Passive and Active Filters Guide

Chapter 5
Passive and Active Filters
Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 1

Chapter 4- Active Filter
Part 1: Passive Filter

• Introduction on Filters
• Different type of filters
• First and second order Passive Low-Pass filter
• First and second order Passive High-Pass filter
• Passive Band-pass filter Part 2: Active Filter
• Passive Band-Stop filter • First and second order active Low-Pass filter
• First and second order active High-Pass filter
• Active Band-Pass filter
• Butterworth Filter
• Chebyshev Filter
• Sallen-Key Filter
Part 1
Passive Filters

Introduction on Filters
Definition: A filter is an electronic circuit that allow pass certain frequency and remove other undesired frequency.
Passive filter: is consisting of resistors,

capacitors and inductors.
Active Filter: the main elements could be an

active component such as Op-Amp.
The filter can work for different frequency

range, Hz to GHz (Low to High frequency)

Radio Communication: Filters are used in radio communication to select only the desired frequency stations
(Radio Tuning) and reject the others.

Filter Applications
Parasite filter on DC power supply: Filters are used on a power supply's output to reduce ripple. In addition,
this filter is used to diminish undesired high-frequency from AC line.
The filter eliminates the fluctuations in the rectified The capacitors interrupt direct current and let alternating current
voltage and produces a relatively smooth dc voltage. pass. The alternative current is considered the unwanted high
frequency ac signal which will be grounded by the capacitor.
In the output we will be a pure DC signal.

Filter Applications
Digital Filter: A digital filters are operating on discreet-time and sample time signal. So, we can enhance or
reduce certain aspects of a signal that may be necessary. Consider an image as function mapping location in
image as pixel, the filter is a system to provide a new image, combination the original image’s pixel.
Each pixel also has its own value, a digital filter can change the intensity range or pixel frequency at each
location of an image.
Black & white Gray scale Three image (RGB)

Binary (0, 1) Each pixel is btw Each pixel has 3
(0 to 255) number (btw 0 to 255)
Filter Applications
[ 95 , 30 , 37 ]
[ 75 ,203 ,24 ]
[ 146 ,50 ,73 ]
Image filtering changes the range (i.e. the pixel values) of an image, so the colors of the image are altered
without changing the pixel positions.

Filter Applications Separate the RGB color from the original image
Matlab
a= imread('cherry.jpg');
b=a;
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(a);
title ('RGB image');
a(:,:,2)= 0; %green (keep channel red

and make zero changel green and blue)
a(:,:,3)= 0; %blue
subplot(2,2,2)
imshow(a);
title ('Red image');
a=b;
a(:,:,1)= 0; %red
a(:,:,3)= 0; %blue
subplot(2,2,3)
imshow(a);
title ('Green image');
a=b;
a(:,:,1)= 0; %red
a(:,:,2)= 0; %blue
subplot(2,2,4)
imshow(a);
title ('Blue image');

Filter Applications Separate the RGB histogram

Filter Applications
MATALB : Histogram of an image
Pixel Number
The histogram of an image is a graph that showing

the pixel intensity values (number of pixels ) in an
image.
Intensities

Filter Applications
Enhance the quality in grayscale

Filter Applications
Increase RGB percentage in colorful image
Increase Blue color

Different Type of Filters
Filter topology: There are four basic filter types, i.e. High-pass filter, Low-pass filter, Band-pass filter, and band -
reject filter.

Response Curves For Different Filter Types
 Low- passe and High-passe filter have only one cut-off frequency
 is the frequency bandwidth or for LPF, frequencies beyond are referred to the stopband.
 Band-passe and band-rejected filters have two cut-off frequency, lower and upper frequency.
 is the central frequency, that in which the filter has maximum / minimum gain.

Passive Filter
Low-pass Filter
A Low Pass Filter is a circuit that can reject all unwanted high frequencies of an input signal and allow to pass
only desirable low frequency.
𝐴𝑉
Since the reactance of capacitor is dependent on frequency () the real response will be varying in certain
frequency.

Passive Filter
Low-pass Filter Characteristics
𝐼 𝑖𝑛
At the cut-off frequency, the output voltage amplitude is = 70.7% of the input
signal value or -3dB () of the input value.
𝑍 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡
1 1
𝐼 𝑖𝑛 =𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 Reactance of capacitor 𝑋 𝐶= =
𝜔 𝐶 2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
𝑍 𝑖𝑛=𝑋 𝐶 +𝑅→ √ 𝑋 +𝑅
2 2 At low frequency 
𝐶 At High frequency 
𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑋 𝐶 At Cut-off frequency 
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶 1

𝑨𝑽 = = = 2 2 𝑓 𝑐=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑖𝑛 𝑍 𝑖𝑛 √ 𝑋 𝐶 +𝑅
Passive Filter 𝐼 𝑖𝑛
Low -pass Filter - Phase shift
The low-pass filter not only attenuate the High-frequency component but also 𝑍 𝑖𝑛 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡
change the phase of the input signal at the output.
𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Transfer function of the filter (Gain)
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶 1
= =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅+ 𝑋 𝐶 1+ 𝑗 𝑅 𝐶 𝜔
Phase shift
()
−1
−1 0 −1
∅ =tan −tan (𝑅𝐶 𝜔)=− tan (𝑅𝐶 𝜔)
1

Passive Filter
Low-pass Filter – Second Order
The frequency response of second order low pass filter is similar to the first order. But in second order filter,
the stop band will be twice that of first order filter at 40dB/Decade.
1
𝑓 𝑐= If
2 𝜋 √ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
1
𝑓 𝑐=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
Higher order  cascading more filters.

Higher order  accuracy improve.
There is no limit to the order for a filter.

Passive Filter
Low-pass Filter 1𝐾 Ω
Example: Calculate the output voltage and cut-off frequency for LPF
0.1𝜇𝐹
1 1
𝑓 𝑐= = =1.59 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶 6.28 ×1 ×103 × 0.1× 10−6
Amplitude
Pass-band Stop-band
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= = =796 10 𝑉
2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶 6.28 ×1.59 × 103 ×0.1 ×10 −6
(-3dB) 7.07 V -20dB/dec
¿ 796×10 6.22 V -40dB/dec

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 =¿ 𝑋 𝐶 ∨ 2 2 𝑉 𝑖𝑛 = 2 6 =6.22sin(2 𝜋 2000𝑡)¿
√ 𝑋 𝐶 +𝑅 √ 796 +10
-60dB/dec
F
𝑡h
2 𝐾𝐻𝑧
𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟 , 𝑡h𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒−𝑛 × 20 𝑑𝐵 /𝑑𝑒𝑐
Passive Filter
High-pass Filter
A passive high-pass filter circuit allows only passes signals above the selected cut-off ( ) point and eliminating
any low frequency signals below the .
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝=+20 𝑑𝐵/ 𝑑𝑒𝑐
At the cut-off frequency, the output voltage amplitude is = 70.7% of the input signal value or -3dB () of the
input value.

High-pass Filter Characteristics
The cut-off frequency depend on R and C value. The cut-off frequency is inverse proportionally
to time Constance 𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡
1 1
𝐼 𝑖𝑛 =𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋 𝐶= =
𝑍 𝑖𝑛 =𝑋 𝐶 +𝑅→ √ 𝑋 +𝑅 2 2 At low frequency 

𝐶 At High frequency 
𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅 At Cut-off frequency 
1
𝑓 𝑐=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶

High-pass Filter - Phase shift
The high-pass filter not only attenuate the low-frequency component but also change the phase
of the input signal at the output. 𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡
Transfer function of the filter
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 1
= = =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅+ 𝑋 𝐶 1 𝑗
𝑅+ 1−
𝑗𝐶 𝜔 𝐶𝑅 𝜔
Phase shift
()
−1
−1 0 −1 −1 1
∅ =tan −tan =tan
1 𝑅𝐶 𝜔 𝑅𝐶 𝜔

Passive Filter
High-pass Filter – Second Order
The frequency response of second order high pass filter is similar to the first order high pass filter. But in
second order high pass filter stop band will be twice that of first order filter at 40dB/Decade.
1
𝑓 𝑐= If
2 𝜋 √ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
1
𝑓 𝑐=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
Higher order  cascading more filters.

Higher order  accuracy increased.
There is no limit to the order for a filter.

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter
Band Pass Filters is used to select certain frequencies that lie within a particular band or range of frequencies, and
it will remover all frequencies out of that range.
HPF LPF
The BPF can be make by cascading a HPF and LPF

The overlapping region between response of HPF and LPF is considered as bandwidth of BPF.
Bandwidth = Center Frequency =

Passive Filter
Different Bandpass Filter Topology
 Combination of HPF and LPF

 Series RLC band-pass Filter
 Parallel RLC band-pass Filter
Filter

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter –Phase Shift
Since the BPF is consisting tow type of filter( LPF and HPF), the phase shift will be twice of first order filter () is
regarded as a second-order.
Because of HPF the output signal LEADS of input signal by up to center frequency. As frequency increase to
infinity, the output LAG of input by .

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter
Example: Determine the bandwidth and center frequency for given BPF.
Calculate the Cut-off Frequency for HPF and LPF

1.5𝑛𝐹 10 𝐾 Ω 1 1
𝑓 𝐻= = =106 . 1 𝐾𝐻𝑧
1𝐾 Ω 2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1 6 .28 × 103 ×1 . 5× 10− 9
1.5𝑛𝐹 1 1
𝑓 𝐿= = =10 . 6 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2 𝜋 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 6 . 28 ×10 ×1 . 5× 10
4 −9
BW=
Center Frequency =

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter – RLC Parallel
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
At low frequency 
Filter At High frequency 
At middle frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∈the maximum
Center frequency 
1 1
𝜔 0= 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter - RLC Series
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
At High frequency 
At Center frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∈the maximum
1 1
𝜔 0= 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter –Phase Shift
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
𝑗 𝜔 𝐶 2 𝜋 𝑓𝐶
Amplitude
( ) 𝜔
𝑅
| ||
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
=
𝑅
=
|
𝐿
√( 𝐿𝐶 ) ( 𝐿 )
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 1 1 𝜔𝑅
2 2
𝑅+ + 𝑗𝐿𝜔 −𝜔 +
2
𝑗𝐶 𝜔
Phase shift (deduce from transfer function )
[ ]
1 2
−𝜔
−1 𝐿𝐶
∅ =tan
𝜔𝑅
𝐿

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter – Cut-off Frequencies
The cut-off frequency is when the transfer function is of the maximum value.
we will have 4 equations, only two

are positive and Represent the cut-
off frequency
√( )( ) √( )( )
2 2
𝑅 𝑅 1 𝑅 𝑅 1
𝐹 𝐿 =𝜔 𝑐 1=− + + 𝐹 𝐻 =𝜔 𝑐 2= + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter – Bandwidth
The bandwidth is simply the difference in the two cutoff frequencies
𝐵𝑊 =𝜔 𝐶2 − 𝜔𝐶 1
| √( ) ( )| | √( ) ( )|
2 2
𝑅 𝑅 1 𝑅 𝑅 1 𝑅
𝐵𝑊 = + + −− + + =
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
If being know we can say :
𝐵𝑊 𝐵𝑊
𝐹 𝐿= 𝑓 0 − 𝐹 𝐻 = 𝑓 0+
2 2

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter – Quality factor
The quality factor is defined as the ratio of center frequency to bandwidth.
√
√
1
𝜔0 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊
=
𝑅
⇒ 𝑄= 2
𝐿
𝐶𝑅
 The quality in RLC bandpass filter is depend on RLC values
 Higher quality Narrow bandwidth (more accuracy )

Passive Filter
Bandpass Filter
Example: Determine the resonant frequency, bandwidth, , bandwidth and quality factor for the following BPF.
1 1 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 0= = =4612.65
√ 𝐿𝐶 √ 47 ×10 −6 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑄=
𝜔0
√ √ 𝐿
𝐶𝑅
2
=
10 𝑚𝐻
4.7 𝑢𝐹 × 12
𝜔 0 734
2
=3.84
𝑄= ⇒ 𝐵𝑊 = = =1201 𝐻𝑧
𝐵𝑊 𝑄 3.84
R 12
Or simply ⇒ 𝐵𝑊 = = =1200 Hz
L 10 ×10 −3
𝐵𝑊 4612.65 1200 𝐵𝑊 4612.65 1200

𝐹 𝐿= 𝑓 𝑟 − = − =134.5 𝐻𝑧 𝐹 𝐻= 𝑓 𝑟+ = + =1334.5 𝐻𝑧
2 2𝜋 2 2 2𝜋 2
Passive Filter
Band-Stop Filter
The band-stop (Notch or reject) filter are designed to block the all frequency between two cut-off frequency and
pass all those frequency either side of this range.
The procedure for calculating these are very similar to the methods described for the band pass filter.
Bandwidth = Center Frequency =

Passive Filter
Different Bandpass Filter Topology
 Series RLC band-Stop Filter

 Parallel RLC band-Stop Filter

Passive Filter
Band-Stop Filter – RLC Parallel
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
At middle frequency  in minimum
1 1
𝜔 0= 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Passive Filter
Band-Stop Filter – RLC Series
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
At middle frequency  in minimum
1 1
𝜔 0= 𝑓 0=
√ 𝐿𝐶 2 𝜋 √ 𝐿𝐶

Passive Filter
Band-Stop Filter – Phase Shift
1 2
−𝜔
| |
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
=
𝐿𝐶
[
𝜔
]
√(
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝐶
) ( )
2 2
1 𝜔
−1
2 ∅ =− tan
−𝜔 + 1
− 𝜔2
𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶 𝐿𝐶
Generally, each reactive component

introduce 90º of total phase shift in the
signal. BSF is second order filter it have
phase shift.
The high-pass filter would cause the
output signal phase to lead that of the
input while the low-pass filter would
cause the output signal phase to lag that
of the input.

Passive Filter
Band Stop Filter – Cut-off Frequencies
The cut-off frequency is when the transfer function is of the maximum value.
1 2
−𝜔
𝐿𝐶 1
=
√(
√2
) ( )
2 2
1 2 𝜔
−𝜔 +
𝐿𝐶 𝑅𝐶
√( )( )
2
𝑅 𝑅 1
𝐹 𝐿 =𝜔 𝑐 1=− + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
√( )( )
2
𝑅 𝑅 1
𝐹 𝐻 =𝜔 𝑐 2= + +
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Passive Filter
Band Stop Filter – Bandwidth
The bandwidth is simply the difference in the two cutoff frequencies
𝐵𝑊 =𝜔 𝐶2 − 𝜔𝐶 1
𝑅
𝐵𝑊 =
𝐿

Passive Filter
Band Stop Filter – Quality factor
The quality factor is defined as the ratio of center frequency to bandwidth.
√
√
1
𝜔0 𝐿𝐶 𝐿
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊
=
𝑅
⇒ 𝑄= 2
𝐿
𝐶𝑅
 The quality in RLC bandpass filter is depend on RLC values
 Higher quality Narrow bandwidth (more accuracy )

Part 2
Active Filters

Active Filter
Unlike the passive filter that is only include the passive elements, the active filter additionally uses an active
element such as Op-Amp to provide voltage amplification and signal isolation.
The principle of the active filter is not different than the passive filters. However, the active filter has more
accurate response with. limited frequency response.
In addition, the active filter not only select a certain on band frequency to pass or reject but also it can provide
amplitude gain voltage at the output. The voltage amplification is the main different between passive and
active.

Active Filter
Pros (Passive Filter)

1- Simple structure
2- Less expensive
3- Easily develop filter order.
Cons (Passive Filter)

1- The amplitude of the output signal is less than of the input signal. So, the gain is never more than unity.
2- The load impedance effect the filter characteristics. And it will change the cutoff frequency.
3- Even for multi-stage filter () the impedance of each stage has effect on the previous stage, this is causing
less signal amplitude at the output. This is called attenuation.
4- Infinity frequency response theoretically.

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
The principal operation of an active Low-pass filter and frequency response is the same as previously seen passive
filter, the only difference is the unity gain for the filter unlike the passive RC filter which has a DC gain of less
than unity.
1 Op-Amp as buffer
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑉 =1 (Voltage follower)
1
𝑓 𝐶= Cut-off frequency
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
𝑓𝐶
Another advantage of active LPF is that the Op-Amp high input impedance prevents excessive loading on the
filters output while its low output impedance prevents the filters cut-off frequency point, from being affected by
changes in the impedance of the load.
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter ( Include Amplitude Gain )
The frequency response for this configuration is the same as previously one (unity gain), the only difference is the
gain control by feedback amplification structure.
𝑅𝐹 Close-Loop gain Or
𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)=1+
𝐴𝑉(𝐷𝐶) 𝑅𝐺 DC gain
1
𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝐶= Cut-off frequency
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
Therefore, the gain of active LPF (Transfer function ) as a function of frequency will be:
1 𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
¿ 𝐴𝑉 ∨¿∨ ∨¿ 𝐴𝑉 (𝐷𝐶)×
√
𝑉1
( )
2
𝑓
1+
𝑓𝑐
• is the DC gain provided by Op-Amp.
𝑓𝐶 • is input frequency.
• is cut-off frequency.
Recall: To see how we arrive to this expression please see the Passive LPF part.
Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1
¿ 𝐴𝑉 ∨¿∨ ∨¿ 𝐴𝑉 (𝐷𝐶)×
√
𝑉1
( )
2
𝑓
1+
𝑓𝑐 1
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
At low frequency  ≅ 𝐴 𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)
𝑉1
At Cut-off frequency  𝑓𝐶
At High frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡

< 𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)
𝑉1

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
So far, we have seen that the filter circuit is isolated from the output load, thanks to the Op-Amp. That is cause
removing the output load effect on the filter circuit.
Furthermore, the input filter may be connected to the output of another circuit. Because of load effect on the filter
input the cut-off frequency will be changed. In this case, to improver the filter operation following circuit is
proposed.
Low Fre 
High Fre 
Cut-off Fre 
1 1
𝑋 𝐶= =
1
𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐹 𝐶

Active Filter
Low-Pass Filter
Example : Design a non-inverting active LPF that has a gain of 10 at low frequencies, and cut-off of 265 Hz
and an input impedance of 10KΩ.
Suppose
20 𝑑𝐵
17 𝑑𝐵
𝑓 𝐶 =256 𝐻𝑧
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
Similarly, we can High-Pass filter by displacing the R and C in the input path. The Op-Amp is used as isolator
between filter circuit and output load. Besides, the Op-Amp provide the amplification gain as well.
In the absent of the the filter has unity gain, and Op-Amp acting as voltage follower (isolator)
𝑅𝐹
𝐴 𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)=1+ 1
𝑅𝐺 𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
1
𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑉 =1
−3 𝑑𝐵
𝑓𝐶
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
Therefore, the gain of active LPF (Transfer function ) as a function of frequency will be:
𝑓
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑐
¿ 𝐴𝑉 ∨¿∨ ∨¿ 𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)×
√
𝑉1
( )
2
𝑓
1+
𝑓𝑐
• is the DC gain provided by Op-Amp.

• is input frequency.
• is cut-off frequency.
Recall: To see how we arrive to this expression please see Passive HPF part.
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
𝑓
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑓𝑐
¿ 𝐴𝑉 ∨¿∨ ∨¿ 𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)×
√
𝑉1
( )
2
𝑓
1+
𝑓𝑐
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
At low frequency  < 𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)
𝑉1
At Cut-off frequency 
At High frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡

≅ 𝐴 𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶)
𝑉1

Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
The frequency response of HPF shows that it will remove all the low frequency and it will allow all high band
frequency beyond cut-off frequency up to infinity. But in actual filter, the filter does not have infinity response.
We know that the frequency response is limited by DC gain characteristic of Op-Amp.
𝐴𝑉 (dB)
𝑅𝐹 Op-Loop gain of
1+ Op-Amp
𝑅𝐺
100 𝑑𝐵 Crossover
point
20 𝑑𝐵/𝑑𝑒𝑐 HPF frequency

response
0 𝑑𝐵 𝑓
HPF

Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
The phase shift response for active HPF is same as that we have seen in passive filter. It is equal to at low
frequency, at cut-off frequency and at the high frequency.
The phase-shift or phase angle is representing by
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅 𝑅 1
= = =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅+ 𝑋 𝐶 1 𝑗
𝑅+ 1−
𝑗𝐶 𝜔 𝐶𝑅 𝜔
Recall: See the High-pass Filter - Phase shift

Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
A simple first-order active HPF can also be made using an inverting operational amplifier configuration as well.
𝑅2
−
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅2 𝑅2 𝑅1
Gain = =− =− =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅1 + 𝑋 𝐶 1 1
𝑅1 + 1+
𝑗𝐶 𝜔 𝑗 𝑅1𝐶 𝜔
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉 𝑖𝑛
Low frequency =>
High frequency =>
| |√ (
𝑅2
−
| |
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑉 𝑖𝑛
=
𝑅1
1
=
𝐴𝑉 ( 𝐷𝐶 )
1+
𝑗 𝑅1𝐶 𝜔 1+
𝜔𝐶 2
𝜔 ) 1 1
𝜔 𝐶= 𝑓 𝐶=
𝑅1 𝐶 2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶
Active Filter
High-Pass Filter
Exercise :
Design a non-inverting active HPF that has passe band gain of 12, and cut-off of 2.5KHz. The input capacitor
has considered 150nF.
a) Calculate the resistor R at the input.
b) Determine the RG and RF (resistor feedback network)
c) Determine the phase-shift in the output signal
d) Deduce the transfer function and draw the frequency response include the calculation details.

Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
The principle of an active BPF is similar that has shown for passive filter. It used to select certain frequencies that
lie within a particular band or range of frequencies, This band or range of frequencies is set between two cut-off
points called the “lower frequency” () and the “higher frequency” ().
One of the easiest solution to make an Active Band Pass Filter is to connect the basic passive high at the input
and low pass filters at the output of an op-amp circuit as shown.

Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
 The cut-off frequency for the Hight and Low filter the input and output is same as passive filter that we have seen
previously.
 This design of BPF filter has low-quality (Q) and width frequency response.
 The main advantage of this model is a relatively flat asymmetrical pass band frequency response with one half
representing the low pass response and the other half representing high pass response as shown.

Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Another way to make a BPF is by cascading an active HPF with an LPF as shown below.
𝑅 𝐺2 𝑅𝐹 2
𝑅 𝐺1 𝑅𝐹 1
1
𝐻𝑃𝐹 ⇒ 𝑓 𝐶 1=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
𝑅2 1
𝐿𝑃𝐹 ⇒ 𝑓 𝐶 2=
𝐶1 2 𝜋 𝑅2 𝐶 2
𝐶2
𝑅1 𝐻𝑃𝐹 𝐿 𝑃𝐹
Bandwidth = Gain Total =
Resonant Frequency = 𝑓𝑟
Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
This type of band pass filter is designed to have a much narrower pass band (smaller bandwidth) or higher quality
response. The resonant (center) frequency and bandwidth of the filter is related to the values of R1, R2, C1 and C2.
1
𝑓 𝐶 1=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
1
𝑓 𝐶 2=
2 𝜋 𝑅2 𝐶 2
− 𝑅2
𝐴 𝑉 ( 𝐹𝑟 )=
𝑅1
𝑓𝑟
𝑄=
𝐵𝑊
Note: See the passive PBF and SBF section to know how
determine the above expressions.
Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
The basic multiple-feedback filter is a second-order type. This type of active band-pass design, produces a
variable circuit. Based around a negative feedback which giving it a high “Q-factor” , amplitude response and
steep roll-off on either side of its center frequency.
1
𝑓 𝑟=
2 𝜋 √ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
𝑄=
𝑓 𝑟 1 𝑅2
=
𝐵𝑊 2 𝑅 1 √
 Higher quality produce higher gain
 Quality of filter is depending on R1 and R2
 Higher quality, lower bandwidth

Active Filter
Band-Pass Filter
Example: Considering the multiple feedback active filter that has gain 4 at the resonant frequency Fr = 3KHz.
Calculate the values of the components required to implement the circuit.
𝐴 𝑉 =− 2 𝑄2 ⇒ 4=− 2 𝑄 2 ⇒ 𝑄= √ 2
Solution:

Active Filter
Stop - Band Filter
Example: Suppose and determine the stop and frequency and represent on the bode diagram.
1 1
𝑓 𝐿= 𝑓 𝐻=
𝑹𝟏 2 𝜋 𝑅𝐿 𝐶 𝐿 2 𝜋 𝑅 𝐻 𝐶𝐻
𝑪𝑯
𝑹𝑯 𝑹𝟐 𝑽 𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑹𝑳
𝑪𝑳

Active Filter
Stop - Band Filter
Example Continue
1
𝑓 𝐻= 3 −9
=1.59 𝐾𝐻𝑧
2 𝜋 ×10 ×10 × 10 ×10
1
𝑓 𝐿= 3 −9
=994 𝐻𝑧
2 𝜋 ×1.6 ×10 ×10 × 10
Bandwidth =
Resonant Frequency =

Active Filter
Second Order Filter
That first order filters can be easily converted into second order filters simply by using an additional RC network
within the input or feedback path.
The circuit voltage gain and cutoff frequency are the same for the second order circuit as for the first-order filter
circuit, except that all active filters response drops at a faster rate (40 dB/dec) for a second-order filter circuit.
There are different second order filter types such as Butterworth, Chebyshev, Bessel and Sallen-key.
All these type of filter are designs as LPF, HPF, BPF and BSF configuration.
The second order active filters are requiring at least one Op-Amp and 2 passive components for either low or high
active filter.

Active Filter
LPF– Second Order (Sallen-key Configuration )
The circuit voltage gain and cutoff frequency are the same for the second order circuit as for the first-order filter
circuit, but there are two RC network and the input path.
The main difference between a 1st and 2nd order LPF is that the stop band roll-off will be twice the 1st order
filters at 40dB/decade (12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases above the cut-off frequency
𝑅𝐹
𝐴 𝑉 =1+
𝑅𝐺
1
𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 √ 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶 1 𝐶 2
If
𝑓𝐶
1
𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅1 𝐶 1
LPF - Sallen-key Configuration
Active Filter
HPF – Second Order
The second-order high-pass active filters can be built as shown. The cutoff frequency is same as we found for
the first- order if we suppose
1
𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 √ 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶 1 𝐶 2
1𝑡h 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 If
2𝑡 h 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
1
𝑓𝐶 𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶

Active Filter
The active filters represent different response in Cut-off frequency, because of quality factor and damping factor
(Zeta) which is inverse of factor. means, as Q decreases the damping factor increases.
However, both quality factor and damping factor are independently are determine by the gain of amplifier.
The LPF shows a resonant peak around the cut-off frequency because of amplifier gain (indirectly due to quality
factor, )
The relation between Gain (A), quality (Q) and zeta ()
𝐴=3 − ( 2× 𝜁 )
3− 𝐴 1
𝜁= =
2 2𝑄
1
𝐴=3 −
𝑄
Active Filter
The frequency response of second order LPF has different amplitude value around the cut-off frequency.
when (A width frequency response and low quality )

When (very narrow frequency response and high quality )
When (Normalised frequency, Neither high quality nor high bandwidth)

Active Filter
LPF– Second Order (Butterworth Configuration )
The Butterworth filter has very flat pass band and roll-off of this filer is -20dB/dec. If we increase the order of the
filter to 3, the filter response will be drop by additional -60dB/ dec after cut-off frequency.
The transfer function of any second order – LPF is represent by

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐾 𝜔 2𝑛
= 2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑆 +2 𝜁 𝜔𝑛 𝑆+𝜔 2𝑛
cut-off frequency
damping factor
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 2 1 2
𝑆 + 𝜔𝑛 𝑆+ 𝜔𝑛
𝑄

Active Filter
Let’s to see how we determined this expression =
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑆2 +2 𝜁 𝜔𝑛 𝑆+𝜔 2𝑛
So, for the first order LPF we had,

𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶 1 1
= 𝑤 h 𝑒𝑛 𝑋 𝐶 = → 𝐿𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑋 𝐶 =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅+ 𝑋 𝐶 𝑗𝐶 𝜔 𝑆𝐶
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 1/ 𝑆𝐶 1
= =
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅+1/ 𝑆𝐶 1+ 𝑅𝐶𝑆
Now for two cascaded
1
network the toral gain
( )( )
𝑉𝑜 1 1 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2
will be = =
( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1+ 𝑅𝐶𝑆 1+ 𝑅𝐶𝑆 𝑅1 𝐶 1+ 𝑅2 𝐶 2 1
𝑆2 + 𝑆+
𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2

Active Filter
1 Comparison
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐾 𝜔20
( )( )
𝑉𝑜 1 1 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2 =
= = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 1
( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 1+ 𝑅𝐶𝑆 1+ 𝑅𝐶𝑆 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 + 𝑅2 𝐶 2 1 2 2
𝑆 + 𝜔0 𝑆+ 𝜔 0
𝑆 + 𝑆+ 𝑄
𝑅1 𝐶1 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2
1
We can determine that 𝜔 0=
√ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
1
the cut-off frequency will be 𝑓 𝐶=
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
√
1
2
In realty the cut-off frequency of second order will be shifted by 𝜔 𝐶 2=𝜔 2 −1
√
1
For n order filter the cut-off frequency will 𝑛
be 𝜔 𝐶𝑛 =𝜔 2 − 1
Active Filter
the transfer function will be
1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
=
( )
𝑉𝑖𝑛 2 𝑅1 𝐶 1+ 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 1
𝑆 + 𝑆+
𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
𝐾 𝜔 2𝐶 𝐾 𝜔 20
¿
2 2 2 2 1 2
𝑆 + 𝑆+ 𝜔𝐶 𝑆 + 𝜔0 𝑆+ 𝜔0
𝑅𝐶 𝑄
1 1
=𝜔 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄=
𝑅𝐶 2

Active Filter
LPF– Second Order (Butterworth Configuration)
As you saw, simply by cascading the two first order filter we can not design second order Butterworth filter.
Because, in Butterworth filter we need higher value of Q.
This is possible only if we have active element with a positive feedback from the output side.
Unity gain LPF - Sallen-key Configuration LPF - Sallen-key Configuration with gain
Active Filter
As you saw, simply by cascading the two fires order filter we can not design second order Butterworth filter.
𝐾
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2
=
( )
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 + 𝑅2 𝐶 2 + 𝑅1 𝐶 1(1 − 𝐾 ) 1
𝑆 + 𝑆+
𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2
Comparison
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐾 𝜔 2𝐶
=
𝑉𝑖𝑛 2 1 2
𝑆 + 𝜔𝐶 𝑆+ 𝜔𝐶
𝑄
LPF - Sallen-key Configuration with gain

Active Filter
𝜔𝐶=
1
𝑄=
√ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2
√ 𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 𝑅 1 𝐶1 + 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 + 𝑅1 𝐶 1 (1− 𝐾 )
𝐾
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2 the transfer function will be
=
( )
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 + 𝑅2 𝐶 2 + 𝑅1 𝐶 1(1 − 𝐾 ) 1
𝑆2 + 𝑆+
𝑅1 𝐶 1 𝑅 2 𝐶 2 𝑅 1 𝐶 1 𝑅2 𝐶 2
𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐾 𝜔 2𝐶
= 2
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑆 + 𝑆 𝜔𝐶 [ 3 − 𝐾 ]+𝜔 2𝐶
1 1 The gain can not be more that 3 otherwise

=𝜔 𝐶 𝑄= the filter will have unstable response
𝑅𝐶 3− 𝐾

Active Filter
As you see on the frequency response the critical point is when Q = 0.707 so,
1
0 . 707= ⇒ 𝐾 =1 . 586
3−𝐾
𝑅𝐹
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑤 h 𝑖𝑙𝑒 , 𝑤𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡 h 𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑛 − 𝐾𝑒𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑉 =1+
𝑅𝐺
𝑅𝐹 𝑅𝐹
1+ =1 .586 ⇒ =0 .586 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑅 𝐹 =10 𝐾 Ω , 𝑅 𝐺=5 . 86 𝐾 Ω
𝑅𝐺 𝑅𝐺
Conclusion: by change the value of K you can design Butterworth filter by Sallen-key topology

Active Filter
For design high order filter just, and you have cascading more stage and use below table

Active Filter
LPF– Third Order (Butterworth Configuration )
Suppose we want design LPF by Fc =1KHz
𝐶1
1
𝑓 𝐶= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝐶=0 . 1 𝑢𝐹
2 𝜋 𝑅𝐶
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅5 1
𝑅= = 1. 59 𝐾 Ω
2𝜋 𝑓 𝑐
𝑅4 So, by selecting =
𝐶2 𝐶3
𝑅3 And C1 = C2 = C3 = 0.1 uF
The cut-off frequency will be 1KHz
Third order polynomial =>
From the polynomial

And the last word….

Thank you for your attention.
I hope you found this curse useful.
See You Soon And Take Care

Passive and Active Filters Guide

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Chapter 5

Passive and Active Filters

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 1

Part 1: Passive Filter

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 3

Passive filter: is consisting of resistors,

Active Filter: the main elements could be an

The filter can work for different frequency

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 4

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Black & white Gray scale Three image (RGB)

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a(:,:,2)= 0; %green (keep channel red

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MATALB : Histogram of an image

The histogram of an image is a graph that showing

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Enhance the quality in grayscale

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Increase RGB percentage in colorful image

Increase Blue color

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𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐼 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑋𝐶 1

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 18

Higher order  cascading more filters.

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 19

¿ 796×10 6.22 V -40dB/dec

𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝=+20 𝑑𝐵/ 𝑑𝑒𝑐

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 21

𝑍 𝑖𝑛 =𝑋 𝐶 +𝑅→ √ 𝑋 +𝑅 2 2 At low frequency 

𝑍 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑅 At Cut-off frequency 

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 22

Transfer function of the filter

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Higher order  cascading more filters.

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The BPF can be make by cascading a HPF and LPF

Bandwidth = Center Frequency =

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 Combination of HPF and LPF

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Calculate the Cut-off Frequency for HPF and LPF

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 28

At middle frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∈the maximum

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 29

At Center frequency  𝑉 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∈the maximum

Electronic II - CPII | ECAM Strasbourg Europe |January 2021 30

Phase shift (deduce from transfer function )

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we will have 4 equations, only two

The bandwidth is simply the difference in the two cutoff frequencies

If being know we can say :

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The quality factor is defined as the ratio of center frequency to bandwidth.

 The quality in RLC bandpass filter is depend on RLC values

 Higher quality Narrow bandwidth (more accuracy )