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CHAPTER 12
Limits and Continuity
Limits:
Type I
f ( x) f (a)
Lt f ( x) = f (a ) Lt = ; if g (a ) ≠ 0
x→a g ( x) g (a )
x→a
Type II
f ( x)
Lt & g (a) = 0 , then cancel the common terms from numerator and denominator using
x→a g ( x)
algebraic treatments.
f ( x) p( x) p (a)
The reduced form would be: xLt = Lt =
→a g ( x) x →a q ( x) q (a )
Type III
f ( x)
Lt , Divide numerator and denominator by the highest power of x, and then put 1/x = 0.
x →∞ g ( x)
ex −1 e mx − 1 e mx − 1
• Lt =1 Lt =m Lt =1
x →0 x x →0 x x → 0 mx
a x −1 a mx − 1 a mx − 1
Lt = log e a Lt = m.log e a Lt = log e a
x →0 x →0 x →0
• x x mx
: 188 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
Type – I
Lt x − x + 3
2
1)
x→2 x+4
a) 3/6
b) 3/5
c) 1/5
d) 5/6
Lt 4 x 6 + 9 x3 + 7
5
2)
x→13x + x + 1
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) 2
Type II
Lt x2 + x − 6
2
3)
x→2 x − x − 2
a) 6/3
b) 5
c) 5/3
d) 3/5
4) x −3
Lt
x→9 x−9
a) 1/6
b) 1/5
c) 1/9
d) 1/7
: 189 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
2 + 3x − 2 − 5 x
5) Lt
x→0 4x
1
a)
2 2
1
b)
2
c) 2
1− 1- x2
6) Lt
x→0 x2
1
a)
3
2
b)
5
1
c)
2
(2z + 3k ) 3 − 4k 2 z
7) Lt
k→0 2 z(2z − k )2
a) 1
b) 2
c) -1
d) -2
8) 1 + x − 1 + x2
Lt
x→0 1 − x2 − 1 − x
a) 0
b) 2
c) 1
d) -1
: 190 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
Lt x 3 − 3x + 2
2
9)
x → 1 x − 4x + 3
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
10) Lt x3 − 2x2 + 1
7 5
x → 1 x − 3x + 2
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
Lt x 3 + 3x + 2
2
11)
x→∞ x + x − 4
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) 4
1+ x
12) Lt
x → ∞ 1− x
a) 0
b) - 1
c) 1
d) 2
: 191 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
13) Lt 3h + 2xh + x3 h3
2 2 3
h → ∞ 4 − 3xh − 2x h
1
a)
x
1
b) −
2x
1
c)
3x
(1 + 2x 2 )(3 − x 4 )
14) Lt
x → ∞ (1 + x 2 )(5 + x 4 )
a) -2
b) 2
c) 1
d) –1
(1 + x )(1 − x 3 )(2 + 3x + x 2 )
15) Lt
x→∞ (5 − x 5 )(6 + x )
a) 0
b) 1
c) 2
d) -1
a) 1
2
b) 1
3
c) 1
4
: 192 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
Lt 1 + 2 + 33 + ... + x
2 2 2 2
17)
x→∞ x
a) 1
4
b) 1
2
c) 1
3
d) 2
5
13 + 23 + 33 + ... + x3
18) Lt
x→∞ x4
a) 1
3
b) - 1
4
c) 1
4
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 5
Type – IV - Definition
For each of the following functions (from Q No. 20 to25),evaluate the following limit:
f (x + h) − f (x )
Lt
h→0 h
20) f(x) = 1
x
1
a)
x
1
b)
x2
1
c) -
x2
d) None of the above
: 193 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
21) f(x) = 12
x
1
a)
x3
2
b)
x3
1
c) -
x3
−2
d)
x3
22) f(x) = x
1
a)
2x
1
b)
2 x
1
c)
x
23) f(x) = 1
x
1
a)
2 x
−1
b)
2 x
−1
c)
2x x
d) None of the above
2
24) f(x) = ax + bx + c
a) ax
b) 2ax
c) 2ax + b
d) None of the above
: 194 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
a) 0
b) 1
c) c
d) none of the above
26) Lt 7 − 1
11x
x→0 x
a) 11.log7e
b) 7.loge7
c) 11.loge7
d) 11.loge11
27) Lt e − 1
4x
x→0 x
a) 0
b) 4
c) 8
d) – 4
−x
28) Lt 2 − 1
x→0 x
a) - loge2
b) log 3
c) loge 2
d) none of the above
−2 x − 1
29) Lt e
x→0 x
a) 1
b) 2
c) -1
d) -2
: 195 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
3
x −3a
30) Lt 2 2
x→a
x3 − a3
1
2 −3
a) a
3
1
1
b) a 3
3
1
1 -3
c) a
2
e αx − e β x
31) Lt
x →0 x
a) α + β
b) α . β
c) α - β
32) Lt 3 − 2
x x
x→0 x
a) loge(3.2)
b) loge 2
3
c) loge 3
2
d) none of the above
e αx + e β x − 2
33) Lt
x →0 x
a) α + β
b) α . β
c) α - β
34) Lt e − e 2− e + 1
5x 3x 2x
x→0 x
a) 3
b) 2
c) 6
d) -6
35) Lt 6 − 3 2− 2 + 1
x x x
x→0 x
a) loge3 + loge2
b) loge3 - loge2
c) loge6
d) loge3 . loge2
( x + h )2 − e x 2
36) Lt e
h→0 h
2
a) e x
2
b) xe x
c) 2 xe x
2
d) 2 xe x
log(x + h) − log x
37) Lt
h→0 h
a) x
b) 1
1
c)
x
: 197 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
log x − 1
38) Lt
x→e x − e
a) e
1
b)
e
2
c)
e
d) e2
log(2x − 3)
39) Lt
x→2 2(x − 2)
e) 1
f) 2
g) -1
(x + h)n − x n
40) Lt
h→0 h
i) n. xn-1
j) n.an-1
k) an-1
l) n2.an-1
x
41). Lt 1 + a
x → ∞ x
a) e
b) ea
c) e3
d) e4a
: 198 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
( x + 6)
42) Lt x + 6
x → ∞ x + 1
a. e
b. e2
c. e3
d. e5
43) Lt xe − ae
a x
x→a x−a
a. ea
b. ea( 1 +a)
c. 1+a
d. ea (1 –a)
44) Lt {1 + x}
1
4x
x→0
a. e
1
b. e 2
1
c. e 4
d. e4
45) Lt {1 + ax}x
1
x→0
a. e
b. e2a
c. e3a
d. ea
x→2 x−2
a. 1, 2
b. 1, 3
c. 1, 1
d. 1, 4
x→1 x−1
a. 1, 1
b. 1, 2
c. 1, 3
d. 1, 4
: 199 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
lim f ( x) = lim f ( x) = f (a )
x→a− ↓ x→a+ ↓ ↓
Note1: Equality of RHL and LHL is treated as a condition for existence of limit i.e, limit
of a function will exist if LHL=RHL
Note2: For Continuity, equality of the functional value at that point is also necessary.
Note3: For all Continuous functions, limit must exist, but existence of limit, is not a
sufficient condition for continuity of a function.
Note4: Sum, difference , product and quotient of all continuous functions are always
continuous.
f ( x)
Note6: If a given function is of the form , where both f ( x) and g ( x) are
g ( x)
polynomials in x, it will be everywhere continuous except at the points at which it is
undefined i.e; points of discontinuity of such functions are the points where g ( x) =0.
: 200 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
Example: In each of the following cases, discuss continuity of the functions at x=5
x 2 − 25
i) f ( x) =
x −5
x 2 − 25 2x
Solution: LHL= lim− = lim− = 2 × 5 = 10
x →5 x −5 x →5 1
x 2 − 25 2x
RHL= lim+ = lim+ = 2 × 5 = 10
x →5 x−5 x →5 1
25 − 25 0
f (5) = = (undifined )
5−5 0
sin ce, LHL = RHL ≠ f (5), f ( x)is discontinuous atx = 5, although the limit has existed.
x 2 − 25
ii) f ( x) = , when x ≠ 5
x −5
=10, when x=5
x 2 − 25
iii) f ( x) = , when x ≠ 5
x −5
=2, when x = 5
( x 2 − 3x + 2)
Example 2: Find the points of discontinuity of the function, f ( x) =
( x 2 − 5 x + 6)
Solution: The given function will be continuous at all points, except at the points at which it is
undefined i.e the points at which its denominator is 0. ( x 2 − 5 x + 6) = 0
⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 3) = 0
Points of discontinuity are 2 and 3
⇒ x = 2,3
: 201 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
Mark X : if nothing can be said about the continuity of the function at the given point
x2 − 9
1) f(x) = , Check continuity at x = 3
x −3
a) C
b) D
c) X
d) Y
x2 − 9
2) f(x) = , x ≠ 3; Check continuity at x=3
x −3
6, when ,x = 3
a) X
b) Y
c) D
d) C
x2 − 9
3) f(x) = , x ≠ 3;Check continuity at x = 3
x −3
1, when,x = 3
a) C
b) X
c) D
d) Y
: 202 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
x + 1, x ≥ 1
4) f(x) = , Check continuity x = 1
2 x + 1, x < 1
a) C
b) X
c) D
d) Y
x2 , x > 2
5) f(x) = 4, x = 2 Check continuity at x = 2
2 x, x < 2
a) C
b) D
c) X
d) Y
4 x + 3, x ≠ 4
6) f(x) = , Check continuity at x = 4
3 x + 7, x = 4
a) X
b) Y
c) C
d) D
x 2 ,0 < x < 1
7) f(x) = x, 1 ≤ x < 2
Check continuity at x = 2
1 3
x ,2≤ x <3
4
a) C
b) X
c) D
d) Y
: 203 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
2
3 + 2 x, -
≤x<0
3
8) f(x) = 3 − 2 x, 0 ≤ x < 3 Check continuity at x = 0
2
3
− 3 − 2 x, x ≥
2
a) D
b) Y
c) C
d) X
2
3 + 2 x, -
≤x<0
3
3
9) f(x) = 3 − 2 x, 0 ≤ x < 3 Check continuity at x =
2 2
3
− 3 − 2 x, x ≥
2
a) C
b) D
c) X
d) Y
a) D
b) C
c) X
d) Y
x−3
, x≠3
11) f ( x) = x−3 , Check continuity at x = 3
= 1, when x = 3
a) X
b) Y
c) D
d) C
: 204 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
( x − 2)
x+ ,x ≠ 2
12) f ( x ) = x−2 Check continuity at x = 2
= -1, when x = 2
a) D
b) C
c) X
d) Y
a) D
b) C
c) X
d) Y
2x 2 − 6x + 5
14) f(x) =
12 x 2 + x − 20
4
a) −
3
5
b)
4
4
c)
3
d) Both of a) and b) above
3x 2 − 4 x
15) f(x) =
x3 + x 2 − x − 1
a) ± 1
b) 1
c) -1
: 205 :
J. K. SHAH CLASSES Limits and Continuity
= x + 1, x ≤ 1
16. Given f(x) , for what value of a, will f(x) be continuous at x = 1?
= 4 − ax, x > 1
a) 2
b) 1
c) 3
d) 4
= x + 1, x ≤ 1
17. Given f(x) , for what value of a, will f(x) be continuous at x = 1?
= 3 − ax 2 , x > 1
a. 2
b. 1
c. 8
d. 6
2x2 − 8
18. Given f(x) = is undefined at x = 2. What value must be assigned to f(2), if f(x) is
x−2
to be continuous at x = 2 ?
a. 6
b. 2
c. 8
d. 1
1
19. Given f(x) = [log(1 + 3x) − log(1 + 2 x)] is undefined at x = 0. What value must be
x
assigned to f(0), if f(x) is to be continuous at x = 0 ?
a. -1
b. 0
c. 1
: 206 :