectives of the raid has been accomplished, the main action
group and special task details withdraw, covered by fire or by security element. If
the attack is unsuccessful, the action is terminated to prevent undue loss of
personnel and the special task detail withdraw according to plan. The assault
element assembles at one or more rallying points while the security elements remain
in position to cover the withdrawal according to plan. The assault element withdraws
on signal or at a prearrange time.
(a) Headquarters Element. This element is normally constituted into the same
segments as the raid force but usually will assume its position with the main assault
element in order to control the action at the ambush site.
(b) Assault Element. This element conducts the main attack against the ambush
target which includes halting the column, killing or capturing personnel, recovering
supplies and equipment, and destroying unwanted vehicles and supplies which
cannot be moved. When additional support is required, a support element can be
formed within the assault element.
(c) Security Element. This element isolates the ambush site using roadblocks,
other ambushes, and outposts. Security elements cover the withdrawal of the
assault elements and act as the rear guard during the withdrawal.
See ppt
See ppt
See ppt
See ppt
Vehicular Ambush- The attack force is composed at both assault and support
element. Security teams could cover demolition or obstacles and provide early
warning or cut off enemy attempting escape from killing zone.
See ppt
3.12.6. Conduct of the Ambush
(a) Movement. The ambush force move over pre selected routes to the
ambush site. One of the rendezvous point usually are used to consolidate forces and
secure extra equipment along the routes to the ambush site. Last minutes
intelligence is also provided at this stops by reconnaissance elements. Final
coordination of the ambush is made at the final rendezvous points.
(b) Actions at the Ambush Site.
(1) Troops are move to a forward assembly area near the ambush site, and
security elements move out secure their position first, and then the assault and
support elements, with the command group, move into place.
(2) As the approaching enemy column is detected, or at a pre-designated
time, the ambush commander makes the final decision whether or
not to execute the ambush. This information depends on information not received
that may include the size of the enemy column, guard and security measures, and
estimated worth of the target in light of the primary mission.
(3) If the decision is made to execute the ambush, advance guards are
allowed to pass through the main position. When the head of the halted by fire,
demolitions, or obstacles. At this signal the entire assault elements opens fire.
(4) Designated detail engage the advance and rear guards to prevent
reinforcement of the main column. The volume of tire is rapid and directed at enemy
personnel exiting from vehicles and concentrated on vehicles mounting automatic
weapons.
(5) The support element utilizes antitank grenades, rockets launchers,
and recoilless rifles against armored vehicles. Machine guns lay banks or fixed fire
across escape routes. Mortal shells, hand and rifle grenades are fired into killing
zone.
(6) If an assault is part of the mission, it is launched under covering fire on a
prearranged signal.
(7) After enemy resistance has been nullified, special parties move into
the column to recover supplies, equipment, and ammunition.
(8) When the commander desires to terminate the action, because the
mission either has been accomplished or superior enemy reinforcement are arriving,
he withdraws the assault and support elements first and then security elements
which cover the withdrawal of the assault and support elements.
(9) Withdrawal. Withdrawal from the ambush site is similar to withdrawal
form a raid in that the security elements cover the assault and support elements.
Elements conduct extensive operations in this areas to defeat the enemy or to deny
him use of the waterways.
(a) Execution
(1) The enemy's arrival in the killing zone is the most crucial moment in an
ambush. When he reaches the designated location in the zone, the order is given to
open the fire. All weapons deliver a large volume of fire into the killing zone to inflict
maximum casualties before the enemy can take cover. Fire continues until the
enemy is annihilated or until a friendly assault element is committed.
(2) The ambush commander often has to use assault elements to move
through the ambush site, destroying equipment, searching the dead and performing
other necessary duties. The assault begins with the lifting or shifting of supporting
fires.
(3) During ambushes, along waterways, the concussion from exploding
offensive grenades thrown into the water produces casualties among swimmers. The
assault elements then use boats to capture prisoners.
3.13.1. Reaction to far ambush. When The patrol is ambushed and there
is no way to effectively close-in with the enemy, every one drops and return fire to
extricate those caught in the killing zone, then withdraws to the PRP or withdraws by
bounds. When withdrawing by bounds, the team execute this using the buddy
elements of the team - while the first buddy elements is moving, the over watching
elements provides base of fire.
3.13.2. Reaction to near ambush. When the patrol is ambushed so close
that maneuver or withdrawal will result to the complete destruction/annihilation of
the team, stand fast and engage the enemy. If on a very vulnerable or
disadvantageous position, the TL will automatically command "Assault".
3.13.3. Reaction to vehicular Ambush. As much as possible, the team,
when mounted, dismounts and clears possible ambush sites. However, the enemy
also changes their tactics and conducts ambuscades in unexpected in unexpected
ambush areas. For this reason, one must always be prepared for any situation that
may come up. Upon ambush the team will:
(a) When a unit is caught in an ambush, troops return fire in their assigned
sector. The unit is organized to cover the entire area with a large volume of fire,
and troops gain and maintain fire superiority. The unit increases speed and
continuous movement unless the road is blocked. If movement stops, troops return
fire immediately with organic weapons and follow-up with an assault on the primary
ambush, using their individual weapons and supporting fires. Units entirely in the
kill zone assault and overrun the ambush position. When only part of the unit is
caught in the killing zone the elements not in contact act as maneuver force and
attack the flanks and rears of the ambush. Personnel continue to fire even after the
enemy cease fire to prevent the enemy's recovery of weapons and bodies. After
overcoming the ambush, the area is searched to ensure that the ambush site is
clear.
(b) Troops moving through suspect areas carry offensive grenades, which
they immediately throw toward the enemy when ambushed. Enemy ambush forces
often hide at very close range and assault only after the friendly force has been
attacked by long range fire. Offensive grenades may inflict heavy casualty on the
concealed force and often prevent it from assaulting.
(c) The immediate reaction plan provides for an assault to overrun the
enemy positions. Enemy ambush forces often fire from only one flank to make the
friendly forces to take cover in a mined area or killing zone. An assault toward the
enemy normally lessens friendly casualties.
(a) Even though suspected ambush site along waterways have been
attacked by artillery or close air support fires, ambushes maybe encountered. The
enemy generally select ambush site on waterways at point where maneuvering is
difficult and the channel either brings the craft well over to one bank or restricts
them in a narrow channel. Ambush forces usually hide in dense vegetation; but, in
some areas they conceal themselves along dikes or in tall grass. High banks provide
advantageous firing positions above the river craft and limit the range of friendly
direct fire. Avenues of withdrawal are normally available to the enemy. Mudflats,
steep banks, or slippery shores, hinder friendly troops assaulting from the river.
(b) Normally, the friendly units counters the ambush with suppressive fire and
forward movements; it commits an element to suppress the ambush while the main
body moves to the killing zone.
The alternative course of action is to commit the entire unit in a coordinated attack
to assault and annihilate the ambush force. The mission, the forces available, and
the relative size of the ambush force determine the tactic to employ.
(c) If a commander plans to counter the ambush with suppressive fire and
forward movement, his plan includes the designation of ships and watercraft to take
the ambush force under fire. The plan also includes instructions on the use of heavy
weapons and close air support. If the unit's mission specifies destruction of any
ambush forces encountered en route, plans are necessary to land elements for this
purpose and to commit blocking forces or reserves.
(a) The reaction of troops moving in assault boats to fires from an enemy
outpost or ambush depends on the mission. When the mission requires avoiding
contact, continued movement by waterway maybe extremely difficult. The
waterborne element may wait until darkness and then move under cover of the
opposite bank. It may be necessary to dismount and continue the movement on
foot.
(b) When the commander has authority to fight, he has possible courses of
action.
(1) When time is critical the element maintains forward movement and
executes a coordinated plan for suppressive fire on the enemy position.
(2) An assault team may attack the ambush force or place a smokescreen
between it and the boats. When possible, the ambush force and enemy position are
overrun.
(c) A mission to seek out and eliminate enemy forces encountered requires a
more deliberate attack on the enemy force. For example, when the
leading boat comes under enemy fire, personnel in the two lead boats beach their
craft and return the enemy's fire .The element leader goes ashore and, using all
available cover and concealment, moves forward to reconnoiter the ambush site. He
decides how best to use his force to destroy the enemy position quickly. By radio or
arm and hand signal, he orders the element to beach all boats and to move forward.
At least one automatic weapon remains at the boat assembly area. Boat operators
protect their boats with automatic or individual weapons. After capture and
destruction of enemy, the element
continues the mission.
Section VI. WATERBORNE OPERATIONS
See ppt
See ppt
(a) Number ONE is the stroke. He sets the rate of paddling and maintains the
paddling rhythm as directed by the coxswain. He assist the coxswain in keeping the
boat perpendicular to the breaker line when beaching or launching the boat. He
assist the coxswain in avoiding obstacle in the water. He observes sector 12-2.
(b) Number TWO also assist the coxswain in keeping the boat perpendicular
to the breaker line and in avoiding obstacle. He handles the towline and quick
release line during towing operations. He observes sector 10 - 12.
(c) Number THREE and FOUR are responsible for lashing and unloading
equipment in the boat. They are used as scout-swimmers during tactical boat
landings, if scout-swimmers are not carried as passengers. They observes sectors 2-
4 and 8-10 respectively.
(d) Number FIVE and SIX assist in lashing the unloading equipment in the
after section of the boat. They assist the coxswain in maneuvering in swift currents.
They rig and handle the sea anchor. They observe sectors 4-6 and 6-8 respectively.
(e) Number SEVEN, the coxswain is responsible for the performance of the
crew and the handling of the boat. He is responsible for the distribution of
equipment and passengers in the boat. He issues all commands to crew members,
and maintains force and speed, and operates the outboard motor
if it is used.
(f) Number eight serves as the air guard for immediate frontal security
observations and the depth of the water.
3.17. Movement.
(a) For administrative moves on extremely wide rivers, boats normally move
along the center of the river beyond the range of effective small-arms fire. On
narrower waterways, to take advantage of natural concealment, movement is as
close to the shoreline as is consistent with the water mine threat.
With the employment of 2 or more boats, this boats shall always maintain a
relative position in their formation and operate as a team, moving from one
observation point to another. Sharp bends in a river frequently obscure the view of
the river ahead. Personnel from one of the boats go ashore to reconnoiter the river
beyond the curve, Automatic weapons from the other boats cover the personnel
ashore. Footprints along the banks of the waterway indicate the presence of enemy
troops; waterfowl, suddenly alarm and lying toward the unit, usually indicate the
movement of humans along the river.
(b) The element leader may order halt to send messages, rest, eat, or
reconnoiter specific areas. The area selected for a halt should provide cover,
concealment, and good firing positions in favor of defense. The element maintains
all-round security and continues to improve the position until it departs.
(c) Secrecy of movement is difficult when using a motor and traveling against
the current. At night, motor noise can be heard up to eight kilometers away.
Movement with the current, without using the motor, reduces noise.
(d) Movement maybe continuous, by successive bounds, of by alternate
bounds.
3.18. Tactical Landings. As the boat approaches the surf zone, the coxswain send
in his scout swimmers. The coxswain commands, "twos out" and crew members
three and four enter the water and swim to the beach. Scout swimmers must avoid
splitting a breaker line or foam line because such splitting result in their being
silhouetted against a white foam background. The scout swimmers determines the
presence or absence of enemy in the landing area, usually by moving singly about
50 meters in opposite directions
after they reach beach. When they have determine that the landing area is free of
enemy, they signal the boat team that the landing area is clear usually by using
filtered, hooded flashlight for a pre- arranged light signal. The scout swimmers
signal from the point selected by them as most suitable for landing. After signaling
the boat, the scout swimmers move in opposite directions away from the landing
point to established listening and observation position. These security positions are
at the limit of visibility from the landing point. When the boat team receives the
signal from the scout swimmers, the coxswain orders to beach the boat at the point
from which the signal originated. After the boat is ditched, it is hidden and
camouflaged.
The need for significant mass to seize and hold a ground objective normally
requires that the assault be made from aircraft formation. The loading of airborne
forces and equipment should be planned to ensure that arrival in the objective area
is in the desired sequence for the employment in the ground action.
3.21.1. Mission
(a) Certain phases of an operation, or even the entire operation may be
accomplished by the delivery of troops and equipment to the objective area by air
landing. This method offers the following advantages:
(1) Moderately level, unobstructed landing zone with adequate soil traffic ability are
required; and
(2) More time is required for delivery of a given size force than when delivery is by
parachute. This is especially so, for small restricted landing facilities is generally
required.
In situations where air landed units are expected to engage in combat upon landing,
small units are landed organizationally intact with weapons, ammunitions, and
personnel in the same aircraft whenever possible. Joint planning emphasizes
placement as close to objective as possible, consistent with availability of landing
zones and the operational capability of the tactical aircraft employed. Because of the
vulnerability of the aircraft on the ground, unloading is accomplished as rapidly as
possible.
(b) The composition of loads of air landing serials of individual aircraft
depends upon the airborne commander's requirements for varying degrees of mass
and on the capability of available air facilities to support the given rate of delivery.
These factors may also dictate a general sequence of airlift operations in an area.
(a) Air-landed elements which are preceded by parachute elements follow this
elements as closely as possible and land on zones in proximity to parent unit they
are to support. In re supply operations supplies and equipment are delivered at a
preplanned rate to locations within the objective area which require a minimum of
further movement and handling. The speed which air landed elements are delivered
into the objective area depends largely upon the availability, capacity, and security
of landing zones or other air facilities.
(b) The Air Force and ground commanders prepare plans and provide
the means to cope with the problems of disabled aircraft on landing zones. The
ground unit commander
3.22. General.
Airmobile operations are those in which combat forces and their equipment
move about the battlefield in air vehicles under the control of a ground force
commander to engage is ground combat.
With this direct control or airlift, exercised through operations center channels,
employment of combat elements is more responsive to changes in the tactical
situation. Without it, advantages such as flexibility, surprise and immediate
execution of orders would suffer. Airmobile operations include airlift of units in the
combat zone and the air movement of equipment and supplies.
3.23. Missions.
3.24. Limitations.
(a) On signal from troop loading officer or troop loading assistant at the
loading site in the ready circle, the hell-team approaches the aircraft on the double
with heli-team commander leading and the assistant commander bringing up the
rear.
(b) The heli-team commander ensures that team members are in proper
sequence within the column to facilitate rapid loading of equipment.
(c) Upon reaching the entrance of the helicopter, the heli-team commander
takes a position outside, sling rifle and assist team members to enplane.
(d) Personnel enter the aircraft carries the rifle with their hands.
(e) The passengers will pass from the heli-team commander to the troop
leading assistant or flight deck guide.
(f) When seated, each member places his rifle between the knees, fasten
safety belts and raises his right arm to signal the heli-team commander
that he is ready to take-off.
(g) When the heli-team commander sees that all members are ready to be
airborne, he either gives the crew chief thumbs up signal or taps the pilot's shoulder
to signal him to take-off.
(h) Crew served weapons are loaded as follows:
(1) Light machine gun. Is loaded in three main loads; the gun group, the tripod and
spare barrel case all carried by individual members like the rifle.
(2) The 3.5 inch rocket launcher is placed under the seat immediately inside the rear
of the cargo door.
(3) 81 MM mortar is loaded in two components; the complete base plate and the
tube, and the bipod assembly.
When approaching the landing zone, the pilot or crew chief will orient the
heli- team commander as to the direction of north, south, east and west. They must
try to establish for the heli-team commander his position in relation to an object that
is well known to him on the ground. When the aircraft has landed, or crew chief will
signal disembark. Personnel will unfasten safety belts and unload cautiously and
rapidly to ensure that the aircraft is not exposed for a long period of time on the
landing zone.
(a) Initially involves seizing and establishing landing site. Each squad of the
first wave will be assigned a sector of responsibility of all or part of the landing site
upon deplaning. The squad will destroy enemy elements located in the sector.
(b) Seizure of the landing site. When the desired area is seized, the squad will
set-up hasty defense to ensure the initial landing zone security. The squad leader
accomplishes the reorganization and control, contact with friendly unit should be
established as rapidly as possible.
(c) Follow-up. Units landed in succeeding waves are employed as necessary
to ensure seizure of the landing zone. If not required, they prepare for further
offensive action to accomplish assigned mission.
3.28. General.
This section provides doctrine guidance to SAP unit commanders and staff
officers in requesting and directing close air support (CAS). The CAS consists of air
attacks against hostile targets which are in close proximity to SAP troops and which
require detail integration of each air mission with the fire and maneuver of those
forces. The CAS missions maybe executed by aircraft of the AFP and PNP air units.
This section discusses that CAS provided by the tactical air unit of other
services, which is used when SAP fire support means cannot fire on the target or
when the added firepower of tactical fighter craft is necessary to obtain the results
desired.
3.29. Priorities.
(a) Priority I - are those targets that are preventing or are immediately
capable of preventing the execution of the plan of action; e.g., enemy mortar fire or
enemy columns moving up in sufficient force to penetrate SAP lines.
(b) Priority II - Are those targets that are seriously interfering with the
execution of the plan of action; e.g., a target that is delaying SAP troop movement
or is causing heavy casualties during the movement.
(c) Priority III - are those targets that are capable of ultimate serious
interference with the execution of the plan of action; e.g., a target can able to
execute a counter-attack against SAP troops during or after the movement.
(d) Priority V - are those targets that are capable of only limited interference
with the execution of the plan of action or influence thereon.
(a) Direct the attention of the pilot to a prominent landmark »ear the target.
(b) Use the clock method in locating your position to the pilot. The nose of the
aircraft is designated as 12 o'clock and the rear is 6 o'clock.
(c) Once the pilot identifies your location, describe the target in terms of direction
and distance (e.g., from my position, target is 300 meters bearing 15 degrees
northeast).
(d) In the absence of communication to the aircraft, use panels to identify your
location and the enemy.
Civil disturbances have been thought of exclusively riots, and this concept has
had a direct bearing on the planning, training, and operation of civilian and military
control forces. However, The term " civil disturbances, " with its connotation of
illegal activity, is sometimes used to include a broad range of confrontations which
vary in intensity (and purpose) from a peaceful assembly in public place to violent
and destructive attack on people and property. This requires that agencies which
have a control force mission develop responses based on the variable nature of the
threat and provide for a degree of flexibility and selectivity. The past emphasis on
the violent aspects has often resulted in control force responses which could, or did,
aggravate rather than reduce the problem. Some demonstrations such as picketing
or "marches," usually conducted as authorized by a permit, are legitimate form of
protest and generally should not be classed as disturbances even though some
elements of inconvenience to the public is involved. However, the possibility exist
that a clique within the group demonstrators, or factions not connected with the
group, will take advantage of the opportunity to escalate the occasions to the higher
levels of disorder. Therefore, the management of civil disturbances must be based
on the peculiarities of each situation.
4.3. Organization
See ppt
4.4. Composition
4.5. Equipment
(1) Rattan Stick. The Rattan Stick is most effective in a crowd control operation
and is considered the primary weapons for such operations. The Rattan Stick is
considered to be an offensive weapon with reduced lethality and, unlike the rifle, the
loss of a Rattan Stick to the crowd does not create a serious threat. In order to
insure that additional levels of force are immediately available, units committed with
the Rattan Stick must have riot control agent disperser teams (security teams) and
selected marksmen in direct support. Except with extremely violent crowds, the
Rattan Stick in the hands of well-trained personnel is the most appropriate weapon.
(2) Wricker Shield. The Wricker Shield is a very effective and protective
equipment against violent attack, throwing of rocks, beating and the like, by the
demonstrator. The Wricker Shield may serve also as the temporary wall when so
arranged as in setting up of umbrella. At instances when fire truck starts pouring
pressurized water to the piles of demonstrators, the Wricker Shield can be used as
an umbrella against the water.
(3) Kevlar. The kevlar serve as the protection from flying objects thrown or
beating by the crowd.
At a certain level, it can also serve as a protection from intended and accidental
fires.
(4) Handcuff. The handcuff will be utilized for keeping arrested violent
demonstrators or initiators of violence within the crowd.
Early and massive commitment of personnel has in the past prevented, in many
instances, the escalation of a low level civil disturbance into a violent confrontation.
(b) Crowd Control Options. Considerations of the variables listed above will
indicate to the control force commander the general nature of the most appropriate
manner of controlling a particular crowd.
In general terms, four crowd control options are available to the commander, based
on his objectives with a particular crowd. These options are available to provide the
commander with flexibility of action.
In order to enhance this flexibility there are numerous techniques available from
which the commander may select and employ in various combinations in order to
produce the desired results within the framework of the selected crowd control
option. Combined with flexibility of arming control force personnel with either the
Rattan Stick or rifle, the commander has the capability of selectively tailoring his
response for whatever crowd situation with which is confronted. A prime
consideration in selecting an option or options will be the effect of the response on
reducing the intensity of the existing situation. The four crowd control option are
listed below:
(c) Monitor. This option consists of watching the crowd's progress and
development by control force teams. Monitoring enables the commander to gauge
the crowd's activity and intent in relation to the larger civil; disturbance and possibly
influence the crowd through persuasive means. While monitoring
activities will be employed throughout the crowd control operation, this portion is
particularly appropriate for nonviolent demonstrations where more decisive actions is
not feasible because of crowd size or where the intensity of the situation might
escalate. This option is also appropriate as an interim measure pending the arrival of
the additional control forces. Techniques for accomplishing this option includes
passive observation of the crowd, and communication of interest and intent to
leaders.
(d) Disperse. This option consists of action taken to fragment a crowd and is
specially applicable to small crowd situations in a congested urban environment. Its
selection should include the consideration that such dispersion may increase and
spread lawlessness rather than reduce it. Therefore, the commander should
establish control over the routes of dispersal, and the areas or areas into which he
plans to disperse the crowd; provide security for those facilities which might become
likely targets for small
groups; and be prepared to follow-up the dispersal operation with the apprehension
of small group still active in the area. Techniques for accomplishing this option would
include the proclamation, show of force, use of crowd control formations, and use of
riots control agents.
(e) Contain. This option consists of restraining a large number of individuals
within the area they are presently occupying, thereby containing any further
aggressive activity. This option would be appropriate in college campus situation to
prevent demonstrators from spreading out to the surrounding communities and to
prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the campus. Containment would also
be appropriate option where the systematic apprehension of crowd members is
contemplated. Crowd control formations, perimeter patrols, and barricades
compromises the techniques for this option.
(f) Block. This option consists of the physical denial of a crowd's advance upon a
facility or area which is the potential or actual target of dissident activity. Crowd
control formations, principally the line, and barricades are the most appropriate
techniques for this option. Barricades such as vehicles, concertina wire, and water
filled barrels, can be erected to block or channelize the movement of the crowd.
These devices, when used in combination with troops and other crowd control
techniques, are useful in accomplishing the options of containment or blocking.
4.12. Objective
(a) This task encompasses the restriction and sealing off of the disturbed
area. The objectives of isolation are to prevent the escape of individuals bent on
expanding the disturbance, to expedite the departure of the uninvolved, and to
exclude unauthorized personnel from entering the affected area. To prevent the
disorder from expanding in size and intensity, it is critical to preclude an influx of
additional demonstrators or curious onlookers into the disturbed area.
(b) When Special Action Force personnel are committed to assisting the civil
authorities in controlling civil disturbances, the situation will be beyond the capability
of local law enforcement agencies and a scene of major disorder should be
expected. This disorder may be characterized by large groups penetrating line of
defenses without inflicting injuries to other CDM units and generally causing havoc in
the area or it may be characterized by large group participating in varying degrees
of illegal conduct. The initial action taken by CDM contingent to control the disorder
is critical and should include the immediate isolation of the disturbed area.
(c) The initial commitment of control forces personnel may be required to clear a
building or an area to isolate the individuals creating the disturbance from those not
yet motivated or actively involved.
The primary emphasis should be on identifying what area and who has to be
isolated.
4.13. Techniques
These patrols operate along the outer operational boundary of the disturbed area.
Perimeter patrols can be integrated with area patrol routes within the disturbed
area.
(f) Pass and Identification Systems. Unit installation, or municipal contingency
planning should include a pass and identification system providing for the entry and
exit of authorized personnel to and from the isolated area. Procedures should be
established for press personnel, public work crews, and for any other personnel who
have legitimate purpose for entering and exiting the isolated area.
Considerations must be given to those persons residing within the disturbed area
who must travel to and from work. An effective pass and identification system
requires careful and detailed planning as a contingency measure.
(g) Public Utility Control. Insure that civil authorities have established a
means for controlling public utilities to include street lights, gas, electric, water and
telephone service so that they may be turned on or off to support the tactics
employed for the control forces.
See ppt
See ppt
See ppt
(d) Wedge Formation. A wedge formation is executed to penetrate or break
the crowd. This is usually done when there is that necessity to separate / isolate the
truly and the violent groups in a crowd.
See ppt
See ppt
See ppt
See ppt
(h) Umbrella Formation. This kind of formation is utilized when the crowd
becomes unruly and will start attacking the control force.
See ppt
4.15.1. General
(a) Operation by SAF personnel will not be authorized until the Chief, PNP is
advised by the requesting unit that the situation cannot be controlled with the units
personnel resources available. The task force commander's mission is to help restore
law and order and to help maintain it until such time as the local forces can control
the situation without SAF assistance. In performing this mission, the task force
commander may find it necessary to participate actively not only in quelling the
disturbance but also in helping to detain those responsible for it.
(b) The guidelines to be followed are designed specifically for operations
during civil disturbances.
(c) The primary rule which governs the action of SAF personnel in assisting
local authorities to restore law and order is that the contingent commander must at
all times use the minimum force required to accomplish his mission. This paramount
mission should control both selection of the appropriate operational techniques and
tactics and the choice of option for arming control force personnel. Pursuant to this
principle, the use of deadly force; i.e., live ammunition or any other type of physical
force likely to cause death or serious bodily harm, is authorized only under extreme
circumstances where certain specific criteria are met. To emphasize limitations on
use offire power and to preclude automatic fire, commanders will ensure that rifles
with only a safe or semi-automatic selection capability, or rifles modified to have
only a safe or semi-automatic selection capability, will be used as the basic weapon
for troops in a civil disturbance area.
(d) All personnel, prior to participation in civil disturbance operations, will be
briefed as to:
(a) Task force commanders are authorized to use non-deadly force to control
the disturbance, to prevent crimes and to apprehend or detain persons who have
committed crimes; but the degree offered used must no greater than that
reasonably necessary under the circumstances. The use of deadly force, however, in
effect invokes the power of summary execution and can be therefore justified only
by extreme necessity. Accordingly, its use is not authorized unless otherwise all the
requirements of b, below, must be met in every case.
(b) The use of deadly force is authorized only where all three of the following
circumstances are present:
(1) Lesser means have been exhausted or are unavailable
(2) The risk of death or serious bodily harm to innocent persons is not
significantly increase by its use; and
3) The purpose of its use if one or more of the following:
(4) Detention or prevention of the escape of a person who, during the detention or
in the act of escaping, presents a clear threats of loss of life or serious bodily harm
to another person.
(c) Every personnel has the right under the law to use reasonably necessary
force to defend himself against violent and dangerous personal attack. The
limitations described in the above paragraphs are not intended to infringe this right.
However, it must be emphasized that a control force member is part of a unit and
subject to a chain of command. As such, he must act in accord with his orders and
as a member of his unit. Therefore, unless an attack is directed at him personally,
and his response can be directed specifically at the attacker, his response should be
governed by the guidance of his immediate supervisor.
(d) In each situation where SAF personnel are committed, the task force
commander has the responsibility to determine which facilities within his area of
operation constitute "vital facilities " and, as such, are within the parameters of the
prerequisites which justifies the use of deadly force in order to be protected. It is
imperative that those personnel assigned to security mission know if a particular
facility or activity is so vital to the health and safety of the public that the use of
deadly force would be justified in the protection of the facility or activity.
(e) In addition the following policies regarding the use of deadly force will be
observed:
(1) Task force commanders may, at their discretion delegate the authority to
authorize the use of deadly force, provided that such delegation is not inconsistent
with this paragraph and that the person to whom such delegation is made
understands the constraints upon the use of deadly force set forth previously.
(2) Even when its use is authorize pursuant to established constraints, deadly force
must be employed only with great selectivity and precision against the particular
threat which justifies its use. For example, the receipt of sniper fire- however deadly
from an unknown location can never justify returning the fire
against any or all persons who may be visible on the streets or in nearby buildings.
Such as indiscriminate response is far too likely result in casualties among innocent
bystanders or fellow law enforcement personnel; the appropriate response is to take
cover and attempt to locate the source of fire, so that the threat can be neutralized.
(3) When possible, the use of deadly force should be preceded by a clear warning to
the individual or group that the use of such force is contemplated or imminent.
(4) Warning shots are not to be employed. Such firings constitutes a hazard
innocent to a persons an can create the mistaken impression on the part of the
citizens or fellow law enforcement personnel that sniping is widespread.
(5) Task force commanders are authorized to have live ammunitions issued to
personnel under their command. Guidance concerning placing magazines in
weapons should be specified at this time.
Individual soldiers will be instructed, however, that they may not load their weapon
(place a round in the chamber) except when authorized by an officer or provided
they are not under the direct control and supervision of an officer, when the
circumstances would justify their used of deadly force to pursuant to b, above.
Retention of control by officer over the loading of weapons until such time as the
need for such action is clearly established is of critical importance in preventing the
unjustified used of deadly force. Whenever possible, command control arrangements
should be specifically designed to facilitate such careful control of deadly weapons.
It must be realized that if a participant in the disturbance should seized a loaded
weapon from a member of the control force, the potential or escalated violence will
be greatly increased.
(6) The presence of loaded weapons in tense situation may invite the application of
deadly force in response to the provocation in which, while subject to censure, are
not sufficient to justify its use; and it increases the hazard that the improper
discharge of a weapon by one or more individuals will lead others to reflex response
on the mistaken assumption that an order to fire has been given. Officers should be
instructed, therefore, that they have a personal obligation to withhold permission for
loading until circumstances indicate a high probability that deadly force will
imminently necessary, and justified pursuant to the criteria set forth in b, above.
Strong command supervision must be exercised to assure that the loading of
weapon is not authorized in a routine, premature or blanket manner.
(7) Task force commanders should, at all times, exercise positive control over the
use of weapons. The individual police personnel will be instructed that he may not
fire his weapon except when authorized by an officer, or provided he is not under
the direct supervision and control of an officer, when the circumstances would justify
his use of deadly force pursuant to b, above. He
must not only be thoroughly acquainted with the prerequisites with the use of
deadly force, but he must also realize whenever he is operating as part of a unit or
element under the immediate command and control of an officer, that the officer will
determine whether the firing of live ammunition is necessary. For this reason,
whenever possible, control force member should have ready access to an officer.
(8) When firing ammunition, the marksman should, if possible, aim to wound rather
than to kill.
CHAPTER 5
Section I. INTRODUCTION
The PNP Special Action Force, as mandated in its mission, response whenever
disaster whether natural or man-made strikes the country. Generally, the local
government units have the primary concerned in addressing these situations with
the support of the national government. But with its limited manpower and
capabilities, these local government units seek the assistance of other able units
such as the SAP.
Usually during time of calamities, units whose primary mission is purely
rescue operation are responding immediately to these situations. In addition, SAF
reinforces the existing force in the disaster area through the guidance of the local
disaster coordinating center and with the directive of higher headquarters.
Particularly, SAF response in a reactive manner which means that disaster has
already existed and that rescue operation is necessary to save lives and properties.
Typically, SAF line units are deployed in a particular area. These units have
the capability to react on any emergency situation, because they have trained
personnel for search and rescue operation.
In this chapter, the systems and operational procedures of search and rescue
are described.
These procedures guides the SAF search and rescue men to be able to undertake
such operations properly.
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
See ppt
5.3. Equipment
(a) Mask
(b) Fins
(c) Snorkel
(d) Exposure Suit
(e) Buoyancy Control Devices
(f) Weight Belt
(g) Tanks (h) Regulators
There are three possible emergency phases into which most SAR incidents
and subsequent SAR mission are classified. These emergency phases are in or order
of progression:
(a) Uncertainly phase. This phase is assigned any time doubt exists as to the
safety of a craft or a person because of knowledge of possible difficulties, or
because of lack of information concerning progress or position. The key word is
"doubt".
(b) Alert phase. This phase is assigned any time apprehension exists for the
safety of the craft or person because of definite information that serious difficulty
exist which does not amount to a distress, or because of a continued lack of
information concerning progress or position. The key word is "apprehension".
(c) Distress phase. This phase is assigned any time immediate assistance is
required by aircraft or person because of being threatened by grave and imminent
danger or because of continuous lack of information concerning progress or position.
The key word are "grave danger" and "immediate assistance."
These phases are used to indicate the seriousness of the SAR incident and for
generally determining the action to be taken at any stage of the mission. The code
words are used in international civil aviation communications. Upon initial notification
of the SAR incident, it is immediately classified into any one of these three
emergency phases. As the incident progresses, the emergency phase may changed
depending upon how the situation develops.
(a) SAR personnel who are trained emergency medical care can provide
lifesaving services to injured survivors at the distress scene. In addition, these
personnel provide life support and life-sustaining services during survivors extraction
from wreckage, evacuation from the distress scene, and transport to a receiving
medical facility.
(b) SAR personnel assigned as crew men to various search and rescue unit
must be qualified to administer basic life saving first aid to survivors at the scene.
(c) When it is known that a rescue craft will be dealing with injured or
seriously ill persons, the most medically competent personnel available should be
added to the crew. Ideally this means that ,in such cases, every effort should be
made to send a doctor as a part of the crew. If a doctor is not available then trained
medical personnel should be used such as, corpsmen, para-medical personnel ,or
specially trained emergency care SAR crewmen.
(c) Transport Facility Types. The facilities used to place SAR personnel at the
distress scene who are capable of administering emergency care are usually primary
SAR units. The facilities to be dispatched, to evacuate and to transport injured or
seriously ill survivors from the distress scene to the receiving medical facility may be
ambulance, ground vehicles of any type, helicopter, fixed- wing aircraft, medical
evacuation aircraft, and marine craft.
(d) Ambulance. Ground transportation of injured survivors is usually accomplished by
the use of ambulances when the helicopter transportation is not available, and
ambulances can reach the scene.
Ambulances should be manned by well trained attendants and equipped with
adequate life-support equipment.
The awareness and the initial action stage are the first two stages in which
the SAR operates.
Before the SAR system can be activated it must first become aware that the
emergency or potential emergency situation exists. The SAR system must then
evaluate that information and take various actions through out some or all of the
following stages.
The awareness stage is defined as the attaining of initial knowledge of the
existence of an actual or potential emergency situation or incident. It includes of the
receiving of information by any person or agency, who in turn subsequently notifies
the SAR system.
Initiate awareness. An accident normally occurs prior to a distressed person's
attempt to communicate his situation. Sometimes the person can anticipate the
occurrence of an emergency situation, and is able to communicate prior to the
incident. In any case the communication phase must be initiated prior to the SAR
system becoming aware of the situation. This may be accomplished by the person in
emergency situation communicating a ship, aircraft, or other radio stations, by this
situation being observed by nearby personnel, or by others monitoring his craft's
progress and becoming alarmed at either a lack of communications or a non-arrival
at destination.
The initial action stage is the second stage of the SAR system. It is the stage
during which the system commence its response to an accident. Once the SAR
system has been notified on the existence of an incident, the complete resources of
the system may be used to resolve that incident.
(a) Initial action events. There are five operational events which may occur within
the initial action stage:
The RCC may also designate as SMC at some later stage of the operation if
circumstances dictate that this action is necessary for better coordination of the
mission. Under no circumstances should the lack of a specific SMC designation stop
or delay the response of any individual, unit, or facility from responding to an
incident of which they become aware and for which they can render assistance.
During this stage effective plans are developed, including the necessary
coordination to implement them. This stage may begin immediately after a SAR
incident is assigned an emergency phase if the initial action stage have been
completed. Generally, its beginning depends directly upon the apparent urgency of
the SAR incident reported to the SAR system. It therefore may or may not overlap
the initial action stage. This stage ends when all distressed persons or distressed
craft have been delivered to a safety or the mission is terminated.
Section V. TRAINING
6.1. Introduction
The Light Armor Unit was activated several months after the activation of
Special Operations Battalion (SOB) in 1993 pursuant to General Orders No. 1 HSAE
The unit was initially composed of one (1) PCO and six (6) PNCOS from PNP-SAF
and five PNCOs from RECOM 4 placed on TDY status while the unit is still in the
transition period. This unit was organized to provide fire and armor support to PNP
SAF ISO Battalions and other PNP units in their operational activities.
Initially, the primary assets of this unit were two (2) V-150 Commando
vehicles, two (2) V-200 Chaimite vehicles, and one (1) Hummer Vehicle. At present,
only two V-150 Commando vehicles are operational.
The unit was very effective in providing fire support to SAF Battalions during
the deployment in Mindanao and Negros Province.
On 07 October 1998, the Light Armor Company was taken out from the 1st
Battalion, the forerunner of SOB or CRG and was subsequently absorbed by the
Force Support Battalion (FSB) by virtue of General Orders No 172.
At present, the unit is focusing its activities on anti-criminal activities and rescue
operations.
6.2. Operation
6.2.1. Mission. The primary mission of this unit is to provide security, perform
reconnaissance as an economy of force unit, and to conduct offensive, defensive
and delay operations in coordination with other PNP Units.
6.2.2. Doctrine. The foremost operational concept is the Combined Arms
Doctrine. This is the concept of complimenting ground operational forces with
armored vehicles because of its versatility and flexibility for combat operations. The
following are the most commonly used operational concept in Light Armor
Operation.
6.2.3. Movement. Light Armor Vehicles will not be deployed in the operational
area unless provided with a back-up vehicle and personnel. This is very important
specially when engagement with the enemy is expected. This is for the reason that
LAV will not be easily pinned down by the enemy fire during engagement if provided
with back-up.
6.2.5. Harboring
During harboring, LAV crews must see to it that the following SOPs are being
observed;
(a) The vehicle must not be left unattended. At least three crews must always man
the vehicle.
(b) The vehicle safety must be the prime consideration of its crews.
The Light Armor Unit adopts the Armored Cavalry Troops doctrine in its
organizational set-up. Armored Cavalry Troop is the combination of armored vehicle
and ground police operational forces. The following is the ideal troop composition of
this unit;
The Armored Cavalry Section who will be manning two LAVs is composed of
the following;
The Security Team will be composed of one Special Action Team who will
serve as back-up/security of the LAVs during movements/operations.
6.3.3. Training
6.3.4. Equipage
(a) Mobility
(1) Two (2) V150 Commando Vehicles or two Simba Armored Fighting Vehicles to be
manned by two cavalry teams respectively.
(2) One (1) all terrain vehicle which will serve as troop carrier and back-up vehicle of
LAVs.
(b) Firearms
All LAV crews must be equipped with AR15 for ease and mobility inside the
vehicle. The individual firearm requirements are as follows;
(e) Summary
Quantity Description
16pcs AR 15 Rifles
11 pcs M16A2 Rifles
1 pc Ml 4 Rifle
1 pc M60 LMG
6 pcs M203 GL
29 pcs 9 mm Pistols
(f) Ammunition
Quantity Description
6,000 rds Cal 50 (Linked)
7,000 rds 7.62 mm (Linked)
10,000 rds 5.56 mm
700 rds 7.62 mm
2,000 rds 9 mm
(g) Magazines
Quantity Description
216 pcs 5.56 mm
58pcs 9 mm
8 pcs 7.62 mm
Quantity Description
18 pcs Ballistic Helmet
18 pcs Goggles
29 pcs Vest
3 pcs Binoculars
3 pcs NVG
3 pcs NVS
3 pcs Lensatic Compass
(i) Communication
Quantity Description
2 units Base Radio
4 units Handheld Radios
13 units Headphones
6.4. Capabilities
(a) In line with the PNP Mission in general, and SAF Mission in particular, the
following are the Light Armor capabilities in serving and protecting the people
against threat to person, liberty, and property;
(b) The LAU can provide maximum security services to the local populace
through rescue operations during calamities, escort duties to VIPs and many other
services in line with its mission.
(c) The Unit is also capable in providing fire support services to line units in
their campaign against insurgency and other threat to National Security.
(d) The unit can also provide police services to the community such as anti-
criminality and other incidents which pose a threat to person, life, property, and
liberty.
(e) It can also perform special police duties against terrorism.
(f) The unit can also be very effective in supporting other police personnel in
the performance of their official duties.
6.5. Mission
(a) To respond to Bomb Threats acts of terrorism, resolve explosive incidents,
bomb detection and recovery operations with minimum risk to life and property.
(b) To provide standards for the training of bomb technicians, as well as other
Law Enforcement Agencies and Organizations.
See ppt
CHAPTER 7
TRAINING
SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
It is a commanders vital responsibility for the welfare of his men and as General
Erwin Rommel said, "The best form of welfare for the troops is first class training".
The PNP SAF units' responsibility will center mainly on training its unit to meet the
highest professional standards at a minimum cost when caused may be measured in
terms of lives. The core of SAF professionalism is expertise. Expertise on the other
hand, is mainly the result of every personnels' personal efforts and the training he
receives. Training enables the
individual to learn knowledge and develop the skills to do his job correctly.
Collectively this individual expertise amounts to unit efficiency, thus ensuring the
accomplishment of mission.
The necessity for continuous and progressive training is based on the need to
have a unit which is in constant readiness, capable of neutralizing organized and
syndicated crimes and the enemies of the state through prompt and sustained police
operations. Tasked with this delicate and sensitive type of police operations, the unit
sees to it that the standard of training among its personnel always maintains a high
state. Training at times may be arduous and the challenge is on the unit to make it
exciting. In planning and conducting training, there must be a constant challenge
among the students physically and mentally, so they can derive a real sense of
accomplishment and satisfaction. This feeling of accomplishments often helps
overcome problems that are caused by low morale, poor discipline and other
administrative matters.
SECTION III. OBJECTIVES OF TRAINING
of these physical characteristics. This objective is necessary to attain if the men are
to withstand the rigors and hardship of police operations.
(c) Technical proficiency - Each member of the team must have sufficient
knowledge and possess the skills necessary to properly performed his assigned
duties. He must be professional in his own field - meaning, he knows every aspect of
his job thoroughly.
(d) Teamwork - Each individual must know how to employ his technical
proficiency with other team members and to operate as part of the team. He must
willingly subordinate his own interest to those of the team as whole.
(e) Tactical proficiency - This is the ultimate goal of all police training and is
achieved after all objectives are attained. It is the ability of the unit to consistently
operate effective in police operations.
See ppt
(1) Define your Objectives - Students will have more desire to learn a
particular knowledge if they are convinced that such know-how will be beneficial to
them. The instructor therefore must strive to make the students feel that they need
this particular training.
(2) Make the Students Responsible that He Learns - Students will leam more
when they are accountable for learning what they are being taught. It is necessary
that students should understand his right from the very beginning. Giving regular
examination and awarding low or good grades serves to remind them that you are
serious in giving them such responsibility in learning.
(3) Use Students Participation - The best way to keep the students interested
and to maintain their motivation is to make them participate in the instruction. If the
students feel that he is part of the learning process, his interest will kept high. This
is mainly the principle behind performance-oriented training.
(4) Use Varied Instructional Methods - Student interest is often lost if the
trainor uses the same method of instruction, all the time especially if this method is
always the lecture and conference type. The students motivation will be kept high if
the instructor occasionally varies his methods or uses different types of training aids.
(5) Make Use of Recognition - A student will strive harder to leam the subject
if he knows his performance will be recognized. When commenting on student
performance, point out the favorable or good points first and then follow with
mistakes or bad points. End your comment with suggestions on how to correct,
improve your performance.
(6) Use competition - Men have natural impulse to excel in any competition.
Make use of his innate competitive spirit to motivate your students. Plan your
training that such students will strive to out-perform each other. Competitive
activities should be given intelligent guidelines by the trainor, since those who are
consistently on the bottom may forever loose their desire to be on top.
(7) Give rewards for good performance and used punishment when all other
means fail - All other means of motivation is the giving of rewards for outstanding
performance. This is a powerful incentive but often causes the students to excel only
for the purpose of rewards rather than the real objectives of the training. The least
desirable technique of motivation is punishment. It should only be used as a last
resort. This technique often breeds resentment, antagonism and desire to avoid the
form of learning to which it is attached.
(b) Purpose - Learning is enhance more rapidly and effectively when it is done
with a specific purpose. Students rapidly acquire skills, knowledge, techniques and
appreciation when those achievements are necessary in order to attain particular
objectives. The instructor should emphasize the objective of the particular lesson
and should repeatedly make reference to this purpose as he covers the main point of
the instruction. The purpose must be explained clearly to the students and each
should understand how this purpose fits into his over-all needs, later in the field.
(c) Adjustment - The instructor should understand that when a student learns
new skills, techniques, he must, to a certain extent make mental adjustments.
Because of this the trainor must expect that as the students "grows" in his learnings
some changes will take place in his thinking.
(d) Activity - For the students to effectively learn the knowledge and develop
the attitude being taught to him, he must be made to participate in some activity
during the instruction. It is often said that the best way of learning is "not by
listening but by doing."
(e) Association - Students associate new knowledge with past learning. It is
for this reason that trainors should plan their instruction after considering the
training of their students. Explanations using illustrations and words, which the
students understand, giving example from their past experience often drives home
the point of instructions.
(f) Realism - Learning is more efficient if the training is conducted realistically.
Students will be more motivated to learn if they know that the materials being
taught to them are functional or have ready application in the field.
(g) Incidental Learning - Incidental learning refers to the learning that a
student attains other than what he is intended in training. Such may be favorable
traits, habits, attitudes and character which in final analysis may be important as the
specific knowledge and primary skills being taught, police discipline and physical
fitness is a by-product through incidental learning of individual's training in drills and
ceremonies.
(1) Task: Each assaulting team must be able to clear their respective targets
at the least possible
time, with accuracy given the sufficient/ limited information or details of the
objective.
(2) Condition: Given a two-storey building to be assaulted with eight known
numbers of rooms, the details of each room is (1) sufficient;(2) insufficient and
there is no more time left to acquire such information.
(3) Training Standard: The students will be able to clear their respective
assigned rooms with accuracy and speed following the correct execution of standing
operating procedures and safety procedures within the 45 seconds time when there
is sufficient data regarding the target to be assaulted; and, within the 50 seconds
time for situations where there is limited information regarding the target.
The steps below is known as the backward planning process which the trainor
could follow to ensure the conduct of an effective and efficient training; be it a
career , foundation or specialized courses. This 4 steps process is based on the
performance-oriented training concept and stresses the need for students to meet
established training standards.
(1) STEP 1: Decide What Results You Intend To Achieve After Training -Seek
guidance from your commander or decide for yourself as to what particular result do
you want to achieve with your men after the training. This is usually done by writing
down a complete and precise traininobjective as discussed earlier.
(2) STEP 2: Prepare to Conduct Training - Develop the training objective.
Based on it, decide your immediate training objectives. Organize these immediate
training objectives into logical and progressive sequence. Finally. Attend to all
administrative requirements of the training (prepare lesson plans, coordinate for the
availability of instructors, training aids, training requirements, etc.)
(3) STEP 3: Conduct Training to standards - Continuously supervise, monitor
and evaluate the conduct of training to ensure that the student's performance meet
the standards that you have established in your training
objective.
(4) STEP 4: Conduct Training Evaluation - Evaluate the performance of the
students and find out if you are successful in attaining your training objectives. Also
find out if there is a necessity for further training if your students fall short of the
standard.
APPENDIX I
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DELAY OPERATION - An operation against the enemy in order for the commander
to have enough time to plan his offensive action.
ELECTRIC BLASTING CAPS - These are used when a source of electricity, such as
blasting machine or battery, is available. There are caps with delay capability, and
with various lengths of lead wire.
EXPLOSION - The sudden and violent escape of gasses from accompanied by high
temperatures, violent shock and loud noise.
FIRE SUPPORT - Fire assistance to ground forces who are close with the enemy.
APPENDIX II
BIBLIOGRAPHY