Laboratory Procedures

Procedures for diagnosing parasitism that can be done easily in almost any veterinary practice:
1. Collection of Samples for Diagnostic Techniques
2. Intestinal Parasites:
 Direct Smear
 About Fecal Flotation Fluids
 Centrifugation Technique with Flotation Fluid (magnesium sulfate)
 Using a centrifuge reduces the number of eggs that rise slowly to the surface of a
flotation setup. Thus reducing the number of false negative fecal examinations.
 Modified Wisconsin Procedure for Egg Counts by a Flotation Method (for cattle, horses, dogs,
cats, and swine)
 Used to quantify the amount of parasites in an individual animal.
 Significance of EPG results
 Trematode Fecal Examination
 Fluke eggs (and other operculated eggs) do not float well, so they can be found more
readily using a sedimentation technique.
 Note: a single negative fecal examination (using any method) is not conclusive, always perform 3
examinations within a one-week period.
 Culture and Identification of Strongyle Eggs from Feces
 Baermann technique for fecal sedimentation
 Since strongyle eggs look very similar, identification of the species of strongylid parasite
found requires a culture procedure and identification of the larvae found.
3. Modified Knott’s Method of Concentrating Microfilaria
4. Methods for Skin Scraping (incl. Site selection)
5. Squash Preparation for diagnosis of trichinosis
6. Diagnosis of ear mites

Collection of Samples
Tips for collecting samples to achieve best laboratory results:
1. Feces
 Collect fresh feces (rectally for large animals), as free of debris as possible
 Store in refrigerator in clean, dry container with airtight lid
 If diarrheic feces, examine as soon as possible after collection and do not refrigerate
2. Blood
 Blood can be collected for a smear using a plain syringe and needle, or an EDTA tube
 Avoid unnecessary agitation to reduce hemolysis of sample
 If blood is to be sent to a laboratory for serology testing, ask the lab what samples are required

Direct Fecal Smear

Very good technique for identification of motile parasites commonly used for diarrheic or mucoid fecal samples.

Use feces that is as fresh as possible.

1. Place a drop of saline solution on a clean glass slide
2. Collect a rectal sample of feces using gloved finger (or touch gloved finger or toothpick to fresh sample
already collected)
3. Smear very thinly onto clean slide and cover with coverslip
4. May use a stain such as Ziehl-Neelsen, carbol-fuchsin, or Giemsa (optional-not used often in private
veterinary practices)
5. Use less light on the microscope for examination due to clear color of most unstained parasites

Negative results are inconclusive, perform a concentration technique such as flotation on all samples that are
negative direct smear.
Make sure that the sample on the slide is very thin (you should be able to read print through the sample), if the fecal
layer is too thick, it becomes difficult to identify movement of trophozoites.
Some practitioners prepare a smear, but instead of using a cover slip, they allow the smear to dry and stain with Diff-
Quik to permit identification of possible overgrowth of bacteria.

Flotation Fluids
Since parasite eggs will sink in water, salt or sugar solutions are used to concentrate and separate eggs from most
fecal debris.

The most commonly used flotation fluids are magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), sugar, sodium nitrate, and zinc
sulfate. A specific gravity from 1.2 to 1.3 is best for floating most eggs.

Each solution has advantages and disadvantages. Magnesium sulfate is inexpensive, but if slides have to sit a while
before they are read, the fluid will crystallize and eggs may be distorted. Sugar solution allows slides to be kept
longer before reading, but is sticky and may be more expensive (has been specifically recommended for
identification of Cryptosporidium eggs). Sodium nitrate can be purchased already in solution and therefore saves
time used for mixing, but it is relatively expensive. Zinc sulfate is the best solution to use for the detection of
Giardia cysts because the cysts do not become distorted as quickly with it.

To prepare flotation fluids:

 For a magnesium sulfate solution of sp.gr. 1.2:
 8 quarts water
 10 pounds Epsom salts
 For a sugar solution of sp.gr. 1.27:
 454 g (one pound) granulated sugar
 355 ml water (1 ½ cups)
 6 ml 40% formaldehyde (1 ¼ tsp.)
 Dissolve in a double boiler over heat, then add formaldehyde
 For zinc sulfate solution of sp.gr. 1.18:
 336 g ZnSO 4 7H 2 O
 1000 ml distilled water

Centrifugation with Magnesium Sulfate

Flotation Fluid
To be used for concentrating protozoan cysts, nematode, cestode and some arthropod eggs. (Not usually used for an
egg which has an operculum)

Materials
 Centrifuge tube (12 ml or 15 ml) which has the top ground flat
 Centrifuge
 Applicator sticks
 Small paper cups
 Gauze
 Water
 Floatation fluid (sugar or MgSO 4 solution)
 Square coverslips (preferably plastic)

Procedure
 In a centrifuge tube, mix a small amount of feces (about 1 tsp.) with just enough water to soften
and mix it well.
 Add flotation solution to achieve a slight reverse meniscus. Place a coverslip on top.
 Centrifuge 3-5 minutes at speed 3.
 Remove the coverslip, place it on a glass slide and examine microscopically.
 Wash the non-disposable equipment used
Note: for herbivores or other feces with a lot of debris (e.g. cat feces with adherent litter), strain feces by mixing
with a little water in a paper cup, add MgSO 4 , mix, pour through gauze into another cup or centrifuge tube, then
proceed as above.

Modified Wisconsin Procedure

The modified Wisconsin procedure for egg counts by a flotation method is used to quantify the amount of parasites
in an individual animal (cattle, horses, dogs, cats, swine)
1. Weigh out a 2 g fecal sample (5 g for cows) in a paper cup
2. Place 10-cc water in the paper cup with the fecal material.
3. Stir very well with a spatula and mash the material until it is completely broken apart
4. Pour the mixture through gauze or strainer ( while it is well mixed ) into another cup, stirring the material in
the strainer while pouring.
5. Press the material remaining in the strainer with the spatula until nearly dry
6. Add a small amount of water to the paper cup just emptied and rinse into a mixture the material clinging to
the sides and bottom, and then pour this mixture through the material in the strainer, stirring the material in
the strainer while pouring.
7. Press the material in the strainer until dry again, then discard.
8. Stir the material in the cup that was under the strainer and immediately pour the contents of the cup into one
15-ml tube. If the tube is not too full, squirt water down the sides of the cup in sufficient amounts to
remove the material clinging to it and finish filling up the tube.
9. Centrifuge the tube at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes (not including the time required for acceleration and
deceleration)
10. Decant the tube, being careful tot to pour off the fine material at the top of the sediment
11. Fill the tube ½ full of MgSO 4 , (sp.gr. 1.2-1.25) and mix the sediment ant the MgSO 4 solution with an
applicator stick, being careful to scrape the sides and bottom of the tube to insure the removal and mixing
of all material.
12. Finish filling the tube with flotation fluid
13. With a medicine dropper, add MgSO 4 to the tube until it is full enough so that a 22-mm square coverglass
can be placed on the top. (there should neither be an air bubble under the cover slip, nor should the material
overflow so that it runs down the side of the tube)
14. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes (not including time required for acceleration and deceleration)
15. Remove the coverglass by lifting straight upward and place it on a glass slide. If properly done, there
should be a good thickness of material under the coverglass.
16. Count the all of the worm eggs under the entire coverglass using a low power (10x) objective.
17. Record the results very carefully giving (a) the specimen number, (b) the date of collection, (c) the number
of worm eggs of each type seen
The count is number of eggs per 2 (or 5) grams of feces.

Significance of Eggs Per Gram Counts

1. The number of parasite eggs per gram feces is influenced by:
 fecal consistency – the drier the feces, the more concentrated the parasite eggs within the feces
 total amount of feces produced
 time of day feces collected
2. Significant numbers of parasite eggs vary between host species and parasite types:
 For nematode parasitism:
 Horses
 500 EPG = mild infection
 800-1000 EPG = moderate infection
 1500-2000 = severe infection
 Cattle
 300-600 EPG requires treatment
 Lambs – depends upon parasite species, but generally:
 1000 = moderate and should be treated
 2000-6000 = severe
 For trematode parasitism (i.e. Fasciola hepatica )
 Cattle 100-200 EPG is considered pathogenic
 Sheep 300-600 EPG is considered pathogenic
 Trematode Fecal Examination
Materials:
1. 2 paper cups per animal
2. 1 kitchen strainer
3. 1 50 ml. Centrifuge tube per animal
4. Soapy solution (1 ml JOY and 999 ml water)
5. Tongue depressor

Procedure:
1. Weigh out 3 g feces in cup
2. Mix feces with enough water to make "soupy" consistency
3. Strain into another cup and pour strained material into a 50-ml centrifuge tube.
4. Using soapy solution, bring level of liquid in tube all the way to the top of the tube
5. Let tube stand for 3 minutes and decant supernatant, leaving about 1 ml in the tube.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 about 3 times until supernatant is relatively clear
7. Decant for last time
8. Pour entire contents of tube into gridded petri dish, washing tube out once with a small amount of water
(adding that to petri dish) and examine under dissecting scope at 2X
9. Count number of fluke eggs seen, divide by 3 and report as EPG (eggs per gram)

Fecal Culture
The following method is a technique for culturing eggs of nematodes of the order Strongulida to infective L 3 larvae
and then recovering these larvae for identification. It involves a culture phase, which minimizes the time for
development to the L 3 and one of the many modifications of the Baermann technique for recovery of the larvae.

The Baermann technique takes advantage of the fact that the L 3 will migrate out of a fecal mass into a fluid medium
but being unable to swim against gravity will then settle to the bottom of the medium container.

Materials:
1. Examination gloves and specimen containers
2. Lab balance
3. Dried sterile sphagnum moss ("Nodampoff" sphagnum moss is a pre-sterilized seed-starting medium
available through lawn and garden shops)
4. 250 ml glass beakers
5. wooden applicator sticks
6. 100 x 25 mm disposable petri dishes with covers
7. 150 x 25 disposable petri dishes with covers
8. cheesecloth or gauze
9. rubber bands
10. Lugol’s iodine solution
11. Centrifuge with centrifuge tubes
12. Pasteur pipettes
13. Microscope with microslides and coverslips

Procedure:
1. Collect at least 10 gm feces rectally from each animal to be checked using clean gloves and clean specimen
containers (this is important to prevent contamination with free-living nonparasitic nematodes)
2. If the specimen is from cattle, swine or dog , weigh out a minimum of 10-g sphagnum moss for each
specimen to be examined. Place the moss in a suitable container and mix with sufficient warm tap water to
produce a thick "soup". Allow the moss to become thoroughly saturated and then squeeze out all excess
water.
3. Weigh out 5 g feces into a 250 ml beaker and thoroughly break up the sample with applicator sticks
4. If the specimen is from cattle swine or dog , add 15 g saturated sphagnum moss to the beaker and mix
thoroughly. Make sure that none of the feces is left adhering to the sides of the beaker. Horse, sheep and
goat feces do not require the addition of moss
5. Place the feces/moss mixture in a 100 x 25-mm petri dish and compress lightly . The particles of the
material should be in uniform contact with each other but remain "fluffy" . Cover and incubate at room
 temperature for 14 days. (If an incubator is available, horse feces may be incubated for 7 days t 30 degrees
C.) Do not be alarmed if mold forms on sample during incubation
6. Following incubation, remove the cover of the dish and place 2 layers of cheesecloth or gauze over the top
of the dish. Stretch the cloth and secure with a rubber band. Trim away excess cloth and replace cover.
Invert the dish and tap bottom smartly to dislodge the sample onto the cloth.
7. Place 2 wooden applicator sticks in a 150 x 25-mm disposable petri dish and add 100-ml warm tap water.
Keeping the 100-mm petri dish inverted, remove its cover and place it cloth side down onto the applicator
sticks in the 150-mm petri dish. Gently press on the bottom of the 100-mm dish until a small amount of air
escapes from under the rim and then release. Cover and let stand (Baermannize) at room temperature for 18
to 24 hours.
8. Following Baermannization, remove the 100-mm dish and the wooden applicator sticks and discard. Add
0.3 ml of Lugol’s iodine solution to the liquid in the 150-mm dish and agitate gently. Pour the mixture into
a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 1000 to 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. (If a centrifuge is not available, the
liquid can be poured into an Imhoff settling cone or similar cone-shaped container and allowed to stand for
10 minutes.
9. Transfer a drop of sediment from the bottom of one of the centrifuge tubes with a Pasteur pipette to a
microslide. Add a coverslip and identify the L3 larvae present under the Microscope. Descriptions of the
various larvae are given in this web site, Georgi, Parasitology for Veterinarians , 6 th ed. (1995), Dunn,
Veterinary Helminthology , 2 nd ed. (1978), or Levine, Nematode Parasites of Domestic Animals and Man ,
(1980)

Knott's Method
The modified Knott’s method is used for the concentration and identification of microfilaria.

Procedure
1. Add 1-ml blood to 10 ml of 2% formalin and mix.
2. Centrifuge for 5 minutes at 1000 to 1500 rpm.
3. Pour off supernatant fluid. Note: The tube may be inverted on a paper towel to allow all the liquid to drain.
4. Mix sediment with equal volume of 1:1000 aqueous methylene blue.
5. Examine as wet mount.

Skin Scraping
Use on skin with minimal epidermal hyperplasia and for lesions suspected to be caused by burrowing mites (i.e.
Sarcoptes ). Choose a site at the edge of the lesion for scraping.
1. Place a drop or two of mineral oil on a clean scalpel blade
2. Scrape skin with scalpel blade at a 90 degree angle from the surface of the skin until a little blood appears
(you may want to pinch up the skin to do this)
3. Transfer material collected on scalpel to a slide and examine under a microscope

Squash Preparation
Used to identify Trichinella spp cysts within muscle:
1. Collect a small amount of fresh muscle
 Choose tissue from either the masseter or diaphragm as these two sites are most likely to yield positive
results
2. Place a small amount of tissue on a glass slide
3. Cover with a second glass slide
4. Press the two slides together using thumb and index finger
5. While still holding slides together, tape both ends of the slides together (scotch tape works well for this)
6. Trim away tissue not contained by the two slides
7. Examine with a microscope using low power to identify larval cysts within the muscle

Ear Mite Diagnosis

To identify ear mite infestation
1. Insert a cotton swab into the ear canal and rub along the walls of the ear canal.
 Placing a drop of mineral oil on the swab may help the debris (and mites) adhere to the slide
2. Transfer material collected on swab to a slide and examine under a microscope
 Parasiticides
1. Insecticides
 Regulatory Agencies
 Botanicals
 Rotenone
 Pyrethrins
 Pyrethroids
 Carbamates, Organophosphates
 Carbaryl
 Aliphatic organophosphates
 DDVP, Dichlorvos
 Trichlorfon
 Phenyl derivatives
 Cythioate
 Fenthion
 Tetrachlorvinos
 Heterocyclic derivatives
 Chlorpyrifos
 Coumaphos
 Diazinon
 Phosmet
 Chlorinated hydrocarbons
 Methoxychlor
 Formamidines
 Amitraz
 Repellants
 DEET
 Insect Growth Regulators
 Cyromazine
 Diflubenzuron
 Lufenuron
 Methoprene
 Phenylpyrazoles
 Fipronil
 Nitromethylene
 Imidacloprid
 Synergists
 Miscellaneous insecticides
 Benzyl benzoate
 Borax
 Lime sulfur
2. Anthelmintics
 Antinematodal drugs
 Heterocyclic compounds
 Piperazine
 Diethylcarbamazine
 Benzimidazoles
 Thiabendazole
 Fenbendazole
 Albendazole
 Oxfendazole
 Oxibendazole
 Probenzimidazoles
 Febantel
 Imidazothiazoles
 Levamisole
  Tetrahydropyrimidines
 Pyrantel tartrate
 Pyrantel pamoate
 Morantel tartrate
 Organophosphates
 Dichlorvos
 Macrocyclic lactones (Avermectins)
 Ivermectin
 Doramectin
 Milbemycin oxime
 Eprinomectin
 Moxidectin
 Miscellaneous nematocides
 N-butyl chloride
 Toluene
 Hygromycin B
 Arsenicals
 Thiacetarsemide sodium
 Melarsomine
 Anticestodal drugs
 Praziquantel
 Epsiprantel
 Benzimidazoles
 Fenbendazole
 Albendazole
 Oxfendazole
 Antitrematodal drugs
 Clorsulon
 Albendazole
3. Antiprotozoals
 Anticoccidials
 Definitions
 Coccidiostatic
 Coccidiocidal
 Amprolium
 Decoquinate
 Polyether ionophores
 Lasalocid
 Monensin
 Sulfonamides
 Sulfadimethoxine
 Sulfamethazine
 Sulfaquinoxaline
 Antiflagellars
 Metronidazole
 Albendazole
 PARASITES OF CANIDS
Organs Parasitized
Oesophagus
Nematode Spirocerca lupi
Stomach
Nematodes Physaloptera spp.
Small Intestine Physaloptera spp.
Toxocara canis
Toxascaris leonina
Ancylostoma caninum
Nematodes
Ancylostoma braziliense
Uncinaria stenocephala
Strongyloides stercoralis ( S. canis )
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia pisiformis
Taenia hydatigena
Taenia ovis
Taenia ( Multiceps ) multiceps
Taenia ( Multiceps ) serialis
Cestodes Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus multilocularis
Dipylidium caninum
Mesocestoides spp.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Spirometra mansonoides
Alaria spp.
Trematodes
Nanophyetes salmincola
Acanthocephalan Oncicola canis
Isospora spp.
Sarcocystis spp.
Protozoa Cryptosporidium spp.
Hammondia spp.
Giardia duodenalis ( canis )
Cecum and Colon Nematode Trichuris vulpis
Balantidium coli
Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Liver Protozoa Hepatozoon canis
Trematode Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Nematode Capillaria hepatica
Nasal Cavity and Sinuses Pneumonyssoides caninum
Arthropods
Linguatula serrata
Nematode Capillaria aerophila (rarely)
Trachea and Bronchi Filaroides ( oslerus ) osleri
Nematodes Crenosoma vulpis
Capillaria aerophila
Lung Parenchyma Nematodes Filaroides hirthi
Filaroides milksi
 Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Strongyloides
migrating larvae
Dirofilaria immitis in pulmonary infarcts
Trematode Paragonimus kellicotti
Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Heart and/or Pulmonary Dirofilaria immitis
Arteries Nematodes
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi amastigotes (heart muscle)
Veins
Trematode Heterobilharzia
Erythrocytes
Protozoa Babesia canis
Leukocytes
Protozoa Hepatozoon canis gametocytes
Macrophages
Protozoa Leishmania amastigotes
Plasma Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae
Nematodes
Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae
Protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi
Kidney
Nematode Dioctophyma renale
Bladder
Nematode Capillaria plica
Central Nervous System
Protozoa Neospora caninum
Connective Tissues and/or Dipetalonema reconditum
Muscles Dirofilaria immitis larvae
Nematode
Dracunculus insignis
Trichinella spiralis larvae
Arthropod Cuterebra larvae
Skin Trichodectes canis
Linognathus setosus
Ctenocephalides canis, C. felis
Pulex irritans
Echidnophaga gallinacea
Calliphorid larvae
Arthropods
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Dermacentor spp.
Sarcoptes scabiei
Demodex canis
Cheyletiella yasguri
Otodectes cynotis (external ear canal)
Pelodera strongyloides
Nematodes
Strongyloides and Ancylostoma L 3
Eye Thelazia sp.
Nematodes
Dirofilaria immitis (ectopic)
 PARASITES OF FELIDS
Organs parasitized
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Cecum and Colon
Liver, Bile Ducts, Pancreas
Trachea and Bronchi
Lung Parenchyma
Right Heart and/or Pulmonary
Arteries
General Circulation and RES
Nematode Spirocerca lupi
Capillaria putorii
Nematodes Ollulanus tricuspis
Physaloptera spp.
Physaloptera spp.
Toxocara cati (= mystax )
Toxascaris leonina
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
Nematodes Ancylostoma braziliense
Uncinaria stenocephala
Strongyloides stercoralis ( S. cati )
Capillaria putorii
Trichinella spiralis
Taenia (= Hydatigera ) taeniaeformis
Echinococcus multilocularis
Dipylidium caninum
Cestodes
Spirometra mansonoides
Diphyllobothrium latum
Mesocestoides spp.
Trematode Alaria sp.
Acanthocephalan Oncicola sp.
Isospora spp.
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis spp.
Protozoa
Hammondia hammondi
Besnoitia spp.
Giardia spp.
Trichuris campanula
Nematodes
Strongyloides tumefaciens
Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica (rare)
Nematode Capillaria hepatica
Eurytrema procyonis
Trematodes Platynosomum sp.
Amphimerus sp.
Hepatozoon canis
Protozoa
Cytauxzoon sp. (schizonts)
Capillaria aerophila
Nematodes
Mammomonogamus spp.
Nematode Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
Trematode Paragonimus kellicotti
Protozoa Cytauxzoon sp. (schizonts)
Dirofilaria immitis
Nematodes
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Protozoa Cytauxzoon sp. (red cells, RE cells)
 Hepatozoon canis (leucocytes)
Veins
Trematode Heterobilharzia
Urogenital System, Bladder Capillaria feliscati
Nematodes
Capillaria plica
Connective Tissue
Arthropod Cuterebra sp.
Skin Felicola subrostratus
Ctenocephalides felis, C. canis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Dermacentor spp.
Arthropods
Notoedres cati
Demodex cati
Cheyletiella blakei
Otodectes cynotis
 PARASITES OF HORSES
Organ Parasitized
Oesophagus
Nematode Gongylonema pulchrum
Stomach Gasterophilus nasalis
Arthropods Gasterophilus intestinalis
Gasterophilus hemorrhoidalis
Draschia megastoma
Habronema microstoma
Nematodes
Habronema muscae
Trichostrongylus axei
Small Intestine Parascaris equorum
Nematodes
Strongyloides westeri
Anoplocephala magna
Cestodes Anoplocephala perfoliata (ileocecal valve)
Paranoplocephala mammillana
Eimeria leuckarti
Protozoa
Giardia sp.
Large Intestine Cestode Anoplocephala perfoliata
Strongylus vulgaris
Strongylus equinus
Strongylus edentatus
Nematodes Triodontophorus spp.
Small strongyles (several genera)
Oxyuris equi
Probstmayria vivipara
Cecum and Colon
Protozoa Tritrichomonas equi
Liver Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Trematodes Fasciola hepatica
Fascioloides magna
Cestode Echinococcus hydatid cyst
Nematodes Strongylus and Parascaris larvae
Bronchi and Bronchioles
Nematode Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
Lung Parenchyma
Nematode Habronema larvae
Arteries, Veins Strongylus vulgaris larvae (L4)
Nematodes
Eleophora bohmi
Trematode Schistosoma spp.
Blood Cells Babesia sp. (RBC's)
Protozoa
Theileria equi (RBC's)
Plasma Protozoa Trypanosoma spp.
Nematode Onchocerca microfilariae
Kidneys
Protozoa Klossiella equi
Skin, Connective Tissue Dracunculus
Habronema larva
Nematodes
Parafilaria
Onchocerca microfilariae
Arthropods Hypoderma spp.
Damalinia equi
Haematopinus asini
 Culicoides spp.
Musca domestica
Musca autumnalis
Stomoxys calcitrans
Tabanus spp.
Chrysops spp.
Gasterophilus spp.
Otobius
Ixodes spp.
Dermacentor spp.
Rhipicephalus spp.
Amblyomma spp.
Sarcoptes
Psoroptes
Chorioptes
Demodex
Muscles Protozoa Sarcocystis spp.
Nematode Onchocerca spp.
Eye Thelazia lacrymalis
Nematodes Draschia and Habronema larvae
Onchocerca microfilariae
Central Nervous System Setaria (ectopic)
Nematodes Micronema deletrix
Strongylus vulgaris larvae (ectopic)
Arthropod Hypoderma spp.
Peritoneal Cavity Cestode Taenia hydatigena cysticercus
Nematode Setaria
 Parasites of Cattle
Organ Parasitized:
Oesophagus Nematode Gongylonema spp.
Arthropod Hypoderma lineatum
Rumen
Trematode Paramphistomum cervi
Abomasum Haemonchus contortus placei
Ostertagia ostertagi
Nematodes
Ostertagia lyrata
Trichostrongylus axei
Small Intestine Toxocara vitulorum
Cooperia spp.
Trichostrongylus spp.
Nematodes Strongyloides papillosus
Nematodirus spp.
Bunostomum spp.
Capillaria spp.
Moniezia expansa
Cestodes
Moniezia benedeni
Eimeria spp.
Protozoa Cryptosporidium sp.
Giardia sp.
Cecum and Colon Oesophagostomum spp.
Nematodes Chabertia ovina
Trichuris discolor
Protozoa Eimeria sp.
Liver Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Trematodes
Fascioloides magna
Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst
Cestodes Echinococcus multilocularis alveolar cyst
Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
Nematode Mammomonogamus spp. (also in larynx)
Trachea and Bronchi
Nematode Dictyocaulus viviparus
Lung Parenchyma Cestode E. granulosus hydatid cyst
Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii cyst
Heart
Cestode Taenia saginata cysticerci
Arteries Onchocerca armillata
Nematodes
Elaeophora poeli
Veins
Trematode Schistosoma spp.
Blood Nematode Setaria spp. microfilaria (plasma)
Babesia bovis (RBC)
Babesia bigemina (RBC)
Protozoa
Trypanosoma spp. (plasma)
Theileria spp. (RBC)
Lymph Nodes Protozoa Theileria parva schizonts (lymphocytes)
 Arthropod Linguatula serrata larvae
Urogenital System
Protozoa Tritrichomonas foetus
Muscles and Connective Tissues Taenia saginata cysticerci
Cestodes
Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Hypoderma bovis
Arthropods
Hypoderma lineatum
Sarcocystis spp. cysts
Protozoa
Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Peritoneal Cavity Nematode Setaria spp.
Cestode Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Arthropod Linguatula serrata nymphs
Eye
Nematode Thelazia
Nervous System Cestode Taenia multiceps coenurus
Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Protozoa
Neospora caninum
Arthropod Hypoderma bovis
Skin Pelodera ( Rhabditis ) strongyloides
Stephanofilaria stilesi
Nematodes
Parafilaria bovicola
Onchocerca and Elaeophora microfilaria
Haematobia irritans
Musca autumnalis, M. domestica
Stomoxys calcitrans
Tabanus spp.
Calliphorid larvae
Haematopinus spp.
Linognathus vituli
Damalinia ( Bovicola ) bovis
Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis
Arthropods Chorioptes bovis
Psoroptes
Demodex bovis
Otobius megnini
Ornithodoros
Ixodes scapularis
Boophilus annulatus
Rhipicephalus spp.
Dermacentor spp.
Amblyomma spp.
 Parasites of Sheep and Goats
Organs parasitized:
Oesophagus
Nematode Gongylonema spp.
Rumen
Trematode Paramphistomum sp.
Abomasum Haemonchus contortus contortus
Ostertagia circumcincta
Nematodes Ostertagia trifurcata
Trichostrongylus axei
Marshallagia marshalli
Small Intestine Toxocara vitulorum
Cooperia spp.
Trichostrongylus spp.
Nematodes Nematodirus spp.
Strongyloides papillosus
Bunostomum spp.
Capillaria spp.
Moniezia expansa
Cestodes Moniezia benedeni
Thysanosoma actinoides
Eimeria spp.
Protozoa Cryptosporidium sp.
Giardia sp.
Cecum and Colon Oesophagostomum spp.
Nematodes Chabertia ovina
Trichuris ovis
Protozoa Eimeria spp.
Liver/Bile Ducts Cestode Thysanosoma actinoides
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Trematodes
Fascioloides magna
Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Nasal Cavity and Sinuses
Arthropod Oestrus ovis
Trachea and Bronchi Dictyocaulus filaria
Nematodes
Protostrongylus sp.
Lung Parenchyma Nematode Muellerius capillaris
Cestode Echinococcus hydatid cyst
Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Heart
Cestode Taenia ovis cysticerci
Arteries
Nematode Elaeophora schneideri
Veins
Trematode Schistosoma spp.
Blood Babesia spp. (RBC)
Protozoa Trypanosoma spp. (plasma)
Theileria spp. (RBC)
Lymph Nodes
Arthropod Linguatula serrata larvae
Urogenital System Toxoplasma gondii
Protozoa
Sarcocystis spp.
Muscles and Connective Tissues Taenia ovis cysticerci
Cestodes
Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Protozoa
Sarcocystis spp. cysts
Peritoneal Cavity Cestode Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Arthropod Linguatula serrata nymphs
Eye
Nematode Thelazia
Nervous System Nematode Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
Cestode Taenia multiceps coenurus
Protozoa Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Skin Musca autumnalis
M. domestica
Stomoxys calcitrans
Haematobia irritans
Calliphorid larvae
Melophagus ovinus
Damalinia ovis
Damalinia caprae
Linognathus spp.
Arthropods Sarcoptes scabiei
Demodex
Psoroptes
Chorioptes
Otobius
Ornithodoros
Ixodes
Rhipicephalus spp.
Dermacentor spp.
Amblyomma spp.
 Parasites of Swine
Organs parasitized
Oesophagus
Nematode Gongylonema spp.
Stomach Ascarops strongylina
Physocephalus sexalatus
Hyostrongylus rubidus
Nematodes
Trichostrongylus axei
Ollulanus tricuspis
Capillaria putorii
Small Intestine Ascaris suum
Strongyloides ransomi
Nematodes
Globocephalus spp.
Trichinella spiralis
Acanthocephalan Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
Eimeria debliecki
Eimeria scabra
Protozoa
Isospora suis
Giardia sp.
Cecum and Colon Trichuris suis
Nematodes
Oesophagostomum spp.
Balantidium coli
Protozoa
Entamoeba histolytica
Liver Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola hepatica
Trematodes
Fascioloides magna
Dicrocoelium dentriticum
Ascaris suum in bile duct (ectopic), migrating
Nematodes larvae
Stephanurus dentatus migrating larvae
Echinococcus hydatid cyst
Cestodes
Taenia hydatigena cysticercus
Lungs Metastrongylus spp. (bronchi, bronchioles)
Nematodes
Ascaris suum migrating larvae (parenchyma)
Cestode Echinococcus hydatid cyst (parenchyma)
Trematode Paragonimus spp. (parenchyma)
Urinary System
Nematode Stephanurus dentatus
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Taenia hydatigena cysticerci
Cavity Cestodes
Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst
Muscles and Connective Tissue Nematode Trichinella larvae, encysted
Cestode Taenia solium cysticerci
Toxoplasma gondii cysts
Protozoa
Sarcocystis spp. cysts
Skin Arthropods Haematopinus suis
Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis
Demodex phylloides
Amblyomma spp.
Dermacentor spp.
Ixodes scapularis
 Pulex irritans
Echidnophaga gallinacea
Cuterebra
Eye
Nematode Thelazia
 Parasites of Poultry
Organ parasitized
Crop Protozoa Trichomonas gallinae
Capillaria annulata
Nematodes Capillaria contortus
Gongylonema spp.
Oesophagus Capillaria contortus
Nematodes Capillaria annulata
Dispharynx spiralis
Proventriculus Dispharynx spiralis
Nematodes Physaloptera truncata
Tetrameres americana
Small Intestine Davainea proglottina
Raillietina spp.
Amoebotaenia sphenoides
Cestodes
Choanotaenia infundibulum
Metroliasthes lucida
Hymenolepis carioca
Ascaridia galli
Strongyloides avium
Nematodes
Capillaria caudinflata
Capillaria contorta
Eimeria acervulina
Eimeria maxima
Eimeria necatrix
Protozoa Eimeria meleagridis
Eimeria adenoeides
Eimeria meleagrimitis
Cryptosporidium
Large Intestine Trematode Prosthogonimus pellucidus
Eimeria brunetti
Protozoa
Eimeria adenoeides
Cecum Trematode Echinostoma revolutum
Heterakis gallinarum
Nematodes Strongyloides avium
Trichostrongylus tenuis
Histomonas meleagridis
Protozoa Eimeria tenella
Eimeria adenoeides
Respiratory System, Trachea Nematode Syngamus trachea
Air Sacs Arthropod Cytodites nudus
Nematode Serratospiculum amaculata
Vascular System, General Leucocytozoon spp.
Circulation Protozoa Plasmodium spp.
Hemoproteus meleagridis
Liver Histomonas meleagridis
Protozoa
Trichomonas gallinarum
Urogenital, Oviduct
Trematode Prosthogonimus spp.
Kidney Protozoa Eimeria truncata
Eye
Nematode Thelazia sp.
Muscles Toxoplasma gondii
Protozoa
Sarcocystis
Skin Cochliomyia sp.
Cochliomyia hominivorax
Menopon gallinae
Menacanthus stramincus
Gonoides spp.
Columbicola spp.
Echidnophaga gallinacea
Arthropods Argas persicus
Amblyomma americanum
Haemaphysalis spp.
Cnemidocoptes mutans
Dermanyssus gallinae
Ornithonyssus spp.
Trombicula spp.
Cimex lectularius