Bending and Shear Force Equation PDF

8.
2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form

8.2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form Example 1, page 1 of 6
1. Express the shear V and bending moment M as functions of x, the distance from
the left end of the beam to an arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M vs. x.
9 kip 6 kip
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
x
1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

9 kip 6 kip
RA 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB
→
ΣFy = 0: RA − 9 kip − 6 kip + RB = 0

+
ΣMA = 0: −(9 kip)(3 ft) − (6 kip)(3 ft + 5 ft) + RB(3 ft + 5 ft + 7 ft) = 0

+
Solving gives
RA = 10 kip and RB = 5 kip

2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the 9-kip force.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
RA = 10 kip 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
0 < x < 3 ft
3 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

of the section and find V and M at the section.
x
M (sign convention: M positive counterclockwise, on right end of section)
A
V (sign convention: V positive down, on right end of section)
→
ΣFy = 0: 10 kip − V = 0
+
RA = 10 kip
ΣMx = 0: −(10 kip)x + M = 0

+
Solving gives
V = 10 kip and M = 10x kip⋅ft
valid for 0 < x < 3 ft.

4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the 9-kip force and the 6-kip force.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
RA = 10 kip 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
3 ft < x < 8 ft

9 kip
→
V ΣFy = 0: 10 kip − 9 kip − V = 0
A M ++
ΣMx = 0: −(10 kip)x + (9 kip)(x − 3 ft) + M = 0
Solving gives
RA = 10 kip 3 ft (x − 3 ft)
x V = 1 kip (3)
M = (x + 27) kip⋅ft (4)
valid for 3 ft < x < 8 ft.

6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the 6-kip force and the right end of the beam.
9 kip 6 kip
x
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB = 5 kip
RA = 10 kip
8 ft < x < 15 ft

→
ΣFy = 0: 10 kip − 9 kip − 6 kip − V = 0
+
x
ΣMx = 0: −(10 kip)x + (9 kip)(x − 3 ft)
+
9 kip 6 kip
M + (6 kip)(x − 8 ft) + M = 0
A
Solving gives
3 ft 5 ft (x − 8 ft) V = −5 kip (5)

V
RA = 10 kip (x − 3 ft) M = (−5x + 75) kip⋅ft (6)

8 Collect the results from Eqs. 1-6:
0 < x < 3 ft V = 10 kip
M = 10x kip⋅ft
3 ft < x < 8 ft V = 1 kip

←Ans.
M = (x + 27) kip⋅ft
8 ft < x < 15 ft V = −5 kip
M = (−5x + 75) kip⋅ft

9 Plot V and M versus x.
9 kip 6 kip
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RA = 10 kip RB = 5 kip
10
V
(kip)
1
x
−5
M
(kip⋅ft) 35
30
x
2 N/m
A 20 N⋅m
14 m
x

14 m
=7m
2 Resultant = (2 N/m)(14 m) = 28 N
2 N/m
A 20 N⋅m
MA
14 m
RA 2 A couple-moment reaction must always be

→
ΣFy = 0: RA − 28 N = 0 included at a built-in end of a beam.

+
ΣMA = 0: MA − (28 N)(7 m) + 20 N⋅m = 0

+
Solving gives
RA = 28 N and MA = 176 N⋅m

3 Pass a section through the beam at an arbitrary point (located by x)
x
2 N/m
A 20 N⋅m
MA = 176 N⋅m
14 m
RA = 28 N
0 < x < 14 m
→
ΣFy = 0: 28 N − 2x − V = 0
+
of the section and find V and M at the section. x
ΣMx = 0: 176 N⋅m − 28x + ( )(2 N/m)(x) + M = 0
+
x 2
Resultant = (2 N/m)(x) 2 Solving gives
V = (−2x + 28) N ←Ans.

M
A
MA = 176 N⋅m M = (−x2 + 28x − 176) N⋅m ←Ans.
x V
valid for 0 < x < 14 m.
RA = 28 N
2 N/m
A 20 N⋅m
MA = 176 N⋅m
14 m
RA = 28 N
28
V
(N)
x
M
(N⋅m) 20
x
−176
10 lb/ft
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
x

10 ft Resultant = (10 lb/ft)(10 ft) = 100 lb
= 5 ft
2
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA RB
→
ΣFy = 0: RA − 100 lb + RB = 0
+
ΣMA = 0: −(100 lb)(7 ft + 5 ft) + RB(7 ft + 10 ft + 3 ft) = 0

+
Solving gives
RA = 40 lb and RB = 60 lb
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end
of the beam and the beginning of the distributed load.
10 lb/ft
x
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
0 < x < 7 ft

→
ΣFy = 0: 40 lb − V = 0
+
M
ΣMx = 0: −(40 lb)x + M = 0
+
x
V Solving gives
RA = 40 lb
V = 40 lb (1)
M = (40x) lb⋅ft (2)

4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the
beginning and end of the distributed load.
x
10 lb/ft
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
7 ft < x < 17 ft
5 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to

the left of the section and solve for V and M at the section.
→
ΣFy = 0: 40 lb − (10 lb/ft)(x − 7 ft) − V = 0
+
x − 7 ft
ΣMx = 0: −(40 lb)x + [(10 lb/ft)(x − 7 ft)]
+
Resultant = (10 lb/ft)(x − 7 ft) 2
× ( x − 7 ft ) + M = 0
2
M
Solving gives
V = (−10x + 110) lb (3)

7 ft x − 7 ft
V
x M= (−5x2 + 110x − 245) lb⋅ft (4)
RA = 40 lb
6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the right end
of the distributed load and the right end of the beam.
x
10 lb/ft
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
17 ft < x < 20 ft

of the section and solve for V and M at the section.
10 ft Resultant = (10 lb/ft)(10 ft) = 100 lb

= 5 ft
2
7 ft 10 ft
x − 17 ft V
x
RA = 40 lb
8
→
ΣFy = 0: 40 lb − 100 lb − V = 0
+
ΣMA = 0: −(40 lb)x + (100 lb)[(x − 17 ft) + 5 ft] + M = 0

+
Solving gives
V = −60 lb (5)
M = (−60x + 1200) lb⋅ft (6)
0 < x < 7 ft V = 40 lb
M = 40x lb⋅ft
7 ft < x < 17 ft V = (−10x + 110) lb

←Ans.
M= (−5x2 + 110x − 245) lb⋅ft
17 ft < x < 20 ft V = −60 lb
M = (−60x + 1200) lb⋅ft

10 lb/ft
A B
7 ft 10 ft 3 ft
RA = 40 lb RB = 60 lb
V
(lb) 40 40
360 −60 −60

M
(lb⋅ft) 280
180
x
A B
27 kip⋅ft 18 kip⋅ft
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
x
A
RA 3 ft 5 ft 7 ft RB
→
ΣFy = 0: RA + RB = 0
+
ΣMA = 0: RB(3 ft + 5 ft + 7 ft) − 27 kip⋅ft − 18 kip⋅ft = 0

+
Solving gives
RA = −3 kip = 3 kip ↓
RB = 3 kip
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the 27 kip⋅ft
moment couple.
x
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
0 < x < 3 ft

x
→
ΣFy = 0: −3 kip − V = 0
+
A M
ΣMx = 0: (3 kip)x + M = 0
+
V
Solving gives
RA = 3 kip
V = −3 kip (1)
M = −3x kip⋅ft (2)

4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the
27 kip⋅ft and 18 kip⋅ft moment couples.
x
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
3 ft < x < 8 ft

→
ΣFy = 0: −3 kip − V = 0
+
x
A M ΣMx = 0: (3 kip)x − 27 kip⋅ft + M = 0
+
27 kip⋅ft
Solving gives
3 ft x − 3 ft V
RA = 3 kip V = −3 kip (3)
M = (−3x + 27) kip⋅ft (4)

6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the 18 kip⋅ft
moment couple and the right end of the beam.
x
A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RB = 3 kip
RA = 3 kip
3 ft < x < 8 ft
→
ΣFy = 0: −3 kip − V = 0
+
ΣMx = 0: (3 kip)x − 27 kip⋅ft − 18 kip⋅ft + M = 0
+
x
A M
Solving gives
V V = −3 kip (5)
3 ft 5 ft
RA = 3 kip M = (−3x + 45) kip⋅ft (6)

0 < x < 3 ft V = −3 kip
M = −3x kip⋅ft
3 ft < x < 8 ft V = −3 kip

←Ans.
M = (−3x + 27) kip⋅ft
8 ft < x < 15 ft V = −3 kip
M = (−3x + 45) kip⋅ft

A B
3 ft 5 ft 7 ft
RB = 3 kip
RA = 3 kip
V
(kip)
x
−3 −3
21
18
M
(kip⋅ft)
3
x
−9
5. Express the shear V and bending moment M in the horizontal portion ACDB of
the beam as functions of x, the distance from the left end of the beam to an
arbitrary point on the beam. Plot V and M versus x.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
C D
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft 2 ft
x
→
ΣFy = 0: RA − 4 kip − 4 kip + RB = 0
+
4 kip 4 kip
ΣMA = 0: −(4 kip)(2 ft) − (4 kip)(10 ft)
+
+ RB(12 ft) = 0
A B Solving gives
RA = 4 kip
RA RB
RB = 4 kip
2 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end and the attachment point for the first arm.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
0 < x < 4 ft
3 Draw a free-body diagram of the

portion of the beam to the left of the →
section and find V and M at the ΣFy = 0: 4 kip − V = 0
+
section. Note carefully that the 4-kip

force on the left arm does not act on ΣMx = 0: −(4 kip)x + M = 0
+
this free body.

Solving gives
V = 4 kip (1)
A M
M = 4x kip⋅ft (2)
x V valid for 0 < x < 4 ft.
RA = 4 kip
4 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the attachment points of the two arms.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
4 ft < x < 8 ft
→
the left of the section and find V and M at the section. ΣFy = 0: 4 kip − 4 kip − V = 0
+
4 kip
ΣMx = 0: −(4 kip)x + (4 kip)(x − 4 ft + 2 ft) + M = 0
+
x
Solving gives
M V=0 (3)
A
M = 8 kip⋅ft (4)
2 ft 2 ft x − 4 ft V
RA = 4 kip
6 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the point
of attachment of the right arm and the right end of the beam.
4 kip 4 kip
A B
8 ft < x < 12 ft
8 Note that the 4-kip force on the right arm acts on the free
body.
→
7 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to ΣFy = 0: 4 kip − 4 kip − 4 kip − V = 0
+
the left of the section and find V and M at the section.
ΣMx = 0: −(4 kip)x + (4 kip)(x − 2 ft)
+
4 kip 4 kip
x + (4 kip)(x − 10 ft) + M = 0
Solving gives
M
A V = −4 kip (5)
V M = (−4x + 48) kip⋅ft (6)
2 ft 2 ft 4 ft 2 ft
x − 10 ft
RA = 4 kip valid for 8 ft < x < 12 ft.
0 < x < 4 ft V = 4 kip
M = 4x kip⋅ft
4 ft < x < 8 ft V = 0 kip

←Ans.
M = 8 kip⋅ft
8 ft < x < 12 ft V = −4 kip
M = −4(x − 12) kip⋅ft

4 kip 4 kip
A B
V 11 Note that the jumps in the diagrams occur at the
(kip) 4 attachment points of the arms, not at the points where
the 4-kip external loads act.
x
−4
16 16
M
(kip⋅ft)
8 8
x
4 kN 8 kN
Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
x
1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions. 4 kN 8 kN

Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA RC
RB
→
ΣFy = 0: RA + RB − 4 kN − 8 kN + RC = 0 (1)
+
ΣMA = 0: RB(2 m) − (4 kN)(2 m + 2 m)

+
2 Two equations but three unknowns.

− (8 kN)(2 m + 2 m + 2 m) An additional equation is needed.
+ RC(2 m + 2 m + 2 m + 2 m) = 0 (2)
3 Pass a section through the beam at a point
immediately to the right of the hinge. 4 kN 8 kN
Hinge
A B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
4 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of 8 kN

the beam to the right of the section.
V
M=0
C
5 Because the section is next to a hinge,
the moment is known to be zero there
(that's what we mean by a "hinge"). 2m 2m
RC
6 Write the equilibrium equation for the sum of moments about the hinge.
ΣMhinge = 0: −(8 kN)(2 m) + Rc(2 m + 2 m) = 0 (3)

+
7 Note that we don't use the equation ΣFy = 0, because this equation
would introduce an additional unknown, the shear V at the hinge.
8 Solving Eqs. 1-3 gives
RA = −8 kN = 8 kN ↓
RB = 16 kN ↑
RC = 4 kN ↑
between the left end and the reaction at B. 4 kN 8 kN
x Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN RC = 4 kN
ΣFy = 0: −8 kN − V = 0
→
+
0<x<2m
10 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to ΣMx = 0: (8 kN)x + Μ = 0
+
Solving gives
x
M
A V = −8 kN (4)
V
M = (−8x) kN·m (5)
RA = 8 kN valid for 0 < x < 2 m.
between the the reaction at B and the hinge. 8 kN
4 kN
x Hinge
A
B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
2m<x<4m

x
M →
A ΣFy = 0: −8 kN + 16 kN − V = 0
+
B
V
ΣMx = 0: (8 kN)x − (16 kN)(x − 2 m) + M = 0
+
2 ft
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN Solving gives
V = 8 kN (6)
M = (8x − 32) kN·m (7)
valid for 2 m < x < 4 m.

between the hinge and the 8-kN force.
4 kN 8 kN
x
Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
4m<x<6m
14 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to ↑Σ Fy = 0: −8 kN + 16 kN − 4 kN − V = 0

Σ Mx = 0: (8 kN)x − (16 kN)(x − 2 m)
4 kN + (4 kN)(x − 4 m) + M = 0
x
Hinge Solving gives
M
A V = 4 kN (8)
B V
2m 2m M = (4x − 16) kN·m (9)
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN valid for 4 m < x < 6 m.
15 Pass a section through the beam at a point between
the 8-kN force and end C of the beam. 4 kN 8 kN
x
Hinge
A C
B
2m 2m 2m 2m
6m<x<8m
16 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the ↑∑ Fy = 0: −8 kN + 16 kN −4 kN

left of the section and find V and M at the section. − 8 kN − V = 0
∑ Mx = 0: (8 kN)x − (16 kN)(x − 2 m)
4 kN 8 kN + (4 kN)(x − 4 m)
x M + (8 kN)(x − 6 m) + M = 0
Hinge
Solving gives
A
B V = −4 kN (10)
V
2m 2m 2m
M = (−4x + 32) kN·m (11)
RA = 8 kN RB = 16 kN
0<x<2m V = −8 kN
M = −8x kN·m
2m<x<4m V = 8 kN
M = (8x − 32) kN·m

←Ans.
4m<x<6m V = 4 kN
M = (4x − 16) kN·m
6m<x<8m V = −4 kN
M = (−4x + 32) kN·m

4 kN 8 kN
x Hinge
A
B C
2m 2m 2m 2m
V
(kN) 8 8
4 4
x
−4 −4
−8
M 8
(kN⋅m)
x
−16
20 kip
4 kip/ft
Hinge
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
x
1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions. Resultant = (4 kip/ft)(8 ft) = 32 kip
8 ft
20 kip = 4 ft
2
5 ft 5 ft
Hinge
A B
MA
2 A couple moment must always be 8 ft
included at a built-in end of a beam.
RA
RB
ΣFy = 0: RA − 20 kip − 32 kip + RB = 0
→
(1)
+
ΣMA = 0: MA − (20 kip)(5 ft) − (32 kip)(5 ft + 5 ft + 4 ft) 3 Two equations but three unknowns.
+
An additional equation is needed.

+ RB(5 ft + 5 ft + 8 ft) = 0 (2)
4 Pass a section through the beam at a point immediately to the right of the hinge.
8 ft Resultant = (4 kip/ft)(8 ft) = 32 kip
20 kip = 4 ft
2
Hinge
A
MA B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
RA
RB
Resultant = 32 kip
5 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of 4 ft
the beam to the right of the section.
M=0
6 Because the section is next to a hinge, B
the moment is known to be zero there
(that's what we mean by a "hinge"). V 8 ft
RB
7 Write the equilibrium equation for the sum of moments about the hinge.
ΣMhinge = 0: −(32 kip)(4 ft) + RB(8 ft) = 0 (3)

+
8 Note that we don't use the equation ΣFy = 0, because this equation
would introduce an additional unknown, the shear V at the hinge.
9 Solving Eqs. 1-3 gives
RA = 36 kip
RB = 16 kip
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
the left end and the 20-kip force.
20 kip 4 kip/ft
x
Hinge
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
B
A
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
0 < x < 5 ft
→
ΣFy = 0: 36 kip − V = 0
+
ΣMx = 0: 260 kip⋅ft − (36 kip)x + M = 0
+
Solving gives
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
M V = 36 kip (4)
A
x M = (36x − 260) kip⋅ft (5)
V
RA = 36 kip valid for 0 < x < 5 ft.
the 20-kip force and the hinge.
20 kip 4 kip/ft
x
Hinge
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
5 ft < x < 10 ft

20 kip
→
ΣFy = 0: 36 kip − 20 kip − V = 0
+
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
ΣMx = 0: 260 kip⋅ft − (36 kip)x + 20 kip(x − 5 ft) + M = 0
+
M
A Solving gives
5 ft V
V = 16 kip (6)
x
RA = 36 kip
M = (16x − 160) kip⋅ft (7)

the hinge and the right end of the beam.
20 kip
x 4 kip/ft
Hinge
MA = 260 kip⋅ft
A B
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
10 ft < x < 18 ft
→
ΣFy = 0: 36 kip − 20 kip
+
− (4 kip/ft)(x − 10 ft) − V = 0
Resultant = (4 kip/ft)(x − 10 ft)
x − 10 ft ΣMx = 0: 260 kip⋅ft − (36 kip)x + 20 kip(x − 5 ft)
+
20 kip
2
MA = 260 kip⋅ft M + (4 kip/ft)(x − 10 ft)( x − 10 ft )
2
+M=0
A Hinge
5 ft 5 ft V Solving gives
x
RA = 36 kip V = −4x + 56 kip (8)
M = (−2x2 + 56x − 360) kip⋅ft (9)

0 < x < 5 ft V = 36 kip
M = (36x − 260) kip⋅ft
5 ft < x < 10 ft V = 16 kip

←Ans.
M = (16x − 160) kip⋅ft
10 ft < x < 18 ft V = (−4x + 56) kip
M = (−2x2 + 56x − 360) kip⋅ft

17 Plot V and M versus x. 20 kip
4 kip/ft
x
MA = 260 kip⋅ft Hinge
B
A
5 ft 5 ft 8 ft
36 36
V
(kN) 16 16
−16
32
x
M
(kN⋅m)
−80
−260
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
x
2 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
RA RB
2 Replace the trapezoidal distributed load by the sum of a rectangular and triangular load.
3 Resultant of rectangular load 4 Resultant of triangular load
1
= (12 m)(2 kN/m) = (12 m)(2 kN/m)
2
= 24 kN = 12 kN
2 kN/m
2 kN/m 12 m
12 m 1 (6 m + 6 m) = 4 m
5
3
B
A (acts through centroid of triangle)
6m 6m 6 6m−4m=2m
RA RB
ΣFy = 0: RA − 24 kN − 12 kN + RB = 0
→
+
ΣMA = 0: −(12 kN)(2 m) + RB(6 m) = 0

+
Solving gives
RA = 32 kN
RB = 4 kN
7 Pass a section through the beam at a point between the left end
and the support at A.
x
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
0<x<6m RA = 32 kN RB = 4 kN

of the section and solve for V and M.
2 kN/m
w = distributed load (kN/m) at location x
M
x
V
9 Before we can solve for V and M, we have to express w as a function of x. This can be done
by noting that w is a linear function of x and then using the slope-intercept equation for a line.
w (12 m, 4 kN/m)
(x, w)
(0, 2 kN/m) Slope Intercept
x w = mx + b
4 kN/m − 2 kN/m
= x + 2 kN/m
12 m − 0
x
= +2 (1)
6
10 Now the distributed load on the free-body of length x can be
replaced by the resultant of a rectangular and triangular load.
11 Resultant of rectangular load 12 Resultant of triangular load

Free-body diagram = (2 kN/m)x x x
= (w − 2)
2 2
w−2 x
w
2 kN/m 3
=
M M
x x
V V
ΣFy = 0: −(2 kN/m)x − x (w − 2) − V = 0
→
13
+
2
ΣMx = 0: (2 kN/m)(x)( x ) + [ x (w − 2)( x )] + M = 0
+
2 2 3
Replacing w in these equations by w = (x/6) + 2 from
Eq. 1 and solving gives
2
V = (− x − 2x) kN (2)
12
3
M = (− x − x2) kN⋅m (3)
36
valid for 0 < x < 6 m.

the support at A and the support at B.
x
4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
RA = 32 kN RB = 4 kN
6 m < x < 12 m
15 Free-body diagram
x
w(x)
2 kN/m
M
A
V
6m x−6m
RA = 32 kN
6 m < x < 12 m
16 We can save some work if we note that this free-body diagram is identical to the
previous one except that an additional vertical force of 32 kN is present. This
increases the shear in Eq. 2 by 32 kN and the moment in Eq. 3 by (32 kN)(x − 6 m) so
2
V = ( − x − 2x + 32) kN (4)
12
x3
M= (− − x2 + 32x − 192) kN⋅m (5)
36
0<x<6m V = ( − 1 x2 − 2x) kN
12
M = (− 1 x3 − x2) kN⋅m
36
←Ans.
6 m < x < 12 m V = ( − 1 x2 − 2x + 32) kN
12
M = (− 1 x3 − x2 + 32x − 192) kN⋅m

36
x 4 kN/m
2 kN/m
A B
6m 6m
RA = 32 kN RA = 4 kN
V 17
(kN)
−4 x
−15
2.03
x
M
(kN⋅m)
−42

Bending and Shear Force Equation PDF

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Bending and Shear Force Equation PDF

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8.

2 Shear and Bending-Moment Diagrams: Equation Form

1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

ΣFy = 0: RA − 9 kip − 6 kip + RB = 0

ΣMA = 0: −(9 kip)(3 ft) − (6 kip)(3 ft + 5 ft) + RB(3 ft + 5 ft + 7 ft) = 0

RA = 10 kip and RB = 5 kip

3 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

ΣMx = 0: −(10 kip)x + M = 0

V = 10 kip and M = 10x kip⋅ft

valid for 0 < x < 3 ft.

5 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

M = (x + 27) kip⋅ft (4)

valid for 3 ft < x < 8 ft.

7 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

3 ft 5 ft (x − 8 ft) V = −5 kip (5)

RA = 10 kip (x − 3 ft) M = (−5x + 75) kip⋅ft (6)

valid for 8 ft < x < 15 ft.

0 < x < 3 ft V = 10 kip

3 ft < x < 8 ft V = 1 kip

8 ft < x < 15 ft V = −5 kip

M = (−5x + 75) kip⋅ft

1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

RA 2 A couple-moment reaction must always be

ΣFy = 0: RA − 28 N = 0 included at a built-in end of a beam.

ΣMA = 0: MA − (28 N)(7 m) + 20 N⋅m = 0

RA = 28 N and MA = 176 N⋅m

V = (−2x + 28) N ←Ans.

1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

ΣMA = 0: −(100 lb)(7 ft + 5 ft) + RB(7 ft + 10 ft + 3 ft) = 0

3 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

M = (40x) lb⋅ft (2)

valid for 0 < x < 7 ft.

5 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to

V = (−10x + 110) lb (3)

7 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

10 ft Resultant = (10 lb/ft)(10 ft) = 100 lb

ΣMA = 0: −(40 lb)x + (100 lb)[(x − 17 ft) + 5 ft] + M = 0

M = (−60x + 1200) lb⋅ft (6)

valid for 17 ft < x < 20 ft.

9 Collect the results from Eqs. 1-6:

7 ft < x < 17 ft V = (−10x + 110) lb

17 ft < x < 20 ft V = −60 lb

M = (−60x + 1200) lb⋅ft

360 −60 −60

1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

ΣMA = 0: RB(3 ft + 5 ft + 7 ft) − 27 kip⋅ft − 18 kip⋅ft = 0

3 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

M = −3x kip⋅ft (2)

valid for 0 < x < 3 ft.

5 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

M = (−3x + 27) kip⋅ft (4)

valid for 3 ft < x < 8 ft.

7 Draw a free-body diagram of the portion of the beam to the left

valid for 8 ft < x < 15 ft.

0 < x < 3 ft V = −3 kip

3 ft < x < 8 ft V = −3 kip

8 ft < x < 15 ft V = −3 kip

M = (−3x + 45) kip⋅ft

1 Draw a free-body diagram and find the reactions.

3 Draw a free-body diagram of the

section. Note carefully that the 4-kip

this free body.

x V valid for 0 < x < 4 ft.