EDINBURGH

ARIADNA MORAN RODRIGUEZ

FEBRUARY/2019
INDEX
1. CASTLE OF EDINBURGH. ..................................................... 2
1.1. LOCATION AND USES. .................................................... 2
1.2. HISTORY. ..................................................................... 2
2.1. MAIN INFORMATION. ....................................................... 3
2.2 GARDENS AND GROUND. ................................................. 3
2.3. BIG ROYAL DIG. ................................................................ 5
2. UNION CANAL. ................................................................... 6
2.1 MAIN INFORMATION. .......................................................... 6
2.2 ARCHAELOGY. .................................................................... 6
3. JUPITER ART LAND. ............................................................ 7
4. PRINCESS STREET GARDENS. .............................................. 8
5. CALTON HILL. ....................................................................... 9
5.1 HISTORY. ....................................................................... 9
6. PALACE OF HOLYROOD. ....................................................... 12
6.1. HISTORY. ..................................................................... 12
6.2. GHOST.......................................................................... 21
7. CATHEDRAL OF ST GILES. .................................................... 22
7.2. THE CHURCH. ................................................................ 23
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY. ................................................................. 25

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 1. CASTLE OF EDINBURGH.

1.1. LOCATION AND USES.

Is a historic fortress, which dominates the skyline of the city of
Edinburgh, Scotland, from its position on the Castle Rock.
Archaeologists have established human occupation of the rock since
at least the Iron Age (2nd century AD), although the nature of the
early settlement is unclear. There has been a royal castle on the rock
since at least the reign of David I in the 12th century, and the site
continued to be a royal residence until 1633. From the 15th century,
the castle's residential role declined, and by the 17th century, it was
principally used as military barracks with a large garrison. Its
importance as a part of Scotland's national heritage was recognized
increasingly from the early 19th century onwards, and various
restoration programs have been carried out over the past century and
a half. As one of the most important strongholds in the Kingdom of
Scotland, Edinburgh Castle was involved in many historical conflicts
from the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 14th century to the
Jacobite rising of 1745. Research undertaken in 2014 identified 26
sieges in its 1100-year-old history, giving it a claim to having been
"the most besieged place in Great Britain and one of the most
attacked in the world".

1.2. HISTORY.
The castle stands upon the plug of an extinct volcano, which is
estimated to have risen about 350 million years ago during the Lower
Carboniferous period. The Castle Rock is the remains of a volcanic
pipe, which cut through the surrounding sedimentary rock before
cooling to form very hard dolerite, a type of basalt. Subsequent
glacial erosion was resisted by the dolerite, which protected the softer
rock to the east, leaving a crag and tail formation.

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The summit of the Castle Rock is 130 meters above sea level, with
rocky cliffs to the south, west and north, rising to a height of 80
meters above the surrounding landscape. This means that the only
readily accessible route to the castle lies to the east, where the ridge
slopes more gently. The defensive advantage of such a site is self-
evident, but the geology of the rock also presents difficulties, since
basalt is impermeable.

2.1. MAIN INFORMATION.

The Palace of Holyrood house, commonly referred to as Holyrood
Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland,
Queen Elizabeth II. Located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in
Edinburgh, at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace
has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of
Scots since the 16th century, and is a setting for state occasions and
official entertaining.

Queen Elizabeth spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at

the beginning of each summer, where she carries out a range of
official engagements and ceremonies. The 16th century Historic
Apartments of Mary, Queen of Scots and the State Apartments, used
for official and state entertaining, are open to the public throughout
the year, except when members of the Royal Family are in residence.

2.2 GARDENS AND GROUND.

The gardens of the palace extend to some 10 acres (4.0 ha), set
within the much larger Holyrood Park. In the 16th-century a privy
garden was located to the north of the palace, accessed via a wooden
gallery from the north-west tower. This was removed in the 19th
century when Prince Albert took an interest in the grounds, forming a
new carriage drive to the north to avoid the Canongate slums and
laying out the garden in its present form.

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A small garden building, surviving from the 16th-century, is known as
Queen Mary's Bath House, although it is not thought to have been
used for bathing. John Milne carved the sundial to the north of the
palace in 1633, while the fountain in the forecourt is a 19th-century
replica of the 16th-century fountain at Linlithgow Palace.

The ironwork gates and ornamental screens were erected in the

1920s, along with a statue of Edward VII (by Henry Snell Gamely),
unveiled by George V in 1922.

The buildings to the west of the palace, are the 19th-century

guardhouse which replaced the tenements of a debtors' sanctuary,
and adjacent to this, the former Holyrood Free Church and Duchess
of Gordon's School, built in the 1840s. These buildings were
converted into the Queen's Gallery in 2002 to display works of art
from the Royal Collection.

There was formerly a Keeper of Holyrood Park, and the Earls of

Haddington held the title on a hereditary basis. The Crown purchased
this and the office extinguished in 1843 after disputes over the
Keeper's right to allow quarrying within the Park.

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2.3. BIG ROYAL DIG.

The Palace of Holyrood house, along with Buckingham Palace Garden

and Windsor Castle, was excavated on 25–28 August 2006 as part of
a special edition of Channel 4's archaeology series Time Team. The
archaeologists uncovered part of the cloister of Holyrood Abbey,
running in line with the existing abbey ruins, and a square tower
associated with the 15th-century building works of James IV was
discovered. The team failed to locate evidence of the real tennis court
used by Queen Mary to the north of the palace, as the area had been
built over in the 19th century. An area of reddened earth was
discovered, which was linked with the Earl of Hertford's burning of
Holyrood during the Rough Wooing of 1544. Among the objects found
were a seal matrix used to stamp the wax seal on correspondence or
documents, and a French double tournois coin, minted by Gaston
d'Orleans in 1634.

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2. UNION CANAL.

2.1 MAIN INFORMATION.

The Union Canal, full name the Edinburgh and Glasgow Union Canal,
is a canal in Scotland, running from Falkirk to Edinburgh, constructed
to bring minerals, especially coal, to the capital. It was opened in
1822 and was initially successful, but the construction of railways,
particularly the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, which opened in
1842, diminished its value as a transport medium. It fell into slow
commercial decline and was closed to commercial traffic in 1933. It
was officially closed in 1965. Historic Scotland according to the three
former counties, Midlothian (Edinburgh shire), West Lothian
(Linlithgowshire) and Stirlingshire, through which it flows, list the
canal as three individual Scheduled monuments.

It has benefited from a general revival of interest in canals and,

because of the Millennium Link, was re-opened in 2001 and
reconnected to the Forth and Clyde Canal in 2002 by the Falkirk
Wheel. It is now in popular use for leisure purposes.

2.2 ARCHAELOGY.
In 2004, an archaeological investigation by a team from Headland
Archaeology uncovered the stern of a 21-meter long wooden barge.
The vessel was discovered on the south bank of the canal between
the Lamington Lift Bridge and View forth Bridge in Edinburgh. The
remains represent the final berth of an early to mid-19th century
canal barge or scow, a type of horse drawn vessel that was the main
freight carrier of the time. Typical cargoes included coal and lime
from Lanark shire although there were a number of passenger
carriers too; the actual function of this vessel is unknown. The vessel
was dismantled and removed from the canal in order to record the
techniques used in its construction. Additional work will seek to
identify the species, age and provenance of the timbers.

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3. JUPITER ART LAND.
Jupiter Art land is a contemporary sculpture park and art gallery in
West Lothian, Scotland. Jupiter Artland Foundation is a registered
charity that is subsidized by classes, workshops, events, ticket sales,
and donations.

Jupiter Artland is open to general visits between May and September.

Jupiter Artland sits in the grounds of Bonnington House, a 19th-

century country house around 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) west of the city
of Edinburgh.

The grounds of the house have been developed as the sculpture park
and two new wings designed by Benjamin Tindall Architects were
completed in 2015 to provide indoor gallery space.

The sculpture collection was established in 1999 by art collectors

Robert and Nicky Wilson and "focuses on nurturing the work of
contemporary artists and commissioning site-specific work for its
120-acres of woodland and meadow."

In April 2016, Jupiter Artland was shortlisted for the 2016 Museum of
the Year award.

In 2018 it was a filming location for BBC 4’s "Magic Numbers: Hannah
Fry's Mysterious World of Maths", presented by mathematician Dr
Hannah Fry.

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 4. PRINCESS STREET GARDENS.
Princes Street Gardens are two adjacent public parks in the center of
Edinburgh, Scotland, lying in the shadow of Edinburgh Castle. The
Gardens were created in two phases in the 1770s and 1820s
following the long draining of the Nor Loch and building of the New
Town, beginning in the 1760s.

The loch, situated on the north side of the town, was originally an
artificial creation forming part of its medieval defenses and made
expansion northwards difficult. The water was habitually polluted
from sewage draining downhill from the Old Town.

In 1846, the railway was built in the valley to connect the Edinburgh-
Glasgow line at Haymarket with the new northern terminus of the
North British line from Berwick-upon-Tweed at Waverley Station.

The gardens run along the south side of Princes Street and are
divided by The Mound, on which the National Gallery of Scotland and
the Royal Scottish Academy are located. East Princes Street Gardens
run from The Mound to Waverley Bridge, and cover 8.5 acres (3.4
ha). The larger West Princes Street Gardens cover 29 acres (12 ha)
and extend to the adjacent churches of St. John's and St. Cuthbert's,
near Lothian Road in the west.

The Gardens are the best-known parks in Edinburgh, having the

highest awareness and visitor figures for both residents and visitors
to the city.

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 5. CALTON HILL.
Is a hill in central Edinburgh, Scotland, situated beyond the east end
of Princes Street and included in the city's UNESCO World Heritage
Site. Views of, and from, the hill are often used in photographs and
paintings of the city.

Calton Hill is the headquarters of the Scottish Government, which is

based at St Andrew's House, on the steep southern slope of the hill.
The Scottish Parliament Building and other notable buildings such as
Holyrood Palace lie near the foot of the hill. Calton Hill is also the
location of several iconic monuments and buildings: the National
Monument, the Nelson Monument, the Dugald Stewart Monument,
the old Royal High School, the Robert Burns Monument, the Political
Martyrs' Monument and the City Observatory.

5.1 HISTORY.
There was possibly a prehistoric hillfort on Calton Hill and an area
used for quarrying (the Quarry Holes at the eastern end). By his
charter of 1456, James II granted the community of Edinburgh the
valley and the low ground between Calton Hill and Greenside for
performing tournaments, sports and other warlike deeds.[1] This was
part of his policy of military preparedness that saw the Act of 1457
banning golf and football and ordering archery practice every Sunday.
This natural amphitheater was also used for open-air theatre and saw
performances of the early Scots play "Anne Pleasant Satyre of the
Thrie Estaitis" by Sir David Lyndsay. In May 1518 the Carmelite Friars
(also known as White Friars and locally based at South Queens ferry),
were granted lands by charter from the city at Greenside and built a
small monastery there.

Monasteries were abandoned following the Scottish Reformation of

1560, and the Calton Hill monastery therefore stood empty before
conversion in 1591 into a hospital for lepers, founded by John
Robertson, a city merchant. So severe were the regulations that

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escape, or even the opening of the gate of the hospital between
sunset and sunrise, would incur the penalty of death carried out on
the gallows erected at the gate. The monastery would appear to have
been located at the northeast end of Greenside Row and its site is
shown there on the 1931 Ordnance Survey maps. Ten skeletons
found in July 2009 during roadworks to create a new tramway in
Leith Walk (later cancelled but currently undergoing public
consultation) are believed to have been connected with the hospital.

The Logan family of Restalrig owned the Calton area but their lands
were forfeited in 1609 following the posthumous sentence of treason
on Robert Logan. The lands of Restalrig and Calton, otherwise known
as Easter and Wester Restalrig, passed to the Elphinstone family. Sir
James Elphinstone was made Lord BAL merino in 1604 and in 1673;
the lands of Restalrig and Calton were erected into a single barony.
In 1725, the western side of Calton Hill was disjoined and sold to the
royal burgh of Edinburgh. The charitable institution of Heriot’s Trust
owned the eastern end. Calton remained a burgh of barony (although
it was not administered as such) until it was formally incorporated
into Edinburgh by the Municipality Extension Act of 1856.

In 1631, the then Lord Bal merino granted a charter to The Society of
the Incorporated Trades of Calton forming a society or corporation.
This also gave the Society the exclusive right to trade within Calton
and the right to tax others who wished to do so. Normally the trades
of burghs were separately incorporated, for example in the

Canongate there were eight incorporations, but the Incorporated

Trades of Calton allowed any tradesman to become a member

providing they were healthy and their work was of an acceptable
standard. This lack of restrictive practices allowed a thriving trade to
develop.

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The village of Calton was situated at the bottom of the ravine at the
western end of Calton Hill (hence its earlier name of Craig end), on
the road from Leith Wind in Edinburgh and North Back of Canongate
to Leith Walk and also to Broughton and thence the Western Road to
Leith. In the village, the street was variously known as St. Nanina’s
Row or Low Calton. Many of the old buildings here were demolished
at the time of the Waterloo Place and Regent Bridge development,
which bridged the ravine, from 1816. The remaining old village
houses of the Low Calton were removed in the 1970s.

Calton was in South Leith Parish and Calton people went to church in
Leith. The churchyard there was inconveniently situated for burials
from Calton and, in 1718; the Society bought a half acre of land at a
cost of £1013 from Lord Bal merino for use as a burial ground. This
became known as Old Calton Burial Ground. Permission was granted
for an access road, originally known as High Calton and now the
street called Calton Hill, up the steep hill from the village to the burial
ground.

The group of 1760s houses near the top of this street are all that
remain of the old village.

In 1787, the artist Robert Barker, inspired by walking on the hill

created the world's first panorama - an immersive 360 degree view
depicting Edinburgh from the tower of the City Observatory at the
summit of Calton Hill.

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 6. PALACE OF HOLYROOD.
The Palace of Holyrood house, commonly referred to as Holyrood
Palace, is the official residence of the British monarch in Scotland,
Queen Elizabeth II. Located at the bottom of the Royal Mile in
Edinburgh, at the opposite end to Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace
has served as the principal residence of the Kings and Queens of
Scots since the 16th century, and is a setting for state occasions and
official entertaining.

Queen Elizabeth spends one week in residence at Holyrood Palace at

the beginning of each summer, where she carries out a range of
official engagements and ceremonies. The 16th century Historic
Apartments of Mary, Queen of Scots and the State Apartments, used
for official and state entertaining, are open to the public throughout
the year, except when members of the Royal Family are in residence.

6.1. HISTORY.
12th–15th centuries

The ruins of the Augustinian Holyrood Abbey

The ruined Augustinian Holyrood Abbey that is sited in the grounds

was founded in 1128 at the order of King David I of Scotland. The
name derives either from a legendary vision of the cross witnessed by
David I, or from a relic of the True Cross known as the Holy Rood or
Black Rood, and which had belonged to Queen Margaret, David's
mother. As a royal foundation, and sited close to Edinburgh Castle, it
became an important administrative center. A Papal legate was
received here in 1177, while in 1189 a council of nobles met to
discuss a ransom for the captive king, William the Lion. Robert the
Bruce held a parliament at the abbey in 1326, and by 1329 it may
already have been in use as a royal residence. In 1370, David II
became the first of several Kings of Scots to be buried at Holyrood.
Not only was James II born at Holyrood in 1430, it was at Holyrood

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that he was crowned, married and laid to rest. James III and
Margaret of Denmark were married at Holyrood in 1469. The early
royal residence was in the abbey guesthouse, which most likely stood
on the site of the present north range of the palace, west of the
abbey cloister and by the later 15th century already had dedicated
royal apartments.

16th century

The gatehouse built by James IV, with the north-west tower of the
palace behind, in a 1746 drawing by Thomas Sandby.

Detail of a sketch made by an English soldier in 1544, showing the

palace and abbey in front of Arthur's Seat.

Between 1501 and 1505, James IV constructed a new Gothic palace

adjacent to the abbey. The impetus for the work probably came from
the marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor, which took place in the
abbey in August 1503 while work was still ongoing. The palace was
built around a quadrangle, situated west of the abbey cloister. It
contained a chapel, gallery, royal apartments, and a great hall. The
chapel occupied the north range of the quadrangle, with the Queen's
apartments occupying part of the south range.

The west range contained the King's lodgings and the entrance to the
palace. James IV also oversaw construction of a two-story gatehouse,
fragments of which survive in the Abbey Courthouse. In 1512, a lion
house was constructed to house the king's menagerie, which included
a lion and a civet among other exotic beasts. James V added to the
palace between 1528 and 1536, beginning with the present north-
west tower to provide new royal apartments. This was followed by
reconstruction of the south and west ranges of the palace in the
Renaissance style, with a new chapel in the south range. The former
chapel in the north range was converted into the Council Chamber,
where ceremonial events normally took place. The west range
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contained the royal library and a suite of rooms, extending the royal
apartments in the tower. The symmetrical composition of the west
façade suggested that a second tower at the south-west was planned,
though this was never executed at the time. Around a series of lesser
courts were ranged the Governor's Tower, the armory, the mint, a
forge, kitchens and other service quarters.

In 1544, during the War of the Rough Wooing, the Earl of Hertford
sacked Edinburgh, and Holyrood was looted and burned. Repairs were
made, but the altars were destroyed by a Reforming mob in 1559.
After the Scottish Reformation was formalized, the abbey buildings
were neglected, and the choir and transepts of the abbey church
were pulled down in 1570. The nave was retained as the parish
church of the Canongate.

The Murder of David Rizzio, painted in 1833 by William Allan.

Mary, Queen of Scots, occupied the royal apartments in the north-

west tower of the palace from her return to Scotland in 1561 to her
forced abdication in 1567. The Queen had archery butts erected in
her private gardens to allow her to practice, and hunted deer in
Holyrood Park. It was at Holyrood that the series of famous
interviews between the Queen and John Knox took place, and she
married both of her Scottish husbands in the palace: Henry Stewart,
Lord Darnley, in 1565 in the chapel, and James Hepburn, 4th Earl of
Bothell, in 1567 in the great hall. It was in the Queen's private
apartments that she witnessed the murder of David Rizzio, her
private secretary, on 9 March 1566. Darnley and several nobles
entered the apartment via the private stair from Darnley's own
apartments below. Bursting in on the Queen, Rizzio and four other
courtiers, who were at supper, they dragged the Italian through the
bedchamber into the outer chamber, where he was stabbed 56 times.

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During the subsequent Marian civil war, on 25 July 1571, William
Kirkcaldy of Grange bombarded the Palace with cannon placed in the
Black Friar Yard, near the Pleasance. James VI took up residence at
Holyrood in 1579 at the age of 13 years. His wife, Anne of Denmark,
was crowned in the diminished abbey church in 1590, at which time
the royal household at the palace numbered around 600 persons.

17th century

When James became King of England in 1603 and moved to London,

the palace was no longer the seat of a permanent royal court. James
visited in 1617, for which the chapel was redecorated. More repairs
were put in hand in preparation for the coronation of Charles I as
King of Scotland at Holyrood in 1633. On 10 August 1646, Charles
appointed James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, as hereditary
Keeper of Holyrood house, an office which his descendants retain.
The post is one of the Great Offices in the Royal Household in
Scotland, and indeed the private ducal apartments cover a larger
area of the palace than the state ones. As well as his own deputy, the
Keeper still appoints the Baillie of Holyrood house, who is responsible
for law and order within the Holyrood Abbey Sanctuary. The High
Constables of Holyroodhouse are responsible to the Keeper.

The west range of the palace drawn around 1649 by James Gordon of
Rothiemay, prior to reconstruction in the 1670s.

In 1650, Oliver Cromwell’s soldiers set by either accident or design,

the east range of the palace on fire during its occupation. After this,
the eastern parts of the palace were effectively abandoned. The
remaining parts were used as barracks, and a two-story block was
added to the west range in 1659.

The following year saw the Restoration of Charles II in England and

Scotland. The Privy Council was reconstituted and once more met at
Holyrood. The Earl of Lauderdale, the Secretary of State for Scotland,
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put repairs in hand to allow use of the building and John Milne carried
out a full survey in 1663. In 1670, the Privy Council for the rebuilding
of Holyrood set £30,000 aside.

Sir William Bruce, the Surveyor of the King’s Works, and Robert
Milne, the King’s Master Mason, drew up plans for complete
reconstruction. The design included a south-west tower to mirror the
existing tower, a plan that had existed since at least Charles I's time.
Following criticism from Charles II, Bruce redesigned the interior
layout to provide suites of royal apartments on the first floor: the
Queen's apartment on the west side; and the King's apartment on the
south and east sides. The two were linked by a gallery to the north,
and a council chamber occupied the south-west tower.

Work began in July 1671, starting at the north-west, which was ready
for use by Lauderdale the following year. In 1675 Lord Hatton
became the first of many nobles to take up a grace-and-favor
apartment in the palace. The following year the decision was taken to
rebuild the west range of the palace, and to construct a kitchen block
to the southeast of the quadrangle. Bruce's appointment as architect
of the project was cancelled in 1678, with the remaining work being
overseen by Hatton. By 1679 the palace had been re-constructed,
largely in its present form. Artisans employed included the Dutch
carpenters Alexander Eliza and Jan van Sandwort, and their
compatriot Jacob de Wet who painted several ceilings. John Hulbert
and George Dunsterfield did the elaborate plasterwork.

Interior work was still in progress when the James, Duke of Albany,
the future James VII and II, and his wife Mary of Modena visited that
year. They returned to live at Holyrood between 1680 and 1682, in
the aftermath of the Exclusion crisis, which had severely impacted
James' popularity in England. When he acceded to the throne in
1685, the Catholic king set up a Jesuit college in the Chancellor's

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Lodging to the south of the palace. The abbey was adapted as a
chapel for the Order of the Thistle in 1687–88. The architect was
James Smith, and Grilling Gibbons and William Morgan did carvings.
The interiors of this chapel, and the Jesuit College, were subsequently
destroyed by an anti-Catholic mob, following the beginning of the
Glorious Revolution in late 1688. In 1691 the Kirk of the Canongate
was completed, to replace the abbey as the local parish church, and it
is at the Kirk of the Canongate that the Queen today attends services
when in residence at Holyrood Palace.

18th century

A view of the palace and abbey in 1789

After the Union of Scotland and England in 1707, the palace lost its
principal functions, although it was used for the elections of Scottish
representative peers. The nobles who had been granted apartments
in the palace continued to use them: the Duke of Hamilton had
already taken over the Queen's Apartments in 1684. The King's
Apartments were meanwhile neglected.

Bonnie Prince Charlie held court at Holyrood for five weeks in

September and October 1745, during the Jacobite Rising. Charles
occupied the Duke of Hamilton's apartments rather than the unkempt
king's rooms, and held court in the Gallery. The following year,
government troops were billeted in the palace after the Battle of
Falkirk, when they damaged the royal portraits in the gallery, and the
Duke of Cumberland stayed here on his way to Culloden. Meanwhile,
the neglect continued: the roof of the abbey church collapsed in
1768, leaving it as it currently stands. However, the potential of the
palace as a tourist attraction was already being recognized, with the
Duke of Hamilton allowing paying guests to view Queen Mary's
apartments in the north-west tower.

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The precincts of Holyrood Abbey, extending to the whole of Holyrood
Park, had been designated as a debtors' sanctuary since the 16th
century. Those in debt could escape their creditors, and
imprisonment, by taking up residence within the sanctuary, and a
small community grew up to the west of the palace. The residents,
known colloquially as "Abbey Lairds", were able to leave the
sanctuary on Sundays, when no arrests were permitted. The area
was controlled by a Baillie, and by several constables, appointed by
the Keeper of Holyroodhouse. The constables now form a ceremonial
guard at the palace.

19th century

Engraving of Holy Rood Palace by Thomas Hearne, drawn in 1778,

engraving published 180 and a 19th-century view of the Palace of
Holyroodhouse from Calton Hill.

Following the French Revolution, George III allowed Louis XVI's

youngest brother, the Comte d'Artois to live at Holyrood, where he
took advantage of the abbey sanctuary to avoid his creditors. Artois
stayed at Holyrood from 1796 to 1803, during which time the King's
apartments were renovated. The Comte d'Artois inherited the French
throne in 1824 as Charles X, but following the July Revolution of
1830, the French royal family lived at Holyrood again until 1832 when
they moved to Austria.

King George IV became the first reigning monarch since Charles I to

visit Holyrood, during his 1822 visit to Scotland. Although he stayed
at Dalkeith Palace, the king held a levee (reception) at Holyrood, and
was shown the historic apartments. He ordered repairs to the palace,
but declared that Queen Mary's rooms should be protected from any
future changes. Over the next ten years, Robert Reid oversaw works
including the demolition of all the buildings to the north and south of
the main quadrangle. In 1834, William IV agreed that the High

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Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
could make use of the palace during the sitting of the assembly, and
this tradition continues today.

On the first visit of Queen Victoria to Scotland in 1842, she also

stayed at Dalkeith, and was prevented from visiting Holyrood by an
outbreak of Scarlet Fever. In preparation for her 1850 visit, Robert
Matheson of the Office of Works carried out more renovations, and
David Ramsay Hay redecorated the interiors. Over the next few
years, the lodgings of the various nobles were gradually repossessed,
and Victoria was able to take up a second floor apartment in 1871,
freeing up the former royal apartments as dining and drawing rooms,
as well as a throne room. From 1854, the historic apartments in the
north-west tower were formally opened to the public.

20th century

Although Edward VII visited briefly in 1903, George V transformed

Holyrood into a 20th-century palace. Central heating and electric light
were installed prior to his first visit in 1911, and after the First World
War, improvements to bathrooms and kitchens were carried out. In
the 1920s, the palace was formally designated as the monarch's
official residence in Scotland, and became the location for regular
royal ceremonies and events.

21st century

The Scottish version of the Royal Standard is flown when the

monarch is in residence.

The present Queen spends one week at Holyrood in summer, during

which time investitures are held in the gallery, audiences are held in
the morning room, and garden parties are hosted. While she is in
residence, the Scottish variant of the Royal Standard of the United
Kingdom is flown; at all other times the Royal Banner of Scotland is

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displayed. During the Queen's visits, the Royal Company of Archers
form her ceremonial bodyguard. The Ceremony of the Keys, in which
the Lord Provost formally presents her with the keys of Edinburgh, is
held on her arrival. At the Palace the Queen meets and appoints the
First Minister of Scotland. Prince Charles also stays at Holyrood for
one week a year, carrying out official duties as the Duke of Rothesay,
while other members of the royal family, including the Princess Royal,
visit in a less official capacity.

In its role as the official residence of the monarch in Scotland,

Holyroodhouse has hosted a number of foreign visitors and
dignitaries, including Harald V of Norway in 1994, Margrethe II of
Denmark, Nelson Mandela, Vladimir Putin in 2003, and Pope Benedict
XVI in 2010. A meeting of the European Council was held at the
palace during the British presidency of the council in 1992.

Holyroodhouse remains the property of the Crown. As the official

royal residence in Scotland, building conservation and maintenance
work on the Palace and Abbey falls to Scottish Ministers and is
delivered on their behalf by the Conservation Directorate of Historic
Scotland – an Executive Agency of the Scottish Government. Public
access is managed by the Royal Collection Trust, with revenues used
to support the work of the trust as custodians of the Royal Collection.
In April 2016 it was announced that the Royal Collection Trust is to
fund a £10m project that will redevelop the outside space at
Holyroodhouse, including Holyrood Abbey, the grounds and forecourt.
The project will be completed at the end of 2018 in partnership with
Historic Environment Scotland, and will include the restoration of the
Abbey Strand buildings, which will house a learning center.

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 6.2. GHOST.
The naked ghost of one Bald Agnes, stripped and tortured in 1592
after being accused of witchcraft, is said to roam the palace.

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 7. CATHEDRAL OF ST GILES.
St Giles' Cathedral, also known as the High Kirk of Edinburgh, is the
principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh. Its
distinctive crown steeple is a prominent feature of the city skyline, at
about a third of the way down the Royal Mile, which runs from the
Castle to Holyrood Palace. The church has been one of Edinburgh's
religious focal points for approximately 900 years. The present church
dates from the late 14th century, though it was extensively restored
in the 19th century, and is protected as a category a listed building.
Today it is sometimes regarded as the "Mother Church of
Presbyterianism". The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Giles, who is the
patron saint of Edinburgh, as well as of cripples and lepers, and was a
very popular saint in the middle Ages. It is the Church of Scotland
parish church for part of Edinburgh's Old Town.

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 7.2. THE CHURCH.
The Thistle Chapel is the chapel of The Most Ancient and Most Noble
Order of the Thistle, Scotland's foremost Order of Chivalry. The
chapel was conceived in 1909 and built in 1911 to designs by Robert
Lorimer, at the southeast corner of the church. It is small, but
exquisite, with carved and painted fittings of extraordinary detail.
One figure depicts an angel playing bagpipes. The Order, which was
founded by King James VII in 1687, consists of the Scottish monarch
and 16 knights. The knights are the personal appointment of the
monarch, and are normally Scots who have made a significant
contribution to national or international affairs. Knights have included
Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Lord Mackay of Clash fern and Sir Fitzroy
Maclean.

Along the chapel's sides are the knights’ stalls. These stalls, which
feature the knight's coat of arms on stall plates, are capped by
elaborately carved canopies atop which are the knight's heraldic helm
and crest. Unlike most other British orders of chivalry, the heraldic
banners of knights do not hang inside the chapel itself but in a
dedicated section within the cathedral.

Stained glass

In the later 19th century, stained glass began to be put into the
windows, which had been largely clear or plain since the Reformation.
This was a radical move in a Presbyterian church where such
decorations were regarded with great suspicion. They were finally
allowed on the basis that they illustrated Bible stories and were as
such an aid to teaching, and not flippant decoration, or worse still
perceived idolatry. Only a small number of windows were completed
as part of the 19th-century restoration, but this began a process that
resulted in the vast majority of windows containing stained glass by
the middle of the 20th century. The windows were planned to form a

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continuous narrative starting in the northeast corner and finishing on
the north-west side. One of the last windows of this plan depicts Saint
Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, holding his cross with, on either
side of him, Saint Columba and King David I (accorded the status of a
popular saint). The depiction of saints, rather than Bible stories alone,
by the mid-20th century shows how much attitudes to decoration had
changed in the intervening period. Saint Andrew wears a flowing
peacock-blue cassock and his features are modelled after prominent
Edinburgh physician James Jamieson. Unusually, a grateful patient
who insisted that Saint Andrew bear the features of the doctor funded
this window. Below Saint Andrew are depicted Saint Giles, with his
hind (a traditional association), and Saint Cuthbert. The dedication
beneath the Saint Andrew window states: "James Jamieson Fellow of
the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh and Elder of the Kirk, born
1841, in Bowden, and died 1905"

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8. BIBLIOGRAPHY.
I ONLY USED WIKIPEDIA AND GOOGLE PHOTOS FOR ALL THE PARTS
OF THE WORK.

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