AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER

PROJECT REPORT 2012-2013

Submitted by:

SANALRAGHU.E
NITHIN JOSEPH
SARATHKUMAR V.M
RENISH M.S
COLLEGE LOGO NIKHIL K.S
ROBIN.K ROY

Guided by:

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the

Award of Diploma in AUTOMOBILE ENINEERIG
By the State Board of Technical Education Government of
Tamilnadu, Chennai.
Department :
College name:
Place:
 NANDHA POLYTECNIC COLLEGE

ERODE

DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT-2012-2013

This Report is certified to be the Bonafide work done by

Selvan/Selvi ---------------- Reg.No.------------ of VI Semester class of this college.

Guide Head of the Department

Submitter for the Practical Examinations of the board of Examinations,State Board of

Technical Education,Chennai,
TamilNadu.On --------------(date) held at the ------------(college name),Coimbatore

Internal Examiner External Examiner

DEDICATED TO OUR BELOVED
PAREANTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing movement of having successfully completed our project, we wish

to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college and our
beloved chairman mr.V.SHANMUGAN, B.com.who provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal mr.M.RABI

AHAMED,ME,(Ph.D),for forwarding us to do our project and offering adequate
duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department mr.R.SARAVAN,B.E, for

her/him constructive suggestions &encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest &sincere thanks to our guide
VIVEKANADHAN, B.E, Department of Mechanical for her/him kind guidance and
encouragement during this project we also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING
staff of AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, NANDHA
POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE.
AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED
WIPER
CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TITLE

SYNOPSIS
LIST OF FIGURES
NOMENCLATURE
1 Introduction
2 Literature review
3 Description of equipments
3.1 Battery
3.2 Wiper
3.3 Sensor
3.4 LDR
3.5 Comparator
3.6 Motor
3.7 Control unit
4 Drawing
5 Working principle
6 Merits
7 applications
8 List of materials
9 Cost Estimation
10 Conclusion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PHOTOGRAPHY
LIST OF FIGURES
 LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Number Title

1 Motor
2 Overall Diagram
SYNOSPSIS
 SYNOPSIS

The first windshield wipers were operated manually by moving a lever inside the

car back and forth. Today, most of us take our electric windshield wipers for granted. The

wipers faithfully keep the window clear, moving back and forth across the windshield

countless times as they sweep the water away. On their highest speed, they move

impressively fast. This project deals with automatic rain operated wiper.
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER – 1

INTRODUCTION

A wiper generally consists of an arm, pivoting at one end and with a long rubber

blade attached to the other. The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing

water from its surface. The speed is normally adjustable, with several continuous speeds

and often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most automobiles use two synchronized

radial type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph arms.

Mercedes-Benz pioneered a system called the Monoblade in which a single wiper extends

outward to get closer to the top corners, and pulls in at the ends and middle of the stroke,

sweeping out a somewhat 'W'-shaped path. Some larger cars are equipped with "hidden"

(or "depressed-park") wipers. When wipers are switched off, a "parking" mechanism or

circuit moves the wipers to the lower extreme of the wiped area, near the bottom of the

windscreen, but still in sight. To hide the wipers, the windscreen extends below the rear

edge of the hood, and the wipers park themselves below the wiping range at the bottom

of the windscreen, but out of sight.

 falls the driver has to sense it and switch on the button that actuates the wiper.

Wipers may be powered by a variety of means, although most in existence today are

powered by an electric motor through a series of mechanical components, typically two

4-bar linkages in series or parallel. Vehicles with air operated brakes sometimes use air

operated wipers, run by bleeding a small amount of air pressure from the brake system to

a small air operated motor mounted just above the windscreen. These wipers are activated

by opening a valve which allows pressurized air to enter the motor.

So in conventional wiper system, when the rain in our project we have installed

a sensor to detect the rainfall and actuate the wiper automatically.

 CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY
 CHAPTER-II

LITERATURE SURVEY

WIPER

The first windshield wipers were operated manually by moving a

lever inside the car back and forth. Today, most of us take our electric

windshield wipers for granted. The wipers faithfully keep the window clear,

moving back and forth across the windshield countless times as they sweep

the water away. On their highest speed, they move impressively fast,

sometimes shaking the car from side to side. Windshield wipers are found on

car windshields, some car headlights, and airplanes and even on the space

shuttle. In this article, we'll take a look inside windshield wipers, learn about

the blades and the controls and then explore a new rain-sensing wiper

control system.

INSIDE THE WIPERS

The wipers combine two mechanical technologies to perform their task:

A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction provides power to

the wipers.

A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor into the back-

and-forth motion of the wipers.

 In the past, automakers have tried to either eliminate the wipers

or to control their speed automatically. Some of the schemes involved

detecting the vibrations caused by individual raindrops hitting the

windshield, applying special coatings that did not allow drops to form,

or even ultrasonically vibrating the windshield to break up the droplets

so they don't need to be wiped at all. But these systems were

plagued by problems and either never made it to production or was

quickly axed because they annoyed more drivers than they pleased.

However, a new type of wiper system is starting to appear on a

car that actually does a good job of detecting the amount of water on

the windshield and controlling the wipers.

But we thought of a better idea of detecting the rain, which is

less costly and simple in construction. We used a pair of copper

plates, to one of the plates the current is passed while the other is

connected to microcontroller.
 CHAPTER-3

DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT
 CHAPTER-III

DESCRIPTION OFEQUIPMENT

3.1 BATTERY

Battery is use for storing the energy produced from the solar

power. The battery used is a lead-acid type and has a capacity of

12v; 2.5A.the most inexpensive secondary cell is the lead acid cell

and is widely used for commercial purposes. A lead acid cell when

ready for use contains two plates immersed in a dilute sulphuric acid

(H2SO4) of specific gravity about 1.28.the positive plate (anode) is of

Lead –peroxide (PbO2) which has chocolate brown colour and the

negative plate (cathode) is lead (Pb) which is of grey colour.

When the cell supplies current to a load (discharging), the chemical

action that takes place forms lead sulphate (PbSO 4) on both the

plates with water being formed in the electrolyte. After a certain

amount of energy has been withdrawn from the cell,both plates are

Transformed into the same material and the specific gravity of the

electrolyte (H2so4) is lowerd.the cell is then said to be

discharged.there are several methods to ascertain whether the cell is

discharged or not.
 To charge the cell, direct current is passed through the cell in

the reverse direction to that in which the cell provided current. This

reverses the chemical process and again forms a lead peroxide

(PbO2) positive plate and a pure lead (Pb) negative plate. At the same

time,(H2so4) is formed at the expense of water,restoring the

electrolyte (H2so4 ) to its original condition. The chemical changes that

Occur during discharging and recharging of a lead-acid cell

3.1.1 BATTERY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DETAILS:

In our project we are using secondary type battery. It is

rechargeable Type. A battery is one or more electrochemical cells,

which store chemical energy and make it available as electric current.

There are two types of batteries, primary (disposable) and secondary

(rechargeable), both of which convert chemical energy to electrical

energy. Primary batteries can only be used once because they use

up their chemicals in an irreversible reaction. Secondary batteries can

be recharged because the chemical reactions they use are reversible;

they are recharged by running a charging current through the battery,

but in the opposite direction of the discharge current. Secondary, also

called rechargeable batteries can be charged and discharged many

times before wearing out. After wearing out some batteries can be

recycled.

Batteries have gained popularity as they became portable and

useful for many purposes. The use of batteries has created many

environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. A battery is a

device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy it

consists of one or more voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two

half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte.

One half-cell is the positive electrode, and the other is the

negative electrode. The electrodes do not touch each other but are

electrically connected by the electrolyte, which can be either solid or

liquid. A battery can be simply modeled as a perfect voltage source

which has its own resistance, the resulting voltage across the load

depends on the ratio of the battery's internal resistance to the

resistance of the load.

When the battery is fresh, its internal resistance is low, so the

voltage across the load is almost equal to that of the battery's internal

voltage source. As the battery runs down and its internal resistance

increases, the voltage drop across its internal resistance increases,

so the voltage at its terminals decreases, and the battery's ability to

deliver power to the load decreases.

DC MOTOR:

The d.c generators and d.c motors have the same general

construction. When the machine is being assembled, the workmen

usually do not know whether it is a d.c generator or motor.any

d.c.generator can be run as a d.c.motor and vice versa. All

d.c.machines have five principal components viz(i)Field system (II)

armature core (iii) armature winding (iv)Commutator (v) brushes

(i) FIELD SYSTEM:

the function of the field system is to produce Uniform field within

which the armature rotates.it consists of a number of salient poles(of

course, even number) bolted to the inside of circular frame (generally

called yoke).the yoke is usually made of solid cast steel whereas the

pole piece are composed of stacked laminations. Field coils are

mounted on the poles and carry the d.c exciting current. The field

coils are connected in such a way that adjacent poles have opposite

polarity.The m.m.f. developed by the coils produces a magnetic flux

that passes through the pole pieces,the air gap,the armature and the
frame.practical d.c machines have air gaps ranging from 0.5mm to

1.5mm.since armature and field systems are composed of materials

that have permeability,most of the m.m.f.of field coils is required to

set up flux in the air gap.by reducing the length of air gap,we can

reduce the size of field coils(number of turns).

(ii) ARMATURE CORE:

The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates

between the field poles. It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations

(about 0.4 to 0.6mm thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical

core. The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating

film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each other.the

purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy current loss.the

laminations are slotted to accommodate and provide mechanical

security to the armature winding and to give shorter air gap for the

flux to cross between the pole face and the armature “teeth ”.

(iii) ARMATURE WINDING:

The slots of the armature core hold conductors that are connected

in a suitable manner.this is known as armature winding. This is the

winding in which “working”e.m.f. is induced.the

The armature conductors are connected inseries-parallel: the

conductors being connected in series so as to increase the voltage

and in parallel paths so as to increase the current. The armature

winding of a d.c.machine is a closed –circuit winding: the conductors

being connected in a symmetrical manner forming a closed loop or

series of closed loops.

(iv) COMMUTATOR;

a commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the

alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into direct

voltage across the brushes.the commutator is made of copper

segments insulated from each other by mica sheets and mounted

on the shaft of the machine. The armature conductors are soldered

to the commutator segments in a suitable manner to give rise to the

armature winding.depending upon the manner in which the

armature conductors are connected to the commutator segments

,there are tow types of armature winding in a.d.c. machine viz(a) lap

winding (b) wave winding.Great care is taken in building the

commutator because any eccentricity will cause the brushes to

bounce, producing unacceptable sparking .the sparks may burn the

brushes and overheat and carbonize the commutator.

 (v) BRUSHES:

The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections between

the rotating commutator and stationary external load circuit. The

brushes are made of carbon and rest on the commutator, the brush

pressure is adjusted by means of adjustable springs. if the brush

pressure is Very large, the friction produces heating of the

commutator and the bruches.on the other hand, if it is too weak, the

imperfect contact with the commutator may produce sparking.

3.2 WIPER:

Wiper blades are like squeegees. The arms of the wiper drag a

thin rubber strip across the windshield to clear away the water. When

the blade is new, the rubber is clean and has no nicks or cracks. It

wipes the water away without leaving streaks. When the wiper blades

age, nicks or cracks form, road grime builds up on the edge and it

doesn't make as tight a seal against the window, so it leaves streaks.

Sometimes you can get a little extra life out of your wiper blade by

wiping the edge with a cloth soaked in window cleaner until no more

dirt comes off the blade.

 Another key to streak-free operation is even pressure over the

length of the rubber blades. Wiper blades are designed to attach in a

single point in the middle, but a series of arms branch out from the

middle like a tree, so the blade is actually connected in six to eight

places. If ice or snow forms on these arms, it can make the

distribution of pressure uneven, causing streaks under part of the

blade. Some wiper manufacturers make a special winter blade with a

rubber boot covering the arm assembly to keep snow and ice out.

3.3.SENSOR

The sensor incorporated in our project detects the rainfall and

triggers the wiper motor to activate the wiper. The sensor consists of

a pair of copper plates of 1 mm thick, separated by a distance of 1

mm. One of the copper plates is connected to a 5 V battery, while the

other copper plate is connected to a micro controller which in turn is

connected to the wiper motor.

3.4.LDR

LDR means light dependent resistor. It is a component that

changes with the light Intensity that falls upon it. They have a
resistance that falls with an increase in the light Intensity falling upon

the device. There are many applications for Light Dependent

Resistors. The most obvious application for an LDR is to

automatically turn on a light at certain light level. An example of this

could be a street light.

3.5.COMPARATOR

Comparator is an electronic device. A device which compares to

voltages are current And switches its output to indicate which is

larger. Dedicated voltage comparator will generally be faster than a

general-purpose op-amp pressed into service as a comparator. A

dedicated voltage comparator may also contain additional features

such as an accurate, internal voltage reference, an adjustable

hysteresis and a clock gated input. Small factor to put emphasis on

the leading edge of the pulse - and connected to the noninverting

input of a comparator. One component is connected to the inverting

input of this comparator. One component is connected to the

noninverting input of another comparator.

3.6.MOTOR

PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple

electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic

field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will

experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to

the strength of the external magnetic field. As you are well aware of

from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and South)

polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and

South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to

harness the magnetic interaction between a current-carrying

conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational

motion.

Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here

red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while

green represents a magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature),

stator, commutator, field magnet(s), and brushes. In most common

DC motors, the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength

permanent magnets. The stator is the stationary part of the motor --

this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent

magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached

commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of

windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically

connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common

motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor

windings are such that when power is applied, the polarities of the

energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned, and the

rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field

magnets. As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the

next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding. Given our

example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current

through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic

field, driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two

poles (three is a very common number). In particular, this avoids

"dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with our

example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its

rotation (perfectly aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck"

there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there is a moment where the

commutator shorts out the power supply. This would be bad for the

power supply, waste energy, and damage motor components as well.

Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it would

exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could

produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

So since most small DC motors are of a three-pole design, let's

tinker with the workings of one via an interactive animation

(JavaScript required):
 A few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a

time (but two others are "partially" energized). As each brush

transitions from one commutator contact to the next, one coil's field

will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up (this

occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of

this later, but in the meantime you can see that this is a direct result

of the coil windings' series wiring:

There's probably no better way to see how an average DC

motor is put together, than by just opening one up. Unfortunately this
is tedious work, as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly

good motor.

The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-030-PN motor (the

same model that Solarbotics sells) are available for (on 10 lines / cm

graph paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor, with 2 brushes and

three commutator contacts.

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is

quite common, and has a number of advantages. First off, the iron

core provides a strong, rigid support for the windings -- a particularly

important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also

conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be

driven harder than might otherwise be the case. Iron core

construction is also relatively inexpensive compared with other

construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The

iron armature has a relatively high inertia which limits motor

acceleration. This construction also results in high winding

inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

 In small motors, an alternative design is often used which

features a 'coreless' armature winding. This design depends upon the

coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the armature is

hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor

coil. Coreless DC motors have much lower armature inductance than

iron-core motors of comparable size, extending brush and

commutator life.

The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller

motors; meanwhile, due to the lack of iron in their rotors, coreless

motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result, this design is

generally used just in small, low-power motors. Beamers will most

often see coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.

 Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive -- in

this case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator motor. The

guts of this disassembled motor are available (on 10 lines / cm graph

paper). This is (or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.

3.7.CONTROL UNIT

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important

role in revolutionizing various industries and influencing our day to

day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since its emergence in

the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a

general purpose building block for intelligent digital systems. It is

finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to

highly complex spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many

advantages, the application domain has spread in all conceivable

directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a

great deal of interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and

practicing engineers, creating an acute education need for imparting

the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and

development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their

tremendous impact, the acute educational need created by them and

provides a glimpse of the major application area.

A microcontroller is a complete microprocessor system built on

a single IC. Microcontrollers were developed to meet a need for

microprocessors to be put into low cost products. Building a complete

microprocessor system on a single chip substantially reduces the

cost of building simple products, which use the microprocessor's

power to implement their function, because the microprocessor is a

natural way to implement many products. This means the idea of

using a microprocessor for low cost products comes up often. But the

typical 8-bit microprocessor based system, such as one using a Z80

and 8085 is expensive. Both 8085 and Z80 system need some

additional circuits to make a microprocessor system. Each part

carries costs of money. Even though a product design may requires

only very simple system, the parts needed to make this system as a

low cost product.

To solve this problem microprocessor system is implemented

with a single chip microcontroller. This could be called

microcomputer, as all the major parts are in the IC. Most frequently

they are called microcontroller because they are used they are used

to perform control functions.

The microcontroller contains full implementation of a standard

MICROPROCESSOR, ROM, RAM, I/0, CLOCK, TIMERS, and also

SERIAL PORTS. Microcontroller also called "system on a chip" or

"single chip microprocessor system" or "computer on a chip".

A microcontroller is a Computer-On-A-Chip, or, if you prefer, a

single-chip computer. Micro suggests that the device is small, and

controller tells you that the device' might be used to control objects,

processes, or events. Another term to describe a microcontroller is

embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support

circuits are often built into, or embedded in, the devices they control.

Today microcontrollers are very commonly used in wide variety

of intelligent products. For example most personal computers

keyboards and implemented with a microcontroller. It replaces

Scanning, Debounce, Matrix Decoding, and Serial transmission

circuits. Many low cost products, such as Toys, Electric Drills,

Microwave Ovens, VCR and a host of other consumer and industrial

products are based on microcontrollers.

CHAPTER-4

DRAWING
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF BATTERY:
BATTERY DIAGRAM:
DRAWING FOR AUTOMATIC RAIN OPERATED WIPER
DRAWING FOR DIMMER AND DIPPER
 CHAPTER-5

WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CHAPTER-VI

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The wipers combine three technologies to perform their task:

 A sensor on the windscreen to sense the rain

 A combination electric motor and worm gear reduction

provides power to the wipers.

 A neat linkage converts the rotational output of the motor

into the back-and-forth motion of the wipers.

Sensor is fixed in the wind screen. This sensor is used to pass the

rain fall signal to the electrical circuits.

MOTOR AND GEAR REDUCTION:

It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wiper blades back and

forth across the windshield so quickly. In order to generate this type

of force, a worm gear is used on the output of a small electric motor.

The worm gear reduction can multiply the torque of the motor

by about 50 times, while slowing the output speed of the electric

motor by 50 times as well. The output of the gear reduction operates

a linkage that moves the wipers back and forth. Inside the motor/gear

assembly is an electronic circuit that senses when the wipers are in

their down position. The circuit maintains power to the wipers until

they are parked at the bottom of the windshield, and then cuts the

power to the motor. This circuit also parks the wipers between wipes

when they are on their intermittent setting.

A short cam is attached to the output shaft of the gear reduction.

This cam spins around as the wiper motor turns. The cam is

connected to a long rod; as the cam spins, it moves the rod back and

forth. The long rod is connected to a short rod that actuates the wiper

blade on the driver's side. Another long rod transmits the force from

the driver-side to the passenger-side wiper blade. The system

consists power supply unit, lighting system, LDR (light dependent

resistor), comparator, and a relay. The LDR is a light detecting

resistor, which output voltage varies depends on the environmental

light, it is connected with comparator for compare the reference

voltage and input voltage, when the sun light is dark, the LDR sends

low voltage to the comparator, so the reference voltage and LDR

output voltage are not matched with each other, then the comparator

triggers a high pulse from its output pin, this is given to the relay

driver circuit for control light brightness. If the environmental light is in

normal power the LDR output voltage will be equal to the reference
voltage then the comparator triggers a low pulse to the relay driver

circuit, so the head light will glow normally. Also there is one switch is

there to control the power to headlight, that is operated manually. If

that switch is in the ON position then with respect to LDR input the

brightness will be control.

CHAPTER -7

MERITS
 CHAPTER-VII

MERITS

 Simple in construction

 Low cost

 Easy to maintain
 CHAPTER-8

APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER-VIII

APPLICATIONS

 It is applicable for all type of four and heavy vehicle

 CHAPTER-9

LIST OF MATERIALS
 CHAPTER-IX

LIST OF MATERIALS

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CHOICE OF MATERIALS

The various factors which determine the choice of material are

discussed below.
1. Properties:

The material selected must posses the necessary properties for

the proposed application. The various requirements to be satisfied

Can be weight, surface finish, rigidity, ability to withstand

environmental attack from chemicals, service life, reliability etc.

The following four types of principle properties of materials

decisively affect their selection

a. Physical

b. Mechanical

c. From manufacturing point of view

d. Chemical

The various physical properties concerned are melting point, thermal

Conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, specific

gravity, electrical conductivity, magnetic purposes etc.

The various Mechanical properties Concerned are strength in tensile,

Compressive shear, bending, torsional and buckling load, fatigue

resistance, impact resistance, eleastic limit, endurance limit, and

modulus of elasticity, hardness, wear resistance and sliding

properties.

The various properties concerned from the manufacturing point

of view are,

 Cast ability

 Weld ability

 Surface properties

 Shrinkage

 Deep drawing etc.

2. Manufatuing case:

Sometimes the demand for lowest possible manufacturing cost or

surface qualities obtainable by the application of suitable coating

substances may demand the use of special materials.

3. Quality Required:

This generally affects the manufacturing process and ultimately

the material. For example, it would never be desirable to go casting of

a less number of components which can be fabricated much more

economically by welding or hand forging the steel.

4.Avilability of Material:

Some materials may be scarce or in short supply.it then

becomes obligatory for the designer to use some other material which

though may not be a perfect substitute for the material designed.the

delivery of materials and the delivery date of product should also be

kept in mind.

5. Space consideration:

Sometimes high strength materials have to be selected because the

forces involved are high and space limitations are there.

6. Cost:

As in any other problem, in selection of material the cost of

material plays an important part and should not be ignored.

Some times factors like scrap utilization,appearance,and non-

maintenance of the designed part are involved in the selection of

proper materials.
 CHAPTER-10

COST ESTIMATION
 CHAPTER-X

COST ESTIMATION

1. LABOUR COST

Lathe, drilling, welding, power hacksaw, gas cutting cost =Rs

2. OVERGHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by”manufacturing cost”

Manufaturing Cost =Material Cost +Labour Cost

Overhead Charges =20%of the manufacturing cost

3.TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost +Labour Cost +Overhead Charges

Total cost for this project =

CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION
 CHAPTER-XI

CONCLUSION

The project carried out by us made an impressing task in the

field of automobile. It is very usefully for all four and heavy vehicles.

This project has also reduced the cost involved in the concern.

Project has been designed to perform the entire requirement task

which has also been provided.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Design data book -P.S.G.Tech.

2. Machine tool design handbook –Central machine tool Institute,

Bangalore.

3. Strength of Materials -R.S.Kurmi

4. Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

PHOTOGRAPHY