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Part2 PDF
Part2 PDF
Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Detection of ASK:-
The impulse response of the match filter for optimum detection
of this ASK waveform in the presence of white noise is:
h(t ) (T t )
The matched filter output for the (noiseless) input (t )
y (t ) (t ) h(t )
( ) (T t )d
r (T t )
where r (t ) is the time autocorrelation for (t )
The optimum decision time is for t=T, so that
y (T ) r (0) E
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
A sketch of the match filter output is shown in figure below. The signal
energy may be find as
T
A2T
E A sin c tdt
2 2
0
2
A sin 1t 0 t Tb
1 (t )
0 elsewhere
A sin 2t 0 t Tb
2 (t )
0 elsewhere
Thus a typical pair of sinusoidal waveform is described by:-
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
2 Eb
cos 2f i t 0 t Tb
si (t ) Tb
0 elsewhere
where i=1,2 and Eb is the transmitted energy per bit. A simple binary
FSK output waveform shown below
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
2
to cos(2f1 ) , and filter in the lower path is matched
Tb
2
to cos(2f 2 ) , and 0 t Tb . The resulting outputs form envelope
Tb
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
f1 fc f2
2f
2f 2 B
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
BPSK transmitter:-
Figure below shows a simplified block diagram of a BPSK
modulator. The balanced modulator acts as a phase reversing switch
depending on the logic condition of the digital input, the carrier is
transferred to the output either in phase or 180o out of phase with the
reference carrier oscillator.
Ring modulator:-
Figure below shows the schematic diagram of a balance ring
modulator. If the binary input is a logic 1 (positive voltage), D1 and D2
are on (forward biased). While D3 and D4 are off (reversed biased).
Therefore, the output carrier is in phase with input carrier. If the binary
input is a logic 0 (negative voltage), D3 and D4 are on. While D1 and D2
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
are off. Therefore, the output carrier is 180o out of phase with input
carrier.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
BPSK receiver: -
Figure below shows the block diagram of BPSK receiver.
BPSK input signal of sin c t (logic 1), the output of the balanced
modulator is
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
1
cos 2ct Filtered out by LPF
2
1
output V log ic0
2
Example:-
For BPSK modulator fc=70MHz, input bit rate Rb=10Mbps. Determine
(1) maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequency.
(2) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.
(3) baud rate.
Solution:-
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
1 1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2 2
1 1
cos 2 (70 5) 106 t cos 2 (70 5) 106 t
2 2
LSB= 70MHz-5MHz = 65MHz
USB= 70MHz+5MHz = 75MHz
min. Nyquist B.W (fN) = 75-65 = 10MHz
Baud rate (symbol rate) = bit rate = 10Mbaud
2) M-ary encoding
M-ary is term derived from the word “binary”. M is simply a
digital that represents the number of conditions possible.
m log 2 M M 2m
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
dibits. Each dibits code generator one of four possible output phases.
Therefore, for each 2-bit clocked into the modulator, a single output
change occurs. Therefore, the rate of change at the output (baud rate) is
one half of the input bit rate.
QPSK Transmitter
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
When the linear summer combined the two quadrature (90o out of
phase) signals, there are four possible resultant phases given by these
expressions ( sin c t cos c t , sin c t cos c t , sin ct cos c t ,
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For QPSK modulator fc=70MHz, input bit rate Rb=10Mbps. Determine
(1) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.
(2) baud rate.
(3) compare the results with BPSK.
solution:-
Rb
RbQ RbI 5Mbps
2
RbQ RbI
fa 2.5Mbps
2 2
min .B.W 2 f a 5MHZ
output sin at sin ct
1 1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2 2
1 1
cos 2 (70 2.5) 106 t cos 2 (70 2.5) 106 t
2 2
1 1
cos 2 (67.5) 106 t cos 2 (72.5) 106 t
2 2
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
QPSK receiver
The block diagram of QPSK receiver is shown below.
Example:-
Prove how we can find binary out from QPSK demodulator?
Solution:-
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
1 1 1
cos 2ct sin 2ct
2 2 2
1 1
The terms cos 2 c t sin 2c t filtered by LPF.
2 2
1
output (logic 0) I 1
2
Q channel cos c t ( sin ct cos c t )
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
8-PSK transmitter
Figure below shows the 8-PSK transmitters. The incoming serial
bits stream enters the bit splitter, where it is converted to parallel, three
channel output (the I or inphase channel, the Q or quadrature phase
channel and C or control channel). The bit rate in each three channel is
Rb/3. The 2-to-4 level converter are parallel input digital to analog
converter (ADC), with 2 input bits, four output voltages are possible.
Figure below shows the truth table and corresponding output conditions
for the 2-to-4 level converters.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For Q=0, I=0, and c=0 (000), determine the output phase for the 8-PSK
modulator.
Solution:-
I 0&c 0
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-0.541.
Q 0 & c 1
the output from the 2-to-4 level converter in I-channel=-1.307.
I 0.541sin ct
Q 1.307 cos ct
summeroutput (0.541cos ct )(1.307 cos ct )
1.41sin(ct 112.5o )
Figure below shows the output phase versus time relationship, truth
table, phaser diagram, and constellation diagram for 8PSK modulator: -
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For 8-PSK modulator fc=70MHz, input bit rate Rb=10Mbps. Determine
(1) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth.
(2) USB and LSB
(3) baud rate.
solution:-
Rb
RbQ RbI Rbc 3.33Mbps
3
RbQ RbI Rbc
fa 1.667 Mbps
2 2 2
min .B.W 2 f a 3.33MHZ
output sin at sin ct
1 1
cos(c a )t cos(c a )t
2 2
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
1 1
cos 2 (70 1.667) 106 t cos 2 (70 1.667) 106 t
2 2
1 1
cos 2 (68.333) 106 t cos 2 (71.667) 106 t
2 2
8-PSK receiver
The block diagram of 8PSK receiver is shown below. (Prove how
we can find binary out?).
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Because change in the I channel occur at the mid point of the Q channel
bit, and vice versa, there is never more than a single changes in the
dibit code, and therefore, there is never more than a 90o shift in the
output phase. Therefore, an advantage of OQPSK is the limited phase
shift that must be imparted during modulation. A disadvantages of
OQPSK is that changes in the output phase occur at twice the data rate
in either the I and Q channels. Consequently with OQPSK the baud and
minimum bandwidth are twice that of conventional QPSK for a given
transmission bit rate. OQPSK is some times called offset-keyed QPSK
(OKQPSK).
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
the phase of the two signaling elements determines the logic condition
of the data. DBPSK transmitter is shown in figure below.
Figure below shows the block diagram and timing sequence of DPSK
receiver.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
8-QAM transmitter
Figure below shows a block diagram of 8-QAM transmitter. We
can see only the difference between 8-QAM and 8-PSK transmitters is
the omission of the inverter between the C channel and Q channel.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example
For a tribit of Q=0, I=0, and C=0. Determine the output amplitude and
phase for the 8-QAM transmitter.
Solution:-
As in 8-PSK, I and Q bits determine the polarity of the PAM signal,
and C bit determine the value of levels.
At I-channel I=0, C=0
The output from 2-4 level converter =-0.541
and the output from modulator = 0.541sin c t
At Q-channel Q=0, C=0
The output from 2-4 level converter =-0.541
and the output from modulator = 0.541cos c t
the output from I and Q channel product modulator are combined in a
linear summer and produce a modulated output of
summer output = 0.541 sin c t 0.541 cos c t
For the remaining codes (001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 111) the procedure is
the same. The results are shown in figure below.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
8-QAM receiver
8-QAM receiver is almost identical to the 8PSK receiver. The
differences are the PAM levels at the output of the product detectors
and the binary signals at the output of the A/D converter. Because that
there two transmitted amplitudes possible with 8QAM that there are
different from those achievable with 8PSK, the four demodulated PAM
levels in 8-QAM are different from those in 8PSK. There is the
conversion factor for A/D converter must also be different. Also, with
QAM the binary output from I channel A/D converter are the I & C
bits, and from Q channel are the Q & C bits.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
16-QAM transmitter
The block diagram of 16-QAM transmitter is shown in figure below.
Example
For a quadbit input I=0, I`=0, Q=0, and Q`=0 (0000). Determine the
output amplitude and phase for the 16-QAM transmitter.
Solution:-
The I-channel output = 0.22 sin c t
= 0.311sin(c t 135 )
o
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
For the remaining codes the procedure is the same. The results are
shown in figure below.
Note
The minimum bandwidth required for 8-QAM is the same as in
8-PSK, Rb/3.
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example:-
For 16-QAM modulator, fc=70MHz, input bit rate Rb=10Mbps.
Determine (1) USB and LSB. (2) the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. (3)
baud rate.
solution:-
Rb
min .B.W 2.5MHz
4
(1) USB=70+1.25=71.25 MHz.
LSB=70-1.25=68.75 MHz.
(2) min. Nyquist B.W (fN) = 71.25-68.75 = 2.5 MHz
(3) Baud rate (symbol rate) = bit rate/4 = 2.5 Mbaud
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
bn 1
Rb
Rs
2
Modulator
2t
cos( ) cos(c t )
4Tb
Binary in
Rb Q I MSK signal
Tb 900 Rb=Rs
Tb Modulator
bn 1
Rb
Rs
2
Various components of the MSK signal are shown in figure below for
an in out binary sequence 1001001. The even index sample values
shown in figure (a) are indicated by –1, +1, held constant over two bit
t
periods (Ts=2Tb), and weighted by cos( )
2Tb . While Q channel
t
weighted by sin( )
2Tb , shown in figure (c). The modulation in phase
and quadrature carrier terms are shown in figures (b and d)
respectively. Subtracting these two waveforms yields the MSK
waveform shown in figure (e). MSK also called continuous phase
frequency shift keying (CPFSK).
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
E S
PE Erfc Erfc
2N0 2N
where S= signal power, N = noise power.
For noncoherent detection
1 E 1 2E
PE exp( ) Erfc
2 4N0 2 N0
where N0 =noise power spectral density = N/bandwidth, E= signal
energy= ST.
E
PE Erfc
N0
1.21E
PE Erfc
N0
For noncoherent FSK detection
1 E
PE Exp ( )
2 2N 0
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example
NRZ binary system with bit rate=300 bit/sec., using FSK with
transmitted frequencies of 2025, 2225 Hz. (a) if B.W=800 Hz centered
at carrier, calculate minimum PE, if S/N=8dB. (b) repeat for S/N=7dB.
Solution:-
f 1 f 2 2025 2225
(a) f c 2125 Hz
2 2
2f f 2 f1 2225 2025 200 Hz f 100 Hz
1
Tb sec .
300
cTb 1 f c f
1.21E 1.21STb
PE Erfc Erfc
N0 N0
S
8dB 100.8
N
N BN 0 800N 0
S
100.8
800 N 0
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
2E
PE Erfc
N0
Generally the modulation index for BPSK m= cos( ) where 0<m<1,
= peak phase deviation.
2 E (1 m 2 )
PE Erfc
N0
For DBPSK (noncoherent detection), the probability of error is :
1 E
PE Exp ( )
2 N0
Es
PE 2 Erfc
N0
where Es= symbol energy.
2 Es
PE 2 Erfc sin 2
N0 M
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
It should be noted that these results are for the symbol probability of
PE
PEb
log 2 M
A derivation of probability of error for M- ary DPSK is rather involved,
an approximation for large SNR is
2 Es
PE 2 Erfc sin 2
N0 2M
1 2 Es
PE 4(1 ) Erfc
M N0
2E
PE Erfc
N0
where E = bit Energy
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Example 1:
Solution:-
1
Tb 10 6 sec .
Rb
W
N 0 200dB 10 20 .
Hz
S 130dB 1013W .
Eb STb 1013 106 1019 J .
Eb 10 19
10
N 0 10 20
For MSK
2E
PE Erfc Erfc 20 3.88 10 6
N0
Example 2:
An MPSK, B.W.=120 KHz, Rb=900 kbit/sec., what minimum S/N is
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Solution:-
kbit
900
sec 7.5 bit / sec
Bandwidth efficiency
120 KHz Hz
m 8 M 2 m 28 256
PE PEb log 2 M 8 106
For MPSK (M=256)
2 Es
PE 2 Erfc sin 2
N0 M
2 Es
8 10 6 2 Erfc sin 2
N0 M
2 Es
4 10 6 Erfc sin 2
N0 M
From table
2 Es
sin 2 4.47
N0 M
2 Es
sin 2 19.98
N0 M
Es
66338
N0
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Communication Systems II Dr. Wa’il A.H. Hadi
Es E
Es Eb log 2 M Eb s
log 2 M 8
Eb
8292.25
N0
S Eb Rb
8292.25 7.5 61988 47.9dB
N N0 B
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