Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors:

(a)
Let u be the eigenvector of Ann associated with the eigenvalue  .
Then, the eigenvalue of
a k A k  a k 1 A k 1    a1 A  a0 I ,

associated with the eigenvector u is

a k k  a k 1k 1    a1  a 0 ,
where a k , a k 1 ,  , a1 , a 0 are real numbers and k is a positive integer.

[proof:]

a k 
A k  a k 1 A k 1    a1 A  a 0 I u  a k A k u  a k 1 A k 1u    a1 Au  a 0 u
 a k k u  a k 1k 1u    a1u  a 0 u
 
 a k k  a k 1k 1    a1  a 0 u

since
A j u  A j 1  Au   A j 1u  A j 1u  A j  2  Au   2 A j  2 u     j 1 Au   j u .

Example:

1 4
A ,
9 1 
what is the eigenvalues of 2 A100  4 A  12 I .

[solution:]

The eigenvalues of A are -5 and 7. Thus, the eigenvalues of 2 A100  4 A  12 I are

2  5  4  5  12  2  5100  32
100

and
2 7   4 7   12  2  7100  16 .
100

Example:
Let  be the eigenvalue of A. Then, we denote

1
 

A2 A3 An
A i
.
eA  I  A      i 0

2! 3! n! i!
Then, e A has eigenvalue


2
3
n  i
.
e   1           i 0
2! 3! n! i!

Note:
Let u be the eigenvector of A associated with the eigenvalue  . Then,
u is the eigenvector of A 1 associated with the eigenvalue 1  1 .


[proof:]

1 1 1 1
A 1u  A 1 (u )  A 1 Au  I u  u .
   
Therefore, u is the eigenvector of A 1 associated with the eigenvalue
1
1  .


(b)
Let 1 , 2 , , n be the eigenvalues of A ( 1 , 2 , , n are not necessary
to be distinct). Then,
n n


i 1
i  tr ( A) and 
i 1
i  det( A)  A .

[proof:]

f ( )  det(I  A)     1    2       n  .
Thus,
f (0)  det( A)    1 det( A)   0  1  0  2    0  n 
n

n
   1 12  n    1 
n n
i
i 1

Therefore,
n
det( A)   i .
i 1

Also, by diagonal expansion on the following determinant

2
  a11    a12   a1n
 a 21  a 22     a2n  n  n
f ( )   n    aii n 1      1  i
n

   
,
 i 1  i 1

 a n1  an2   a nn  

and by the expansion of

 n  n
f ( )     1    2     n   n    i n 1      1  i ,
n

 i 1  i 1

therefore,
n n

 i   aii  tr ( A) .
i 1 i 1

Example:

0 1 2
A  2 3 0   [ aij ] ,
0 4 5 

The eigenvalues of A are   1,   1 and   6 . Then,

1   2  3  1  1  6  8  a11  a 22  a33  0  3  5
and
1  2  3  1  1  6  6  det( A)  16  10 .