(31-6-6) NPTEL - Cryocoolers

31
1
Earlier Lecture
• In the earlier lecture, we have seen a Pulse Tube
(PT) cryocooler in which the mechanical displacer
is removed and an oscillating gas flow in the thin
walled tube produces cooling.
• This gas tube is called as Pulse Tube and this

phenomenon is called as Pulse Tube action.
• PT systems can be classified based on the

• Stirling type or GM type
• Geometry and Operating frequency
• Phase shift mechanism
2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• In the year 1990, Ray Radebaugh of NIST,
proposed Phasor analysis of a Pulse Tube
Cryocooler.
• There exists a phase angle between the mass flow

rate at the cold end and the pressure vector.
• This phase angle depends on the dimensions,

frequency, p1 and the other operating parameters.
3
Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Cryocoolers
• Phasor Analysis (contd)
• Phasor Diagrams
• PT Classification based on Phase Shift

Mechanism
4
Introduction
c
m  pt
m h
m o
m
AC CHX HHX
Regenerator Pulse Tube


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• In the earlier lecture, Phasor analysis of an Orifice

Pulse Tube Cryocooler (OPTC) working on a
monatomic gas was explained.
• The pressure (p) and the temperature (T)

variations in the PT are assumed to be sinusoidal.
p p0 + p1 cos(ωt )
= T= T0 + T1 cos(ωt )
5
Introduction
c
m  pt
m h
m o
m
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• At any cross section of the Pulse Tube, using the

adiabatic law, we have
T1 2  p1 
=  
T0 5  p0 
• Mass flow rates at the Hot end and the Orifice are
equal.
m h = m o
m h = C1 p1 cos (ωt )
• Mass flow rate through the orifice is
6
Introduction
c
m  pt
m h
m o
m
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• The mass flow rate at the cold end (mc) is as

given below.
ω p1V pt  π  Th
=
mc cos  ωt +  + C1 p1 cos (ωt )
γ RTc  2  Tc
• It is clear that vector mc is a sum of two vectors

which are at 90o to each other.
7
Phasor Analysis
c
m  pt
m h
m o
m
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
=
mc cos  ωt +  + m h
γ RTc  2  Tc
c
m
ω p1V pt • Plotting these two vectors, we
RTcγ have the figure as shown.
θ • This diagram is called as the

 h Pressure Th
m 
h
Phasor diagram of Pulse Tube.
 m
 Tc 
8
Phasor Analysis
c
m  pt
m h
m o
m
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
=
mc cos  ωt +  + m h
γ RTc  2  Tc
c
m
ω p1V pt • It is clear that there exists a
RTcγ phase angle between mc and
pressure vector.
θ
m 
h
• The importance of phase angle is
 m
 Tc  explained in this lecture.
9
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• Going ahead with the analysis, consider a control
volume enclosing the Cold End Heat Exchanger
(CHX) as shown in the figure.
• Let <H> and <Q> denote the time averaged

enthalpy flow and heat flow respectively, across
the control volume.
10
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX
H r H pt

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• Let us assume the following.
• <Hr> be the average enthalpy flow in the
Regenerator.
• <Hpt> be the average enthalpy flow in the

Pulse Tube.
• <Qc> be the average heat flow or the heat

lifted at the Cold End (refrigeration effect).
11
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX
H r H pt

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to this control
volume, we have
= Q c H pt − H r
• If the net heat energy stored by the regenerator in
a cycle is zero, it is called as perfect regeneration.
• That is, the heat energy lost by the gas during

pressurization is same as the heat energy gained
by the gas during depressurization.
12
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX
H r H pt

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• Applying 1st law of thermodynamics to this control
volume, we have
= Q c H pt − H r
• Assuming a perfect regeneration in the regenerator,
we have
H r = 0
• Therefore, the heat lifted (Qc) is the enthalpy flow

into the Pulse Tube. 
Qc = H pt
13
Phasor Analysis
• At any cross section of the OPTC, the definition of
enthalpy is as given below. 
 pT
H = mC
• Let τ be the total time period of one cycle. Let Cp

be a constant and the time average enthalpy is
τ
Cp
H = ∫ mTdt
 T= T0 + T1 cos(ωt )
τ 0
• Substituting, temperature T into the above

equation, we get τ
C
= H ∫ m (T0 + T1 cos (ωt ) ) dt
p
τ 0
14
Phasor Analysis
τ
Cp
=H
τ ∫ m (T
0
0 + T1 cos (ωt ) ) dt
T1 2  p1 
• From the adiabatic law, we have =  
T0 5  p0 
• Eliminating T1 from both the above equations, we

get
C τ
 2  p1  
= 
∫ m  T0 +   T0 cos (ωt )  dt
p
H
τ 0  5  p0  
τ
Cp C p τ 2m  p1 
=H ∫  0 dt +
mT ∫   T0 cos (ωt ) dt
τ 0 τ 0 5  p0 
15
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX
H r H pt

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• From the 1st law, the heat lifted (Qc) at the cold
end of the PT is the enthalpy flow of the PT.
Q c = H pt
• This is obtained by substituting mc and Tc in the

following equation.
τ
C 2m  p1 

H = ∫   T0 cos (ωt ) dt
p
τ 0 5  p0 
16
Phasor Analysis
2Tc C p p1 τ
H = ∫ m cos (ωt ) dt
5τ p0
c
0
ω p1V pt Th
m c =
− sin (ωt ) + C1 p1 cos (ωt )
γ RTc Tc
2T C p  ω p V τ
T
τ


H =− c p 1

1 pt
∫ sin ( 2ωt ) dt + C1 p1 ∫ cos (ωt ) dt 
h 2
5τ p0  2γ RTc 0 Tc 0 
• In the above equation, the first term is zero. This is
because, the sine function when integrated over
one full cycle vanishes.
17
Phasor Analysis
τ
2Tc C p p1  C1 p1Th 
H 
5τ p0  2Tc ∫0 (1 + cos ( 2ωt ) ) dt 
• Rearranging, we have
C1C pTh p12  τ τ

H  ∫ dt + ∫ cos ( 2ωt ) dt 
5τ p0  0 0 
• Here again, the second term is zero. This is
because, the cosine function when integrated over
one full cycle vanishes.
2 2
C C T p C C T p
H =
1 p h 1
[ ]
τ =
1 p h 1
5τ p0 5 p0
18
Phasor Analysis
• Therefore, the time averaged enthalpy is given as
C1C pTh p12

H =
5 p0
• We know that the mass flow rate at the hot end

(mh) is a vector and it is as given below.
m h = C1 p1 cos (ωt )
• The magnitude of this vector is given by
m h = C1 p1
19
Phasor Analysis
• Using <H> and |mh| equations, we have.
C1 p1C pTh p1  m h C pTh p1
m h = C1 p1 
H = H =
5 p0 5 p0
adj Th m h Tc m c cos θ
=
cos θ = m h =
hyp Tc m c Th
c
m
ω p1V pt
  Tc m c cos θ  C pTh p1 
RTcγ H =  
 T h  5 p 0 
θ
  Cp   p1 
H =    Tc m c cos θ
m 
h  5   p0 
 m
 Tc 
20
Phasor Analysis
• For a monatomic gas, γ=5/3. Therefore, the
specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) is given by
the following equation.
ℜγ 5ℜ
=
Cp =
γ −1 2
  Cp   p1 
c
m
H =    Tc m c cos θ
ω p1V pt  5   p0 
RTcγ
1  p1 
Q c= 
H= ℜTc   m c cos θ
θ 2  p0 
m 
h
 m
 Tc 
21
Phasor Analysis
• From the adjacent equation, it is
  ℜTc p1 m c 
Qc =   cos θ clear that the heat lifted at the
 2 p0  cold end (Qc) is dependent on
• |mc|
• p1/p0
• Tc
• phase angle.
c
m
ω p1V pt
RTcγ
• For a given design and operating
parameters, the Qc is maximum
θ when phase angle is minimum.
m 
h
 m
 Tc 
22
Phasor Analysis
• Various phase shifting
  ℜTc p1 m c 
Qc =   cos θ mechanisms have been
 2 p0  developed in order to minimize
the phase angle.
• It is important to note that the

phase angle can be minimized,
c
m and in certain cases it can be
ω p1V pt
made zero.
RTcγ
m 
h
 m
 Tc 
23
PT Classification
Pulse Tube Cryocooler
Frequency Stirling Gifford McMahon
Geometry Phase Shift
Inline U – Type Coaxial Annular
Basic Orifice Inertance Tube Double Inlet Valve
Low High Very High

Frequency Frequency Frequency
24
PT Classification
AC CHX HHX
Basic

Orifice
AC CHX HHX

Double Inlet Valve
AC CHX HHX

Inertance Tube
AC CHX HHX

25
Phasor Diagram – BPTC
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• The schematic of a Basic Pulse Tube
Cryocooler (BPTC) is as shown
above.
=m c cos  ωt +  + m h
γ RTc  2  Tc
• The mass flow rate at the Hot end

heat exchanger is zero.
26
Phasor Diagram – BPTC
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• The Phasor diagram for a BPTC is
as shown in the figure.
c
m
 1  p1 
Qc= ℜTc   m c cos θ
ω p1V pt 2  p0 
RTcγ
• It is clear that the phase angle is
90 90o, rendering the net heat lifted
Pressure
at the cold end as zero.
27
Phasor Diagram – OPTC
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• As seen earlier, in an Orifice Pulse
Tube Cryocooler (OPTC), an orifice
and a compliance volume is used as
phase shift mechanism.
• There exists a finite mass flow rate

at the Hot end.
28
Phasor Diagram – OPTC
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• The Phasor diagram for an OPTC is
as shown in the figure.
c
m • The relative opening or closing of
ω p1V pt
the orifice alters |mc|cosθ.
RTcγ
θ • For an optimum orifice opening, the

Pressure Th 
product |mc|cosθ reaches a
 m h maximum to maximize Qc.
 T c 
29
Phasor Diagram – DIPTC
AC CHX HHX


QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• The schematic of a Double Inlet
Pulse Tube Cryocooler (DIPTC) is as
shown in the figure.
• Some portion of gas is bypassed

from the After Cooler and is fed at
the Hot end Heat Exchanger.
• This is called as Double Inlet Line.

30
AC CHX HHX  DI
m
h
m o
m

QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• On the double inlet line, an orifice
is used to control/regulate the flow
of working fluid.
• This double inlet orifice together

with an Hot end orifice alter the
phase angle.
• Mass flow rates are as shown.

31
AC CHX HHX  DI
m
h
m o
m

QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• For the mass flow rates, we have
m=
o m h + m DI
 Th   Th   Th 
 Th 
 m o =  m o   m h +   m DI
 c
T
Pressure
 Tc   Tc   Tc 
• It implies that mo is the vector sum

of mh and mDI.
32
AC CHX HHX  DI
m
h
m o
m

QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
 Th   Th   Th 
=  m o   m h +   m DI
 Tc   Tc   Tc 
• We know that mo is always in

 Th 
o
phase with the pressure vector.
 m
 c
T
Pressure
• The phasor diagram for this vector
is as shown in the figure.
33
AC CHX HHX  DI
m
h
m o
m

QAC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• mh and mDI are vectorially added
to yield mo as shown in the figure.
c
m
ω p1V pt
RTcγ • From the equation of mc, we have
θ  Th  the other sides of the triangle, as
 m o
 c
T shown in the figure.
 Th  Pressure T 
 m h  DI
 m
h
 c
T
 Tc 
• It is clear that the phase angle is
reduced due to the modification.
34
Phasor Analysis
AC CHX HHX

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• In the phasor analysis, we have assumed an

adiabatic process in the Pulse Tube.
• In the other elements, for example in connecting

tubes, AC, CHX, HHX, an isothermal process is
assumed.
• For the sake of understanding, let us analyze the

Cold End Heat Exchanger in an OPTC.
35
Phasor

Analysis
 mrc mc
AC CHX HHX

Q AC , TAC 
Qc , Tc Q h , Th
• As done before, p and T are assumed as follows.

p p0 + p1 cos(ωt )
= T = T0
• Let mrc and mc be the mass flow rates at the inlet
and outlet as shown. We have 
= m c − m rc
mchx
• Following the earlier derivation, we have

ω p1Vchx
m rc =
− sin (ωt ) + m c
RTc
36
Phasor Analysis
ω p1Vchx  π ω p1V pt  π  Th
m rc cos  ωt +  = 
+ mc m c cos  ωt +  + m h
RTc  2 γ RTc  2  Tc
• Combining the above equations, we have
 ω p1Vchx ω p1V pt   π  Th
m rc 
= + ω
 cos  t +  + m h
 RTc γ RTc   2  Tc
• Therefore, the mass flow rate (mrc) is the sum of

two vectors which are at 90o to each other.
37
Phasor Analysis
 ω p1Vchx ω p1V pt   π  Th
m rc 
= +  cos  ωt +  + m h
 RTc γ RTc   2  Tc
• From the above equation, it is
clear that the first term is at 90o
to the second term.
ω p1Vchx
 rc
m RTc
• Plotting these two vectors, we
have the figure as shown.
ω p1V pt
c
m
RTcγ
θ • mrc lies above the mc vector. This
is due to the vector addition as
m 
h

 Tc
m

shown in the figure.
38
Phasor Analysis
AC Regenerator CHX Pulse Tube HHX

ω p1Vcp
• Following a similar procedure for
RT0
ω p1Vac the rest of the elements, we have
 ac
 cp m
m RT0 a phasor diagram as shown.
ω p1Vr
RTm
 rac
m ω p1Vchx• From the figure, it is clear that
 rc
m
RTc mcp vector is almost double the
ω p1V pt
length of mc vector.
c
m RTcγ
 hhx ω p V
m
θ
1 hhx
RTh • Therefore, for a given mc, we

 h Pressure Th  m need a very large mcp.
  h
m
 Tc 
39
Summary
• There exists a phase angle between mass flow
rate at the cold end and pressure vector.
  ℜTc p1 m c 
Qc =   cos θ
 2 p0 
• Heat lifted at the cold end (Qc) is dependent on
|mc|, p1/p0, Tc, phase angle.
• In the phasor analysis, adiabatic process is

assumed in PT and isothermal process is assumed
in all other parts. The relative length of the
vectors indicate the mass flow rate in those parts.
40
• A self assessment exercise is given after
this slide.
• Kindly asses yourself for this lecture.
41
Self Assessment
1. In a perfect regeneration, the net heat energy
stored by regenerator is ____.
2. For a given design and operating parameters, the
Qc is maximum when phase angle is ____.
3. The heat exchange during pressurization and
depressurization is ____.
4. Phase shifting mechanisms are used to ____ the
phase angle.
5. In a Basic PT Cryocooler, the phase angle is ___.
6. In Phasor Analysis, PT undergoes ______ process.
7. Apart from PT, all other parts undergo ___ process.
8. In ____, double inlet orifice and hot end orifice
alter the phase angle.
42
Answers
1. Zero
2. Minimum
3. Same
4. Minimize
5. 90o
6. Adiabatic
7. Isothermal
8. DIPTC
43
Thank You!
44

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31

• This gas tube is called as Pulse Tube and this

• PT systems can be classified based on the

• There exists a phase angle between the mass flow

• This phase angle depends on the dimensions,

• Phasor Analysis (contd)

• PT Classification based on Phase Shift

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• In the earlier lecture, Phasor analysis of an Orifice

• The pressure (p) and the temperature (T)

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• At any cross section of the Pulse Tube, using the

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• The mass flow rate at the cold end (mc) is as

• It is clear that vector mc is a sum of two vectors

Regenerator Pulse Tube

θ • This diagram is called as the

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• Let <H> and <Q> denote the time averaged

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• <Hpt> be the average enthalpy flow in the

• <Qc> be the average heat flow or the heat

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• That is, the heat energy lost by the gas during

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• Therefore, the heat lifted (Qc) is the enthalpy flow

• Let τ be the total time period of one cycle. Let Cp

• Substituting, temperature T into the above

• Eliminating T1 from both the above equations, we

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• This is obtained by substituting mc and Tc in the

C1C pTh p12

• We know that the mass flow rate at the hot end

• The magnitude of this vector is given by

• It is important to note that the

Frequency Stirling Gifford McMahon

Geometry Phase Shift

Inline U – Type Coaxial Annular

Basic Orifice Inertance Tube Double Inlet Valve

Low High Very High

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• The mass flow rate at the Hot end

Regenerator Pulse Tube

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• There exists a finite mass flow rate

Regenerator Pulse Tube

θ • For an optimum orifice opening, the

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• Some portion of gas is bypassed

• This is called as Double Inlet Line.

• This double inlet orifice together

• Mass flow rates are as shown.

• It implies that mo is the vector sum

• We know that mo is always in

Regenerator Pulse Tube

• In the phasor analysis, we have assumed an

• In the other elements, for example in connecting

• For the sake of understanding, let us analyze the

Regenerator Pulse Tube