Design of Bridge Structures Second Edition T.R. Jagadeesh Former Principal HMS Institute of Technology Tumkur M.A. Jayaram Professor Siddaganga Institute of Technology Tumkur PHI Learning Linniiied) Delhi-110092 2013= 350.00 DESIGN OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES, 2nd ed. TLR. Jagadeesh and MA. Jayaram © 2009 by PHI Leaming Private Limited, Delhi. Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may bbe reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, wrhout permission in wnting ‘rom the publisher. ISEIN-978-81-203-3852-4 ‘The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher. Tenth Printing (Second Edition) = a July, 2013 Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PH! Leaming Private Limited, Rimjhim House, 111, Patpargan| Industrial Estate, Delhi110092 and Printed by Raj Press, New Deli-110012.Contents Preface Preface to the First Edition Section I — HYDRAULIC DESIGN 1. Introduction La 12 Importance of Hydraulic Factors in Bridge Design 3 Computation of Peak Flood Flow 4 1.2.1 Empirical Methods 4 1.22 Envelope Curves 6 Flood Flows and Catchment Scale 7 2. Catchments 22 23 Small Catchments 8 2.1.1 Characteristics 8 2.1.2 Analysis of Runoff Response 8 2.1.3 Runoff Concentration 9 2.1.4 Concentration Time 9 2.1.5 Application of the Rational Method wo 2.1.6 Composite Catchments 12 2.1.7 Types of Catchment Response 14 Midsize Catchments 16 2.2.1 Characteristics 16 2.2.2. Analysis of Runoff Response 16 Large Catchments 23.1 Charactetistics 25 2.3.2. Frequency Analysis of Floods 25 2.3.3 Gumbel Method 33 v iit 37vie Contes 3. River Channels 3.1 Determination of Peuk Discharge 36 3.1.1 Selection of Reach 36 3.2. Hydraulic Geometry 39 3.2.1” Sand Bed Channels 40 2.2 Gravel Bed Channels 40 3.23 Cohesive Bed Channels 40 Effect of Bridge on River Regime 41 Linear Waterways 41 4.1 Streams with Rigid Boundaries 41 .2 Quasi-Alluvial Streams 41 Alluvial Streams 41 3.44 Sand Gravel and Cohesive Soil Beds 43 35 Economic Span 43 3.6 Afflux 44 3.7 Scour 46 3.7.1. Alluvial Streams: 46 3.7.2 Quasi-Alluvial Streams 47 3.7.3. Alluvial and Quasi-Alluvial Streams 48, 3.74 Locat Scour 51 Questions Problems Appendix: Computer Programs References Section II — STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4. Design Loads for Bridges 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Design Loads 83 4.2.1 Dead Load — 83 Vehicle Live Load 83 Impact Effect 87 Wind Loading 88 Longitudinal Forces 88 Centrifugal Forces 89 Buoyancy 89 Water Current Forces 89 Thermal Fores 90 4.2.10 Deformation and Horizontal Forces 90. 11 Erection Stresses 91 4.2.12 Seismic Forces 91 36-65 66-67 68-70 71-78 79-80Contents @ vil Masonry Arch Bridges 92-102 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Design Details 94 5.2.1 Rise of the Arch 94 $2.2 Radius of the Arch 94 5.2.3. Thickness of the Arch Ring 94 2.4 Depth of Haunch Filling 94 imensioning of Substructures 95 Abutment 95 2 Pier 95 End Connectors 95 Design Problem 102 53 Pipe Culverts 103-113 6.1 Introduction — 103 62 Flow Patterns in Pipe Culverts 104 63° Culvert Alignment — 105 6.4 Culvert Entrance Structures 105 6.5 Hydraulic Design of Pipe Culverts 106 6.6. Structural Design of Pipe Culverts 106 6.7 Classification of RCC Pipes 108 6.8 Reinforcement in Pipes 108 Design Problems 113 |. Slab Bridges 114-133 7.1 Introduction 114 7.2 Wheel Load on Slabs 114 7.3. Effective Width Method 115 7.3.1 Slab Supported on Two Edges (Simply Supported Slabs) 115 73.2 Cantilever Slabs 117 7.4 Dispersion Length 117 Design Problems 144 Box Culverts 134-149 8.1 Introduction — 134 8.2 Design Method = 135.» Design Problems We Beam and Slab Bridges 156-187 9.1 Introduction — 150 9.2 Design of Interior Panel of Slab 150vii ¢ Contents 9.3 Pigeauds Method 151 94 Design of Longitudinal Girders 159 9.5 Guyon-Massonet Method 159 9.5.1 Calculation of Longitudinal Moment 160 9.6 Hendry-Jaegar Method 161 9.7 Courbon’s Theory 162 Design Problems 187 10. Plate Girder Bridges 10.1 Introduction 188 10.2 Elements of a Plate Girder and Their Design 10.2.1 Web 189 10.2.2 Flanges 190 10.2.3 Intermediate Stiffeners 190 10.2.4 Vertical Stiffeners 190 10.2.5 End Bearing Stiffeners 191 10.2.6 Lateral Bracing for Plate Girders 191 Design Problems 202 11. Composite Bridges ILL Introduction 203 11.2 Composite Action 203 11.3 Shear Connectors 204 11.3.1 Design Requirements of Shear Connectors 11.4 Composite or Transformed Section 207 Design Problem 220 12, Substructures 12.1 Abutments 221 12.11 Stability Analysis of Abutments 224 12.2 Piers 225 12.2.1 Loads on Piers 225 12.2.2 Analysis of Piers 227 Design Problem 232 13. Bridge Foundations 13.1 Types of Foundations 233 13.1.1 Well Foundations 233 13.1.2 Open Well Foundations 234 13.1.3 Components of Well Foundations 235 13.2 Design of Wells 236 189 203-220, 205, 221-232Contents _! ak 13.3 Pile Foundations 237 133.1 Group of Piles 237 13.3.2 Design of Piles | 238 Design Problems | 243 14, Bearings and Expansion Joints 244-256 14.4 Bearings 244° 14.1 Forces on:Beérings 244 14.1.2 Types of Bearings 244. 14.2. Design of Unreinforced Elastomeric Bearings 248 14.3. Basis for Selection of Bearings 250 144 Expansion Joints 255 14.4.1 Closed Joints 255 Design Problems 256 15. Prestressed Concrete Bridge Decks 257-287 15.1 Introduction 257 15.2 Principles of Prestressing 258 153 Pre+tensioning 259 15.4 Post-tensioning 260 15.5 Strands, Tendons and Bars 262 15.6 Anchorages. 263 15.7 End Block .- 264 15.8 Steps for Designing a Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Deck Slab 265 159 Design Example: Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete Deck Slab 266 15.10 Design Example: Post-tensioned Prestressed Concrete. T-beam Bridge Deck 273 Design Problems 287 16. Artificial Intelligence in Bridge Engineering 288-305 16.1 Introduction 288 16.2 AI Research in Bridge Engineering 290 16.2.1 Decision to Commission 290 16.2.2 Design 291 * 16.2.3 Aesthetics 291 16.2.4 Analysis 292, 16.2.5 Loads 292 © 16.2.6 Planning 292 16.2.7 Erection 292 16.2.8 Monitoring 293X_& Contens 16.3 Al and Related Techniques 293 16.4 Neural Networks for Prediction of Scour Depth Around Bridge Piers 294 16.4.1 Factors Influencing the Local Scour Depth 295 16.4.2 Estimation of Scour Depth. 296 16.4.3. Anificial Neural Network (ANN) 303 16.4.4 Application of ANNs in Prediction of Scour around Bridges 304 Questions 305 Appendix: Computer Programs for Structural Designs 306-334 References 335-338 Index 339-342Preface ee First and foremost, we express our gratitude to the tremendous response that we got from the readers of this book. This Second edition of this book has three main objectives—first, a general updates of the bridge designs’ as per revised IRC codes; secondly, an improvement in the presentation of the material, and thirdly and more importantly to make the book complete by incorporating topics like design of prestressed concrete’ bridge decks and applications of artificial intelligence in bridge engineering. In writing this textbook, we have striven to fulfil several needs, within the compass of a single volume, not perhaps met by existing works. First, we have kept the civil engineering students in mind who require a book up to degree or diploma standard covering both hydraulic and structural design aspects of the bridge. Secondly, we have attempted to provide full-fledged design drawings depicting various views of bridges. Thirdly, we have included computer programs to help students take up computer-aided projects in bridge design. Fourthly. the book ‘can be used as a ready reckoner on important design aspects of bridges by practising civil engineers. ‘The entire bridge design process is covered in two sections. Section | is devoted to hydraulic design requirements of bridges. It begins with a chapter on the importance of hydraulic factors in bridge design and computation of peak flood flows. Chapter 2 which follows, deals with the methods of analysis of runoff response from catchments. Chapter 3 is devoted to hydraulic geometry of river channels, linear waterways, economic span and scour. Section TI deals with structural design and drawing requirements of bridges. Chapter 4 explains the standard loading conditions developed by the Indian Road Congress (IRC), which form a consistent basis for design procedures used throughout the book. Chapters 5-11 provide claborate coverage of design of masonry arch bridges, pipe culverts, slab bridges, box culverts, beam and slab bridges, and composite bridges. Chapters 12-14 cover other aspects such as design of substructures, foundations, bearings and expansion joints. Chapter 15 deals with design of prestressed bridge deck. design of prestressed slab and design of post-tensioned T-beam have been elaborated. Chapter 16 explains the applications of artificial intelligence in bridge engineering. oJPreface Numerous solved examples have been included to illustrate both analysis and design calculations. Besides. neatly done drawings will help students grasp the crucial aspects of bridge design Ithas been our endeavour to offer the most complete and practical treatment of every aspect of bridge design for use as a textbook by students of civil engineering. Professionals engaged in bridge design should also find this book useful We sincerely thank all those teachers and students who have been of enormous help to us in greatly improving the text. We are also grateful to Sri A.G. Umaprasad. Lab Instructor, for preparing neat drawings with great care and responsibility. Constructive criticism and suggestions for the improvement of the text will be gratefully acknowledged, T.R. Jagadeesh M.A. JayaramPreface to the First Edition In writing this textbook on Design of Bridge Structures, we have striven to fulfil several needs, within the compass of a single volume, not perhaps met by existing works. First, we have kept the civil engineering student in mind who requires a book up to degree or diploma standard covering both hydraulic and structural design aspects of the bridge. Secondly, we have attempted to provide full-fledged design drawings depicting various views of bridges. Thirdly, we have included state-of-the-art computer programs to help students take up computer-aided projects in bridge design. Fourthly, the book can be used as a ready-reckoner on important design aspects of bridges by practising civil engineers. The entire bridge design process is covered under two sections. Section I is devoted to hydraulic design requirements of bridges. It begins with a chapter on the importance of hydraulic factors in bridge design and computation of peak flood flows. Chapter 2, which follows, deals with the methods of analysis of runoff response from catchments. Chapter 3 is devoted to hydraulic geometry of river channels, linear waterways, economic span and scour. Section II deals with the structural design requirements of bridges. Chapter 4 explains the standard loading conditions developed by the Indian Road Congress (IRC) which form a consistent basis for design procedures used throughout the book. Chapters 5-11 provide elaborate coverage of design procedures of masonry arch bridges, pipe culverts, slab bridges, box culverts, beam and slab bridges, plate girder bridges, and composite bridges. Chapters 12-14 cover other aspects such as design of substructures, foundations, bearings and expansion joints. . Numerous solved exataples have been included to illustrate both analysis and design type calculations. Besides, neatly done drawings will help students grasp the crucial aspects of bridge design. It has been our endeavour to offer the most complete and practical treatment of every aspect of bridge design for use as a textbook by students of civil engineering. Professionals ‘engaged in bridge design should. also find this book useful. ‘We are indebted to Professor B. Gangadharaiah; Head, Civil Engineering Department, SIT, for his enthusiastic support and encouragement during’ preparation of the manuscript. We xxlXIV Preface to the First Edttion are grateful to our colleagues and students who have been of enormous help to us in greatly improving the text. We sincerely thank Dr. M.N. Channabasappa, Principal SIT, for making available the computer facilities. We are also grateful to Sri A.G. Umaprasad, Lab Instructor, for preparing neat drawings with great care and responsibility. Constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement of the text will be gratefully acknowledged. T.R, Jagadeesh M.A. JayaramSection | Hydraulic DesignChapter 1 1 Introduction ] The design of a bridge across a river demands that detailed attention be paid not only to the route location, pctential traffic flow and structural and foundation details, but also to the characteristics of the river beneath. To evaluate the characteristics of the’river, it is necessary to collect information on aspects such as channel stability, sediment discharge, scour and sediment deposition and hydrodynamic forces. Predictions about what may happen in particular circumstances also need to be made. For such predictions, one of the important data required is the hydraulic data. This data can be gathered by aerial, hydrographic or hydraulic surveys. 1.1. IMPORTANCE OF HYDRAULIC FACTORS IN BRIDGE DESIGN ‘The process of arriving at final design of a bridge is very elaborate and complex, involving geotechnical, hydraulic and structural attributes: These attributes are adjusted in such a way that they satisfy functional, economical and aesthetical constraints. The hydraulic parameters which influence sequential phases of bridge design can be summarized as follows: Phase'I, During this phase, site reconnaissance, review and analysis of available river data are undertaken with a view to selecting possible bridge locations that are compatible with the proposed communication route. Phase Il, At each of the possible bridge sites, the hydrographic and hydraulic surveys are conducted. Phase III. From the available data, the following hydraulic parameters are assessed: 1, Maximum flood flow. - 2. Design flopd flow 3. Maximum. flood level 4, Navigational requirements 5. Bed and bank characteristics 6. Approach velocity and direction 7, Flood plain width 8, River meandering characteristics.4 @ Design uf Bridge Stracures Phase IV. During this phase, linear waterway, normal scour depth, afflux. backwater effect, flow velocity, including the works requirements for a suitable river training scheme are determined. Phase V. Various alternative methods of construction taking into account factors such as structural loading, soil characteristics, economy of construction, availability of manpower (killed and unskilled) and materials of construction, access to the site, prevailing climate, environmental impact, and maintenance are considered. Detailed investigation of certain other factors, which affect the configuration of the bridge, is also necessary at this stage. Proper freeboard, vertical clearance, height of the bridge and hydrodynamic forces on the pier are estimated. Due consideration is given to proper location and geometty of the piers. The geometry of the piers should be such as to minimize the backwater effect and scour. The piers should be aligned with the principal direction of flow so that a streamline flow is maintained. Phase VI. For the proposed configuration of the bridge, normal scour, maximum scour and backwater effect are computed. For more refinement in computations, if needed, the umber of piers is reduced and also if more reduction in scour is required, the local and general scour effects can be altered by adjusting the waterway opening. Phase VII. The cost of alternative schemes for each location is appraised in this phase. If the cost of the scheme is outside the budgetary constraints, savings may be possible by altering the designs. Phase VILL After studying the alternative bridge designs for each of the possible bridge locations, the best scheme is selected for detailed design. Based on the recommendations, a decision to verify the hydraulic parameters by model investigations is normally considered during this phase. 1.2. COMPUTATION OF PEAK FLOOD FLOW Predicting peak discharge rates or synthesizing complete discharge hydrographs for use in the design of minor and major bridge structures are two of the more challenging aspects of bridge hydrology. Generally, a hydrologist is required to provide peak rates of discharge and stages at a design frequency, or synthesize a complete discharge hydrograph for a design storm. Hydrologic design aspects of a complete bridge structure are considerably more complex than those of a small bridge or culvert. The economic selection of waterway from various possibilities dictates the final design and is a function of the degree of protection to be provided, project economy, agency policy and construction standards. Most of the infomation and techniques presented in this chapter are directed towards prediction of peak discharges with particular reference to small, medium and ‘large size catchments, based on availability of rainfall-runoff data including the catchment characteristics. 1.2.1. Empirical Methods The empirical formulae for prediction of peak discharges are employed only when sufficient data are not available for detailed and precise analysis of catchment response. One of the