Chapter II

Review of Related Literatures

This chapter will present various studies related to the topic being discuss that will start

from the independent variable to the dependent variables and the relationship that exist between

variables

Visual Impairment

According to Medical-Dictionary 2003-2018 total blindness is the inability to tell light

from dark, or the total inability to see. Visual impairment or low vision is a severe reduction in

vision that cannot be corrected with standard glasses or contact lenses and reduces a person's

ability to function at certain or all tasks. Legal blindness which is actually a severe visual

impairment.

As the term indicates, a visual impairment involves an issue with sight which interferes

with a student’s academic pursuits. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

officially defines the category as “an impairment in vision that, even with correction, adversely

affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness.”

According to recent estimates, the major global causes of moderate to severe vision impairment

are uncorrected refractive errors 53%, un-operated cataract

 25%, age-related macular degeneration 4%, glaucoma, 2% and diabetic retinopathy 1%.

The major causes of blindness are un-operated cataract 35 %, uncorrected refractive error 21 %

and glaucoma 8 %.